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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   35                                                                                                              From U. S. Navy sumays in 1944
                          149                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      210                                                                                   367                                    SCALE 1:20,000
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   34

                                            FINAL  REPORT

                                  BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL SURVEY
                                      OF BAHIA LAULAU, SAIPAN

                                              Prepared for

                              Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
                                         Planning /Energy Office
                                        Under a Grant from the
                     U. S. Department of Commerce, Office of Coastal Zone Management
                                     Coastal Energy Impact Program

                                              Prepared by

                              Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc.

                                       US Department of Commerce
                                   NOAA Coastal Services Center Library
                                        2234 South Hobson Avenue
                                        Charleston, SC 29405-2413

                                             September 1984

                                                 TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                                       Page

                  LIST OF FIGURES       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..        . . . . . . . . .       iv

                  LIST OF TABLES      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...       . . . . . . . . .       v

                  LIST OF PLATES      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       . . . . . . . . .      vii
                  SUMMARY OF FINDINGS          . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    :.... ... . . . . . .    S-1

                  INTRODUCTION        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .             1
                        Scope of Work   . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .       . . . . . . . . . .       4

                  SURVEY TEAM         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           5

                  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      . . . . . . . . . .       7

                  GENERAL METHODS AND PROCEDURES                . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         8

                  HISTORICAL INFORMATION            . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                            ............                  9
                        Introduction and General Background         . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .        9*
                        Methods   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..     o . . . . . . . . . . . .        10
                        Results   . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .     o . . . . . . .. . . . . .       10
                             Laulau Bay Archaeological Site     . ... . . . .   . . . . .. . . . . .      10
                             Excavations at Bahia Laulau     . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .          13
                             Military Significance    . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .    : . . .     14
                        Literature Cited   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      : . . .     16

                  PHYSIOGRAPHY AND SHORELINE SITE               DESCRIPTIONS      .. . . . . . . . .      17
                        Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .           17
                        Methods       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           17
                        Results   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . .          17
                        Conclusions   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .             20
                        Literature Cited   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .... . . .           22

                  GEOLOGY      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                          23
                        Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                           23
                        Methods   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                       23
                        Results   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                             . . .     30
                             Site 1,  Sabanen Kagman .     . . . . . . .      . . . . . . ...   . . .     30
                             Site 2,  Unai Bapot    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   36
                             Site 3,  Unai Laulau   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   40
                             Site 4,  Unai Dandan   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . .           43
                        Discussion.                                                                       45
                             Comparison of Sites    . . . . . . .      . . . . . . . . . . .... . .       45
                        Conclusions        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .            46
                        Literature Cited:, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..       . . .     48

                  PHYSICAL PARAMETERS           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           49
                        Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .            49
                        Methods   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .             49
                        Results   . . . . .  o  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           53
                             Air Temperature      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      o . . . . . .      53

                                                                                                                Page

                                Relative Humidity     . . . . . . . . . .                               . . .      53
                                Rainfall  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .                 53
                                Wind    . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .        . . . . . . . . ...      . . .      54
                                Water Surface Temperature          . . . . ... . . . .                  . . .      54
                                Tropical Disturbances and Typhoons            .. . . . . . .                       55
                                Oceanic Temperature       and    Salinity Profiles  . . . .           . . . .      55
                                Bottom Profile   . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. ... .. . . .               56
                                Current Patterns      . . . . . . . .                       . . . .. . . . .       58
                                   Of f shore  . . . . . . . . . . .                                    . . .      60
                                   Inshore     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . .                65
                                Water Quality    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ....... . . . .               66
                          Discussion and Conclusions          . . . . . . . . . . . . ........                     68
                          Literature Cited     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..                                  70

                    TERRESTRIAL         FLORA   AND FAUNA        . . . . . . . . .....                             71
                          Flo r*a  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                   71
                                Introduction   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                                                   71
                                Methods   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .            ... . . . . .       72
                                Results   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
                                                                                                   . . . . .       73
                                   Site I     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                              73
                                   Sites 2 and 3    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                73
                                   Beach Strand     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                              75
                                   Site 4     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . .              76
                                Discussion    and Conclusions      . . . . . . . . ... .... ... . . . .            76
                                Literature    Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . .              78
                          Fauna    . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .        :  . . . . ....                          79
                                Introduction   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   . . . . . . .       79
                                Methods   . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                                            . ... . . . . .        80
                                Results   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            . . . . . . .       81
                                   Avifauna    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               . . . . . .       81
                                   Reptiles and Amphibians         . . . . . . . . . .. .               . . .      82
                                   Mammals     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             I.... . . . . .     83
                                Discussion and Conclusions         . . . . . . . . . . .       i. . . . . . .      85
                                Literature Cited    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. ... . . . .               87

                    MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA               . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    . . .      89
                          Marine Plants       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            . . . . . . .       89
                                Introduction   . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . .                 89
                                Methods   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                  89
                                Results   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                  89
                                   Site  1    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                90
                                   Site'la    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .                90
                                   Site 2     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                92
                                   .Site 3    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                91
                                   .Site 4    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                93
                                Discussion and Conclusions         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             93
                                Literature Cited    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                96
                          Plankton      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                  97
                                Introduction   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 97
                                Methods                                                                            97
                                          . . . J. . ... . . . .     : - : : : , , , , * : : : : , , ,
                                Results and Discussion        . . .               . . . . .             . . .      98
                                Conclusions    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                101
                                Literature Cited    . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               103

                                                                                                       Page

                        Corals . . . . . . . .   . . . . . . . . . .                  . . . . . . .     105
                             Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          106
                             Methods  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       . . . . . . . . .     103
                             Results  . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .                                   108
                                Description of Reefs and      Coral Communities   . . . . . . . . .     108
                                Zonation     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        . . . . . . . . .     108
                                Coral Distribution    . . . . . . . . . . . .   I . . . . . . . . .     109
                             Discussion and Conclusions       . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . .      109
                             Literature Cited  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .         114
                        M acroinverteb rates   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          115
                             Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .         115
                             Methods .     o . . .       . ... . . . . . . .    . . . . . . . . . .     115
                             Results  . . . . . .        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        116
                             Discussion and Con    clusions   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       116
                             Literature Cited  . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .         119
                        Fishes   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            121
                             Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          121
                             Methods  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           121
                             Results .                        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       122
                                Species Diversity   . . . . . . . . . .                . . . . . . .    122
                                Juvenile Fishes     . . . . . . . . . .                                 123*
                                Food Fishes    . . . .   ;  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       124
                                Fish Density   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .         126
                             Discussion    . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . .      127
                             Conclusions   . . . . . . . . . .                                          130
                             Literature Cited  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        . . .   131
                        Marine Turtles and     Mammals   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        133
                             Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                                                                         . . . . . .                    133
                             Methods  . . . . . . . . . . .                                             133
                                                                . . . . . . . . . .      . . . .
                             Results  . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . .          134
                             Discussion and    Conclusions    . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .       135

                  OTEC DEVELOPMENT         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        . . . .   137
                        Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                   137
                        Potential Environmental Impacts Related to OTEC Development             . . .   144
                        Risk of Credible Accidents      Related to OTEC    Development                  147
                        Literature Cited     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        . . .   149

                  GENERAL DISCUSSIONS          . . . . .                                                151
                        Physical Resources     . . . . .                               . . ... . . .    151
                        Biological Resources   . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ..      :          151
                        Recreational Resources      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 152
                             Snorkeling and Scuba Diving        . . . . . . . . . . . . ...             152
                             Fishing and Boating    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         152
                        Resource Degradation      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               153
                        Unique Areas and Features        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .        154
                        Literature Cited:  .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         155

                  CONCLUSIONS         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .        157

                  RECOMMENDATIONS          . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         159

                  APPENDICES
                        Appendix A -       Tables 1,2, 4-17
                        Appendix B -       Plates

                                                       LIST OF FIGURES

                   Figure                                                                                  Page

                   1.    Project location map      . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              2

                   2.    Bahia Laulau showing the location of the          proposed   OTEC facility
                         and. the five study Sites      . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..                    3

                   3 a.  Principal archaeological sites of Saipan

                      b. Magicienne Bay, Saipan, showing location.of Laulau
                          and Bapot Sites     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... . . . .            11

                   4  a. Vertical profiles of Sites 1, la, 2, 3 and 4 at Bahia Laulau
                         showing terrestrial topography        . . . . . . . . . . . ..                       18

                      b. Underwater vertical profiles of Sites 1, la, 2, 3 and A            showing
                         submarine topography, reef zones, water depth and                relative
                         distribution of corals and sediments         . . . . . . . . ..                      19

                   5.    Reference map of Saipan        . .. . . . . . . . . . . ...        . . .. . . . .    24

                   6.    Reference and topographic base map of Bahia Laulau,               study  sites
                         with' vertical section lines indicated       . . . . . ... . ..                      25

                   7 a,b.. V  ertical cross-section at Sabanen Hagman                                         31

                   8.    Map of fracture traces and mass wasting at Site 1                    . . . . . .     34

                   9 a,b. Vertical cross-sections at Unai Bapot. Vicinity of               Site  2 . . . .    37

                   10 a,b. Vertical cross-section at Unai Laulau. Vicinity of Site 3               . . . .    41

                   11.   Vertical cross-section at Unai Dandan. Vicinity of Site.-4              . . . . .    44
                   12.   Temperature profile from surface to depth of 457 m (150.0             ft) of f
                         proposed OTEC site        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        . . . . . .     50

                   13.   Limits of study sites 1-4, proposed OTEC site, bathyme             tric profile
                         water. quality monitoring stations      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            52

                   14.   Bottom profile from shoreline to a depth of 457 m (2400 ft) off
                         proposed OTEC site        . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            57

                   15.   Theoret  *ical model of  water circulation patterns in Bahia
                         Laulau   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               59

                   16.   Map of Bahia Laulau      showing 1 m and 5 m       drift   drogue  tracks   and
                         velocity, plankton sampling stations:
                              a. November 5-6, 1982       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           61
                              b. February 9, 1983       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           62
                              c. May 10-11, 1983     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .           63
                              d. September Z9-30, 1983      . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           64

                   17. Potential OTEC thermal resource           . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..         139

                                                                iv

                                                    LIST OF TABLES

                  Table                                                                               Page
                   1. Rock units mapped in       the vicinity of Bahia Laulau, Saipan . . . .           AA

                   2. Soil units mapped in vicinity of Bahia Laulau, Saipan            . . . . . .      AA

                   3. Classification of mass wasting        . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .        27

                   4. Site comparison summary        . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . .        AA
                   5.   Temperature and salinity at the listed depths with corresponding
                        calculated density (Nov. 4, 1982)     . . . . . . . .   . . . . . . . . .       AA

                   6.   Checklist of vegetation by site     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         AA

                   7.   Checklist of terrestrial vertebrate fauna in the vicinity of
                        Bahia Laulau     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            AA

                   8.   Checklist of benthic algae and seagrasses at five sites in        Bahia
                        Laulau, Saipan, Nov. 1982      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .          AA

                   9.   Total number of planktonic organisms per sample,          Nov. 198Z. . . .      AA

                   9a.  Total number of planktonic organisms 'per sample,         Feb. 1983. .          AA

                   9b.  Total number of planktonic organisms per sample,          May 1983     . . .    AA

                   9c.  Total number of planktonic organisms per sample,          Sept. 1983 .          AA
                  10.   Species list of corals for Sites 1-4 in B    ahia Laulau                        AA

                  11.   Coral size distribution, frequency, relative frequency, density,
                        relative density, percent of substrate coverage, relative percent
                        of substrate coverage and importance value for Sites 2, 3 and           4
                        in Bahia Laulau     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . .           AA

                  12.   Conspicuous macroinvertebrates collected or observed in Bahia
                        Laulau,Saipan, Nov. 3-7 1982     . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . .           AA

                  13.   Fish species observed at Bahia Laulau, Saipan, Nov. 3-7, 1982                   AA

                  14.   Fish species observed on the reef flat at Sites 2 and 3, Bahia
                        Laulau, Saipan, Nov. 3-7, 1982      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .        AA

                  15.-  Juvenile fishes observed during reconnaissance and transect
                        dives at Bahia Laulau, Saipan, November 3 - 7, 1982          . . . . .          AA

                  16.   Fish densities calculated for different depths and general reef
                        zones from line transect data compiled at Sites 2 and 3, Bahia
                        Laulau, Saipan, Nov. 3-7, 1982      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         AA

                                                              v

                 Table                                                                        Page

                 17.  Tish densities calculated for different substrate categories
                      from line transect data compiled at Sites 2 and 3, Bahia   Laulau,
                      Saipan, Nov. 3-7, 1982   . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .    AA

                 18.  Nations and territories with thermal resource (mean) annual L, T
                      200 C @ 1000m depth within 200 nautical miles EEZ     . . .. . . . . .   140

                 19.  Oceanographic resource paramaters    . . . . . . . . . . . .    . . .    141

                            NOTE: APPENDIX A (AA)

                                                        Vi

                                                    LIST OF PLATES

                  Plate                                                                               Page

                  1.    View from Puntan Hagman looking down at Site             the potential
                        site for the OTEC facility    . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .       AB

                  2.    View from seaward looking in at the'potential OTEC site         . . . . . .    AB

                  3.    One of the numerous sand channels which run perpendicular out
                        from Site 1   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .         AB

                  4.    The seaward slope just offshore of Site 1       . . . . . . . . . . . . .      AB
                  5.    Site la looking north across the     reef flat to the@sand beaches
                        along the shore   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          AB

                  6.    Typical coral formations found at a depth of 25 ft at Site        la   . . .   AB

                  7.    Site 2 looking southeast across Bahia Laulau         . . . . . . . . . . .     AB

                  8.    Typical coral coverage at Site 2 taken at a depth of 30 ft        . . . . .    AB
                  9.    Site 3 looking southeast acro-ss Bahia Laulau        . . . . . . .. . . . .    AB

                  10.   Typical  underwater view taken at a depth of 40 ft        at Site  3           AB

                  11.   Looking  south across Bahia Laulau to Site 4      . . . . . . . .              AB

                  12.   Underwater view of Site 4 taken at a depth of 50         f eet . . . . . . .   AB

                        Appendix B       (AB)

                                                                                                     S-1

                                              SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

                 I. HISTORIC INFORMATION

                      Historically, Bahia Laulau      affords one   o f the better    o pp or tunities to

                 examine ancient Chamorro villages, latte stones, fishing            areas: and burial
                 grounds.     Two major ancient historic sites exist in !the        'vicinity of Bahia

                 Laulau where numerous artifacts have been unearthed.                Additionally, the
                 area was used for Japanese and U.S. military purposes during',the war as a

                 lee-shore anchorage, military staging site and oil depot.           Remn ants  of mili-

                 tary structures can still be seen in the area.

                 II.  PHYSIOGRAPHY AND SHORELINE SITE DESCRIPTIONS

                       The immediate coastal region within Bahia Laulau              is   variable and

                 includes low wooded terraces of limesand, recently raised         limestone deposits,

                 steep slopes, cliffs and headlands of both older raised limestone and volcanic

                 -rocks.   '.Fringing reef platforms of various widths and            narrow beaches

                 intermittently border the shoreline.

                       Site 1. is located along the rugged northeast coastline       @pproximately 800

                 meters (m)   .(2,625 ft) west of Hagman Point in a small        embayment. A steep

                 volcanic slope forms the northern shoreline and a sheer         lime Stone cliff with a

                 deep concave notch cut at sea level-forms the western shoreline,.
                       Site 1'a is located in a protected part of the bay appro         .ximately 400 m

                 (1,312 ft) northwest of Bapot Point and a narrow subtidal fringing reef

                 platform borders the shore.         Intermittently, the cliff face is undercut or

                 notched just above the reef platform.

                       Sites 2 and 3 are similar in that they are protected from northeast

                 tradewinds and waves and are located in the vicinity of Trinchera Beach

                 where a relatively wide intertidal fringing reef platform borders the shore.

                                                                                             S-2.

                 Bioclastic beach deposits, gravel and  reef rubble form a narrow sandy beach

                 along the shoreline.

                      Site 4 is located 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles) nor thwest of Dandan Point

                 and is exposed to heavy tradewinds and wave           assault.  Low cliffs of

                 Marianas limestone form the shoreline.      A narrow   fringing reef platform

                 borders the shoreline at this site.

                 III. GEOLOGY

                      Geologically, Bahia Laulau is indented about half-way into the island

                 perpendicular to the prevailing northeast- southeast trend of the major rock

                 units and topographic features.     Thus, it provides a cross-section along
                 which most of the major rock formations and' many of the structures, soils

                 and landforms can be viewed and studied.

                      Site 1 is a very unique and scenic location.     There is great geol.ogic

                 diversity, extreme instability of onshore slopes and probably instability

                 offshore due to major faults in the area.           There is extreme wave

                 vulnerability to cliffs and headlands, no surface water, fractured and

                 permeable bedrock and a small manganese deposit.

                      Both Sites 2 and 3 are recreational areas with relatively stable slopes

                 and coastline.    Both sites are vulnerable to typhoon swells       and flash

                 flooding. Alluvial processes present few sedimentation or drainage    problems.

                 However, subsurface porosity may present general construction problems.

                      Site 4 is an excellent scenic location with a spectacular     v,iew of the

                 entire bay and Hagman Point.      The area is quite stable and the coastline

                 generally protected from typhoon-driven waves.     There are no streams due

                 to a highly porous substrate.

                                                                                                                  S-3

                         For  major on-shore construction of an OTEC facility,                Site  4 is the most

                   suitable  in that it exhibits the fewest unfavorable geologic               constraints.      Site
                   1 is the   least favorable construction site since" it exhibits            the  most unfavor-

                   able geologic conditions.        However, all sites have an abundance.             :o*f limestone

                   bedrock    which is notorious for stibsurface             permeability     and   porosity and
                   tends to   make it less than favorable for construction              from  the  'g6ologic    point

                   of view.

                   IV. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

                         A. Depth      and Temperature
                              Bahia    Laulau is a deep       bay approximately       731   m  (2, 400 ft)  :at the

                   deepest    point.  on a line between        Hagman Point      and    Naftan   Point.      Slightly

                   deeper:depths      (823-914 m, 2,700-3,000 ft) exist           1.6  miles  of f shore on a line
                   1650 (SSE) of       the proposed OTEC site on Hagman,                 Point*..   These depths

                   represent. possibly the most significant potential OTEC                resoi@rc e in the world

                   that close   to shore.

                              ',Temperatures offshore of the proposed OTEC-              site@ appear to follow a

                   well defined profile typical in the Western Pacific,              1.e.,@a   Warm, well mixed
                   surface la!''er of nearly constant temperature, a                 thermocline    region where
                                Y.

                   temperature       declines with increasing depth and a deep cold layer.

                   Temperature      decreased from 28.40 C at the surface to                 22 k50   C at 229 m

                   (751 ft). Between 229 m and 457 m (751-1500 ft) the tempe                    rature decreased

                   to 7.40 C.        Temperatures at 525 and 550 m (1,723 and 1800 ft) were

                   extrapolated to be 6.40 C and 4.40 C respectively.

                          B. Currents

                               There is an overall circular current pattern which, exists in Bahia

                   Laulau.      A large volume of water enters the southern portion of the bay

                   traveling along the inside contours until it exits at the northeastern

                   opening.      It seems that the majority of the water enters the bay from the

                                                                                                      S-4

                  northeast (prevailing wind direction) and splits apart.      at Dandan Point in     the

                  southern part of the bay.          This forms a rather       consistent and strong

                  clockwise water pattern within the center of Bahia Lau*lau. The leading edge

                  of this water mass moves along or near the 100 fathom contour eventually

                  emerging at the northern part of the bay         at Hagman    Point.   Here it enters

                  deeper water and/or merges with the overall water mass moving southeast.

                             Inside the 100 fathom contour the near-shore water circulation

                  pattern is much more complex and seasonally variable. It is influenced more

                  by the prevailing winds and seas.           Data suggest that this current runs

                  counter to the deeper water circulation by following the shoreline.             Several
                  small eddies also form in more enclosed areas.*

                            The inshore (reef-flat) current pattern is typical of any reef flat

                  that is influenced by winds and tidal changes.           During flood or ebb tides

                  water tends to move towards a channel, cut or low area in the reef.                This

                  strong tidal flow usually overpowers the wind-driven' water movement unless

                  they happen to be in similar directions.

                        C.   Water Quality

                            Water quality within the bay is generally excellent. Ten near-shore

                  water samples were evaluated for total and fecal coliform.             Samples taken

                  near the northern end of the bay suggest moderately polluted              :  conditions
                  which can be traced to ranches in the vicinity.            Most likely,   farm animal

                  wastes are being washed down to the bay where total coliform             -counts show

                  up extremely high.       These conditions are not drastic at any        time but are

                  more severe than normal conditions following heavy rains.

                  V. TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND FAUNA

                        A. Flora

                        Sixty-four species of terrestrial plants were identified during this

                  survey.    All major   botanical communities, limestone forests, beach strand,

                                                                                                                     S-5

                    savannah and modified forest are represented                   in Bahia      La ulau.     Diversity

                    and species composition of vegetation at Sites 2               and 3 are     similar,.: this being

                    the only major similarity between the four sites examined.

                           Flora at Sites 1 and 4 is unique compar,             ed to Sites      2 and   :3.    Species

                    composition is low due to intense environmental                 pressures,            high winds

                    and surf, salt air and rugged terrain.                     The ground        is.. lar:gely porous
                    limestone which quickly drains all water well:below the.surface'.                        Compared
                    to Sites 2 and 3 both Sites 1 and 4 are depauperate:                    although:a     number of

                    different forms     do quite well in the adverse conditions.

                           Sites 2   and 3 are protected from harsh. environmental: pressures'                    which

                    appears     to allow for greater diversity.               This is.     also-  the'  site  of lush

                    limestone.   forests located in isolated gullies and/or.              steep   'slopes and    clif f s.

                    Pemphis acidula (Nigas) is abundant near the ocean.

                           Sites  2  and 3 also include a ravine community               of numerous valleys and

                    gullies.    The   flora of this community is similar to that found              in the limestone

                    forest   with a few plants that inhabit wetter areas                  ,since*,@water collects in

                                                                                                                (Pago),
                    these   ravi'es.      One can always find Hibiscus               tiliaceus   (hibiscus)
                    Cycas    circ'inalis (cycad) (Fadang), Areca cat*hecu (bete-l-nut                  -palm)    (Pugua

                    Machena),      Ficus prolixa (banyan) (Nana), several lianas                      and numerous

                    epiphytes   . such as ferns.

                           Flora. at Site 4 appears to be the           most highly modified       within the Bahia

                    Laulau. region.         The area is dominated by a thick cover' of Leucaena
                    leucocephala (tangantangan).             Pemphis acidula (Nigas)           a s'crub-like tree is

                    found in a narrow band along the shoreline with gnarled trunks and twisted

                    roots embedded in the limestone.               A few small shrubs stand out here and

                    there but not in great numbers.

                                                                                               S-6

                       Between the rugged coastline vegetation and the thick tangantangan

                 cover is a narrow remnant of a limestone forest.      This entire area was most

                 likely a vast limestone forest which stretched from:     Dandan Point to Unai

                 Laulau.

                       Beach strand flora is taken to mean those plants most often found

                 growing in the immediate vicinity of the sea.      Most of these plants can be

                 found elsewhere on Saipan, however, not as a dominant form like on the

                 strand.

                      B .  Fauna

                           Birds represented the most abundant     type of fauna in the vicinity

                 of Bahia Laulau.     A total of 28 species were observed out of 34 species

                 expected to occur in the entire area.       All the sites were similar in total*

                 number with. the exception of Site 4 where only 13 species were observed.

                 The most abundant bird species encountered at the four sites include the

                 Fantail. (Chichirika), White-eye (Nossak), Philippine Turtle-dove (Paluman

                 Senesa), Sparrow (Gaga Pale') and Noddy Tern (Fahang). Common species

                 for the bay area include the Bittern (Kakkag), Kingfisher (Sihig), Cardinal

                 Honeyeater (Egigi), Golden Plover (Dulili), Starling (Sali),.        White Tern

                 (Chunge) and the Reef Heron (Chuchuko).

                           A number of other vertebrates were observed or are*       expected to

                 occur in the Bahia Laulau area and these include the following:             Three
                 species of rats; Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat), Rattus rattus: (roof rat)

                 and Rattus exulans (Polynesian rat); Mus muscuIns (common mouse); Suncus

                 murinus (common shrew); Canis familiaris (common dog); Felis catus (common

                 cat)    Cervus unicolor mariannus (Sambar deer);           Pteropus    mariannus

                 (Marianas fruit bat); Emoia sp (skink); Emoia cyanura      (green-tailed skink);

                                                                                                                    S-7

                    Anolis carolinensis (anole);           Varanus indicus          (monitor   lizard)    and Bufo

                    marinus: (marine toad).

                    VI. MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA

                          A.    Marine Plants

                                Sixty-nine species of marine         algae representing four,        divisions were

                    recorded from Bahia Laulau.            In addition, one        species  of  ..seagrdss, Enhalus

                    acoroides, was recorded.           Two narrow fringing reefs-            (Sites 2@ ;and 3), one

                    reef margin and reef face (Site 2), three shallow submarine.                    ier'races@   (Sites

                    la, 2    and 3):    and two deeper submarine terraces                 (Sites   1  and 4) were

                    investigated.      A range of. habitats including            sand floors,     :.reef flat.   holes,

                    cryptic   overhangs, vertical walls and limestone             terraces    were   present at the

                    various, Sites.
                                Site   1 is considered        extremely depauperate            due   to the harsh

                    conditions   of  seas and surf.        Site la is a calm and quiet 'b@Ly with luxurient

                    marine   lif e.   In general, the variable terrain           of Site     2 provided numerous

                    types   of  @.habitats  for algal species.        Site 3 is comparible        ,to Site 2.       The

                    algal community at      Site 4 is remarkably similar to Site 2           though fewer species

                    were recorded.

                                Each   of the five sites examined in Bahia Laulau              pr esented somewhat

                    different algal communities, largely a function of                 exposure.'  to the fetch of

                    the open sea and coastal topography.                 Sites 1 and 4 exp        erience the most

                    regular and severe disturbances due to                their direct exposure to windward
                    ground swells.         Site la is the most protected and Site's 2 and 3 are

                    seasonally variable.

                          B. Plankton

                                Analysis of plankton samples for all sites indicate                 that Sites 1, 3

                    and 4 had the lowest mean numbers of species with                              12, 11 and 12

                                                                                                    S-8

                   respectively.   Site 2 had the greatest species diversity with an average of

                   18 species per tow.     In terms of total planktonic organisms per tow Site 4

                   averaged 1,506, followed by Site 3 (1,201), Site 2        067) and Site 1 (587).

                   These results generally support what would be expected when looking at the

                   current patterns and lack of a reef flat area along       the cliffs out to Puntan

                   Hagman.    Sites 2, 3 and 4 (particularly Sites 2 and       3) are expected to be
                   rich in plankton considering the current patterns, eddies, shallow areas and

                   extensive reef areas present.

                        C. Corals

                            Ninety-eight species of corals representing     34 genera were recorded

                   from the five study sites along the Bahia Laulau embayment.             Considerable

                   variation occured in species richness, size distribution, frequency Of`

                   occurence, density and percentage of substrate coverage between the five

                   sites and around the various zones discriminated at each site.

                            One of the most noticeable aspects     of the coral communities studied

                   at the five sites in Bahia Laulau is their unequal distribution from the inner

                   reef-flat platform to the 10 m (33 ft) depth contour on the fore-reef slope.

                   Some reef zones have no corals at all while other areas support communities

                   ranging from a few widely scattered colonies and species (reef-flat platform
                   at Sites 2 and 3) to regions where the substrate is dominated by::'a relatively
                   rich diversity of species (fore-reef slope at Site 2).       Much of   the regional

                   variation found in the community structure of corals on      the reef  flat platform

                   zones is.attributable to exposed platforms during low spring tides.

                            Surface coverage on non-scoured substrates at Site 1 was estimated

                   to range from 10-30 percent. Predominate coral species include seven in the

                   family Pocilloporidae, ten in the family Acroporidae and nine in         the family

                   Faviidae.  Corals from Site 1 that were not observed at other sites in Bahia

                                                                                                                      S-9

                    Laulau include Pocillopora ankeli, Scapophyllia cylindrica                         and     Stylaster

                    profundi orus.
                              p

                                 The only significant      deposits of sediments consisted          of  poorly sorted

                    mixtures.    of sand, gravel and rubble in larger              holes, troughs       and depress-

                    ions throughout the bay.

                          D.     Macroinvertebrates

                                 Conspicuous macroinvertebrates were              collected at     four  'coastal sites

                    in Bahia     Laulau. Gastropods were the most commonly                  collected: macroinverte-

                    brates   totaling    88 species.       Among them, 22          species    belong    to the    f amily
                    Conidae, ten      to  the family Muricidae, nine to           the f amily   :M-i:tridae and'   seven

                    to the   family. Cypraeidae. Nine species of bivalves               were   collected. Only two

                    species,     Astraea rhodostoma and Vasum turbinellas,                   we're.  collected at all
                    sites.    Twelve echinoderm species were observed during'                      .@the study.       The

                    Crown-of     thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) was                 conspicuous at all sites

                    and were     observed in greater than average             numbers.

                                 The  reef   flats of Sites 2 and 3          were more @'similar       to one another

                    than those:.of     Sites 1, la and 4.          The intertidal zones        Were:   similar to each

                    other.       In', summary, the conspicuous macroinvert                  ebrates:    collected and

                    observed     represent a typical reef and embayment for                    a  .southern Marianas

                    Island.      Although not observed during this study,                     the   ,Spiny lobster is

                    known to.be a         significant resource of Bahia Laulau.                 They are regularly

                    caught by divers along the reef front and on the reef flat.

                           E. Fishes

                                 The fish community in Bahia Laulau down to 21 m (70 ft) is fairly

                    diverse and appears to be in a relatively healthy state. This, and the wide

                    range of habitats found there, makes it a potential site for ecological studies

                    on reef fish.        Many important spe        cies of food fishes are present and the

                                                                                           S-10

                                                                       igh.  The replenishment
                 potential for recreational and subsistence fishing is hi

                 of harvested food species should not be a problem since the bay is so large

                 and since during most of the year much of it is made inaccessible to fishing

                 by rough seas.    The remote regions of the bay should be excellent sources

                 of new recruits for the more heavily fished areas.

                      Although Bahia Laulau represents a significant recreational and

                 subsistence fishery for the island, preliminary data  provides no real basis

                 for the support of an intensive commercial fishery.          It is generally

                 considered by local fishermen that fish populations, close to the reef flats

                 have declined in recent years due to heavy fishing.

                      F. Marine Turtles and Mammals

                      A total of 9 sea turtles were observed  during the  study., More turtles

                 were observed on the surface at Sites 1 and 4 than at other Sites on the

                 surface or underwater.    Two green sea    turtles (Chelonia mydas) and one

                 hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) were   observed on the surface from our

                 observation post above Site 1.    Three  green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)

                 were observed floating off Site 4 from   our quarry observation post.      One

                 each of the green and hawksbill turtles  were observed   underwater at Site 2

                 and one hawksbill at Site 3.

                      Turtle nesting has been observed in the past at    afew isolaied beaches
                 which occur within Bahia Laulau. However, no nesting'     sites were observed

                 during this study.   Sites of previous nests were noted  at beaches below the

                 airport quarry (Site 4).  In the past the majority of sitings occured in the

                 vicinity of Hagman and Naftan Points, these areas being more protected and

                 isolated.

                      Porpoise, a marine mammal, are known to occur in Bahia Laulau. Small

                 schools of an unidentified variety were observed on two field visits (Feb.

                                                                                                                              S-11

                      and May     1983). It is likely         that porpoise use         the bay     as    a feeding site and

                      for protection during migration.                  There did       'not appear       to   be        resident

                      population of porpoise in the bay. Whale sitings have never                             been confirmed

                      in the Bahia Laulau area and none were observed during this                            study.

                      VII. OTEC DEVELOPMENT

                                  The CNMI government recognizes the                     importance       of `OTEC develop-

                      ment as    a part of its renewable energy program to                     reduce     its dependence on

                      imported    fossil fuels.

                                  The Bahia        Laulau OTEC site represents                 one    of  Ahe`@best       thermal

                      resources      for   OTEC in the world with an                     average      mon thly      temperature

                      dif f erential  between warm surface and cold deep ocean                       waters.' exceeding 210

                      C at     30.5.  m   (1,000 ft).           Data indicate that a              year-round        temperature

                      dif f ereptial  over 210 C exists at a depth of 550 m                      .(1804 :..ft)  :and a 230 C

                      diff erential   can be obtained at a depth of 900 m (2,953                     ft)-.,

                                  The    competing ocean uses on which OTEC facilitie:�,'may be expected

                      to impact.       are fisheries, port development, navigation-,-                       and recreation.

                      However,     '@'the location of any OTEC facility can be
                                                                                                      plaiin'ed to cause a

                      minimum      of interference with shipping and port development.                               The major

                      ocean uses       that would be affected by the Bahia Laulau,.OTEC facility are

                      fisheries    and recreation.

                                  The effect of OTEC development on marine                          waters.    relates to the
                      displacement of'warm, shallow water with cold, deep water'.                            resulting in the

                      modification of temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen, nutrients,

                      carbonates and particulates.                 Known as "artificial upwelling" it has the

                      potential to increase fish populations with corresponding high yields in

                      productivity.         However, it can also modify the near-shore environment

                      negatively depending on the placement of the outfall pipe in proximity to the

                      shore.

                                                                                                      S-12

                   VIII. GENERAL DISCUSSIONS

                        A. Physical and Biological Resources

                        Bahia Laulau is resource rich in many ways.               It is Saipan's largest

                   natural bay offering protection and anchorage for          small and large vessels.

                   Although it is located on the windward side of Saipan, much of the bay is

                   protected from direct wave assault and oceanic current patterns.                A well

                   developed and highly diverse coral reef fringes most of the inner part of the

                   bay.   Those areas of the bay not protected still have a highly diverse reef

                   terrace.   This reef provides numerous nich6s for an incredible array of

                   marine life from the smallest to the largest forms. The reefs p        rovide further
                   protection for animals such as      the green sea' turtle which is known to nest

                   on the numerous small beaches      scattered throughout the     bay.

                        The bay is rich as a         fishery resource supported by a           diversified

                   plankton population.       Local  fishermen frequent the bay for           sport and

                   subsistence fishing.     Throw-net fishermen and spear-fishermen           consistently

                   utilize the bay and can be seen out on the bay most days of                 the year.

                   Plankton samples indicate a healthy population       of fish eggs and    larvae which

                   support the future subsistence fisheries of the bay.
                        A manganese deposit located on the Hagman                 'Point clif:fline above
                   Forbidden Island is a resource which was developed by the Japanese durin
                                                                                                          9

                   the war.     It appears that the        manganese was stockpiled f         r eventual

                   removal. The extent of the deposit is unknown. Further studie              s would be

                   required to determine the exact quantity and quality and potential of this

                   resource.

                        B.   Recreational. Resources

                             Local residents utilize the bay for a number of        purposes.     Some of

                   these include fishing, boating, swimming and picnicing.           In addition  to local

                                                                                                                  S-13

                    residents,    tourists are now beginning to           utilize   the bay    a s  well.    On any

                    day a number of scuba divers can be seen               entering the water       in the    vicinity

                    of the narrow cut at Bapot Beach.                 Tourists    are also using       the  bay for

                    sunbathing, picnicing and swimming.

                          C. Resource Degradation

                                The reef within Bahia       Laulau represents a major          resou rce to the

                    residents of    Saipan particularly      in terms of a      subsistence    food sol'urce., Some

                    damage to this resource is presently underway as a                  result,of
                                                                                                    an  increase     in

                    Acanthaster planci (crown -of-thorn s starfish) coral                kills 'and '':sedimentation

                    from drainage      channels along the beach.            The impact      to :recreational uses

                    within   Bahia Laulau is a         potential problem since,          both, Sedimentation and

                    starfish    kill reefs.     Sedimentation also pollutes the            near'-shore water by

                    dumping     dirt and   micro-organisms like coliform into'it.           Conditions like these

                    are not   healthy for swimmers, divers, fishermen or sun                bathers.
                          D.    Tinique Areas and Features
                          Aesthetically, Bahia Laulau represents some of the:                  best scenery and

                    beauty which Saipan has to offer.              The lagoon is deep@         blue, reefs colorful

                    and diverse, white sand beaches,                rocky outcrops        upon,   -which breakers

                    crash, steep cliffs, caverns, underwater caves, dense                      tropical vegetation

                    and gently     sloping fertile soil upland from the shoreline.                 Overlooking the

                    bay is one    of  Saipan's best restaurants which commands an                exceptional view.

                    It is likely   that Bahia Laulau will experience intensive pressure for further

                    development     because of its natural beauty.

                          Hagman Point represents the major unique feature of                   Bahia Laulau with

                    steep cliffs, isolated coves and beautiful yet rugged terrain.                         Forbidden

                    Island, aptly named and separated from the main land form by a narrow

                    channel, is the major promontory of the bay. Other unique areas include

                                                                                                     S-14,

                   the protected cove near Bapot Beach where an extreme             ly well developed

                   fringing coral reef exists.      Both Bapot Beach an       d Trinchera Beach are

                   unique areas and represent the best beaches in B           ahia Laulau.     The reef

                   flats and reef margins are very well developed and are utilized by fishermen

                   and skin and scuba divers alike. Two or         three small.. isolated beaches exist

                   between Trinchera Beach and Dandan Point and are            unique since they are

                   known to be turtle nesting sites.

                        The bay itself is the largest       natural bay on Saipan and one of the

                   largest in the Marianas Archipelago.      Deep, cold water near shore represents

                   a unique feature for potential OTEC     development.

                                                        INTRODUCTION

                         The   Physical Planning Office of the Government of the              Northern Mariana

                   Islands   issued a request for proposals for a            Marine Biological: and Physical
                   Survey    of Bahia Laulau, Saipan, (Figures 1            and 2) during       'May.' 1982.    The
                   firm of   Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants, Inc,               '(P.B EG@ submitted a

                   proposal   to the' CNMI Planning Office on June 4, 1982P              and .'was' awarded the

                   contract   on   June 28, 1982.        Final contract documents, were          -signed.by all

                   parties on September 10, 1982. This project is funded                  un der.  a grant from

                   th& U..S. Department of Commerce, Office of Coastal'                       Zone    Management

                   (CZM), Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP).

                         The   study of Bahia Laulau was initiated because             @a potential site for an

                   Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant had                    been   -chosen along the

                   southern',  edge of Puntan Hagman (Hagman Point)                   in north Bahia Laulau

                   (Figure 2).,     Since very limited biological and physical data             exists for Bahia

                   Laulau, this     study would provide baseline data necessary               for planners and

                   others to    base major decisions concerning a potential              OTEIC   plant or other

                   future plans for the bay.

                   SCOPE OF WORK

                         The scope of work was finalized            with input from PBEC,           Commonwealth

                   of the Northern, Mariana Islands (CNMI) Planning Office, , CNMI Fish and

                   Wildlife Division of the Department of Natural Resources and the Coastal

                   Resources Management (CRM) Office.                  The scope included the following

                   tasks:

                 FARALLON DE PAJAROS- - WAUG
                           ASUNCIO N.

                                   .AGRIMAN

                               PAGAN
                                   -@ ALAWAGAN
                               GUGUAN
                             SARIGAN ZEALANDIA BANK                                     N
                                   ANATAHAN
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                                  *AGUIJAN
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                                JGUAU (USA)

                    NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS
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                                                        SAN ROQUE

                                                  TANAPAG

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                                                                                .ISLAND.OF SAIPAN

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                                               LAULAU

                           SAN
                         ANTONIO

                                             SAIPAN
                                   INTERNATIONAL
                                              IRPORT

                                                                             Figure 1.

                                                                             PROJECT LOCATION MAP

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                                                                                                                                                                                                        a.,                                                                                                      '58 Figure 2.                 Bahia Laulau                       showin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 190!                          the-proposed                     OTEC f

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 "0
                                                      -Az
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               five study s

                                                                                                       4

                                                   SCOPE   OF WORK

                   1.   Compile complete historical data   base of physical,,  chemical and biological
                        conditions of Bahia Laulau.

                   2.   Conduct field surveys of      all major flora and    fauna of Bahia Laulau
                        Count and identify corals, fishes, algae, seagrass, invertebrates, sea
                        turtles and mammals.

                   3.   Conduct quarterly field surveys of abundance and distribution of eggs,
                        larvae and juvenile fishes and other significant marine resources to
                        identify important breeding and nursery areas.

                   4.   Define physical characteristics of submarine lands and reef structures.

                   5.   Through quarterly surveys, define physical characteristics of shallow
                        water including current speed and direction, temperature gradients and
                        salinity.
                   6.   Conduct a deep water temperature profile' at depths of 750, 1,000, 1,250
                        and 1,500 feet off site of proposed OTEC plant.

                   7.   Conduct a field survey of Vackshore lands to        identify  terrestrial flora
                        and fauna and physical characteristics.

                   8.   Define resources at Bahia Laulau and      identify  degradation of same    as a
                        result of destructive fishery practices, erosion, sedimentation, crown-of
                        thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci), runoff, fecal coliform, etc.

                   9.   Identify historical resources, pristine areas,        unusual oceanographic
                        features and altered shorelines.

                   10.  Prepare three (3) quarterly data reports due 30 'days after completion
                        of each of the first three surveys (3 copies)          and a final report to
                        include text, data, maps, charts, photos, tables and any other methods
                        necessary to convey the findings.         All species will be     id'entified by
                        scientific, Chamorro and English names. Place names will         conform with
                        the U.S. Board of Geographical Names.           Draft report     di4e 30 days
                        after completion of final survey.

                                                                                                               5

                                                       SURVEY TEAM,

                         The survey team assembled for the Bahia Laulau project'                   by PBEC

                  included.:personnel from the University of Guam (UOG) Marine                   Laboratory,

                  Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife         Resources, University       of  California at

                  Berkeley. and the University of Maryland as well as               a local  field assistant
                  from Saipan. The following is a list of team          members    with  thei,@r -primary and

                  secondary responsibilities.

                  Michael. J. Wilder, PBEC        Principal Investigator; terre'stria'l, flora; fathometer

                         profiles and deep water temperatures; report preparation.

                  Ronald P. Strong, PBEC            Project Coordinator; terrestrial;,     fauna; assist in

                         field work; current studies;      photography; report      preparation.
                  Lucius',  Elderedge, UOG Professor              Checklist and      evaluation of -marine

                         invertebrates.

                  Ann Kitalong, M.S. Candidate at UOG Marine Lab                     Analysis of quarterly

                         plankton -samples.

                  Michael Molina, Guam        Division of Aquatic and Wildlife                       Fisheries
                         Biologi'@st -  Checklist and transect analysis of            the @fishes of Bahia

                         Laulau;  data  on sea turtles and mammals.

                  Richard Randall,      UOG Associate Professor - Checklist and:            analysis of the

                         corals; reef  physiography; assist with marine geology-

                  Galt   Siegrist, University of Maryland Professor - Evaluation              of the marine

                         and terrestrial geology of the Bay; sediment analysis;               geological re-

                         source evaluation.

                  Alicia Siegrist - assist with the geological resources and resource economics.

                  Jeanine Stojkovich, U.C. Berkeley PH.D. Candidate - Checklist and evalua-

                         tion of marine plants; general field assistance.

                Ben Concepcion, Owner of Water Sports, Inc., Saipan        Provide boat and

                     diving equipment for the team; assist in diving operations and. logistics;

                     assist with plankton tows and current studies;:  provide information on

                     recreational and commercial uses of Bahia Laulau.:

                                                                                                      7

                                               ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

                       Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants,     "Inc., would   like to' thank the

                 following*. individuals and organizations for       their assistance   and help in

                 planning and carrying out the Bahia Laulau study:

                       George Chan, David Liem, Elizabeth Udui, George         Ehlers  'and the  entire

                       staff from the Physical Planning/Energy     Of fice

                       Manny   Sablan, Paul Benoit, Tami Grove, Debby           Knutson, Ben     Bland

                       and. Ben  Aldan of the Coastal Resources Management       Of fice,

                       Representative Ben Sablan, Rufo Lujan, Pat           Bryan,@.,Tom Lemke and

                       Thane   Pratt of the Fish and Wildlife Division        of  the  Department of

                       Natural  Resources

                       Ivan:,Groom of Northern Islands Company

                                                                                                      8

                                      GENERAL METHODS AND PROCEDURES

                       The Bahia Laulau field evaluations were design      ed to be completed dur-

                  ing the initial survey and/or quarterly over a period of one year.               The

                  initial survey employed the entire team and covered all aspects of the scope

                  of work.     The other three quarterly surveys investigated the currents

                  (reef-flat and offshore) and the planktonic community of the bay, two para-

                  meters that vary with time and season.            Additional data were collected

                  quarterly to supplement the initial survey and included information on the

                  birds, turtles, marine mammals, Acanthaster planci         concentrations, fishes,
                  plankton, currents, wind patterns and nearsh'ore water. chemistry.

                       A total of four survey sites were selected along Bahia Laulau after

                  discussions with the Planning Office, CRM and Fish and Wildlife offi,ces.

                  The four sites represent different habitat and reef types and vary

                  considerably in  their exposure to wave assault. The four sites,         along with

                  an intermediate  site (1a) that was added later, are shown in Figure 2.

                       Underwater surveys were conducted from the            shore using snorkeling

                  and/or scuba equipment at Sites 2 and 3 (reef-flat         only) .  All other sites

                  were investigated by snorkeling and scuba from a zodiac inflatable boat and

                  the M.V. Bahia Laulau. Various methods were used by. the individual scien-
                  tists including timed swims, random counts, depth/timed       transects'. and placed

                  50 meter (m) (164 feet (ft)) transects.           Please refer to the.     individual

                  sections for detailed methodologies.

                                                                                                               9

                                                HISTORICAL INFORMATION

                   INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL. BACKGROUND

                         Historical information contained in this section is a compilation of data

                   excerpted from five separate research papers since the                      middle of this

                   century.      For. the sake of uniformity the majority of,                  this historical

                   information   is taken directly from existing       reports.     These      data' present an
                   accurate   picture  of historical significance in the vici                  B''     ul
                                                                                   nity:o,     ahia La   au to

                   date.

                         The  Mariana Islands are well known to insular            geologists  for the: classic

                   raised  coral  reef structure of many of the islands.             Saipan    "falls into this

                   categor .y with  only minor deposits of volcanic rock exposed               in a few of the

                   deeply'. eroded  stream beds in the northwest part of the           island.
                         The!  larger islands are thought to have emerged               f rom  the ocean no

                   earlier than   Late Eocene.      Soil formation and     the introduction     of terrestrial

                   flora and1fauna presumably proceeded from the time of             emergence.

                         The, :@Bahia Laulau formation is thought to be the          result'   of gradual loss

                   of land   through sea and land slides into the precipitous. Marianas Trench
                   which runs    parallel to the Marianas on their eastern flank..

                         Accurate    historical information regarding Bahia Laulau             prior to World

                   War II is.   @sketchy and only a few references exist.                Howe  ver, in 1858 a

                   British Royal Naval Officer by the name of Mr. Harvey.,                     aboard the HMS
                   Magicienne, surveyed and sounded the bay and named it'Magicienne Bay,

                   which still stands as its official designation.          The Chamorros refer to it as

                   Bahia Laulau which may derive from the Chamorro word laolao, meaning

                   "shaking" or "trembling" a generic word that can apply to the earth's

                   movement during tectonic disruptions. It is known now that a2, major fault

                                                                                                            10

                   line transverses central Bahia Laulau from Naftan             point 'to a small ravine

                   near Puntan Hagman.

                                                                                  a
                         Historically, work in the vicinity of Bahia Laulau has had two major

                   thrusts; archaeology      for the sake of general historical knowledge of the

                   people and customs and military significance for the          sake of war strategy.

                                                                                 p
                   METHODS

                         Historical information regarding Bahia Laulau         was* taken from a number

                   of references but relies mostly on Spoehr (1959) , Takayama and Egami

                   (1971), Takayama and Intoh (1976), Reinman *(1977)              amd Thompson (1977).

                   Field visits to the Bahia Laulau archaeological sites were undertaken to

                   examine them first hand. These field excursions included the upper Laulau

                   Bay Coastal Access Zone, Laulau Site, Bapot Site and the Laulau Rock

                   Shelter.    Field observations were noted and compared to findings in. the

                   literature.

                   RESULTS

                   Laulau  Bay Archeological Site

                         Given a fair amount of superficial and          incidental. knowledge about the

                   sites of the windward (eastern) coast of Saipan, a               'zone was   defined for

                   intensive archeological survey           (Thompson,      1977).     This survey was

                   designated The Upper Laulau Bay Coastal Access Zone              and it was: defined on

                   the basis of reef configuration, shoreline topography, soils, su              rface slope

                   and continuity of vegetative cover (Fig. 3a).

                         The.reef configuration concerned is the        development creating.the lagoon

                   in the upper portion     of the bay, an area protected from        the full  fo rce of the

                   northeast swell by th& Hagman prominence to the east.

                         Shoreline topography is that of a gradual slope which rises up             from the

                   lagoon in broad beach areas: at Unai Bapot, Unai Laulau and at                  the small

                   beach in between the       two (Fig. 3b).       Up the coast from Unai Bapot, the

                                                                                                       145- 50'

                                                                                           SABANETA     PT.

                                                                                                  MA I G 0.
                                                                                                   FAHANG

                                                           WT NAPAG

                                                                                                                                       N

                                         MUCHOT
                                            PT.
                                                                                5                                                                                           3
                                                                                                                                       LAULAU
                                                                                                                                        S
                                                         4@                                                                                                          Blockh Ous 0
                                                                                                                                                                                   BO
                                                                                                                                                          Loulou Beach

                                            7a                                           LAULAU
                         15*1,/          OLEA1                                            KATAN        15,10, -
                        SkJSJPE         LAKE 7b                    3                       PT.            30" -                                                  MAGIC   II.L' Ht.VE
                        CHALAN      OSUSUPE                                                            15,9, -                                                      (LAULAU RA
                          KANOA                                                  HANGMAN PT.

                                            SLITO          MAGICIENNE BAY
                               AN
                            ANTON110
                                 '7)
                                 7c
                                                                 DANDAN PT.

                     AGINGA                                                                                                        Fic; .3b.'Nla         Bay, @@ipan showing Joe
                                                                                                                                                gicienn
                        PT.

                              CAPE OBIAN             J,

                                                      NAFTAN PT.

                                                                                                       f45- 50'

                       Fro.3a, Principal archaeological sites of Saipan. Ntimbcrs on map rercr to rql-
                    Illwing sites: 1, Objan; 2, Laulau; 3, Bapot; 4, As-f-co; 5,'rilofofo; 6 Farlunchulujan;
                    7a Olcai- 7b Chalan Xija- 7c: Chalan Piao- 8 Chilan Calcite.

                                                                                                          12.

                   beach gives way to limestone cliffs.       About 500 m (1,@640 ft) further towards

                   Hagman the lagoon edge meets the shoreline and ocean waves pound directly

                   onto the cliffs of the shore.      There is a ravine at     this reef terminus which

                   is mainly washed clear of soil and artifacts.          This   ravine is a convenient

                   upper limit for the zone.

                        At the opposite end of the main lagoon formation is , the lower limit of

                   Unai Laulau.     Here a ravine opens out of the island and creates a well

                   defined terminus to the beach.        The lagoon continues     some 400 m (1, 312 ft)

                   down the coast from this point but become*s quite thin well before its

                   terminus.

                        The  lower limit ravine just mentioned defines the        terminus of the beach

                   while the  next ravine down the coast (in which the           main road is situated)

                   empties into the sea at the point where the lagoon          terminates..   Inland, this

                   ravine presents a heavily washed area that serves          well as the lower limit of

                   the zone.    As with the upper area, the beach terminus is followed by a

                   limestone*bluff and cliff formation.

                        While direct access to the water is not       impossible up-or down the coast

                   from  the area just defined, it is, in a word, inconvenient.              The general

                   impres sion was that sites were less common outside the zone and             absent on

                   certain heavily sloping surfaces.
                        The inland limit of the zone i     .s generally defined    'as the 6 .1-m (200 ft)

                   elevation above mean sea level.         There are broad plateaus inland of this

                   elevation in the southern portion of the island, the area leading to the

                   Hagman prominence above Bahia Laulau, the area inland of the coast between

                   Puntan Nanasu and Puntan Tanke and across the northeast face of the upper

                   tip of the island.    The descent from the plateaus to the coast in          the access

                   zone usually consists of small escarpments or heavy slopes dropping quickly

                                                                                                                    13

                   to about 31     m (100 ft)   where more gradual slopes are enc           ountered    leading to

                   the beach.

                   Excavations at Bahia Laulau

                         The. following is a general location and -description of excavations at

                   Bahia Laulau.       The Laulau. site is located on         the northwestern       'shore of the

                   B ay on    the east    coast of Saipan (Fig. 3b).             The site lies     about 150 feet

                   inland from the beach and to the west is a                 harrow road       that: runs    around

                   Magicienne Bay.        The Laulau site is approximately 183            @m (@00 ft): long  :and 61

                   m (200     ft) wide    with its long dimension paralleling             the   'shore*line.   It is

                   northwest of     a  massive, concrete Japanese blockhouse             built  on the bea:ch and

                   commanding      the bay.        The Laulau site is a coastal             one    permitting the

                   combination     of good farmland with access to the resources                of the sea.      This
                   site w   :as, mostly undisturbed          by military operations           but   'was partially

                   excavated'    by the Japanese for military purposes.

                          North.   and east along the shores of Bahia              Laulau       .a, coastal terrace

                   about 93*.t.n.  (300 ft) wide upon which is found             the    Bapot:  site.   The soil is
                   good and.there is reasonable access to reef and                off shore'  fis@h@ing.  This area

                   is the site'.O:f three clusters of Latte houses:            Bapot I consists     of two, Bapot

                   II of four      and Bapot III of five.          All have been disturbed           by defensive

                   trenching by the Japanese military forces and a road also,.                    cuts across the

                   former occupation area.          Shards are distributed throughout            the area.      It is

                   probable that the area once contained numerous house sites.

                          Northwest of the site there are a series of limestone cliffs.                     A large

                   limestone segment has fallen away from the cliff edge and forms a rock

                   shelter. This is Laulau. Rock Shelter, a significant archeological find. The

                   ground at the rock shelter is approximately 35 m (115 ft) above sea level.

                                                                                                          14

                   From the rock shelter the terrain slopes gradually          down'to the beach and

                   the site is located on this sloping ground.

                         Surface features of the site consist of scattered- @shards plus the remains

                   of four latte houses; all badly disintegrated.        Two   latte houses are located

                   at each end of the site.       The four houses are in       rough alignment.      It is

                   quite possible that other latte houses once existed, but have since

                   disintegrated.    At the time of excavation, some of        the site was planted in

                   maize, coconut palms and bananas.           The rest was     lying fallow in grass.

                   According to Chamorro informants, the land has always been. hand-tilled. In

                   Japanese times it was used for tobacco. Recently it          was used primarily for

                   growing maize.

                         The beach at the point of the site is         bordered    by a'  wide, fringing

                   reef.   As the location is on the tradewind side of the.island,         the waters of

                   Bahia Laulau are usually rough. In early         times it would have     been difficult

                   to bring canoes of any size over the fringing       reef; however, the    'reef fishing

                   is excellent.

                         At  the Laulau site, two structures         were excavated:      House A, the

                   southwestern most latte house; and the rock shelter.

                   Military Significance
                         In the 1950's    both the U. S. Navy and Army             Corps    oi' Engineers

                   undertook studies in Bahia Laulau for military purposes.                Primarily, the
                   military was interested in utilizing the bay as a landing site','.          limited lee

                   anchorage and oil depot.       The majority of this information was. collected by

                   the Army Corps of Engineers in their Military Geology of Saipan, Mariana

                   Islands in three volumes: 1, Introduction and Engineering Aspects;            II, Water

                   Resources; and III, Beach and Terrain Analysis.                The purpose of this

                   survey was two-fold.      The first was to collect scientific information through

                                                                                                        15

                  a field study of major    islands in the Pacific   and  the second'   'Was to publish

                  this information in a     form usable by the       U. S. Armed     Forces   and Civil

                  Administrators working    on assignments in the    islands.

                       Since the war, a    number of studies on a,wide variety        of subjects have

                  taken place in the Mariana Islands. Most of         these studies    were,'undertaken

                  by the CNMI government to learn more about         the islands for   the purposes of
                  development.     Most of these studies are           geological,   arcifiae*ological or

                  biological.

                                                                                     7

                                                                                                               16

                                                     LITERATURE CITED

                   Reinman, Fred M.          1977.    An archaeological survey and preliminary test
                          excavations on the island of Guam, Mariana Islands, 1965-1966.                    Misc.
                          publication No.1, MARC, Univ. of Guam.

                   Spoehr, Alexander.         1957.    Marianas prehistory, archaeological survey and
                          excavations on Saipan, Tinian and Rota. Fieldiana, Anthropology (48),
                          Chicago National History Museum.

                   Taka'yama, Jun and Michiko Intoh. 1976. Archaeological excavation of Latte
                          Site   (M-13),    Rota in      the    Mariana     Islands,    Reports     of Pacific
                          archaeological survey No. 4. Tokai University Japan.

                   Takayama, Jun and Tonoko Egami.                  1971.    Archaeology on Rota in the
                          Mariana Islands. Preliminary report on the excavation of the Latte site
                          (M-1).     Reports on Pacific archaeological survey No.                   1.     Tokai
                          University Japan.

                   Thompson, Dean.         1977.    Archaeological survey and        test excavations along
                          the leeward coast of Saipari, Mariana Islands.             Part I.     A   survey of
                          methods@ and procedures, Iowa City, Ms.

                                                                                                              17

                                PHYSIOGRAPHY AND SHORELINE               SITE  DESCRIPT    10 NS

                    INTRODUCTION

                          The.  immediate coastal region within the Laulau             embayment is quite

                    variable    and includes low wooded        terraces   -of limesand,%     recently raised
                    limestone   deposits and steep slopes,     cliffs and  headla nds of, b6th:older raised
                    limestone   and volcanic rocks. Fringing reef platforms          of various   widths and

                    narrow  beaches   intermittently border the shoreline.

                    METHODS

                         Describing the shoreline features of each          Site in. Bahia Laulau required

                    literature  search and field mapping.          Prior   to actual   field  'evaluations, a

                    composite;map was     drawn from existing data and maps          (Clou d 1959, Doan and

                    Siegrest,   1979, Eldredge and Randall, 1980).          These.   maps,.were then taken
                    into the: field  and checked      for accuracy.      Four (4)    sites. were chosen for

                    detailed    study. However, a     fifth site (1a)   was added    for. iis uniqueness and

                    because     it. was a frequent rest spot between investigations          :at other sites.
                    All study:    sites were evaluated on foot and offshore,              :,by  boat.      Brief

                    description''s of shoreline features at the five study          sites -1ollow.   Refer to

                    Figures 4a   and 4b for details.

                    RESULTS

                           Site .1 is located along the wave-assaulted northeast            section of Bahia

                    Laulau about 800 m (2,625 ft). west of Puntan Hagman in a* small angular

                    enbayment wher     e Mariana Limestone is in fault contact with volcanics of the

                    Hagman formation.       A steep volcanic slope forms the northern shoreline of

                    the site and a sheer limest      one cliff with a deep concave notch cut at sea

                    level forms the western shoreline. Large blocks and boulders, presumably

                    wedged out from the adjacent steep slopes and cliff face, buttress the

                                                                                                                                                                                                    18

                               Ttd               Tdca
                          100 -           Tti          -                                                                   100-      -Ttd
                                                    The                             SITE 1                                                                                                 SITE la
                          80                                 Qx
                                                                    Qmh                                                    80-
                                                 ;4
                                          X@L    111,
                                                                                                                                 mi     A       E@@ -
                          60-
                                                                                                                                                                                   Tti
                                                                                                                           60
                                                                                                                                                   5 aV@
                                                                                  Qmh
                          40
                                                                                                                           40-
                                                                      4                                                                                                                       Q
                                                                                                                                                                                                 a        Qa
                                                                                                          The
                          2 0                                                                                              20-                                                                                   Qrl

                          0
                                                                                                                            0
                          Soo             400              300            200               100                                500              400             30rO            200
                                                                                                                                                                                                 100               0

                          100        T h b

                                                                                    SITE 2
                          80
                                                 Qp
                          60                                 Thb
                                                                                Thb

                          40              17
                                                                                                       Tti

                          20

                                                                                                                                                      rb
                          0
                          600               500                 400                 300                  200                 190                   0.

                          200          Tti
            >                                                                                                                                         SITE

                                                             Ttd
                          150
                                                                                       Qma

                                                                  -N@;`
                                            -'VF,
                                                                                                                                            Qma
                          100
                                                 F@'

                          50

                                                                                                                                                                                                          Qta

                          1300       1200         i100          1000          900          800           700          600           500           400          300          200            100           0

                          100.                                                                                                                        SITE 4

                          80 -
                                                   11-@Qmm
                          60
                                                                                                                  Qta
                                          '6
                          40

                                                                                                                                                                       Qta
                          30

                                                                                                                                                         0
                                                                                                                                                                                   7.
                          800               700                 600                  500                 400                 300                   200                 100                  0

                                                                                   DISTANCE FROM SHORELa.\E IN 'IETERS
                                      A,

                          Fi,-ure 4a. Profile of terrestrial sections for sites 1. la, 2. 3 and 4 at Bahia Laula-j.                                        Refer to Table I for Rock
                                            Unit symbols.

                 Rocky Shore      Islet             SITE 1                                                       LEGEND          19.

                                                                                                              Reef Rock

                                                                                                              Sand, Gravel, and Rubble

                                                                                                              B o ul d e r s
                                                                                      10 meters
                    Inner Slope
                                                                                                   J:fj2jZ     orals

             0                    15                   50                    75
                                                              METERS

             ,Limestone Cliff

                                                  SITE la                                                                             High Tide

                                                                                                                                      Low Tide

                                                                                                                                 10 meters
                                       Reef Flat Platform Zone               Reef       Forereef  Slope
                                                                             marg in         Zone
                                                                             Z on e

                                                                             75
                                  f5                   5'0                                       16o                                          i5o
                                                              METERS

                  Beach Deposits                  SITE 2

                                                                        ------------------------------------
                                                                                                                SlOD-e- "-;c
                                                                                                      Forereef         a 'i
                                                                                                          Submar4nr- T,      Zones
                                                                                                                        10 e@ers
                         Reef Flat Platform Zone                     Reef
                                                                     Margin
                                                                     Zone

             0                    25                   5b     METERS         75                  100.                   125                   15C

                  Beach Deposits
             I---       Raised Limestone          SITE 3

                                                                                                  For.
                                                                          R ef                        ereef Slope.Z.one
                        Reef Flat Platform Zone
                                                                          M rgin
                                                                           Zone                                          10 meters

             0                    50                   200                   150                  260                   250                   36t
                                                              METERS
          J-1imestone Cliff
                  Be.ach Depos              imeston @ITE 4
                                  Raised L

                                                                                Foreree,@ SloDe Zone
                       Reef Flat Platform   Zone          Reef
                                                          Margin                                          10 meters
                                                          Zone
                                                                                                      rL

             0                    25                    5'0                                        i'O 0
                                                              METERS

             Figure 4b Vertical profiles of Sites 1, la, 2, 3 and 4 at       Bahia Laulau showing submarine topography, reef zones,
                        water depth and relative 6istribution of corals and sediments.

                                                                                                             20

                   shoreline   and at a few     places form small wave-washed islets           a  f ew meters

                   from shore.

                         Site  la is located in a relatively protected section             of  Bahia Laulau

                   approximately 400 m (1,312 ft) northwest of            'Puntan Bapot     where a narrow

                   subtidal   fringing reef platform borders the         shore.    A low cliff, of Mariana

                   Limestone buttressed with numerous blocks and boulders forms@                'an irregular

                   shoreline along the site.          Intermittently,    the cliff    f ace   is  prominently

                   undercut or notched just above reef platform          level.

                         Site 2, also somewhat protected from Northeast Tradewind wave                 assault,

                   is located 450     m    (1,476 ft) east of Trinchera where'             a relatively wide

                   intertidal fringing reef platform borders the shore.                    Beach deposits,

                   composed    mostly of bioclastic sand, gravel and rubble of          reef  origin,  form a

                   narrow band    'along the shoreline.

                         The   shoreline features at Site 3 are quite similar            to those of Site 2

                   except    for greater exposure to tradewind waves and                a%'narrow band of

                   recently   emerged    limestone (less than 1 m high) that            separates bioclastic

                   beach deposits from the intertidal fringing reef platform.@

                         Site  4-,, located 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles) northwest         of Puntan Dandan,

                   is exposed   to heavy tradewind wave assault. Low limestone              cliffs of Mariana

                   Limestone   form  the shoreline. Although extensive beach deposits are absent

                   along the shoreline, a few small patches of bioclastic rubble have

                   accumulated at, erosional reentry areas along the cliff face.                   A narrow

                   fringing reef platform borders the shoreline at this site.

                   CONCLUSIONS

                         Sites I and 4 are the most unique and different of all five sites. Both

                   are unprotected against heavy ocean swells and are, therefore, usually

                   rough and dangerous in terms of currents and seas.

                                                                                                   21

                      Sites 2 and 3 are quite similar although Site 2 is.   slightly more protected

                 from northeast tradewinds.     Both have intertidal fringing reef platforms and
                 bioclastic beach deposits.    A narrow cut through the:'   reef at Site 2 provides

                 reasonable access to the bay.

                       Site la is the most protected site since it is    tucked in and away from

                 prevailing winds and waves.      It is more similar to Sites 2 and 3 than Sites 1

                 an d 4.

                                                                                                               22

                                                     LITERATURE CITED

                   Cloud,    P. E. , Jr.     1959.    Geology -of Saipan'       Mariana     Islands, Part 4,
                         Submarine topography and shoalwater ecology.               U. S.   Geological Survey
                         Pro *fessional Paper. 280-k, 84p.
                   Doan, D.B., and Siegrest, H.G., Jr. 1979.                Beaches:9 Coastal. environments
                         and alternative sources of fine aggregate in the Northern                       Mariana
                         Islands.     Coastal Resources Management, Executive ' Office                   of the
                         Governor, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana -Islan S.' :108p.                W

                  Eldredge, L.G.-, and Randall, R.H.              1980.    Atlas of: reefs    and beaches of
                         Saipan,'  Tinian and Rota.          Coastal Resources Mana4ement, Ex            ,ecutive
                         Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of the Northern               Mariana Islands.

                                                                                                      23.

                                                       GEOLOGY

                  INTRODUCTION

                        Saipan exhibits the same high degree of geologic diversity and com-

                  plexity that characterizes the other major islands in           southern Marianas.

                  A core of Eocene-Oligocene submarine volcanic and: volcanoclastic rocks,

                  formed as the result of tectonic plate convergence,        has been veneered with
                  progressively younger sequences of shallow-water* limestones.                 Vertical

                  tectonic adjustments of the island-arc system,, including net uplift, faulting

                  and tilting, coupled with sea level fluctuations arising from Pleistocene

                  glaciation cycles, have raised and terraced Saipan           and the other "high"

                  islands in the southern Marianas.

                        Bahia Laulau is indented about half-way into the island perpendicular to

                  the  prevailing northeast- southwest trend     of the major rock units and topo-

                  graphic   features (Figure 5). Thus, it provides a cross-section         along which

                  most of   the major rock formations and many of the           structures,   soils and

                  landforms can be viewed and studied.

                  METHODS

                        The  goal of this study is to prepare geologic environmental: evaluations

                  of four pre-selected onshore sites in Bahia Laulau           where land'-use modi-

                  fications have been suggested (Figure 6).

                        In order to carry out this objective     in 31 field days, hea      reliance is
                                                                                         vy:
                  placed on    supplementary sources, including earlier published         'maps, data,

                  reports,  '.,and on aerial photo interpretation.       Seven   field transects were

                  required   to sample,    describe and evaluate the geologic materials in the

                  vicinity of  the four  sites and to verify the air photo analysis.

                                                                                  24
                 145 0 40
                                                                      -145*50'.
            15.019                                                          1501.01,

                                                             Y

                                                       -A

                    PHILIPPINE SEA

                                     J
                                                             PACIFIc@ OCEAN

                                                BAHIA
                                               LAULAU

                                                   J

                        LEGEND
                           SHORELINE.
                          FAULTS: Demonstrable,
                                  Inferred,
                                                          SCALE  1:136,720*
                                  Concealed or
             15005.               Hypothetical                               15CIO5
                  145040'11                                            145 050'.i
              Figure 5. Reference map of Saipan (after Cloud, et. al. , 1956).

                                                                                                       1%

                                      %
                                                                          UN
                                                                           Al
                                                                        BAPOT
                                                    @01
                           A
                                             A    UNAI
                                                                          -B
                                                 ;LAULAUI

                                             T,                            SIT rE
                r+                       f                 A                                   0
                  (D

                En
                                                      B
                  r+
                r+0
                ,...v
                0                                    SITE 3@
                0 0
                                     6?

                En
                                            :.BAH I ALAULAU
                  cr

                                                                                              LEGEND,',

                                                                                                  Contour Line.j
                                                                                      o%A         Road
                                                                                                  Quarry
                                                                                                  Profile Line
                  w               UNAI                                                            Manganese
                                  DANDAN                                             -77-1
                                                                                        4         Approximate Pa
                                                                                                  Location of Fi
                                              A
                  gal
                         %
                                                 SITE 4:@

                            %        -j
                        A

                                                                                                      26

                        Any  new land-use    activity requires some thought on      possible environ-
                  mental effects.     Along Bahia Laulau eight:' geologic-relatedi         factors or
                  conditions were considered necessary to arrive       at reasonable  site  'evaluations

                  and site-to-site comparisons.

                  Rock Units: Distribution, thicknesses, stratigraphic position,       .:structural and

                  physical: properties.

                            Rationale:   The mineral composition, grain si     ze geometry (texture)

                  and fracture characteristics of a rock body place limits        on, engineering and

                  building  applications.   They control the type and thickness         of soil  'cover,

                  slope  and terrain morphology, surface and groundwater':            hydrology and

                  economic. resource potential. In Table 1 (Appendix A)          We,present a- list of

                  the mapped units and a general       summary of their importan't       characteristics

                  used for  site evaluations (Modified from Cloud, et. al.,     1956)..

                  Soil Units:  Distribution, thicknesses, composition and
                                                                               physical  properties of

                  mapped  soil units.

                            Rationale:   Engineering properties    of soils  are. derived from their
                  basic mine: r:al composition and thickness.     Strength,   sensitivity to vibration

                  or excavation, compressability, erodability,    permeability,   sl@rink-swell poten-

                  tial and ease of excavation must be considered in site studies.

                        Table 2 (Appendix A) lists the major mapped soil units', around the sites

                  of Bahia.    Laulau and their important characteristics             (Modified from

                  McCracken.,  1957).

                  Slope and Stability:    Slope stability is evaluated by estimating the "safety
                  factor", defined as the ratio of resisting forces (usually shear strength of

                  slope materials acting along potential slip planes) to driving forces (usually

                  the weight of the slope material including vegetation and buildings).

                                                                                                                27

                    Rationale:    Forces are static; they change with time, earthquakes and

                    planned and unplanned slope modification. There are               many signs of historic,

                    ongoing and potential slope instability around Bahia:             Laulau; several of the

                    latter could be catastrophic.         Moreover, submarine.       slope instability should

                    not be overlooked at any site where underwater structures are planned.

                         Table 3 presents a classification of the principal types of downhill

                    movement or mass      w asting (Keller, 1982). Where observed, they are noted

                    on the profiles included with the site        evaluations.

                    Table 3.    Classification of Mass Wasting.

                        Type of                                           Materials
                        Movement                      Rock                                          Soil

                          Slides                 Slump Blocks                                Slump blocks
                    (variable water              Translation slide                           (Rotational slide
                    content and rate                                                         Soil slip (planar)
                     of movement)

                          Falls                  Rock fall                                   Soil  fall

                                  Slow           Rock creep                                  Soil  creep

                           Flows                 Unconsolidated materials (saturated)

                                                                          Earthflow
                                                                          Mudflow (incl. submarine)
                                  Rapid                                   Debris avalanche

                         Complex                 Combinations of slides and flows.

                    Geologic Hazards: Geologically-related conditions            that can lead to'   @loss of life

                    and property.

                               Rationale:    'Excluding slope instability already mentioned and the

                    overall problem of earthquakes, danger from flooding must be considered the

                    most serious geologic hazard within Bahia Laulau. Flooding could                     be from

                                                                                                             28

                                               -generated waves or flash floods where          the  rock and
                   either storm or typhoon

                   soils Javor surface runoff.

                         In considering beach flooding by typhoon-generated                 swells, we can
                   compare.sites by computing an Index of Specific            Vulnerability,  V  S'(Doan and
                   Siegrist,  1979).    V is based upon empirically         derived   attenuation functions
                                         S
                   (Komar,   1976) and    studies done on Guam in connection          with  Typ*hoon Pamela

                   (Ogg, 1977).

                         A typhoon-generated wave with a height          in meters. before   -breaking, Ho,

                   is attenuated. when traveling across a reef flat of width               by.:the empirical

                   function.:

                                                                     W/115
                                                   Ha    Ho (0. 9)

                   where  :Ha is the attenuated    height upon arriving      at the   beach.   The Index of

                   Specific Vulnerability is calculated as:

                                                V      Ha - (1/D           Ha)
                                                  S                 max
                   where D        is the maximum effective depth of water, shore"         ward of    the reef
                            max
                   front.   Oi.i*. Saipan VS  ranges from 3.1 (Tanapag) to-7.6            ]Fahang)  with 9. 0

                   being the @maximum vulnerability.

                   Alluvial  Processes:       Drainage; overland soil and             stream erosion and

                   deposition;  potential sedimentation problems.

                             Rationale:    Qualitative assessments of the position         and   condition of
                   nearby str  :eams and gulleys should accompany environmental                  evaluations.

                   Soil is essentially a non-renewable resource in the tropics. Land             stripped of

                   vegetation will be quickly eroded down to bedrock on all but gentle slopes.

                   Alluvium-choked ephemeral streams indicate soil and slope erosion upstream,

                   episodic or possibly catastrophic stream discharge, flood potential and

                   eventual sediment buildup downstream or on the reef flat.

                   Subsurface: Porosity and permeability; infiltration rates.

                                                                                                       29

                  Rationale: Very little surface water      is retained on.the    Tagpochau Limestone

                  and virtually none on the Mariana          and Tanapag     formations in the Bahia

                                                                              p
                  Laulau area.       Infiltration rates are extreme.           These    formations are

                  honeycombed with planar fractures, irregular fissures,           caverns and caves.

                  Surface instability arising from these subsurface features       is demonstrated by

                  swales and sink holes.         Heavy construction planned        for sites on these

                  formations    should be preceded by thorough subsurface investigation

                  including geophysical surveying and borings.

                  Coastline Configuration:      Position and configxiration:   of the.  coastline as it

                  relates to historic typhoon and normal seasonal wave energy directions.

                             Rationale:   All the coastal areas around Bahia Laulau are to some

                  degree vulnerable to rapid erosional- depositional         changes   brought on by

                  storm waves.

                        Expectable sea and swell directions        from local    and regional weather

                  patterns range from east to northeast except from June           to August when low

                  to moderate east-southeast seas can be expected (Doan            and Siegrist, 1979).

                  Historical , the typhoon- generated wave directions            around   Saipan range
                             ly

                  from the   southeast to southwest.

                        At   each of the study sites, rates of sea cliff         and headland retreat

                  and/or   backshore and beach redistribution and removal are             dependent on

                  wave direction and magnitude as well as coastline. configuration.
                  Economic Resources:        Estimate of the type of mineral resour@d'es in the

                  vicinity of each site.

                             Rationale:   Bahia Laulau rocks have yielded          limited quantities of

                  highgrade manganese ores           associated with the         Tagpochau      Limestone

                  formation. It was pointed out by Cloud et. al. (1956), that although total

                                                                                                        30

                 manganese     at depth     may be considerable, renewed             mining   would be

                 dependent on external     economic factors, especially world markets:.

                       Bahia Laulau rock formations were also examined for possible use as
                 construct'             ate.   Obviously, a well designed sampling          a:nd testing
                           .Ion aggreg

                 program   is mandated before claiming       the certainty of    any material being an

                 economic   resource.

                 RESULTS

                 Site 1,  Sabanen Hagman

                 Location:    On terraced coastline east of Isleta Maigo      (Unai  Hagman)

                 Profile:   Figures 7a,b

                 Local  Rock Units:      (13 units      High Diversity) (Rock        unit symbol's from

                 Table  1)

                       Bedrock   Units:         Mariana (dominant)           Qmmt    Qmr

                                                Tagpochau                    Tti, Ttd@,  Ttr, Ttt, Tm

                                                Densinyama                   Tdcq
                                                Hagman (dominant)            T h'c

                       Mass, Wasting Units:     Slump blocks                 Qx

                                                Debris blocks                Q1

                       Unconsolidated Units:    Beach                        Qrl

                                                Older Terrace Deposits       Qp

                 The structural geology and stratigraphy are very complex;            all. the formations

                 on the peninsula are cut by normal faults, some with large                displacements.

                 The Hagman formation also displays growth faults.            Joints and   joint sets are

                 very pronounced in the Mariana but less so in the Tagpochau formations.

                 Relatively steep    dipping stratification planes contribute to reducing slope

                 safety factors.

                                                                                   31

                      A                                                    A

                         Ttd
                 100'-
                                Tti

                             Tdcq
                                      QX
                   50,          Thc';        Qmij@
                                       The
          SEA LEVEL-                            The

                                                     HORIZONTAL SCALE 1cm  100m.

                                                     VERTICAL SC ALE  lcm  50M

                                                                           B
                      B
                 150'r-

                 100.

                                    c
                        Qmr@
                   50,
          SEA   LEVEL[-                          Qrnh

                            CYI1
                 -50,

               Figures 7a and 7b:@ Vertical cross-sections at Sabanen Kagman.: Vicinity of
                                 Site 1. Section lines from Figure 6. Rock.unit symbols
                                 from Table 1.   Circled numbers refer to text on Slope
                                 Stability.
                                  Th
                                     t

                                      Qx'
                                      @Thc
                                ,q
                                Th@,

                                                                                                                  32

                         A fracture compilation done by aerial photo interpretation                    (Figure 8)

                   reveals that the peninsula including Site 1 is bounded on                at least  three sides

                   by faults and is cut by several. prominent lineaments that               could well be other

                   faults or.:major joint traces.

                   Local Soil   Units:    (7 units)

                         Saipan      Chacha

                         Dandan

                         Akina      Dago

                         Chinen

                         Rough    stony land on limestone (dominant)

                         Rough    broken land (dominant)

                         Quarries

                   Most sl Pp e.s are too steep to allow soil formation:            Very   shallow'  stony to no

                   soils on  rough pinnacled Mariana formation.

                   Slope Stability:     (See Figures 7a,b)
                         The' .'following types of mass wasting were observed               in@. and around Site

                         Rock   Ialls:     (ongoing):      Labeled 1 on Figure         6,  7a,'b:    Hagman and

                                           Mariana formations.

                         Rock   slides:    (historic and ongoing):          Labeled 2 on       :Figure 6, 7a,b:

                                           Hagman and Mariana formations:                  Both   rotational and

                                           translational types.

                         Soil creep:       (ongoing):       Labeled 3 on Figure            6,  7a,b:       Hagman,

                                           Tagpochau (Ttd) and Densinyama formations.

                         Mass wasting      on the south Hagman coastline is both active and unpre-

                   dictable.     Highly    fractured bedrock, steeply-dipping soft                and weathered

                   volcanic strata, extremely steep slopes, high relief, sparse vegetation and

                                                                                                        33

                  low-level shock waves from earthquakes and storm swells contribute to lessen

                  safety factors to Site 1. Many of the slopes on Punitan Hagman are barely

                  stable.

                        Figure 8, shows the peninsula including Site          1. and depicts the distri-
                  bution of historic and ongoing downhill movement            of, materials.   From air

                  photos: rock falls, rock and debris slides and soil-creep can be plainly

                  discerned.
                        Directly offshore from Site 1, in Bahia Laulau'Y          the submarine slope

                  exceeds 180 within .5 km of the shore (locatibn 4 on            Figures 7a,b). This

                  slope is considerably higher than the 20 to 40 slopes           at which underwater

                  muds start to slump, flow or form turbidity          currents., The     thinly-bedded,

                  tuffaceous Hagman formation probably crops           out on'  these slopes in a line

                  between Dandan and Hagman.             Periodically,   and  especially in    a seismic

                  region such as the Marianas, we should anticipate               significant   submarine

                  movement of Hagman-derived muds along the              slopes   It also appears from

                  the directions of dip of the Hagman as seen @near Site 1 that            they coincide

                  roughly.  with the direction of submarine slope, thus           further  reducing any

                  safety factor.

                        Several  writers (Tayama, 1938; Cloud, et. al.,           1956) have suggested

                  major submarine slumping as a possible mechanism              for the formation and

                  present configuration of Bahia Laulau.

                  Danger from Flooding

                        The probability    of Site 1 being flooded by      either storm waves or sur-

                  f ace water is nil.

                  Alluvial Processes

                        There are no permanent streams in the Hagman              area and  only one or

                  two important gully systems for storm drainage.          Surface drainage    across the

                                                                                             34

                    N,                                       ing and Creeping
                        SCAIE 1:5000:                (4r@-!,Um; Volcanics

                                                          AL

                                                                          S
                                                           Loose  Volcanic
                                                                                 . I.     r)
                                                                          96c.ks.lidi--

                                   C,

                                                                                     N" N
                                                                                            dip
                                                                             Fal .1-:V
                                BAHIA  LAuLAUJ

                Figure 8@  Mal@ of fracture traces and mass wasting at Site  1. See Figure6-
                                       indicate probable fault; dashed lines   probable joints.
                           :Solid lines
                           LAnalysis from airphoto and ground verification..
                                                     L*Slum@,in@gand.,Cree@@ng@@
                                                              Volc @
                                                                    ics @@
                                                                  an

                                                                                                         35

                  Mariana Limestone is short-lived because of its high. permeability. Slopes on

                  the Hagman formation are highly vulnerable to sheetwash and soil removal.

                  Sub surf ace

                        From  the nature of the outcrops it is         obvious:  that the Mariana and

                  Tagpochau    formations possess high porosity-permeabillt,y zones. Wells sunk

                  in them,    depending upon location, would only hit. :water at the contact

                  between them and the underlying Hagman or at the freshwater- saltwater

                  interface near sea level.        Certainly, any construction planned for such

                  heavily fractured and relatively soluble rock bLs the,        Mariana   or Tagpochau

                  Limestone demands a complete subsurface evaluation.

                  Coastline Configuration

                        The Hagman site generally faces south with several          prominent  headlands

                  developing southeast and southwest faces. However,             normal  VE tradewi.nds

                  seriously affect erosion rates by refraction around          Isleta Maigoi.     Tropical

                  storms and typhoons would probably attack the base of Site                  :1   directly

                  promoting active coastline retreat and generating               sufficient   submarine

                  instability to initiate submarine slides directly    off the site. -

                  Economic Resources

                        The Japanese    successfully developed a small manga      -nese prospect on the
                  east side of Hagman peninsula.           The black oxide ore can         sii.h be seen

                  stockpiled on a bluff overlooking Unai Hagman.            No estimate of: reserves is

                  available.   Such an estimate would require extensive geophysical: surveying

                  and exploratory drilling.

                        The stockpiled material was mined from the Tagpochau                    -formation,

                  occurring as both a': vein filling and as the matrix             in a brec,cia zone.

                  Grinding, washing and jigging would probably concentrate the ore             ef ficiently

                  and inexpensively (using seawater).

                                                                                                  36

                      The Mariana Limestone formation has been       actively quarried on Hagman

                 for fill material.  The rock is crumbly and       powdery and    lacks: any good

                 aggregate quality.    Andesite gravels in the      Hagman formation, however,

                 certainly.:are well-suited for construction aggregate and appear at'@the top of

                 the cliff s east of Site 1.

                 Site 2, Onai Bapot

                 Location:   Beach  and backshore 400 m (1,312 ft) northeast'        of Trinchera

                 Limestone and upslope terrain northwest of beach.

                 Profile: Figure  9a,b

                 Local Rock Units (Nine mapped units) (Rock unit symbols       from Table

                      Bedrock Units:         Tanapag                    Qta

                                             Tagpochau                  Tti, Ttd

                                             Hagman                     Thc,  Thb

                      Unconsolidated Units:  Beach Deposits             Qrb

                                             Emerged Limesands          Qrl
                                             Alluvium                   Qa'

                                             Older Terrace Deposits     Qp

                 The supraii.dal  zone or backshore is dominated by Tanapag          limestone and

                 emerged sand    and sandy gravel beach deposits.        Northwest   of the beach

                 road the   Tagpochau crops out along buttresses and             benches between

                 ephemeral  stream valleys. Upslope the Tagpochau Limestone        is underlain by

                 highly weathered, tuffaceous Hagman volcanics and volcanoclastic sediments.

                 Outcrops of the calcareous sandstone and shaly Donni member (Ttd) of the

                 Tagpochau Limestone can be viewed on the hilly road leading almost due

                 north from the beach road (following the former Japanese railroad line).

                                                                                                     37

                           A
                                                                                          A
                    100:
                                           q)
                               T@d

            SE     LL EL
               A'   V                               Pta: Q                 _77
                    -501-                                        Orb!

                                                            HORIZONAL SCALE       1CM =   100M

                                                            VERTICAL SCALE        1c m  =   50m

                                                                                        @'B
                    100,
                     5 0'_      'QP
                                     Thb

            SEA   LEVEL;.                         Qa@

                                                   Qrj@    Qrb'

                  Figures 9a ahd 9b.Vertical    cross-sections at Unai Bapot.       Vicinity of Site 2.
                                       Section  lines from Figure 6 -      Rock   unit symbols from
                                       Table 1.      Circled numbers refer       to text.,.,on Slope
                                       Stability.

                                                                                                 38

                      Normal  stratigraphic relationships are evidence for little or no faulting.

                 Jointing in the limestone member of the Tagp'ochau (Tti)       is prominent but

                 with no apparent pattern.

                      Beach deposits and emerged limesands       are both calcareous-   and non-

                 calcareous (silicate, oxide). Iron oxide (magnetite) and iron-@titanium oxide
                 (ilmenite) is found along intertidal foreshore,' beach,   emerged beach   and in

                 ephemeral stream deposits (Qa).

                 Soil Units:  (5 units)

                      Saipan   Chacha

                      Lito   Akino   Dago

                      Chinen

                      Shioya

                      Rough  stony land  on limestone
                      Rough  broken 'land
                         9

                 Good correlation exists  between soil and rock     units,  Sai'
                                                                               pan     Chacha on

                 Tagpocha*.U;, rough stonyland on Tanapag; rough broken-       land  on Hagman;

                 Shioya soils. on calcareous sands and gravels.

                 Slope Stability: (Figures 9a,b)

                      Lower  slopes are generally stable with minor soil    creep  on Tagpochau

                 Limestone buttresses along the road. Slopes on Hagman and          Donni member

                 of Tagpochau Limestone display slumping and major soil creep (location 3,

                 Figures 9a,b).    Several mudflows are interlayered with alluvial valley fills

                 (location 1, Figures 9a,b).    A rock slide talus deposit   (location 2, Figures

                 9a,b), occurs at the base of a steep Tagpochau Limestone cliff.

                      The index of Specific Vulnerability, VSP ranges from 7..3 to 7.7, second

                 highest on Saipan and third highest among all beaches on Rota, Tinian and

                 Saipan.  Moreover Unai Bapot's location on the north side of Bahia Laulau

                                                                                                     39

                  means that Hop the initial height of    typhoon- generated waves, might grow to
                  be well in excess of the standard nine-meter typhoon       wave (Bascom., 1964).

                  Alluvial Processes

                        Ephemeral streams draining the slopes north        a.nd northwest of Site 2
                  have deposited substantial alluvial fans      composed   :of gravels, cobbles and

                  sand intercalated with clay-rich layers and occasion      al. debris flows.    These

                  deposits are designated Qa on Figures 9a,b.          The   large quantity of these

                  materials attests to the velocity and    discharge of flash floods as well as to

                  upper slope instability, soil erosion and gullying.          Eventually, this pre-

                  dominantly silicate-oxide detritus reaches the beach and reef. flat area where

                  it first forms small deltas; later the sandy portion       is, redistributed parallel

                  to the beach by longshore currents while the      clays are  carried downward.

                  Subsurface

                        The   Tanapag and Tagpochau          Limestone formations are doubtless

                  cavernous. Although no sinkholes were observed, a large cave.in the

                  Tagpochau limestone formation has its entrance on          the  beach road 400 M.

                  (1,312  ft) west of Site 2.       Fresh water probably       runs off   the upslope
                  Hagman'. limestone formation, down to the cavernous':         Tagpochau limestone

                  formation and back to either the impermeable Hagman          @or to the'water table

                  which is in hydrostatic balance with sea level.

                  Coastline Configuration

                        Unai Bapot is positioned in Laulau such that            is receives minimum

                  expectable Northeast tradewind swell and maximum expectable typh!D'on swell.

                  Economic Resources

                        The Tagpochau    ::formation cropping  put immediately    north of @the beach

                  road appears to possess the requisite density required for construction

                                                                                                            40

                  aggregate.      It certainly appears no different in hand                specimens from

                  Tagpochau Limestone material presently being               mined for     aggregate near

                  Marpi.

                  Site 3, Unai Laulau

                  Location:    Northwest extreme on Bahia Laulau, 1. 7 km                   1.'1 mile W)

                  west-southwest of Unai Bapot, 150 m          (492 ft) 'along coast    nortih@east of  point

                  where beach    road turns west toward Cross-Island highway-

                  Profile:   Figured   10a,b

                  Rock Units:     (7 mapped units) (Rock unit symbols from            Table 1)':

                        Bedrock   Units:          Tanapag                      Qta

                                                  Mariana   (dominant)         Qma,. Qmm

                                                  Tagpochau                    Qti,  Qtd.

                        Unconsolidated Units:     Beach deposits               Qrb

                                                  Alluvium                     Qa

                  There   are  no  volcanic rocks at Site 3.       The stratigraphic.   sequence features
                  Tanapag   :Teefal limestone veneering seaward benches of Mariana and Tagpo-

                  chau formation. Tagpochau Donni sandstone member                 (Ttd)'  is in fault con-
                  tact with  T@,Lgpochau limestone on slope of major north-south            vine (north of

                  Chamorro    Village).

                  Soil Units:    (4 units)

                        Saipan  - Chacha

                        Chinen

                        Shioya

                        Rough Stony Land on Limestones

                  Shallow yellow-red to reddish yellow brown clay loams on Mariana and Tagpo-

                  chau Limestone formation.

                                                                                           41

                  A
                                                                                     A'
             1001-,
                                                        (D(D
                        Tti"

                                          Qma!
                                Ttd
                                                      QMM,
     JEA LEVEL                                        Tt.d'
             -501-                                         QMM

                                                          HORIZONTAL.SCALE     JCM     1OOM
                                                          VERTICAL   SCALE@:   @lcm     50M

                       .B'
                                                                                 B
                  1001:

                   50'_   Tti
                     -      Ttd        Qma,
           SEA LEVEL                                 QTM .
                                                           lQta-
                  -50

                 Figures 10a & 10b. Vertical cross-sections at Unai Laulau.. Vicinity of Site 3.
                                    Section lines from Figure 6.    Rock unit symbols from
                                    Table 1.
                            Tt

                                                                                                         42.

                  Slope Stability:    (Figures 10a,b)

                        Relative stability of slopes characterizes this          site.   Minor. slumping

                                                                               q
                  occurs in the Tagpochau (Ttd) Donni sandstone member (location 1, Figures

                  10a,b).    Possible rotational sliding of Tagpochau limestone is indicated at

                  fault in ravine.       Soil creep is evidenced on road            and hillsides below

                  Chamorro Village.

                  Danger from Flooding
                        Danger of flooding is less severe than at Site         2.   V S ranges from 5.1
                  to 5. 5.   Downslope runoff and stream discha@rges           are not likely to cause

                  dangerous flooding.       The small watershed (collecting area) and lack of
                  impermeable volcanics needed to prevent infiltation and loss of discharge

                  lower the possibility of serious flooding.
                        Site 3 is somewhat more protected than Site '2 -from flooding due to

                  expectable typhoon-generated swells; it          is. generally   more susceptible to

                  tradewin d- driven wave flooding.

                  Alluvial Processes

                        Some active    soil erosion   and alluvial transport      were noted in gullys

                  along the road.      Alluvial fill  occupies a major ravine north         -of Chamorro

                  Village.   The road itself may       become a sediment channel during typhoon

                  conditions.

                  Subsurface

                        Highly fractured bedrock.         Construction on Mariana and          -Tagpochau

                  limestone.units inadvisable without thorough subsurface investigation.

                  Coastline Configuration

                        Vulnerable to both typhoon and tradewind propagated waves.                   Active

                  headland erosion on cliffs below Chamorro Village; very susceptible to major

                  storms. Longshore drift is generally northeast to southwest.

                                                                                                             43

                   Economic   Resources

                         Rubbly, sugary coralline Mariana limestone was formerly              quarried from

                   the hillside immediately north of road, 400 m:,(1,312 ft)             west  of  Bay.     No

                   potential. for aggregate-quality materials.

                   Site 4, Unai Dandan

                   Location:     Immediately southeast of Unai Dan'dan along            10  m,.'(33 ft) high

                   wave-cut bench, approximately 500 m (1,64:0 ft)                from   n0rth6ast    end of

                   airport  runway.

                   Profile:   Figure  11

                   Rock Units:     (4 units:low diversity) (Rock unit symbols          from. Table 1).*
                         Bedrock   Units:          Tanapag                       Qta

                                                   Mariana   (dominant)         @Qmm,
                         U.C:
                          n  onsolidated Units:    Beach Deposits                Qrb

                   Ten and    thirty-meter wave-abrasion terraces        cut into massiVe     and cavernous

                   Mariana   forereef detrital limestone.      Numerous solution pipe's       and joints are

                   found in', !Mariana   and in subordinate Tanapag limestone.:           :No  faulting evi-

                   dent.     Secondary    solution features are pervasive in            quar,ry  outcrops of

                   Mariana limestone.

                   Soil Units:    (1 unit)

                         Rough   stony land on limestone. Soil found only in           irregular pockets in

                   solution pip  es and joints in limestone.

                   Slope Stability:     (Figure 11)

                         Slopes at Site 4 are stable.           Only occasional rock       falls from open-

                   tension fractures above wave-cut notches present any slope problems

                   (Location 1, on Figure 11).

                                                                                      44

                           A
                                                                            A
                     IOU

                      50-
                                      QMM
              .SEA LEVEL
                                                     Qtd
                     -50.-

                                               cr

                                                    HORIZONTAL SCALE    1CM    100M

                                                    VERTICAL SCALE      1cm     50m:

                Figure 11. Vertical cross-section at Unai Dandan.   Vicinity of Site 4.
                          Section line from Figure 6   Rock unit  symbols from Table 1.
                          Circled numbers refer to text on Slope Stability.

                                                                                                             45

                   Danger from Flooding

                         None.    Rapid infiltration   of surface water' prevents sheetwash or chan-

                   nel flow. Typhoon waves from unexpectable             NE direction    could. easily spray

                   upper 30,m bench.

                   Alluvial Processes

                         No  surface water. Any mobilized soil moves into: fractures'           :and  solution

                   pipes, not along surface.

                   Sub surf ace

                                                                                        m    ur
                         Very   porous with high implied permeability.            Rando.    s  face    depres-

                   sions and   perhaps sink hol.es to be expected.: Thorough,           subsurface    analysis

                   must precede    heavy construction.

                   Coastline. Configurations
                         N oi.rtheas t facing coastline along Bahia      Laulau   should,: anticipate almost

                   constant   wave  attack. Headlands will be especially vulnerable          at  Site 4.

                   Economic   Resources

                         The. Mariana limestone has been quarried at this             site,@ practically since

                   the reconquest of Saipan.         It appears on 1946 airphot6s.-         The material in

                   outcrop is'.  deceptively hard and appears to be appropriate              for aggregate.

                   But, like most near-surface Mariana limestone, the rocks,.have been altered

                   by solution and reprecipitation giving it a marbleized.             patina.     Subsurface

                   samples ten   d to  be more crumbly and chalky except along            solution pipes and

                   fractures where 'the limestone resembles outcrop samples.

                   DISCUSSION

                   Comparison of Sites

                         Table 4 (Appendix A) presents a synopsis of the' major features

                   presented in the site evaluations, enabling qualitative co              Impansons to be

                   drawn.      For major on-shore construction, Site 4 is generally the most

                                                                                                               46

                   suitable in that it exhibits the fewest unfavorable geologic constraints.

                   However, all the sites have an abundance of limestone bedrock that is

                   notorious for subsurface permeability and porosity.                   Very careful field

                   mapping, geophysical profiling, airphoto, interpreting               and drilling should

                   precede heavy construction.         The presence     of fractures    and caverns may be

                   such as to preclude any of the sites being acceptable

                         Geologically, Site 1 offers to tourists and naturalists alike one of the

                   most  uniquely interesting and important landscapes *in the entire Northern

                   Marianas.    Hagman constitutes an outdoor laboratory illustrating the major

                   steps in the 30-million year physical evolution of Saipan from a submarine

                   volcano to a terraced "high" island.

                   CONCLUSIONS

                         Site 1 is a very diverse area and scenic                  location.    It has gTeat

                   diversity of geology, extreme instability. of onshore slopes, probable

                   instability offshore, w ave-vulner ability to cliffs and headlands,             no surface

                   water, fractured and permeable bedrock and a small manganese prospect.

                         Site 2 is generally a peaceful recreational site.            However,    it is highly

                   vulnerable to typhoon swells as well as to flash flooding down              ravines to the

                   north.     Although there is a strong possibility of                flooding i   the lower

                   elevation  slopes are stable.
                         Site  3 is generally a recreational location like Site 2 wit*@               relatively

                   stable slopes and coastline. There is the potential danger of flooding during

                   typhoons.   like Site 2.         Alluvial processes in the area pr.esent few

                   sedimentation or drainage problems.              However, subsurface porosity may

                   present construction problems.
                         Site 4 is a scenic location with excellent view of Bahia La'ulau and

                   Hagman.      Here there are stable slopes and the coastline is generally

                                                                                          47

                 protected from typhoon-driven waves. However,   prevailing winds and waves
                 create rough offshore conditions as a normal @'occurence. The  substrate is

                 very porous and there are no streams.

                                                                                                       48

                                                 LITERATURE CITED

                  Cloud, P.E., Jr., Schmidt, R.G., and Burke, H.              W.    1956.   Geology of
                       Saipan, Mariana Islands, Part 1, General geology.               U. S. Geological
                       Survey Professional Paper. 280-A, 126p.

                  Doan, D.B., and Siegrist, H.G., Jr. 1979.           Beaches'.. coastal environments,
                       and alternative sources of fine aggretage in. the Northern Mariana
                       Islands. Coastal Resources Management, Executive Office of the Gover-
                       nor, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. 108p.

                  Komar, P. D.     1976.    Beach Processes and Sedimentation.            Prentice-Hall,
                       Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 429p.

                  McCracken, R. J.      1957.    Geology of Saipan, Mariana Islands, Part 2,
                       Pchology and soils.        Chapt. D. Soils, U. : S. Geological Survey,
                       Professional Paper. 280-D 17p.

                  Ogg, J. G.    1977.   The impact of Typhoon Pamela (1976) on. the Beaches of
                       Guam. (Abst.). EOS, Vol. 58, No. 12. Dec. 1977.

                  Tayama, R.      1938.    Geomorphology, geology, and         coral  reefs of Saipan
                       Island.   Trop. Industry Inst. Bull. 1:1-62.        [In Japanese-translation) .

                                                                                                                 49

                                                   PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

                    INTRODUCTION

                          This section includes data on physical              parameters    found    -specifically

                    within  Bahia Laulau or in the general Saipan area.                 General 'climatological
                    data include: air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall,            wind '@@dire ction and

                    speed,   sea temperature, occurence of tropical disturbances.               ;@nd typhoons.

                    Specific   data   collected within Bahia Laulau include               deep              water

                    temperature and salinity, wind           direction and speed@,        bathymetric     profile,

                    inshoreand     offshore current patterns and nearshore           water  quality.

                    METHODS

                          General   climatological data    mentioned above      wer e  comp iled  from    existing

                    data (U. S.     Naval Weather Service Command,               1971;    Naval    Oceanography
                    Command      Center, Guam, 1983; U.S. Department                 of   Co'inmerce,     National

                    Climate   Center, 1981). Wind direction and          speed were     Measured during each

                    of the four,  field investigations.

                          Oceanic   temperature and salinity were measured           on   :November 4, 1982 at

                    the surface@   and four depths (229 m (750 ft)           305 m (1,000          381 m (1,250

                    ft), 457 m,    (1,500 ft)) directly offshore of the proposed 'OTEC site (Figure

                    12) (Table     5,  Appendix A). All sampling was carried                out  from the M/V

                    Bahia Laulau      and the CRMO Zodiac utilizing a 1.2 liter             Nanson-type water

                    sampler (G. M.    Manufacturing Co.) equipped with Kahlisco             deep sea reversing

                    thermometers      (-20 to 350C) .      By using the combination of protected and

                    unprotected       reversing      thermometer       readings,       accurate      temperature

                    measurements     were determined and the depths calculated.

                          A single bathymetric profile was taken off the proposed Bahia Laulau

                    OTEC site.       This profile was made to a depth of 732 m (2,400 ft) with a

                Surface 0

                        2                                                    (229,22.5')
                                                                                     Al,

                  C)

                  x     3 -                                      (305,12.3'-

                  CL4
                                                   (381@9-30)

                        4 -

                                   (457,7.40)

                        5
                              (525,6.4)_W
                  (550,4.4 0)

                                      6          8          10         12          22         24

                                                                     Temperature OC

                             Figure 12.. Temperc@ture   profile from surface to depth of 4S7 m
                                           off pro-posed OTEC site..

                                                                                                          51

                  Fine Line   Fathometer    (Ross Model 400-A).      The    transect  followed a compass

                  course of.  1650(SSE) until the     limit of the recording fathom    eter   .'as reached

                  (Figure 13).

                        To determine general water movement patt         erns of   the Bay,   'a necessity

                  for a potential OTEC operation       or other future    activity   that ffiay'be planned
                  for the.area,   it was determined     that a year-16ng study       was..n'eceissary using

                  drift drogues   placed at various points within     Bahia Laulau.
    Is,
                        Water movement and current patterns were investigated: quarterly j.: over a

                                                                      rogues   off       :a
                  year  period   employing 1 m and      5 m drift d               shore   nd  fluorescene

                  dye   releases  on the reef-flats.       Drogues   were     checked .:every    30' to 60

                  minutes    after release and their position determined      by  triangulation   (fix) on

                  preestablished marks with a hand-bearing            compass.       Depending upon the

                                                                       er picked     u '.'and: restarted or
                  distance   traveled, the drogue was then eith                      p

                  allowed. to. drift another 30 to 60 minutes.         Tracks    wer e'then  plotted on a

                  chart to.  determine general water movement          patterns.     Additionally,  at the

                  time of  eve
                                ry set or fix the direction and velocity of     the,wihd:was noted.
                        On  the reef   flats, dye was released and allowed to:@tra     ."V',el: a distance of

                  10 m (33   ft). The    time and direction of travel    were recorde   d,'and from this

                  direction  and 'Velocity (meters/second) of the current were,. determined. Each

                  dye release    was  repeated three times and averaged for eac.h.         location.    Dye

                  release  studies  were done only for     sites 2 and 3 where     r eef flats occur.

                        Nearshore    water quality has     only been superficially      evaluated in the

                  Bahia Laulau area. The CNMI Department of Environmental                Quality collected
                  water samples        from 10 stations in Bahia Laulau during February

                  1983 (Figure 13).        These 10 samples were evaluated for 'total and fecal

                  coliform only indicating the degree of pollution in localized areas. Future

                                                                                                                                                                                                                 46,

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      E          PROPOSED OTEC SITE

                                                                                                                                                                           96             Ile
                                                                                                          4                                                                                                      145                              STUDY SITES
                                                                                                                                        .9,                                19 75                                 "loo,
                                                                                                                                        .7;                                31             96                                                     BOTTOM PROFILE AND TEMP. P
                                                                                                                                        25                                 so             5 F                    91 '7S
                                                                                                                                                                           is 33          64                     too                  A          WATER QUALITY MONITORING S

                                                                                                                                                                           3,                                                                    LIMITS OF STUDY SITE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 so

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Lim    its of s                  tudy            sites 1-4, prop
                                                                                                                                        J                                                 Figure 13.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  bathymetric profile and water q
                                                                                                       jl@                                                                                ly                                      stations.

                                                                                                                      53

                    monitoring     will include five additional parameters;                 turbidity.,     suspended

                    solids, chlorides (salinity), dissolved oxygen and pH.

                    RESULTS

                    Air Temperature
                          The island     of Saipan is located between:          1.5005' and 150.201:  North latitude

                    and 145.0401 and      1450501 East longitude.         The   climate of Saipan'.Is      considered

                    tropical,.   being    almost uniformly warm and              humid     throughout      the year.
                    Afternoon temperatures are typically in the'                 middle .':or   high,',: eighties and

                    nighttime    temperatures typicallty fall to the 'middle              or  low, se*iienties'.    The

                    average     annual temperature on Saipan is 27.50 C                   (81.50F),'. with         mean

                    maximum: temperature of 32.20 C (900F) and a mean,                    minimum,   temperature of

                    22.20    C  (720F) (U.S. Naval Weather Service, 1971).                  The   daily   temperature
                    fluctuation    is'  about 100F.       The hottest months are. :usually            June through

                    October,     while the cooler season falls between the               months@   -of  January and

                    April.

                    Relative   Humidity
                           Relative humidity generally varies from 75 to 100               peften't  with an annual
                    mean value'!    of   81 percent (U.S. Naval Weather Service,                1 1971).      Humidity

                    commonly ranges from around 65-75 percent in the early afternoon or during

                    the winter      months to 85-95 percent at night or during                   the   hotter, rainy

                    months      (Naval      Oceanography Command Center,                    G uam      1983).      Both

                    temperature and         humidity vary only slightly throughout                   the year, but

                    rainfall and wind        conditions vary markedly and it is these                variations that

                    define the seasons       on Saipan.

                    Rainf all

                           Annual rainfall on Saipan averages approximately 86 inches with a

                    monthly average of 7.2 inches.                   The wettest months are August and

                                                                                            54

                September with averages of about 13-14 inches while the dryest months are

                February and March which average 2.5 - 3.5 inches of precipitation (Hinz,

                1980 and U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Climate Center, 1981). Data from

                the U.S. Coast Guard Station in the southeastern'. portion of the island

                indicate an average annual precipitation of 76.6     inches (recent 10 year

                period) ranging from a low of 58.85 inches to a high of 102.23 inches.

                Wind

                     In the vicinity of Saipan, the steadiest winds -occur when the winter

                monsoon and the northeast trades reinforce each other. Between November

                and April, northeasterly to easterly winds prevail approximately 70 percent

                of the time at a velocity of 10-12 knots (kn) (8.7     10 mph) (Hinz, 1980).

                Easterly winds predominate 47.7 percent annually with   a mean speed of 12.0'

                kn (10 mph),while northeasterly winds occur   24.9 percent of the year with a

                mean speed   of 12.5 kn (11 mph) (U.S. 'Naval Weather Service Command,

                1971).  The  calmest months of the year are July      September  when winds

                typically., average less than 6 kn (5 mph).

                Water Surface Temperature
                     The mean surface sea temperature for Saipan is 29.60   C (83.40F). The

                mean  minimum temperature of 27.30 C (81.10F) occurs       during February,

                while August has the highest mean temperature of 29.60     C (85.120F) (U.S.

                Naval Weather Service Command, 1971).

                Tropical Disturbances and Typhoons
                     Saipan is in an area where many tropical disturbances occur'. Tropical

                storms become typhoons if surface winds at some time during the   progress of

                the storm reach a speed of 64 kn (55 mph) or greater. Although      the storm

                                                                                                                                     55

                       tracks are     often erratic when in the vicinity of                  Saipan, they        generally move

                       towards the WNW.

                              Tropical disturbances occur most often between July and November and

                       are least. likely to occur from January to                        April.       One    sour  ce', shows an

                       average    of one. storm a year originating in                 or. passing over,       thi,s' 'area (Hinz,

                       1980).     Guam data (1959 - 1981) shows the                   occurance      of all   tropical cyclones

                       (depressions, storms and typhoons) was                          greatest     during       the;  months of

                       August     (6.3 cyclones) and September (5.9)                     and the,'least',      fr6
                                                                                                                   quent     :during
                       February (0.3@, January (0.6) and March                        (0  7) (U. S.      Naval'Qceanography

                       Command      Center, 1983). The frequency of typhoons                         follows     the exact same
                       monthly    pattern, ranging from a low of 0.04                   typhoons       in  te@bruary towa high

                       of 3.4:in    August.

                       Oceanic    Temperature and Salinity             Profiles

                              Temj?eratures at the proposed OTEC                    site appear @to      follow a    well    defined
                       profile t     'ical  in the Western Pacific, i.e., a              warm, well        mix e a surface layer
                                  yp
                       of nearly.      constant temperature, a thermocline region                          ,%@h'ere temperature

                       declines     with    increasing depth and a deep                   cold layer@      @(Figure 12).          The

                       depth at 'which these regions or zones occur vary                             on- a 'global scale with

                       latitude     and season.           At lower latitudes (00-150                  north      or south) the

                       thermocline      depth begins much shallower than that found'@.at mid-latitudes:

                       usually related to frequency of storm activity.                        Typically,     the lack of storm

                       activity and lower air temperatures in spring result in                               a shallow, highly
                       angular thermocline.            Increased air temperatures and more' frequent storms

                       in late summer and fall tend to create a deeper mixed layer thus increasing

                       the thermocline depth and smoothing the shape of the profile.

                              Water temperature was measured at the surface and                                  four depths as

                       follows (229, 305, 381 and 457 m) (Figure 13). Temperature decreased from

                                                                                                     56

                  28.40 C (83.10 F) at the surface to 22.50 C (72.50         F) at 229 m (Table 5,

                  Appendix A). Between 22.9 m and 457 m the temperature decreased to 7.40C

                  (45.3' F).   Although we did not actually measure         the temperature between

                  457 and 550 m we did extrapolate the tempera              tures based on similar

                  observations in the region.       The temperatures at      :.,525 and 550 m were
                  extrapolated to be 6.40 C (43.50 F) and 4.40 C (39.9") F) respectively.

                       Salinity is the most frequently measured chemical      parameter in seawater.

                  It is the single measurable parameter which can be        used in conjunction with

                  temperature   and pressure to calculate other 'properties of seawater, e.g.

                  density.   A  change of 1 percent in salinity has a much I         arger effect on

                                                                     However, the wider range in
                  density than   a 11C change in temperature.

                  temperature variation dominates the density profile.

                       The salinity profile off the proposed OTEC site is similar in shapp to

                  that shown in Lassuy (1979) and corresponds well with Williams           (1962) and
                  Gregg J1973) for the Mid-Pacific region.         Craig, et.   al. (1977) reported

                  average  isurface salinities of 34.5 percent and a         maximum    of 34.9-35.1

                  percent. between 150 and 200 m (492-656 ft)         for ocean -water   near Guam.

                  These coincide with observed values at similar depths         of the Bahia Laulau

                  OTEC site (Table 5, Appendix A). There appears to           be a salinify inversion

                  between the surface and 300 m (1,000 ft). This inversion is typical and has

                  been reported in nearshore waters       surrounding Guam     and other.   islands of

                  the Marianas archipelago (Lassuy, 1979).

                  Bottom Profile

                       Figure 13 identifies the site where bathymetric. studies           took place.

                  Figure 14 illustrates the profile and degree of slope. It      is evident. from this
                  profile that the slope is extreme (3E = 45%) from the surface to a'        depth of

                  approximately 550 m (1,800 ft) only 1.1 km (0.7 miles) offshore. From this

                   Surface    0

                                                 Slope    55%

                              2

                              3                                  Slope    46%

                              4

                        x

                        P     5                                               Slope   33%
                        P4

                        CZ)

                              6

                                                                                               Slopp,,.= j5%
                              7

                                       2      4       6       8      10      12      14     16      18      20

                                                                  Disfance from shore   (m x 100)
                            Figure 14. Bottom   profile  from shoreline to a     depth, of - 730 -m . (2400. ft) o
                                       proposed OTEC     site. Average slope   = 37 percent.

                                                                                                     58

                 depth, the slope smooths out gradually to 15 percent' at a'depth of approxi-

                 mately 700 m (2,400 ft) 1.8 km (1.1 miles) offshore along the profile.

                       Although bathymetric studies were not conducted in other areas of

                 Bahia Laulau, examination of hydrographic charts.           -indicates that the 100

                 fathom contour (600 ft) runs closest to shore (0.5 km, 1,584 ft) along the

                 Hagman peninsula. This contour runs nearly as close- to the shore along the

                 northwestern coast of Naftan Point, the southern extreme of Bahia Laulau.

                 The  100 and 20 fathom contour lines are fairly uniform in terms of distance

                 from  shore.    With the exception of Hagman atd Naftan Points, bathymetric

                 profiles within central Bahia Laulau are more gradual          with less degree of
                 slope, and shallower further offshore.           Once offshore, depth increases

                 drastically in the direction of the Marianas Trench. Having adequate depths

                 so close to shore at Hagman Point suggests a significant resource        in term.s of

                 OTEC development and energy production.

                 Current Patterns

                       The. currents in Bahia Laulau are not well kn         own.    Historically, no

                 previous   work has been done anywhere in the                Bay regarding water

                 movement.     Fishermen who fish along the cliffs or 100-fathom contour from

                 station la to the northeastern tip of Bahia Laulau (Puntan Hagman)

                 frequently report the current running along the contour to*                the east,
                 opposite in direction to prevailing      wind and surface     waves.    Iti has been

                 postulated that an overall circular current pattern may       exist in  Bahia Laulau.

                 with large.volumes of water entering the southern portion of           the  Bay then

                 traveling   along the inside contours until it exits at the northeastern

                 opening (Figure 15)@'      The following are results from current         studies in

                 Bahia Laulau.

                                   5s- 45'         30'              46'

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                                                            61      156

                                                                                                            60

                  Results

                        Off shore

                        A. November 1982, February 1983, May 1983 and September                 1983

                        The..results of the offshore current studies         conducted    November 5        69

                  1982, February 9, May 10 - 11 and              September    29730, N83     are   shown in

                  Figures   :16 a,b,c,d.      Extremely strong winds         and   heavy    seas   restricted

                  drogue   placement   in the vicinity of Sites 1, la',     and 2  @during  November, but

                  drogue   releases  were completed at all sites      in.February,     May, and September

                  1983.   In addition, a mid-bay release was conducted          durin    the.May survey.
                                                                                      9

                        Although   current patterns were not clearly establishe'd,'by          this survey

                  some  general   trends have been noted.          It seems likely    that  the majority of

                  the water,  enters Bahia Laulau from the northeast (prevailing wind direction)

                  and splits   apart at Dandan Point at the southern             part  of. the  bay.      This

                  would  form   a rather consistent and strong clockwise         water  p'attern within the

                  center  of  Bahia Laulau.      The leading edge of this        waterlmas's likely moves

                  along or   hear   the 100 fathom - (600 ft) contour eventually         -,emerging in the

                  northern part     of the bay at Puntan Hagman.            Here   it '@would' enter deeper

                  water and/or     merge with the overall water mass moving              to  the southwest

                  (Figure 15).

                        Near-shore water circulation patterns of Bahia             Laulati   inside the 100

                  fathom (60.0 ft) contour are much more complex and seas                  onally variable.

                  They are influenced more by the prevailing winds and seas and preliminary

                  data suggest they may run counter to the deeper water circulation by

                  following the shoreline. Several small eddies may also form in more enclosed

                  areas such as the cove-like embayments found at Sites 2 and,'3. Most of the

                  drogues that were released close to shore traveled along the shore or

                                                                                                              4 b                                                              30'                                            46'                                                                                                 4 P
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                                                                                         Figure                1'6a..-.Map o,f Bahia                                           Laulau showing 1                                           m and S                    mdrift.dTogup-tr4cks an,
                                                                                                                                      plankton sampling stations.                                                                         Date: 'November                             S-6) 1982.

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    I                   FEB 83
                                                                                        14                                                                          73           155                                                200
                                                                                  12                                         C?                                     93"                                                             210
                                                                                    1                                                                               1145                                                                                DRIFT            DEPTH                  DISTANCE                               SPEE
                   1249 111!                                                 IjI                                          4A                                        160                                                             219                                                   METERS. (N,M)                    .  Mlsec (K
                                                                                                                                                                                            ?DO
                                                                                     14                                                                             700                                                                                         1                 1171         250 (0.13)                              0.07 (0.
                                                                                                                                                                    41                                                                                          'Z                5 rd         370 (0.120)                             0. 10 (0.
                                                             7               J.                                                                                                                                                                                 3                 -1m           475-:(0.23)                            0.12  (0.
                                                                                       14                              P71 1,12                                                                                                     @00                                           .5m          3,50 (0.19)                             0.10 (0.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5                 Im             5 0   '(G.* 1'9                       009-'.  Q.,
                            1     12uu fit                                                                                                                          'jo          155                                                178 2 10                    6                 5 M          400 (0.22)                              0.10 (0.
                                                                                 V                                                                                               140     Ieu                                        120                         7                 1 M          500 (0.27)                              0.14 (0.
                                                                                                                            42                                      78                                                                                          8                 5m            560.0.30)                              0.16 (0.
                                                                                                                               4U                                                1@0              130                               o60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    145
                                                                                                                                                                                 'JU
                                                                             1or-,
                                                                                I-

                                                                                                                                                                    49

                                                                                          Figure                 16b.                                               of Bahia Laulau Showing                                         1 m and 5 m. drift drogue tracks ar
                                                                                                                                                                    plankton sampling stations. Dnte: Februnry 9, 1,983.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              M
                                                                                  ss          4b'              15'                   30*                   4!,                                                                                                         41,

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0
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                                                                                                                                                                                                 13
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                                                                                                                                                                                                 27
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                                                                                                           20                 it,                                91

                                               13                                                          17,
                                                                                                           q                  42                                                                        27\
                                                                                              A    A,j     23                                                                   100                     "1
                                                                                                                              12                      56 7J      94   .100      "                96 45  3                                          5971
                                                                                                           14                 It--' '                 b                         45
                                                                                                                              t4 18  30               31

                                                       .0                                                                                                                                        61     35
                                                                                                                              /6                      61                                         1
                                                                                              6,                              43                                                140
                                                                                                                              13     63
                                                                                                                                                                                                 63
                              41
                                                                                                   ;0      2;                 57                      87 .50     00                              13     95             16 11  a 9
                                                                                                                                                                                                        40

                                                                                   2,                       6                 1      84               52                                                  66   45
                                                                                                                              74                                      160                                                38
                                                                                                           13                                           47                                                     60
                                                                                                                                                                                                        110                              29                 -t5
                                                                                                                                     160                                        180              158                                         34                                19
                                                                                              IN0          3
                                                                                                           10                                                                                                                                                             3@`
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    -13
                                                                                              :,I  MAY 83                                                                                                                                                             40     AP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           100
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2
                                                                                                   DRIFT                      DEPTH  DISTANCE                         SPEED                      DIRECTION                  WIND
                                                                                              2                                      METERS (N.N0 M/sec (Knots)                                                 DIR.        SPEED        (Kts)                           10

                                                                                                                                                                                28)              1950                  0900 14-                        190
                                                                                              Z, J.        1.                 Im     700 (0.38)                  0.14           (0.                                                      18
                                                                                                           2                  5m     400 (0.22)                  0.08           (0.16)           2350                       same                                     200

                                                                                                           3                  1m     300              (0.16)     0.08           (0.16)           3550                  0900 14-18
                                                                 12                                        4                  5m     300              -(0.16)    0.08           (0,16)           .3550                      same                   80         .2fln
             76                                                                               'if,
           124Y ffJ'.                                                      19:                             5                  Im.    300              @(O "16)   0.08           (0, 16Y          2300                  0650 10-14
                                                                                                           6                  5m     380              (0.21)     0.11           (0121)           2100                       same                   J10
                                                                             9                             7                  1m     540              (0.29)     0.15           (0.29)           1410                  0650 10-14
                                                                                                           -                  5m     670              (0.47)     0.24           (0.47)           1300                       same

                                                                                                           9                  1 M    640              (0.35)     0.15           (0.31)           2750                  0850 B-10
                                                                                                           .10                Sm'    640              (0;35)     .0.15          (0.31)
                                                                                                                                                                                                 2750                       same

                            Figure              16c. @Up                   of      Bahia           Laulau                     showing                 1 mand          5         mdrift           drogue           tracks and velocity and
                                                               plankton sampling stations. Date:                                                                      Play      10-11,           1983.                                                                               00

                                                                                                           A P - 19,2                                 jo              130                        180                                                   )90

                                                                                                                                                                                .1U
                                                                                                                              47                      ill                       0.                                                       310
                                                                                                               Ys                    35               50 5,                     91               2M
                                                                                   X                                          26                                 b4
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                                                                                                           71                 2b     3)                                         100
                                                                                                                                                                      b6                                                                       J
                                                                                                                              J4                      kb                        91               175
                                                                                                                                                      J1

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                                                                                                                                                         .77
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                     0

                                                                                                                                          23                                                        2,
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                                                                                                                                          14 11 "12      It                14                       27
                                                   to                                                                                     3
                                                                                                                                                                                    45
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                                                                                                                                          14                                                                                        _Ox
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                                                                                                                                                                                                    .29/
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                                                                                                                                          43
                                                                                                                                          20 241'        43            91                           55 41@
                                                                                     8,,   C                                                                                                        55
                 $#I n 1                            /3                             -                                                      17.312         56           9 4    W                              31                                                                  _':       f@_'V
                                                          01                                                                              1                                .1                       6       45
                                                             .0                                 2                                                        5V-25,26
                                                                                                                                          42                                                                                                                19
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                                                                                                                                                                                                            63                      40
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                                                                                                                                          !0,1 2Y
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                                                                            _j                                                                                                150                                                   66
                                                                                                                                          33 95                                                                                     60
                                                                                  4                                                                      2,4                          180           158     110                                    29                     5               11    a
                                                                                                                                                         0
                                                                                                14                                        51             6                                                                          916                  4Ap                              19
                                                                                                                                          93                                                                                                       1)
                                                                                                                                                                                                    I-      173                     110-           5       45                             35'
                                                                                                                                          46                                 1114                   195                             1              2                            49
                                                                                                                                                                  16-0                                                                                       00, 70
                                                                    j                                                                                                                                                               '!'o           0     1                                100
                                                                                                                                          401                                                       210                                                                                   145
                                                                                                                                          87 95                                                                                     200                                   1.'0'
                                                                                                                                          35             152                                                                                                   00
                                                                                                                                          54                                                        200
                                                                                    @J   7;1    25                                        14 951                          195
                                                                                                                                          51                                                                                        SEPT 83
                                                                    .4                                                                    4) 85"
                                                                            14
                                                                       17                                                                 731                                         200                                           DRIFT DEPTH    DISTANCE                               SPEED
                                                                                                                                          499                              210                              1
                 76                                                     13     IG  11 26                                                                                                                                                           METERS (N.M)                 M/sec     (Kn
                                                                                                )G                                        145
                                                                 10,              19,                                                     49 too
                         If
                                                                                                                                                         165
                                                                                                                                                                              f @o                                                  1M             360 (0.19)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    25m..          A50                          0.10      (0.1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           (0. 2 4)             0.13      (0.2
                                                                                                                                          A'?
                                                                                                                                                         ,tj                                                                        'Irn           .1075-(0.58)                 0.30      (0.5
                                                                                                                                                                                                    ,.      .I                      -3.
                                                                                                                                                                  7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    45riI                                       -0.26     (0.5
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   950     (0.51),
                                                                                                7q,
                                                                                   ..8\                                                   2 7j -'o if                                                                               5- 1M          -456.                        10.13     -(0.2
                         I                                                                                                                                           W!,                                                            65m            380     (0.21)
                                                                                                                                                                           170
                                                                                                                                          no                      IOU
                                                                                                                                                         140                                        22                              71M            340     (0.18)               0.09      (0.1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    85m            420     (0.23)               0.12      (0.2

                                                                            Figure 16d.                                                   Map of Bahia Laulau showing I m,                                  and                     5-m drift      drogue              tracks an
                                                                                                                                          Plankton sampling stations. Date:                                                         September      29-30,              1983.

                                                                                                    65

                  towards shore in a general south       to southwest direction.      A generalized

                  model of currents in Bahia Laulau is   shown in Figure    15.

                       Inshore

                       The inshore (reef-flat) current patterns are       typical of any reef flat

                  that is influenced by winds and tidal changes.            Since depth of water

                  covering the reef-flat areas varies from almost zero at very low tides to as

                  much as one meter o  .r more at high tide, the prevailing winds usually dictate

                  the direction and velocity of the water movement.        The majority of the dye

                  releases at Sites 2 and 3 resulted in movement 'parallel to the shoreline, with

                  the general water movement to the west at Site 2 and to the south or

                  southeast at Site 3.    During incoming (flood) or outgoing (ebb) tides, the

                  water tends to move towards a channel, cut or low area           in  the reef flat
                  where ',the majority of the water mass is entering or leaving the reef.         This

                  strong. tidal flow usually overpowers the wind-driven      water movement unless
                  they happen   to be in similar directions. This is particularly evident at Site
                  2 whe re the cut in the reef accounts for much' of the water flow     iInto and out

                  of the eef flat.

                       Water movement was generally faster during periods        of high tides than

                  low. The rate of water movement ranged from 0.1 mh@ec (0.19.:kn) to 0.35

                  m/sec (0.68 kn), with a mean of 0.13 m/sec (0.25 kn).

                       During low tides, slack water (no tidal movement)      or light  trade winds,

                  water movement along the reef flats was generally slower.          At times, there

                  was little. or no water movement due to light winds and/or minimal drainage

                  of the reef flat during low tides.        When dye was released      during these

                  conditions it would either move very slowly or eddy         in a circular pattern

                  showing very little if any along shore movement.          Water movement at low

                  tides and light wind conditions ranged from no movement to 0.12 m/sec (0.23
                  kn), with a mean of' 0.07 m/sec (0.13 kn).

                                                                                                                66

                         Direction of water movement at               Site   2 averaged        2650    (westerly

                   movement), with the majority of the dye releases traveling                  parallel to the

                   shoreline.     The only exception to this general pattern was                  when a dye

                   release was    close to the cut (boat channel) in, the reef during              an outgoing
                   tide.    Water  movement at these times        was towards the cut-,'      but   only if the

                   dye release    was very close (a few meters) to the channel.

                         Dye  release studies at Site 3 also showed strong            along  sho re  movement,

                              average                                                             0
                   with  an              direction of movement at 1700, almost.due              'south.      More

                   eddying    was   observed at this site, especially in            dye releas@.s    that    were

                   located  midway between the shore and the reef crest               and'  during   periods of

                   low tides.. This was probably due to Site 3 being              both. shallower    and wider

                   than the   reef flat at Site 2.

                   Water   Quality

                         Review   of literature indicates that very little chemical-W.ater         quality data

                   exists from    Bahia Laulau.      Simple physical    water quality     parameters such as
                   temperatu: r'e have    been evaluated in this         report and     salinity   is the only

                   chemical   parameter examined in this study.                Early discussions with the

                   CNMI Department of Environmental Quality resulted in the                expansion of their

                   water quality monitoring program to include approximately                    10 stations in

                   Bahia Laulau.       This program began.in January 1983              by   examining marine

                   waters in Bahia Laulau for total and fecal coliform bacteria.

                         Marine waters were sampled in Bahia Laulau for fecal coliform on

                   February 16, 1983.        Ten (10) stations were monitored from              the south end

                   near the quarry below the runway and north to the extent of vehicle

                   passage (Figure 13). The following are results from this initial survey.

                                                                                                          67,

                          LOCATION                        TOTAL COLIFORM                 FECAL COLIFORM

                  South end of Laulau Bay (Unai Tuturan)             10                             0

                  61 m (200 ft) North of (Unai Tuturan)              32
                                                                                                    0

                  61 m (200 ft) North of #2 near ditch               18                             10

                  Farm Area                                          6                              0

                  30 m (100 ft) South of cave near

                         center of Bay                               12                             2

                  91 m   (300 ft) South of old Laulau Lounge         15                             2

                  30 m   (100 ft) South of old Laulau Lounge         24                             4

                  Adjacent to old Laulau Lounge                      30                             20

                  30 m   (100 ft) North of old Laulau Lounge TNTC                                   66

                  61 m   (200 ft) North of old Laulau     LoungeTNTC                                17

                  NOTE:    TNTC      Too numerous to count

                         Refer to Figure 13 for location of sampling sites

                         Total and fecal coliforms are counted as       a number'   per 100:  ml of water

                  collected.   Normally, in high quality water, coliform         count is e.*X*.tremely low

                  since these bacteria are an indication of              unsanitary conditions.         The

                  preceeding table indicates that marine waters           from the   majority  of stations

                  sampled are clean.. Stations near the northern sector of                  Bahia Laulau

                  suggest polluted conditions which can be traced to a farm located nearby.

                  Most likely, farm animal wastes are being washed down to the                 bay where

                  total coliform counts    :,are too numerous to count and         fecal coliform counts

                  increase radically over other stations sampled.

                 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

                       As one would expect, weather conditions in the        Bahia Laulau. area are

                 consistent   with    prevailing   conditions   of the     sbuth-central Marianas.

                 Although no actual temperatures were taken in the         Bahia Laulau area, it is

                 tropical with a uniformally warm climate and a              high average relative

                 humidity.    A recent 10 year rainfall average at the      Coast Guard Station in

                 San Antonio measured 76.6 inches annually. Winds in the Bahia Laulau area

                 follow the prevailing east-northeast direction at an average 10 - 12 kn (8.7

                 10 mph) during the period November to April. Wind direction remains

                 easterly to northeasterly during the summer months, May               October, but

                 drops considerably to an average 6 kn (5 mph). Tropical storms generated

                 in the Western Pacific typhoon belt have a strong possibility of. passing near

                 Saipan. In the    vicinity, these storms move from the     southeast to the north-

                 west.   B ahia Laulau is directly exposed to   powerful typhoon generated winds
                 and waves.     Evidence of these previous      storms can be seen where heavy

                 boulders,   mooring buoys and other debris have been thrown             up on high

                 ground..

                       Bahia Laulau is a deep bay approximately      731 m   (2,400 ft) :midway on a
                 line between Hagman and Dandan Points.              Deeper   depths   e:xist further
                 offshore in the direction of the Marianas Trench.         These depths  :so close to

                 shore represent a significant resource in terms of OTEC development and

                 energy production.

                       Offshore oceanic temperature follows a well-defined profile typical of the

                 Western Pacific, i.e., a warm well mixed surface layer of nearly constant

                 temperature (28.40 C, 83.40 F), a deep thermocline region (150               229 m)

                 (500 - 757  ft) of decreasing temperatures (22.51 - 7.40 C) (72.50         -.45.30F)

                 and a deep (525 -550 m) (1.,700 -1,800 ft) layer (6.40 - 4.40 C)            (43.60

                 39. 90 F) .  These depths and corresponding temperatures represent one of

                                                                                                                           69

                     the most significant temperature differentials               in the   world    close to   shore and

                     suggest -a strong possibility for OTEC development at@                             least:  from the

                     perspective of physical paramaters alone.

                           Currents offshore of the 100 fathom contour (600 ft)                       f ollow  an overall

                     circular pattern with water entering                the bay      from the northeast splitting

                     apart at     Dandan Point.          Water entering the'         bay for                  istent and
                                                                                                ms    a, cons

                     strong    clockwise pattern within the center                of Bahia: Laulau.'        'The leading
                     edge of the water mass moves along or near                   the 100   fathom   :c6ntour emerging
                     with oceanic     water at Hagman Point. Inside               the 100    f a thom contour currents

                     are more     complex and seasonally variable influenced                 more     by  the prevailing

                     wind    an,d   seas.     Studies indicate that this            current runs- counter           to the

                     prevailing. clockwise outer current following                the shoreline     and   creating      small

                     eddies here      and there.        Currents inside the reef          flat  are ..'main ly influenced

                     by surface       winds, tidal movements and water depth'..                    W_i@ter movement is

                     almost always      parallel to shore except where            incluenced     b Y a: channel, cut or

                     low area.,

                            Water@ @quality    in the    bay appears to be excellent             o'vera.1.1 except where

                     localized    pollution     exists.     Only total and fecal coliform,              an indicator of

                     animal wastes, have been            evaluated nearshore. Other common water quality

                     parameters      are    to be initiated in the area by the CNMI                       Department of

                     Environmental       Quality.

                                                                                                 70

                                               LITERATURE CITED

                  CNMI Department of        Environmental Quality.     Water Quality Monitoring
                       Program.

                  Craig, H.L., Jr., H. Michel, T. Lee, S. Hess, R. Munier and M.
                       Perlmutter. 1977.    Selected data sets for a potential OTEC site:     Guam
                       (manuscript) (N.P.)

                  Gregg, M.C. 1973. The      microstructure of the ocean. ppl57-169. In H.W.
                       Menard. 1977. Ocean science. W. H. Freeman @and Co., San Fra-ncisco.

                  Hinz, Earl R. 1980.     Landfalls of Paradise: , The guide to Pacific Islands.
                       Western Marine Enterprises, Inc. Ventura, Calif., 93002.

                  Lassuy, D. R.    1979.  Oceanographic conditions in the vicinity of Cabras
                       Island and Glass Breakwater for the potential development of ocean
                       thermal energy conversion on Guam.          Univ.  of Guam    Marine Lab.
                       Rept. No. 53.

                  U.S.  Department of Commerce, National Climatic         Center.    1981.    Local
                       climatological data, Guam, Pacific Federal Bldg.  Asheville, N. C. 28801.

                  U.S.  Naval Oceanography Command Center. 1983.         Annual Tropical Cyclone
                       Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Comnavmarianas.,        Box 17, FPO
                       San Francisco, 96630.

                  U.S.   Naval Weather Service Command.           1971.   Summary    'of synoptic
                       meterological observations, Hawaiian and selected north      Pacific Island
                       coastal marine areas, Volume 5, area 14, Saipan.

                  Williams, J. 1962. Oceanography. Little, Brown and       Co. Boston (242 pp).

                                                                                                                        71

                                                TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND               FAUNA

                     FLORA

                     INTRODUCTION

                           Prior to this study very              little, if    an:     scientific%.  work    had been

                     undertaken on the identification           of flora in    the   Bahia   Laulau    a-e@a. In fact,

                     very little botanical data had been collected             from   all of: Saipan   until recently.

                     Major   works such as Fosberg (1960) and                 Stone    (1970:). dealt   primarily with

                     Guam,      although mention is made in each of                  these    works     regarding the

                     general    vegetation of the Marianas.           Recently, however,         a  ieam   of botanists

                     from the    U.S.   Forest Service along with Margie             Falanruw    have@:been      mapping

                     the vegetation     of Saipan.

                           Bahia.    Laulau is a highly diverse                region    of    Saipan    in terms of

                     vegetation.      Within the bay can be found              nearly    every    ty"pe  of vegetative
                     cover    existing in Saipan from savanna grasslands,@                    to  the'   unique beach

                     strand     and'. into the climax hmestone forest. Because-of                the, Bay's southeast

                     exposur    .e,@portions of the bay (Hagman and Dandan                   Points.  and portions of

                     the coastline out to these points) are depauperate                       and  poorly vegetated.

                     Only the    most tolerant forms of vegetation florish here.

                           It is  evident that the composition of vegetation on large.'parcels of land,

                     particularly on the Hagman and                  Dandan promontories,           has been totally

                     modified from the original or climax stage of development.                       This is true for

                     much of Saipan and is the result of wartime activities. Both                     the Hagman and
                     Dandan promontories were sites of military air installations which required

                     extensive clearing operations.              Bombing and subsequent burning in these

                     areas have left scars on the vegetation that may never allow it to return to

                     its natural climax state.           Relics of ancient Chamorro villages and farms in

                     the LauLau area a.1so indicate the. drastic modification of vegetative cover

                                                                                                                 72

                   from primary to secondary in nature.             In spite of the scars left by historic

                   and wartime activities, the area is highly diverse                and represents a truly

                   tropical setting.

                   METHODS

                         Maps, aerial photographs, photography by boat and from prominent

                   vistas provided information on the general type                  of plant community and

                   where transects should be located.

                         Four (4) study area were established in the                 vicinity of each project

                   site  (Figure 13).        Transects within study @Lreas           were chosen so as to

                   represent a cross-section of the flora in the vicinity            of each site.      Transects

                   at each site represented the same area covered and                the sampling    period was

                   similar at each site.        Species lists and counts were made during transect

                   walks withini study areas.           Sampling occured on four field. visits (11/82,

                   2/83, 5/83 and 9/83) and each site was evaluated twice. Relative abundance

                   was calculated for each species as an indicator of its                 in compo   sition. The

                   following. categories were used:

                         ABUNDANT - Indicates the number of individuals                of that species is
                         greater than 500

                         COMMON - Indicates the number of individuals,of                 that species is
                         greater than 100 but less than 500

                         SELDOM - Indicates that the number of individuals               of that   species is
                         greater than 10 but less than 100

                         RARE - Indicates that the number of individuals of               that species is
                         less than 10

                   This    method      does     not    provide     statistical    data     like   quadrats       or

                   nearest-neighbor programs would.               Nonetheless, these       relative   values are

                   more than purely subjective since they are based on actual counts..

                                                                                                                         73

                     RESULTS

                     Site 1

                            Flora at Site 1 is comprised mostly of               1o.*w scrub forms       dominated by
                     Leucaena::leucocephala (tangantangan) and Misca,              nthus floridulus       (s:wordgrass)
                                                                                                           d
                     (Neti)      Other common forms in the vicinity'                are a variety      'of@ shrub like

                     plants, small trees or vines, i.e. Colubrina asiatica                          (Ga'sos'o), Bikkia

                     mariannensis (Gausali), Cassytha filiformis (Mayagas)                     Cleroden'drum inerme

                     (Ladugao), Myrtell           bennigseniana.         Common weeds'.         grasses;    and:: ferns
                     include. Bidens      pilosa (beggar's tick), Dimeiia chloridifoTmis'': (grass) and
                     Dicranopteris      linearis (savannah fern) (Mana).                 A    f ew  'larger trees are

                     scattered.   about but considered rare in the vicinity              of   Site       Usually     these
                     trees are:.  clumped' together in one area and include              the   following: Casuarina

                     equisetifolia    (ironwood) (Gago), Pandanus fragrans                    (Kdfil)   and Pandanus

                     dubius (:andanus) (Pahong).
                                P

                            Environmental pressure         at Site 1 is intense due. to           he.avy and constant

                     winds    and,   waves causing        the air to be filled with             salt,  spray.       These
                     conditions:. beat down the flora considerably and only                the', mosit' resilient plants
                     flourish here. This accounts for the low profile of vegetation'                   at this site.

                     Sites 2 and     3

                            Flora   at  Sites 2 and 3 is quite similar and for this@.,reason they are
                     discussed together.           Flora found       at Sites 2 and 3 can,             be typified as

                     associates of the limestone              or modified-limestone forest.             The limestone
                     forest on either side of the access road is typical of the central valley

                     portion of Bahia Laulau.               Limestone forests are dense and variety is

                     extreme. It is difficult to identify a particular form as dominant; however,

                     numerous forms are common. In addition, this limestone forest is considered

                     modified in the vicinity of the road and along the beach strand: since these

                     are transition zones, either man-made or natural, in the succession of the

                     forest.

                                                                                                                     74

                          Low limestone areas called terraces typify the central' coastline of Bahia

                    Laulau.     Harsh conditions prevail due to high evaporation rate, rapid water

                    drainage and exposure to salt spray.               Pemphis acidula (Nigas) is abundant

                    nearest the ocean.          This is followed by Scaevola              taccada (Nanaso) and

                    Messerschmidia argentea (Hunig) a small tree.                   Away from the water are

                    found Pandanus sp., Hibiscus tiliaceus (Hibiscus).. (Pago) and Ochrosia

                    mariannensis (Langiti).          Bikkia mariannensis          (Gausali) is a common form

                    found on steep cliffs.

                          Further back in      the limestone forest we fihd larger trees comprising the

                    upper     story of the          forest.      These     forms include          Artocarpus       sp.

                    (breadfruit) (Dugdug), Ficus prolixa (banyan) (Nana), Cocos nucifera

                    (coconut) (Niyog), Ochrosia mariannensis (Langiti) and Mammea                             odorata

                    (Chopak). Various smaller forms, either lianas, epiphytes or.weeds make up

                    most of the understory vegetation.              These include the following: Leucaena
                    leucocephala and      L. gaumense (tangantangan), Hibiscus tiliaceus:                 (Hibiscus)

                    (Pago),    Pluchea    indica, Neisosperma. oppositifolia (Fago), Cycas circinalis

                    (cycad) (Fadang), Davallia solida (fern) (Pugua Machena)-, Caesalpinia major

                    (Ife) ,   Piper     guahamense        (wild piper)         (Pupula-ni-Aniti) ,       Phymatodes

                    scolopendria      (kahlao) ,     Morinda       citrifolia    (Indian     mulberry)        (Lada),

                    Psychotria mariana (Aplokatina), Tripbasia trifolia (limeberry) (Lemon-China)

                    and Cestrum diurnum (China inkberry) (Tintan-China).

                          Sites 2 and 3 also include a ravine community                    dissecting     the upper

                    savanna forming valleys and gullies in which water and                 moisture accumulates.

                    Although the flora varies slightly, one always finds Hibiscus                             tiliaceus

                    (hibiscus)     (Pago), '.Cycas circinalis           (cycad)     (Fadang),        Areca    cathecu
                    (betel-nut palm) (Pugua Machena), Ficus prolixa (banyan) (Nana)',                         several

                    lianas and numerous epiphytes such as ferns.

                                                                                                                   75

                    Beach Strand

                          Since these islands are'small, nearly all @vegetation can                be   considered

                    "strand. vegetation." However,. in the context'             of this report     it is taken to

                    mean   those plants most often found growing in             the immediate      vicinity of the

                    sea.   With very few exceptions, plants growing              on the strand      can be found

                    elsewhere   on Saipan. However, not as a dominant form like                  on;the strand.

                          Within central Bahia Laulau, as in most             strand    communities, numerous

                    trees grow close to the sea and provide deep shade,                  where:    mosses,    ferns,

                    hanas   and epiphytes of many kinds abound.                   Some.  of 'these-1arger      trees

                    include     the.   following:        Casuarina      equisetifolia      (ii@onwood)     (:Gago),

                    Messerschmidia     argentea (Hunig), Hernandia          nymphaeifolia    (Nonak), Cassytha
                    filiformis:  (Mayagas), Thespesia populnea               (Banalo) an*d',,    Cocos     nucifera

                    (coconut)@    (Niyog).      Smaller forms of vegetation-           can be      found in the

                    understory     shaded by the larger trees or growing out in               the  open along the

                    beach.     U.nderstory shrubs and bushes include the fpllowing:                        Scaevola
                    taccada   @.(Nanaso), Pluchea indica, Desmodium umbel'latum'.(Palaga                   Hilitai) ,

                    Sophora      tome .ntosa,     Colubrina asiatica (Gasoso),.            Bikkia', mariannensis

                    (Gausali),     Allophylus timorensis (Nger), Triphasia                  trifolia (limeberry)

                    (Lemon China) and Cestrum diurnum (china inkberry)                      (Tintal n- China). A

                    few plants    obviously more salt tolerant than others grow              out. along the beach

                    as vines and creep toward the water. These include the                   following: Ipomoea

                    pes-caprae (beach morning glory) (Alalag-Tasi), Wedelia                        biflora (beach

                    sunflower), Vigna marina (Akangkang Manulasa), Clerodendrum inerme

                    (lodugao) and Abrus precatorius (coral bean) (Ko'lales).                        Where rocky

                    outcrops exist (Sites 2 and 3) or where rugged uplifted limestone forms a

                    border between the ocean and the inner coast, very few plants are found.

                    Environmental conditions are extremely harsh here.                   In these strand areas

                                                                                                       76

                  Pemphis acidula (Nigas) provides a thick cover along        a narrow band near the

                  shore.    Along the highly exposed shore this plant         is scrub-like and bent

                  shoreward with gnarled trunks and twisted roots            :solidly embeded in the

                  limestone.

                  Site 4

                        Flora at Site 4 is dominated by a thick cover of. Leucaena leucocephala

                  (tangantangan).      Also found in this section of Bahia Laulau is the local

                  tangantangan Leucaena insularum var. guamense. Associated with the thick

                  cover of tangantangan can be found various weeds, grasses and vines i.e.

                  Bidens pilosa (beggar's tick), Stachytarpheta indica       (false verbena), Mucuna

                  gigantea (small seabean) (Gayidikike) and Clerodendrum inerme (Lodugao).

                  Pemphis acidula (Nigas) also provides a thick cover along the         coastline here.'

                  A few small, shrubs stand out here and there but            not in   great numbers.

                  These  include:    Colubrina asiatica (Gasoso'),    Bikkia  mariannensis (Gausali),

                  Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) (Lemon-China), Cestrum diurnum                   (China

                  inkberry)    (Tintaln-China)     and the small fern Dicranopteris linearis

                  (Savannah fern) (Mana).

                        Acomplete- checklist of flora by site is given in     table 6 (Appendix A).

                  DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

                        Diversity and species composition of flora at site      s two   and three are

                  quite similar, this being the only major similarity between the       four sites. A

                  very well defined limestone forest covers the majority of       central:]3ahia Laulau

                  and comprises the majority of species found at these two        sites.

                        Each of the other two sites (one and four) are            unique   in terms of

                  species composition but diversity is low compared with          the sites  in central

                  Bahia Laulau.     Comparatively speaking, sites one and four are          depauperate

                  as a result of intense environmental pressures i.e. high winds and         surf, salt

                                                                                                      77

                    air an d rugged terrain.      Sites two and three are       protected  from harsh

                    environmental pressures which seems to allow'for greater      diversity. Table 6
                    (Appendix A) is a checklist of flora from Balt@,ia Laulau.    Scientific names are

                    given in each case with associated common and Chamor             ro  .names where

                    appropriate.

                         On the whole      the flora of   Bahia Laulau can, be    characterized as a

                    highly  diverse botanical community having'      lush limestone   fo*rests,  upland

                    savannah   grasslands and low scrub rocky,       clif f swith,7 modifications  where

                    human,  activities existed or now exist.     Major modifications iare evident at.

                    Dandan  and  Hagman Points where wartime     activities existed.

                                                                                       78

                                          LITERATURE CITED

                Fosberg, F.R. 1960. The vegetation of Micronesia. .'Bull of Am. Mus. of
                     Nat. Hist. Vol 119.

                Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1.

                                                                                                                79

                    FAUNA

                    INTRODUCTION

                          The  fauna of Saipan has         not been well'      defined,   particularly in the

                    Bahia Laulau area and other areas along the             east coast   of. the,iPland. The

                    avifauna has been described by Baker (1951)               and   more   recently by Owen

                    (1977). Additional recent accounts of the avifauna             ha.ve' mostly.  'concentrated

                    in the lake Susupe and wetland areas of the island             (Shalleinber  er an d    Ford,
                                                                                                9

                    1978 and   Tenorio and Associates, *1979).

                         In  his  checklist of the birds of Micronesia, Owen             (1977:) lists atotal of

                    91 species   reported for the Marianas.           These include      residents, migrants,

                    vagrants@  and   introduced species      and take into account        all. -reliable  records

                    known 1or'   the  area up to 1977. This compares with           his  listing of 191   species

                    reported   -for all of Micronesia.

                             Although no overall        or island-wide      study   has@  b ee' npublished on

                    Saipan's 'birds., the wetland      regions, especially the      lake   Susupe area, have

                    been fairly '.well documented. Shallenberger and Ford. (19,78)'. recorded a total

                    of 30 species of birds within the lake Susupe                    area.-   These included

                    migratory w1aterbirds, seabirds, marsh associated species               aIs well as several

                    birds commonly found in the limestone forest areas of Saipan@

                          In an   ornithological survey of the wetlands of               Saipan   (Tenorio and

                    Associates,   1979), the investigators observed a total of           28 species of birds in
                    the seven study 'sites, with the lake Susupe site being              the most diverse with

                    19 species. 'This     report described Saipan's overall bird population as stable

                    and in good condition in terms of species diversity, geographic distribution

                    and general population levels. Tenorio and Asso. (1979) observed a total of

                    three species that were currently on the endangered species list.                       These

                                                                                                  80

                 included the Marianas Mallard (Anas oustaleti), Nightingale Reed-warbler

                 (Acrocephalus    luscinia)   and    the   Micronesian    Megapode     (M@egapodius

                 laperouse).

                      Eighteen genera of terrestrial reptiles are        known from Micronesia

                 (Brown, 1956), with the greatest variety being in the:     skink (Scincidae) and
                 gecko (Geckonidae) families.      The most common skink is a small brown

                 species (Emoia sp) and this was observed at all sites.* Other common skinks

                 are the blue-tailed variety (Emoia cyanura) and a larger, green-tailed skink

                 (Lamprolepis smaragdina). A few Anole (Anolig carolinensis) were observed.

                      Three species of rats and one species of mouse are known from the

                 Mariana Islands, and all are widely distributed throughout the      islands. The

                 Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) is found mostly in urban             areas of the

                 islands, but may be present in the limestone forest areas of,       Bahia Laulau.

                 METHODS

                      The  fauna  of Bahia Laulau was sampled along the      shoreline,: along four

                 transects. perpendicular to the beach into the -forested  areas of  each site and

                 from  vehicles along the access road.      Sampling was    conducted  during the

                 early morning (sunrise to one hour after sunrise), daytime and early

                 evening (one hour before and until sunset).         This  would insure that the
                 time of   greatest activity for all animals, particularly birds*,:'     would be
                 observed  and sampled.     All transects were sampled three times,',     November

                 1982, February 1983 and September 1983. The transects        sampled are the same

                 as those used for the flora investigations (Figure 13).

                      All animals were censused by naked eye sightings and a checklist of all

                 species was made. W.alks were made along the transect       at a reasonably slow

                 pace.   Rocks were turned over and tracks were noted        for signs of animals

                 not usually seen.     In the case of birds, binoculars     were used to verify

                 sightings along with audible calls to identify those not actually seen.

                                                                                                                              81

                     Frequently,      in the dense vegetation, it is impossible to                       see  many animals

                     particularly      birds. However, approximate numbers can                           be*  estimated by

                     auditory means. Because of the adequate numb,                     ers of birds      observed at each

                     site, relative abundances were used in conjunction with                                the*   checklist.

                     Calculating densities and actual abundances statistically would'have required

                     more transects and replicate counts, neither                   of which -were       practical for the

                     scope of work.           In addition, many birds              in the      tropics    are:  difficult to

                     quantify    due to    their secretive behavior, low            numbers      and: habitat preference

                     (dense     vegetative cover).           For a measure         of  relative     abUndan'ce of       birds,

                     four categories       were used:

                            (A)   Abundant- The species was noted in                   numbers      greater than     20

                            (C.) *.Common        The species was noted between 10                and     20: times
                            (0)   .0* ccasional  - The species was noted            between      3 and.'.:9, times

                            (R)   Rare      The species was noted I to             2 times

                     In addition,        based on habitat and birds previously                       recorded from the
                     Marianas,     -.a species was noted as expected              (E)  to occur     in:  t.he area if it was
                     not actuall:       observed or heard but was                 thought likely         to@ occur if more
                                    Y                                                               Y.

                     intensive     s@a.mpling were done.

                     RESULTS

                     Avifauna

                            Table    :7   (Appendix A) includes a checklist of                      all  species of birds

                     observed or heard at all study sites including the access ro                             ad that runs

                     along Bahia Laulau and includes species that were not observed or heard but

                     that could reasonably be expected to be found at the sites.                              The avifauna

                     was surveyed from the beach and shore area landward to the more densely

                     vegetated forest area.             All sites were surveyed a minimum of four times,

                     including early morning, midday and late afternoon times.

                                                                                                   82

                       The total number of species actually observed at      all sites was 29, with

                 a total of 34 species observed and expected to occur        in the bay area.      All

                 sites were similar in total number of species observed      with  the exception of

                 Site 4, where only 13 species were observed. This is        not unusual since Site
                 4 respresents the smallest site area and contained rewlatively few shorebirds
                 since the beach and reef flat areas were also quite small and limited in

                 space.   Vegetation is also less diverse   at Site 4 accounting for fewer species

                 of birds.    The low-profile vegetation at Site 1 likely accounted for the

                 second-lowest number of species being sighted there (17 species).

                       The most abundant bird species encountered at the four sites include

                 the Fantail     (Chichirika),   White-eye    (Nossak),     Philippine Turtle-dove

                 (Paluman senesa), Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Gaga Pale') and Noddy Tern
                 (Fahang). Species that could be considered common for the bay          area include

                 the Yellow Bittern        (Kakkag),    Collared Kingfisher      (Sihig) ,   Cardinal

                 Honeye.ater (Egigi), Golden Plover (Dulili), Starling         (Sali) , White Tern
                 (Chungew) and the Reef Heron (Chuchuko).

                 Reptiles and Amphibians

                       The blind snake (Typhlops braminus) has been          'recorded  from Saipan

                 but   none were seen during this survey.          There are    no records of the

                 Philippine rat snake (Boiga irregularis) in the Marianas,      although  it is very

                 common on Guam. In March 1983 a         Saipan resident killed  what    as believed
                 to be a rat snake but was later identified as a California bull       :s n' ake.  The

                 snake probably arrived aboard a ship or was transported as a           pet from the

                 U.S.

                       The  largest reptile in the Marianas is the Indian monitor lizard

                 (Varanus   indicus). Originally introduced by the Japanese to con        trol rats,

                 the monitor lizard has spread throughout Guam and the Marianas. It reaches

                 a length of 5-6 feet and has had a negative impact on the native bird

                 population since it eats eggs and the juveniles.      Chicken farmers regard the

                                                                                                                   83

                    monitor lizard as a pest which         is hunted and      killed regularly if     seen around

                    farms. Three individual monitor lizards were              observed in     the; f 6're'sted areas

                    surrounding Bahia Laulau and          two more were       seen on the     access: road during
                    the early@: morning hours.

                          The   most widespread amphibian in the Pacific Basin is               the'. giant marine
                    toad   (B U@fo marinus).      These are more common around lakes,@               :swamps and

                    marshes,    but are also commonly found within 'limestone              foiests@  a*nd in areas

                    of dense    tangantangan growth.           Their abundance       increases!   dramatically as

                    the rainy season arrives, which triggers their reproductive 'response and

                    provides    standing   water for the tadpoles. This toad           was'  'seen at  each.' of the

                    study sites   particularly at     Sites 2 and 3 and, along the       access.r,oad.

                    Mammals
                    Both the:   roof rat    (Rattus rattus) and the Polynesian ra't..':',(Raitus exulans)

                    were observed in       the study area and these           are the..'two.   ffiost common rats

                    found on. Guam and in the Mariana Islands.                 Rats   can   climb   and often are

                    seen in   tr6es,, especially the larger roof rat.           They   are. considered potential

                    predators   @of bird eggs and small birds, especially              those  species that build
                    their nests' ;@on or near the ground. Mice (Mus musculus)                 are  common around

                    residences    in   Saipan and would be expected in the                 lirrie stone forest and

                    shoreline areas     within the study site.
                          The   musk    shrew (Suncus murinus) was originally.              introduced to Guam
                    and has     since spread to Rota, Tinian and Saipan (Shallenberger and Ford,

                    1978). They live' near human habitations, in secondary growth and can be

                    found in both swampy as well as grassy and rocky habitats. They are likely

                    found in the vicinity of Bahia Laulau although none were observed.

                          Feral dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) and pigs (Sus

                    scrofa) are found throughout the islands although they tend to inhabit areas

                    bordering more densely urbanized, zones or near family dwellings and/or

                                                                                                                 84

                   f arms.    A few dogs were seen in the          survey site but     no cats were observed

                   during the study.

                         Habitat conditions, especially in the limestone             jorest   areas   of Sites 2

                   and 3, are favorable for reasonable populations of                pigs.   Based    on current

                   field observations and      information from wildlife biolo     gists from the     Division of

                   Fish and Wildlife and       local interviews, wild pigs are:not         present    on Saipan.

                   They say it appears that wild pigs have been absent                       for many years.

                   However, it is likely that escaped or loose domestic                pigs or descendants of

                   domestic pigs     that have interbred with the oi-iginal.           wild  stock many years

                   ago roam the      limestone forest areas of Saipan.           A few observations in the
                   limestone forest of Bahia Laulau (shoreward at Sites 2               and 3j revealed holes

                   that.were dug-up or rooted by some kind of animal.                      Although there are

                   typical, signs:of pigs searching for food, the holes              could have been made by
                   another.animal. Since no pigs were actually observed                and based    on the field

                   work. by.   local Fish and Wildlife biologists, the pig           is not been     *,included in

                   the checklist of fauna for the Bay.

                         The:   Marianas or Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor                   -mariannus) is an

                   inhabitant   of the limestone forest regions throughout             Saipan.    The cliff line

                   areas surrounding Bahia Laulau provide excellent habitat for this@                 animal and

                   signs indicative of deer and pig were observed in various locatio.n:s, although

                   no animals were actually seen.

                         Possibly the only true native          mammals in the Mariana Islands are the

                   bats.    The   Marianas fruit bat (Pteropus mariannus) is found                  6ft.' Saipan  in

                   limited numbers. Populations have declined drastically               and their    status is   in
                   question.    @However,    -it is still hunted illegally as a source of foo'd::       since the

                   Guam and      Marianas    bats are considered a delicacy and are preferred over

                   bats from other islands'. such. as Yap and Palau. No fruit bats were                  observed

                   around the cliffs of Bahia Laulau. However, the habitat and suitable foods

                                                                                                                 85

                    are present there.       Since bats move about from area to           area,   either in small

                    groups :or larger colonies, it is reasonable to expect that                   fruit bats do
                    frequent this area from time. to time.               The'   most likely areas' would be

                    between sites 1 and 2, along the cliffline and"inland to the               limestone forest.

                    The status and occurence of the insectivorous             bat (Emballonura'      semicaudata)

                    is unknown on Saipan at the present           time.

                    DISCUSSION       AND CONCLUSIONS

                          In  general, Saipan has a relatively healthy bird              population, especially

                                                                                                            island.
                                                                                                     the
                    in the      more   densely vegetated limestone            forest   areas@   o

                    Compared      to Guam, Saipan avifauna is more diverse                 and   numerou's even

                    though    the    'total land area is smaller.        This is due     in. part. to a     smaller
                    human.    population, less developed areas (urban                 sprawl)',   f ewer    natural
                              P,

                    predators    (rat snakes, feral dogs and cats) and possibly,                ,fewer pesticides

                    and diseases     within the environment.

                          Birds'. represent the most abundant type of fauna in 'ithe Bahia Laulau

                    area  with@.     total of 29 species observed out         of an    expected-   34.   All sites
                    were    similar  in total numbers with the exception of              Site '-4. where only 13

                    species were     observed.      However, this site was the         smallest   in size and is

                    relatively depauperate of flora.

                          At the     present time, CNMI regulations require a hunting             license for the

                    taking of birds.       The legal hunting season runs from July               1 through July

                    31. The following species may be taken: Philippine Turtledove (bag limit
                    10, season limit =40); Ground Dove (bag limit = 2, season 'limit = 6); Fruit

                    Dove (bag I      ,Imit = 3, season limit = 9); and the Micronesian Starling (bag

                    limit = 10, season limit = 40).

                          The blind snake Typhlops braminus, although not seen at any of the

                    study sites, is expected to occur here.                It has previously been recorded

                    from Saipan.       There is no evidence that the larger Philippine Rat Snake

                                                                                                                  86

                    (Bioga irregularus) exists in the area although it.               is common on Guam and

                    likely to be found in other islands of the southern Marianas.
                          A total of five monitor lizards (Varanus indicus:) was                observed in the

                    limestone forest region of Bahia Laulau. These individuals were at least two

                    feet in total length but less than three feet.              It was. extremely difficult to

                    get near these animals as they are not accustomed to:being around humans.

                          The common marine toad (Bufo marinus) was found in abundance

                    particularly in shaded, forested or            damp areas of        the bay.      They were

                    observed at all four sites and were particularly abundant at Sites 2 and 3.

                    We did not notice a large population increase during              the rainy season due to

                    the dryness experienced during 1983.                However, populations        of this toad

                    normally increase dramatically when the rainy season                arrives triggering the'

                    reproductive. response.

                          A number     of mammals common        in  the southern     Marianas    were observed.

                    The   roof  rat (Rattus rattus) and         the polynesian      rat(Rattus exulans)        were

                    observed    on the ground and in            the trees-.      Numerous feral        dogs    were
                    -observed  in  the area. These animals may belong to.a              land owner@in the       area

                    and it is  common for them to run wild.

                          Areas surrounding the bay are open to hunting and it is suspected                     that

                    a reasonable amount of illegal hunting also occurs in the              limestoh6   forest   and
                    cliffline habitats.     Both deer and       pigs may be hunted with aJicense              f rom
                    September    1 through December 31. The bag and season                 limit for @:deer is one

                    (1), while. for pig the bag limit is two (2), with          a season limit of     six (6).

                          The'. Marianas fruit bat (Pteropus mariannus) is                found on..    Saipan in

                    limited numbers. Although the population on Saipan                  is not included in       the

                    Federal Endangered Species List, populations have declined drastically                      and

                    their status is in question.           It is estimated that the total population on

                    Saipan is less than 50 individuals (Division of Fish and Wildlife).

                                                                                                        87

                                                  LITERATURE CITED

                  Baker, R.H. 1951. The avifauna of          Micronesia, its  origin,  evolution and
                         distribution. Univ. of Kansas      Publ., Museum     of Nat.  History, Vol.
                         III, NO. 1., 359p.

                  Brown, W.C. 1956. The distribution of terrestrial          reptiles  in the Islands  of
                         the Western Pacific Island Basin. Report of XIII        Pacific  Stience:
                         Congress.

                  Owen,   R. P.   1977. A checklist of the birds of     Micronesia@    -Micronesica;
                         13:65-81.

                  Shallenberger,    R.J. and J.I. Ford. 1978. Report, field         trip to' Guam  and
                         Saipan, 13-23 December 1978. U.S. Army Corps            of Engineers, Hawaii.
                         Unpublished.

                  Tenorio,   J. C. and  Associates, Inc. 1979. Ornithological       survey  of wetlands
                         in Guam, Saipan, Tinian and Pagan. Prep. for              S-. "Army Corps of
                         Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division. 20.2p. Unpublished.

                                                                                                                    88

                                                                                                           89

                                             MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA

                  MARINE    PLANTS

                  INTRODUCTION

                       Marine plants have been studied          in the   Saipan   Lagoon,   (Fitzgerald et

                  al.  1974) and (Tsuda et al., 1977 a and b).          However,: these   studies did not

                  concern   themselves with the Bahia Laulau area. The           only. previous work on

                  marine  . lants in  the  Bahia Laulau area is a very brief        mention,:by Cloud in
                          p

                  the Military  Geology of Saipan.

                  METHODS.

                        Reconnaissance dives      were   made at all sites utilizing'     snorkel    and/or

                  scuba   '.equipm ent during      November 1982.        Where    conditions' permitted,

                  semi qu antitativ e 100 m (328   ft) transects were   established     6rpendicular from
                                                                                       p
                  the shore!    (Sites 2 and      3 only) .    These    data refle ct   changes in algal

                  distribution, (Table 8) but    do not reflect percent cover.or,     density.

                         For puirposes of this study, turfs were considered             to be any marine
                  algae whose:'@'@ growth form produced a low relief uprigh       .t habitat.   Species of

                  red algae,   especially in the orders Gelidiales, Corallinales      and   Cryptonemiales

                  were the    principal turf formers.         Turfs provide both microhabitats and

                  substrata   for numerous epiphytic plant and animal taxa.                In contrast to

                  turfs, larger fleshy algae made up the overstory, e.g.,                  Sargassum. and

                  Galaxaura species.

                  RESULTS

                        During this survey sixty-nine species of marine algae representing four

                  divisions were recorded.        One species of seagrass, Enhalus acoroides, was

                  also recorded.       A list of the recorded taxa can be found in Table 8

                                                                                                                90

                   (Appendix A). Two narrow fringing              reefs (Sites 2.and 3)', one reef margin

                   and reef face (Site 2), three shallow          submarine terraces (Sites la,.2 and 3)

                   and two deeper submarine terraces             (Sites I and 4)..:   were investigated.         A

                   range of habitats including sand floors, reef flat holes, cryptic overhangs,
                   vertical walls and limestone terraces were present at            tlie various sites.

                         Site 1.     Site 1 was characterized by a scoured                and rubble strewn

                   submarine topography.         Only 15 species of algae were          recorded. Red algal

                   turfs composed chiefly of Gelidium species predominated.                    The blue-green

                   algae, Microcoleus lyngybaceus and Schizothrix' calcicola were. also abundant.

                   Scattered patches of Galaxaura, Mastophora and                    Neomeris    species were

                   observed in crevices and overhangs. In general, this                 site can  be described

                   as extremely depauperate.

                          Site la.   Site la is    located in a protected area'         surrounded by steep

                   limestone   cliff sand narrow cut benches. This           area    was very calm and quite

                   luxuriant   in  marine life.    A highly variable topography          and rich:coral com-

                   munity   provided a variety      of habitats for benthic algae. Thirty-seven spe-

                   cies were.  recorded, 14 of     which were green algae.          Patches of     Chlorodesmis

                   fastigiata  and Bryopsis pennata were particularly common.                  Low*.* relief turf

                   forming    coralline algae, especially Amphiroa species              were abundant and

                   provided    a substrate for many epiphytic red and                   green algal species.

                   Cryptic species such as Boergesenia forbesii and Dictyosphaeria.                    versluysii

                   were common as well.

                         Site .2.   Site 2   consists of a narrow reef flat (approx. 150             ;'m, 482 ft
                   wide-) cut@.. by numerous surge channels extending through the reef margin.

                   In addition   to general   reconnaissance dives, a perpendicular transect was set

                   up across the     reef flat, reef margin and submarine terraces to               a  depth of

                                                                                                                      91

                    10m (33 ft)      The submarine terrace transect parallelled an                old pipeline. Calm

                    surf conditions permitted work on the reef margin and face.,

                          The reef flat was divided into an inner and outer zone.                    Because of its

                    narrow width and windward exposure, it did not exhibit the-sha.ip zonation

                    pattern  s characteristic of wider windward flats'.              The substrate      consisted of

                    scoured    limestone coral rubble and sand with scattered                     holes@ :and Porites

                    colonies. In the inner zone, small patches of               the seagrass      Enhaltis acoroides

                    were found       in, association with several other species                 of, :algae, notably,
                    Sargassum polycystum, Turbinaria ornata,                  Dictyota     bartay:resii:: and  :Padina
                    minor.    These    patches varied from 1 - 3 m           (3. 3 - 9. 8 ft)@ in'width. S'    .coured

                    and rub.ble-strewn surfaces had sparse turf consisting                        @f  Cladophoropsis

                    membranacea and Amphiroa fragilissima.                    Occasional' clump, s,     of Halimeda
                    opuntia   and Mastophora rosea were noted in sandy areas.                     Neomeris ahnulata

                    was patchily       abundant on coral rubble.                Vertical     walls  in   sand holes

                    contained    additional species.        The outer reef flat was            covered    by a more
                    luxuriant*.   turf consisting of Amphiroa fragilissima'                  and "A.      foliacea in

                    association   '.with Cladophoropsis membranacea, Gelidiella                acerosa,    Sporolithon

                    sp... Porolit  hon   sp., and Mastophora rosea.             Five species of       Caulerpa were

                    recorded.      Patches of Sargassum cristaefolium were also 'abundant in this

                    area.     In all, 33 species of marine benthic algae and one species of seagrass

                    were noted.on the reef flat.

                          The reef face and submarine terrace habitats were                     characterized by a

                    diverse assemblage of algae totaling 54 observed species.                     Turfs, as well as

                    overstory species were interspersed among corals.                         Cover ranged from

                    approximately 20-100 percent (or greater in selected areas).                       Rich turfs of

                    Amphiroa fragilissima, A. foliacea, Cladophoropsis membranacea, Boodlea

                    composita intertwined with five Caulerpa species, Tolypiocladia glomerulata,

                                                                                                                  92

                   Levielle_@ jungerm nnioides and others          were luxuriant.       Lar  ge patches (1 m,

                   3.3 ft or more) of Halimeda opuntia and Mastophora rosea were also common.

                   Three species of Galaxaura were noted as were Chlorodesmis fastigata and

                   Bryopsis pennat           In general, the variable terrai         n: of the site provided

                   numerous types of habitats for algal species in addition to corals and other

                   marine organisms.

                         .Site 3.   Site  3 consisted of a very narrow reef          flat (approx. 100 m, 328

                   ft wide).      Large waves prevented access to the                  reef margin and face
                   although these habitats are probably comparabie to                those studied at Site 2.

                   In addition to reconnaissance divest           a transect was'established on the reef

                   flat. A subtidal reconnaissance dive           was also made to      10 m (3.3 ft).

                         Because of its narrow width and uniform topography, the -reef flat did

                   not  exhibit sharp zonations typical            of more extensive reef          flats.     Large

                   expanses    of   sand and coral rubble          alternated with       stretches    of scoured

                                                                        10 m (3.3       .33 ft) sea
                   limestone   and   Porites colonies. From        1                                  ward of the

                                                                                                      rom 10      50
                   shoreline:". only occasional patches of Padina minor were            noted. F

                   m (33         164 ft) out, patches of             the fleshy brown- algae.           Sargassum

                   cristifolium, Turbinaria ornata and               Padina minor        were more        common,

                                                                                                      r
                   accounting for approximately 25 percent of the surface cover                       An places.

                   Beyond 50 m (164 ft), turf algae were dominant.. A combination of

                   Cladophoropsis membranacea and Amphiroa fragilissima provided                   the  sub strate
                   for numerous epiphytic algae. The blue-green alga Schizothrix                      da'lcicola was

                   ubiquitous,!, often overtopping the algal turfs and some larger species below.

                   This- phenomenon is common during the winter (Nov-Jan) when                        minus tides

                   and exposure      create   favorable conditions for opportunistic blue-greens. In

                   the occasional     reef flat hole or vertical surface of a            coral head,.     Halimeda

                   opuntia and       Mastophora rosea were common.                  The coralline       red alga

                                                                                                                  93

                   Sporolithon sp. was also common.              Gelidiella  acerosa became        progressively

                   more. abundant on the outer reef flat, though it was                       consistently less

                   abundant than Amphiroa fragili.ssima.            Both are characteristic       of  high wave

                   impact zones.
                         The  submarine terrace was accessible only           by boat. One      re c@onnaissance

                   dive  was  made to depths ranging from 5 - 10            in (16 -   33 ft).;,  Poor visibility

                   and  heavy surge limited the investigation at this site.              in general, however,

                   there was evidence that the area is seasonally calm.                  Deep   su'i ge channels

                   extended for long distances creating a labryinth of               vertical  walls and     over-

                   hangs.     Seven   species of the stoloniferous green alga          Caulerpa    were    record-

                   ed, often. in luxuriant carpets covering entire walls.              Caulerpa    filicoides and

                   C. verticillata were especially dominant.               Halimeda    velasquezii and three
                   -species' of Galaxaura were also common.                  Ceramium     .gracillitim, Leveillea

                   jungermannioides and Tolypiocladia glomerulata were                common    turf forms.       A

                   total of  45
                                .species were recorded.

                         Site' 1.4.  Site 4 consisted of a deep            sloping submarine terrace with

                   crevices,    coral pillars and sand channels.             One recon     Inaissance dive was

                   made covering depths from 10 - 20 m (33                  - 66 ft).      Conditions were so

                   rough that    even at 20 m (66 ft) the surge could be felt.
                         The algal     .community was remarkably similar to that'. seen at Site 2

                   though fewer species were recorded.              Of particular interest was the abun-

                   dant growth of a usually cryptic and uncommon green algal species, Rhipilia

                   orientalis. Throughout the dive this was the visually dominant alga. In all

                   28 species of algae were recorded.

                   DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

                         Each of the five sites examined in Bahia Laulau presented somewhat

                   different algal communities.          This is largely a function of exposure to the

                                                                                                                94

                   fetch of the open sea and local coastal topography. (i.e., 'reef flats vs. cut

                   benches and cliffs).       Sites 1 and 4 experience the most regular and severe

                   disturbances due to their direct exposure to windward ground swells.                       Site

                   la is the most protected area and Sites 2 and 3                  'are seasonally variable.

                   Moreover, Sites 2 and 3 have fringing reefs, while                the other sites do not.

                   Strictly from the marine botanical perspective, the:: algal communities are

                   typical of those seen on windward exposures in the                southern    Marianas (cf.

                   Pago Bay, Guam and bays south).

                         With respect to reef flats, Sites 2 and 3 had very            narrow    reef flats and

                   thus did not exhibit distinct            zones of seagrass         and the brown alga
                   Sargassum.      At Site 2 only small      irregular patches      of these    taxa were pre-

                   sent. Consistent with the narrow           reef flats were the      lack of moat develop-

                   ment   and other physiographic features that result in             a -more patterned ben-

                   thic algal community. However, the 33 and              25 species recorded       respectively

                   from these sites     indicates a moderately high diversity,           despite    low percent

                   cover   (probably   less than 5 percent in most places).           It is important to note

                   that  seasonality    is a critical factor in the        distribution and. abundance of

                   benthic   algae on the reef flat.         During the      summer    aind fall  months, low

                   tides,   de siccation stress and exposure lead            to massive die-offs and low

                   percent    cover.    Ephemeral species can be expected              to increase      diversity
                   slightly  as the winter and spring seasons begin along                 with a'. concomitant

                   decrease   in blue-green taxa. However, percent cover                and overall     standing

                   crop will. increase substantially.          Based on the author's expe           rience with

                   similar habitats on Guam, by March and algal reef flat               bloom will   alter per-

                   cent   cover. to nearly 100 percent in many areas.                    A green      carpet of
                   Cladophoropsis species can be expected. This is a natural phenomenon and

                   not an indicator of pollution..

                                                                                                             95

                        The submarine terrace algal communities          at all the study    sites reflected

                  differences in response to various disturbance:           conditions..   With  respect to

                  marine plants these are both physical and biological. Rough              w ater  conditions
                  and barren substrate can inhibit algal recruitment and             subsequent     survival.

                  Integrally, the presence of herbivorous grazing           fishes   and.echinoderms (for
                  which there w    as strong evidence, e.g., scrape          marks.  on .,rock s)  may have

                  further reduced the standing crop of algae present.              Site I  exemplified this

                  situation. However, the presence of grazers           can also   enhance   algal diversity
                                                                                               g

                  and standing crop depending on other ecological parameters..,             Measurement of

                  these factors    is experimental in nature and         was beyo.nd:the      scope   of this

                  survey.    :In general, however, Sites 2, 3 and          4 presented    typically    diverse

                  tropical   reef habitats, while Site 1 presented a       high disturbance     area   result-

                  ing in  a  depauperate seaweed community.

                                                                                       .96

                                           LITERATURE CITED

                 Fitgerald, W. and W.J. Tobias. 1974. A preliminary survey of the marine
                      P
                       lants of Saipan Lagoon. 20p.

                 Tsuda, R.T., and -W.J. Tobias.     1977a.  Marine benthic algae from the
                      Northern Mariana Islands, Chlorophyta and   Phaeophyta.  Bull. Jap.
                     'Soc. Phycol. 25 (2):49-64.

                 Tsuda, R.T. and W.J. Tobias.      1977b.  Marine  benthic algae from the
                      Northern Mariana Islands.  Cyanophyta and. Rhodophyta.    Bull. Jap.
                      Soc. Phycol. 25 (3):155-158.

                                                                                                         97

                  PLANKTON

                  INTRODU'CTION

                       Plankton has only recently been sampled:,         or studied    within,'- the Bahia

                  Laulau area (Birkeland et al., 1984. in     press).  'Plankton has    been, sampled in

                  other areas of the Marianas particularly Guam, Saipan and              a  few of f shore

                  banks    (Amesbury,     1978).     Planktonic larval behavior          and   geographic

                  distribution of coral reef asteroids in the Indo-west Pacific         w as@ studied by

                  Yamaguchi in 1977.       The zooplankton of Tanapag         Harbor.   was. analyzed as

                  p art of the marine survey of the power barge "Impedance":           (Doty and    Marsh,

                  1977).

                  METHODS.,
                       Two @.each, horizontal and oblique, plankton tows           were:,conducted from

                  the  M.V.@  Bahia Laulau on November 5, 1982. These                t ow s were located
                  offshore  just to the north of site 2.           On February      '9-, May 10-11 and

                  September''.29-30, 1983 a series of horizontal and oblique       tows, were conducted
                  offshore' at:@ all four sites. Refer to Figures 16 a,b,c,d       for the  location of all

                  the plankton tows.       Equipment consisted of a 0.5 m            (1.65 ft) diameter

                  plankton net   with a mesh size of 0.020 inch (500 microns),           'a towing bridle

                  and line and   sampling jars. All samples were fixed in 5%         buffered formalin.

                       Horizontal tows were run just below the surface           for a total of 5 minutes

                  at a boat speed of four 3.5 kn (4 mph) during November 1982.               Gusty winds

                  and moderate seas prevented a slower tow speed. Oblique tows              were started

                  from a depth of 35 m (112 ft). For the February, May and September tows,

                  a slower boat speed 1. 7 kn (2 mph) was possible and all tows'were run for a

                  total of 10 minutes each.

                                                                                                                 98

                   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

                         Results of the plankton tows completed on                   November 5, .1982 and

                   February 9, May 10-11 and September 29-30, 1983                are:  shown in Tables 9-9c

                   (Appendix A).

                         For the    plankton tows done during November:i Ahere was at least a

                   three-fold increase in the total abundance of zooplankton collected in the

                   surface tows     than in the oblique tows. Mysids were              the predominant taxa,

                   representing    20 to 30 percent of the         total number of     zooplankton collected.

                   All taxa except chaetognaths were more abundant at the surface than at the

                   deeper depth (3.5 m, 11.5 ft).                Other predominant taxa were calanoid

                                                                           d fish   larvae.    The fish larvae
                   copepods, veliger capsules, shrimp mysis an

                   were. predominantly members of the following             families:   Apogonidae, Gobiidae

                   and one Sygnathidae larvae.

                         Variation between tows was            great for veliger       capsules and calanoid

                   copepods;    however, patchiness is        an intrinsic characteristic of plankton and

                   it is a   universal problem in sampling methods.                The    total composition of

                   zooplankton is similar to the zooplankton collected off              LuminaP, Reef, Guam,

                 .another    potential OTEC site.

                         For   the. eight tows       conducted during         Februar      (4   surface and 4

                   oblique),   the predominent      taxa was the class       Radiolaria.  which    comprised 94
                   percent of the total plankton collected (all tows).              The   class  Co'p'epoda was

                   the most diverse with 11 species.            Although there      were   slight  increases in

                   total numbers of plankton and species diversity between                surface   ap d   oblique

                   tows., these differences were only significant at Sites                 2 and     4.    Site 4

                   showed almost a 15-@.fold increase in total numbers for the                      sur'face tow

                   compared to the oblique tow.            However, this was due almost entirely to a

                   great number of Radiolarians.. The oblique tow, however, was more diverse

                                                                                                                           99

                      (11 species   versus 9 species). At Site 2, the               most diverse      site  sampled, the

                      surface tow showed an approximate 33 percent 'increase in total                       numbers and

                      one more species than the oblique tow.

                            For..the four surface and four oblique tows conducted during                        May 1983,

                      the predominant groups included invertebrate eggs (55.5                            %  @of the     total

                      plankton- collected), the class Malacostraca (mainly shrimp                        .mysis and     crab

                      zoeae, 14.3          class Copepoda (mostly Calanoid sp.,,,11.7 %),,ahd                   the    class
                      Cladocera (Evadne sp.,          10.0 %).      Fish eggs comprised         less 'than'   1  % :of the

                      total plankton collected.

                            Species diversity did not vary greatly between                  sites :or.   between    surface

                      versus   oblique tows.        Site  2 had the greatest number            of   species  collected, a

                      total of  19. for both tows, followed by Site 1 (18), Site               4,(17),   and Site   3 (15).
                      Site 4: wa's the only location where a significant. difference                     in: total  species

                      was obtained between the surface tow (16 species)                     and    the'  oblique   tow (10

                      species).     Site 4 had the greatest numbers of individuals,',collected                      with a

                      total of  1J.903 -representing 45.3 % of the total for all               four sites.      Fish eggs

                      and larvaO-. were most abundant at Site 1 where they                     comprised 2.9 % of the

                      total plankton sampled.

                            The predominent groups for the four surface                             -and oblique tows

                      conducted during September 1983 included the invertebrate                          eggs (35.1% of

                      the total)., copepods (26.1%) and shrimp and crabs (3.8%).                             These major

                      groups are similar to results obtained in the previous plankton samples,

                      except for the high percentage of fish larvae and eggs.                            Previously, this

                      group normally comprised less than 1% of the total, with a high value of 2.9%

                      at Site 1 during May.              In the September samples, fish eggs and larvae

                      ranged from a high of 32.9% (Site 1) to a low of 10.8% (Site 2), and reached

                      49.7% for a single tow at Site 1.

                                                                                                      100

                         Comparison of results from other studies on      plankton around Saipan and

                    Guam indicate that, while overall densities are        low in Bahia -Laulau, the

                    predominant groups and relative abundances            are quite consistent with

                    seasonal variability. Only one other plankton survey has been conducted in

                    the Bahia Laulau area (Birkeland et al, 1984 in press) Exact locations were

                    not recorded but four tows were conducted in various parts of the bay.'.

                    However, none were done in close to the reef. Predominant groups included

                    invertebrate eggs, Calanoids, Chaetognaths, Eucheaia and shrimp and crab.

                    larvae. Fish eggs and larvae varied from 0.*9% to      3.2% of the total plankton.

                    This compares with results of the Laulau study except         for the high values

                    recorded in September (R      19.8%).

                         The only other planktonic data from Saipan was       done in  Tanapag Harbor

                    (Doty  and@ Marsh, 1977).     They obtained similar    results  in terms of. major

                    groups  of organisms but as is usually the case when      @sampling in an enclosed

                    lagoon or  harbor, densities were higher.       Relative. abundance:  of fish eggs

                    and larvae  ranged from 0. 2% to 19%.

                         On Guam, Amesbury (1978) sampled           several locations along the west
                    coast over a one year period. He found the highest densitids:         of fish eggs

                    and lar vae.occured in July and August (91.1% maximum) but.iwas as low as
                    2.7% at other times of the year.     The sites with the '.greatest'. densities were

                    enclosed bays or areas near extensive reef and/or mangrove areas such as

                    Agana Bay, Agat, Bay and Ajayan Bay (near Cocos Island).':            'No sampling

                    was done on the windward side of the island or offshore.               Randall and

                    Eldredge  (1982) sampled plankton off Cabras Island*, Guam as-- part of an

                    assessment for a    potential OTEC facility.    Although   no sampling was done

                    during the summer, they reported relative abundances of fish eggs and

                    larvae ranging from less than 1% to a high of 43.5% (March). These ranges

                                                                                                                     101

                    are comparable to the results          for Bahia Laulau and one would              suspect that

                    the site: at Cabras would be more similar to.                 Laulau than       other locations

                    sampled around Guam and Saipan.                 The Cabras study            also reported high

                    densities.:of Radiolarians, a group which is               more commonly        found offshore

                    than in  near-shore or lagoon environments.

                          Species diversity in the September samples              was quite     consistent between

                    sites, with 21 species at Sites 1, 2 and 3 and              18 species    at   Site. 4.   Previous

                    sampling   generally showed the lowest diversity             at Sites'  1   and 4@'.,* This' would

                    be expected as:these two sites are closer to the points                  (eastern: boundaries)

                    of Bahia   Laulau    and thus would likely contain fewer planktonic                 species than

                    the sites@.that are    closer to species-rich reef-flat areas          of. the @Bay.

                    CONCLUSIONS

                          When   all 'four plankton tows are analyzed togetheri               Sites 1,: 3 and    4 had

                    the lowest    mean numbers of species with 12, 11 and 12                 resoectively.      Site 2

                    had   the  greatest species diversity with an.            average of     181   species per tow.

                    In terms'.   '.o f total planktonic organisms per tow, Si              te  4   @.averaged 1,506,

                    followed'by'.   Site 3 (1,201), Site 2 (867) and Site 1                 (587).    These results

                    generally    siApport what would be expected when looking                      'at the current

                    patterns and     lack of a reef flat area along the-cliffs out to              Puntan Hagman.

                    Sites 2, 3   and 4 (particularly Sites 2 and 3) would be expected to be rich in

                    plankton     considering the current            patterns, eddies,          shallow areas and

                    extensive    reef areas present.

                          In terms of gross impacts on the planktonic community, an OTEC plant

                    would have the least negative impact in the area of Site 1 and would

                    potentially affect Site 2 the most.             The impact on planktonic species would

                    be dependent upon the size of the mixing zone of the cold effluent, both in

                    terms     of    temperature        dif f erenti al   (dilution)     and       the   actual       size

                                                                                              102

                 (3-dimensional) of the effluent plume from the discharge point. Both surface

                 and subsurface currents would affect   the size and shape of the mixing zone

                 and it is likely that mixing and dilution would be    more rapid and extend

                 over a larger area at Site 1 due to the strong       currents and submarine

                 topography.

                                                                                                                        103

                                                          LITERATURE        CITED

                      Amesbury, S.S.         1978.    Studies on     the biology of the        reef:fishes of Guam.
                            Part II.     Distribution of eggs        and larve of fishes at         selected    sites on
                            Guam.      Coastal Zone Management Section, Bureau                  of  Planning    Gov. of
                            Guam. 65p.

                      Birkeland, C.@, S. A. Amesbury, R. R. Randall and                           A. ''Nelson.       1984.
                            Assessment      of inshore marine resources in the               Ma'rianas:    Archipelago.
                            Sea Grant Project No. UG/R-4. Univ. of Guam Mar.'Lab.!:(in press).

                      Doty, J. E. and      J.A. Marsh, Jr. 1977. Marine survey                  of:Tanapag,       Saipan:
                            the  power    barge "Impedance". Univ. Of Guam Mar.                   Lab,.,  Tech. Rept.
                            31.'   147p.

                      Randall,@  'R.H.     and L.G. Eldredge.            1982.     Assessment     of   the shoalwater
                            environment in the vicinity of the proposed                       OTEC    development at
                            Cabras Island, Guam. Prep. for Guam Energy"                      Office'.  Univ. of Guam
                            Mar... Lab.,    Tech. Rept. 79. 208p.

                      Yamaguchi, M.         1972.     Preliminary report on a plankto           .n.,,survey in Palau,
                            December 1971 to January 1972. 14p.

                                                                                                                  104

                                                                                                         105

                  CORALS

                  INTRODUCTION

                       Reef-building scleractinian, octocorallian,,       and hydroz.o.an     corals are
                  sessile invertebrates with potentially long life spans and distribution patterns

                  that depend upon the particular environmental setting          found, f r cm one habitat

                  to another.    Their stony calcium carbonate skeletons         are  major   contributors

                  to both  in situ framework and detrital reef         development   in  the  shoal-water

                  environments like that of Bahia Laulau.            Characteristic   cora@!' communities

                  develop  in response to the variable environmental conditions :found within an

                  area, ranging from conditions completely unfavorable for,corals             to optimum

                  conditions. where corals are the dominant organisms in the          community.     Corals

                  are sensitive to many environmental variables; particularly.. light intensity,

                  suspended. materials in the water column, sediment               accumulation on the

                  substrate   'upon which they grow, water currents and              agitation, seawater
                  dilution  from -surface drainage and groundwater d@scharg@ej temperature

                  fluctuations@ emersion on shallow platforms during low            tides, predation by
                  other organ  Iisms and various forms of pollution from toxic           substances like

                  thermal, storm drain and sewage discharges.

                        Until recently, the coral community of Bahia Laulau          had  been evaluated

                  from the point of view of degree of difficulty in landing         military troops from

                  the ocean (Cloud, 1959) and a generalized concept of where coral is found

                  along the shoreline to the reef margin (Eldredge and            Randall, 1980). Very

                  little was done to identify species, community structure, zonation and

                  distribution in these studies.      Cloud (1959) did identify common named coral

                  types in the vicinity of selected approaches to the beach.                  These were

                  commonly referred to as 11staghorn or brain coral types."             Gawel (1974) and

                                                                                                        106

                  Gordon (1974) made preliminary surveys of corals in.           the Saipan Lagoon on

                  the west coast of Saipan but did no work in the Bahia          Laulau area.,

                       Assessment of the present coral communities               in Bahia Laulau will

                  establish baseline data from which changes in the, quality of the reef

                  environment can be determined or predicted.             These  data will be useful in

                  establishing sound planning practices and management:of these reef areas in

                  relation to future devel  opment (OTEC or otherwise).

                       The principal objectives of this part of the study are to determine the

                  distribution and community structure of corals in Bahia Laulau from the

                  shoreline to 10 m (33 ft) depth along four transect loc       ations shown in Figure

                  13.

                  METHODS

                       The   coral communities of Bahia Laulau were s           tudied at, five sites. as

                  shown in   Figure 13.     At each site, observations were primarily       limited to a

                  20 m (66  ft)  wide band that extended from the shoreline to a -depth of 10 m

                  .(33 ft).:.@ High waves and rough surf conditions,            that persisted for the

                  duration, of the study period, prevented direct       observations from-being made

                  at the seaward edge of the fringing reef platform (reef' margin          zcine) at Site

                  .4. Strong bottom surge also prevented quantitative           studies from being made

                  on the submarine slope at Site 1 and on the forereef          slope at Sites 3 an d 4.

                       Where possible, coral communities were quantitatively            analyzed within

                  physiographic zones, discriminated at each site by using the poirit-centered

                  or point-quarter technique of Cottam et al. (1953).             Three physiographic

                  zones consisting of the reef-flat platform, reef margin and forereef slope

                  were discriminated at':   Sites 2, 3 and 4.      At Site la,   the fringing,  reef -flat

                  platform an  d reef    margin zones were very similar          physiographically and

                  therefore lumped together. At Site 1 only the submarine slope                zone was

                                                                                                             107

                  distinguished since active reef       development and      a fringing    reef-flat platform

                  are absent.       Sample areas were selected by,           randomly tossing       a hammer

                  within the 20 m (66 ft) wide band of each,                physiographic zone.        At the

                  intersection of the hammer handle and head a reference.                         'point was

                  established.     Reference lines extended along          the long    axes   of Ahe hammer

                  handle   and divided the sample area into four quadrants. Corals@ nearest the

                  sample    point (junction of hammer handle to            head) in    each.  *quadrant were

                  identified and the following data collected: diameter of 'the. colony           (a maximum

                  length   and width measurement) and the distance from               the   colony center to

                  the sample point.        From this point-quarter        data the    following   calculations

                  were    used to estimate community               structure of      the    corals in each

                  physiographic zone.

                                                                             unit  area
                     Total  Density of all Species                           -to colony   di stance) 2
                                                               (mean point
                     Relative ',Density,                            individuals of a species        X 100
                                                               total individuals of all species
                     Total Percent Coverage                    total density of all species X average
                                                               coverage value for all      'species

                     Percent   Coverage                        density of a species X      'average coverage
                                                               value for the species
                     Relative  Percent Coverage                percent coverage for a        species X 100
                                                                 total coverage for all.species

                     Frequency                                 number of points where        a species occurs
                                                                     total number of points

                     Importance    Value                       relative frequency + relative density +
                                                               relative percent coverage
                     Density     'relative density of    a species  X total density of all species
                                            100

                                                                                                     108

                        Colony Size Distribution Data (n          number   of  data', Y      arithmetic

                  mean, s = standard deviation, and w         size range)  were also calculated from

                  point-quarter data.

                        The coral species encountered during the point7quarter analysis indicate

                  the predominant and common species within a zone.                The presence of

                  uncommon or rare species not encountered during the          point-quarter analysis

                  was determined by making 20 minute observations within a 20 m (66 ft) wide

                  band in each zone.        In zones not analyzed by        using the point-quarter

                  method, species lists were compiled by making- 20 minute observations within

                  a 20 m (66 ft) wide band.        An overall list of species   is compiled for each

                  zone within a site from both the point-quarter and          dive data   in Table 10

                  (Appendix A).       Quantitative data from the point-quarter           analysis are'

                  presented in.: Table 11 (Appendix A).

                        Vertical  profile sections shown in Figure        4b   indicate  the zonation

                  patterns  discriminated, water depth, sediment distribution and         the relative

                  abundance of corals for each study site.

                  RESULTS

                  Description   of Reefs and Coral Communities

                        Zonation

                                                                                          :'d from the
                        Vertical profile sections (Figure 4b, Appendix      B)  that exten

                  shoreline to   10 m (33 ft) depth indicate the general inshore* submarine
                  topography    and physiographic zonation patterns discriminated,       w4'ter depth,

                  sediment.  distribution and relative abundance of corals at each,       of the five

                  study site  s.   Some reef zones have no corals at all, while           other areas

                  support communities ranging from a few widely scattered        colonies'and species

                                                   2 and 3) to regions where the substrate is
                  (reef-flat platform   at Sites

                  dominated   by a relatively rich diversity of species (forereef slope zone at

                                                                                                           109

                   Site 2)      Although less noticeable, considerable community             variation    also

                   occurs within the same zones       from one site to   another (Tables    10  and 11).

                         Coral Distribution

                         Ninety-eight species of corals representing 34 genera              were recorded

                   from the five study sites along              the Lau'lau embayment,.        (Table 10).
                   Considerable variation occurred in            species@  richness, size       distribution,

                   frequency of occurence, density and percentage of                   subst'rAe coverage

                   between. the five sites and among the various         zones discriminated    at each site

                   (Tables 10 and    11).

                   DISCUSSION AND        CONCLUSIONS
                         One   of the most noticeable. aspects of the coral        communities stu*died at

                   the  five:.sites in Bahia Laulau is their unequal distribution           from the inner

                   reef -flat :platform to the 10 m (33 ft) depth contour-         on  the  f6rereef slope.

                   Much of   the regional variation found in the community, structure of corals on

                   the reef  -flat platform zones is attributable to exposed platforms during low
                   spring tides.      Corals are unable to survive long            periods of emergence,

                   particularly   when low spring tides coincide with extreme            drying effects of

                   the mid-day    sun, and are thus restricted to parts of the           reef-flat platforms

                   that retain   water during such times. Low tide exposure             Iaccounts for lower

                   species diversity, general low density and percentage of             substrate coverage

                   recorded for the reef-flat platforms       zones at Sites 2 and 3. The few species

                   of corals that were recorded on these periodically exposed platform zones

                   were confined to small scattered holes which retain water during low tides.

                   An exception to poor coral community development on the reef-flat platform

                   zones was found at Site la (53 species recorded) where the reef platform

                   zone remains completely submerged during low tides                  and at Site 4 (30

                                                                                                        110.

                 species recorded) where an extensive reef flat depression            :creates a low-tide

                 moat that retains up to a meter or more of water dur          ing such times..

                       In contrast to poor coral community development. observed on the

                 low-tide exposed reef-flat platforms at Sites 2 and.             3, species richness,

                 density and substrate coverage increased dramatically where low-tide

                 exposure is not a factor in the reef margin zones at           Sites la and 2 (no reef
                 margin development      at Site 1) and at all sites in       the: forereef slope zones

                 (comparable    to inner slope and submarine terrace           zones  at Site 1)       Low

                 density and    substrate coverage values recorded in the -reef margin at Site 3

                 (Table 11) are thus a reflection of observations being         restricted  to the inner

                 part where it grades into the exposed reef-flat        platform  zone.

                       Substrate composition is another important               factor  that    influences

                 community structure and distribution of corals. Most            corals  require a hard

                 rocky surf ace   or  a relatively stable unconsolidated      substrate   to settle upon

                 and successfully    grow.    On the intertidal reef-flat platform zones.      at Sites 2

                 and 3@ the   relatively flat reef rock pavement 'surf ace     areas are   swept free of

                 sediments    by strong currents and storm            waves..    The only

                 deposits   of sediment observed consisted of poorly s6rte*d mixture's of sand,

                 gravel and    rubble in some of the larger holes, troughs        and depressions. At
                 Sites la    and 4 the subtidal reef-flat platform sediments werj@'               similarly

                 restricted,  to* holes and depressions.       Except for a few     patches   lof gravel,
                 rubble and boulders lodged in the bottom of channels anal:                     fissures,

                 sediments.   on the wave-swept reef margin and upper             forereef   'slope zones

                 were absent.        Sediment deposits observed on the             coral-covered lower

                                                                                                f shallow
                 forereef  slopes at Sit6s la, 3 and 4 were restricted to         the floors    0

                 channels and troughs that funnel sediment downward to deeper                     forereef

                 submarine terraces and slopes.             The only significant sediment          deposit

                   observed     was at Site 2 where a broad submarine terrace.                  interrupts      the

                   forereef :slope.     Here extensive patches of sand, gravel,               rubble:' and some
                   boulders are found between coral-covered kno'bs, pinnacles, mounds and

                   ridges.   .:Although a few coral colonies are:               found on      relatively stable

                   bouldersi    most of the sediment covered areas.           of the   submarine.    -terrace are

                   unstable:and thus free of coral, growth.             However,    it -was....most' likely these

                   small oases of coral growth on scattered boulders                in   the  sediment covered

                   areas  of    the terrace that were the forerunners of            the. abunidant    knobs and

                   pinnacles    of coral growth now found there.
                         Although.   considerable suspended sediment was              observed, in the:      water

                   column,. both.. on the shallow reef platform, reef margin.               and,  forereef    slope

                   zones,    it. di dnot appear to have much affect on the               coral'  communities or

                   accumulate    on  the living coral tissues. Most likely this           is because of     strong

                   currents     'and water agitation present during periods'              of  hormal Northeast

                   Tradewinds',.     Suspended sediment was particularly noticeable in the rich

                   coral zon    .es'. at - Site 2. Water transported onto the reef,         platform by waves

                   and swell: returns to the open sea via a shallow channel                that. cuts across the
                   reef-flat pl@a':tform and reef margin zones.

                         Because of constant submergence and water circulation,                   normal annual

                   and diurnal     seawater temperature fluctuations that occur             in ,the reef margin

                   and forereef slope zones have little or no affect on the                   coral communities

                   growing there. On the intertidal reef-flat platforms of Sites 2 and 3, and to

                   some extent in the moat at Site 4, lethal or sublethal               elevated temperatures

                   may exist during low spring tides when water circulation is cut off and

                   exposure to midday sunlight occurs.

                                                                                                     112

                       Although some small streams discharge freshwater         and some terrestrial

                  sediment into the reef environment along the shoreline,        it appeared to have

                  little effect upon adjacent coral communities.

                       Since Site 1 is indicated as the preferred location for the proposed

                  OTEC plant a more detailed description of this region      is given.

                       Fringing reef development is absent along the w       .ave-assaulted section of

                  the coast at Site 1.    As shown in the Site 1 profile      (Figure. 4b) the inner
                  part of the submarine slope is steep which at about@        5    8 m (16 - 26 ft)

                  depth grades outward into a more gentle downWard-sloping           terrace. Bottom

                  topography is irregular and humpy and cut here and          there  by  large erosion
                  channels and smaller grooves and fissures.        The channel walls    are steep to

                  vertical, locally overhanging, scoured and undercut        near the bottom.       The

                  channel floors show considerable      evidence of scouring. and     in most places

                  along their length are strewn with large angular blocks, rounded boulders

                  and patches of coarse sand and gravel.

                       Although fringing reef development was not observed            at this site, a

                  moderately diverse coral community consisting.      of 36. species  (Table 10) was

                  found growing on nonabraided surfaces of the steep             inner   slope, outer

                  submarine terrace, mounds and upper walls of       channels  @.and fissures. Corals
                  were also observed on the upper surfaces of large               stable 'blocks and

                  boulders,  but were generally absent on smaller ones          that are .  apparently
                  moved about by storm waves.          Except for a few small stunted* colonies,

                  corals were also absent on the floors of channels and fissures           :and other

                  locations  where    surface    abrasion by      loose    sediments   was.. evident.

                  Percentage of surfacie coverage on nonscoured substrates at Site 1 was

                  estimated to range from 10-30 percent.         Predominant coral species      include

                  seven in the family Pocilloporidae, ten in the family Acroporidae and-nine in

                                                                                            113

                the family Faviidae (Table 10). Corals from   Site 1 that were.not. observed at

                other. sites in Bahia Laulau include Pocillopora ankeli, Scapophyllia: cylindric

                and Stylaster profundiporus.

                                                                                                                114

                                                       LITERATURE CITED

                    Cloud, P. E. , Jr.          1959.    Geology of Saipan,        Mariana Islands, Part 4,
                          Submarine topography and shoalwater ecology.::              U.S. Geological Survey
                          Professional Paper, 280-A. 126 p.

                    Cottom, G. , J.         T. Curtis and B. W. Hale..                 1953.    Some sampling
                          characteristics of a population of randomly@                 dispersed individuals.
                          Ecology 34:741-757.

                    Eldredge, L. G. and R. H. Randall.               1980.   Atlas.  of reefs and beaches of
                          Saipan, Tinian and Rota.            Coastal Resources Management, Executive
                          Office of the Governor.             Commonwealth of        the Northern Marianas
                          Islands. 161p.

                    Gawel, M.       1974.    A preliminary coral survey of           Saipan   Lagoon. Univ.of
                          Guam Mar. Lab. Environmental Survey Rept. 11.                 13p.

                    Gordon, G.D. 1974. A preliminary survey                of the   calcareou.s  coralline algae
                          of Saipan Lagoon. 9p.

                                                                                                               115

                   MAC ROINVERTEB RATES

                   INTRODUCTION

                         Conspicuous macroinvertebrates were coll             ected at     four,  coastal sites

                   along Bahia Laulau on the east coast          of Saipan,     The only previous study in

                   that area. was conducted between October 1948              and July 1949. (C@bud, 1959).

                   Cloud described the shallow-water shore areas             of Bahia   Laulau 'as    "intertidal

                   to very shallow shore benches that are subject            to nearly   similar@',C'onditibns of

                   heavy surf and     to abrupt and extreme variations of temper,at           ure 'and salinity"

                   (P. 385).     Cloud's Station 13a coincides quite nearly          to Site      of this  study.

                   He did   not  consider the parts of the reef seaward of          the  reef ..margin.

                   METHODS@

                                                                                                  e
                         Specimens    were collected from five stations during           No'vemb'r 5, 6, and

                   7, 1982.    -Specimens were collected during all reconnaissance             scuba dives by
                   all team   members.      Dr. Eldredge collected        specimens    i n the    'intertidal and
                   reef flat@.  areas.     No quantitative data were attempted:                fprI  conspicuous

                   macroinvertPb rates except for major forms like Acanthaster                planci.     To the

                   east and protected from the rough water Site la allowed collecting on the

                   narrow reef     flat and in the block-and-boulder intertidal ,zone.                 Specimens

                   were also collected here at a depth of .9 m (30 ft). At Site                 specimens were

                   collected on the reef flat, reef front and at a depth                     of,  .9 m (30 ft).

                   Similarly at.  Site 3, specimens were collected on the reef flat               and at depths

                   of 9 - 18 m (30      - 60 ft).     Intertidal specimens were collected at Site 4, as

                   well as from the reef flat and at depths of 12 - 15 m                          (40 - 50 ft).

                   Specimens collected are listed in Table 12 ( Appendix A).

                                                                                                       116

                 RESULTS

                       Gastropods were the most commonly collected group totaling 88. species.

                 Among these, 22 species belong the family Conidae,:            ten to the Muricidae,

                 nine to the Mitridae       and seven to the Cypraeidae:.          Only two species,

                 Astraea rhodostoma and      Vasum turbinellus were collected at all sites.

                       Intertidal zonation   is typical of that found in      'the southern Marianas.

                 The   pulmonate Melampus flavus represents the greatest abundance in the

                 community.     Another gastropod, Littorina coccinea         is also a very high in

                                                                                         Site 4.      The
                 abundance and occurred in especially large' numbers at
                 remaining intertidal gastropods, Littorina undulata, Cellana          radiata and N.
                 plicata  were found at Site 4 and at the low headlands. immediately south of

                 Site 2.   Of interest was the occurrence of the large'muricid Drupa morum on

                 the  seaward erosion platform at Site 4 and the       cone  Conus planorbis has.not

                 yet  been reported from Guam.

                       Nine  species  of bivalves were collected.      Voucheir   specimens:  of all the

                 gastropods and      bivalves have been deposited at          the  Dickinson     Memorial

                 Mollusk  collection at the University Marine Laboratory.

                .DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

                       Cloud (1959) reported ten gastropods from his          Site 13a which included

                 three cowries.     One of his species names is an Indian          Ocean   :form and is

                 unidentifiable.    Of the six cone shells reported, one is        also unidentifiable.

                 All of the remaining forms and one vasid were            also collected  again during

                 this study..

                       Although no specimens were observed during this study,                 the spiny
                 lobster (Panularus @p.) and slipper lobster (Family Scyllariidae) are

                 important   resources of Bahia Laulau. Divers regularly         harvest lobsters from

                 the area, particularly at night. During appropriate tides and moon phases,

                 harvesting also occurs along the extensive shallow reef-flats.

                                                                                                             117

                        Twelve echinoderm species were          observed during the study. They are

                   large and readily identifiable forms.           Healthy populations of          Acanthaster
                   planci were observed at all sites.        The size of each     @erd ( greater than 100

                   large individuals) was unexpected but prevalent th              roughout Bahia Laulau

                   particularly in the vicinity of coral-rich Sites 2 and.. 3.             Some individuals

                   represented the largest individuals (50 cm, 20 in) that have been recorded

                   anywhere particularly     in recent years.

                        The significance     of large populations of Acanthaster planci is evident

                   from previous outbreaks in the Western and South Pacific regions. Reefs in

                   Micronesia and Australia's Great Barrier Reef suffered extreme damage by

                   Acanthaster between the late 1960's and mid            19701s.   The history     and early

                   development of Acanthaster was studied by             Cheney (1972) and. Tsuda (1971

                   and 1972).    However, while these studies were going on teams @of divers were

                   waging war    on the huge populations that threatened to destroy coral reefs

                   throughout    the Pacific Basin (Chesher, 1969) and (Yamaguchi, 1971). Marsh

                   and Tsud'a    (1973), and Marsh et al (1971) surveyed the           Mariana   and Caroline

                   Islands  to   determine the population levels of this particular              coral killing
                   animal.    Randall (1973) provides the best             account    'of a reiai prior to

                   destruction     by    Acanthaster.        By    1974   spawning       and     ch aracteristic

                   aggregation of Acanthaster had been exhaustively studied (Cheney, 1974).

                   However, it was not until Birkeland's 1982 paper.linking             heavy   rainfall after
                   a dry period to increased populations that an understanding was,                :gained into

                   how such@ large populations seem to appear overnight in areas                   where none

                   were. previously noticed.

                     Two foraminiferid        forms, Margonipora vertebralis             and Baculogypsina

                   sphaerulata were commonly seen in beach and reef flat sands.                     Both were

                   previously reported by      Cloud. (1959).

                                                                                                             118

                         The   reef flats at  Sites 2   and 3 were more similar to      one   another than to

                   those at.   Sites la and 4 and all the intertidal           zones were     similar to each

                   other.     In summary, the          conspicuous macr.oinvertebrates          collected and
                   observed:   represent a typical reef flat and embayment area               for :a southern

                   Mariana   island. With the inclusion of        such large numbers      of Aca:nthaster we
                   can honestly. say that the area resembles similar bays           and   reef s:,'in' Micronesia

                   in the   late  1960's to mid 19701s.       This find     does  not' :repres'ent a     healthy

                   short-term picture for the submarine ecology           of Bahia   Lau au.

                                                                                                              119.

                                                     LITERATURE CITED

                   Birkeland,     C.     1982.   Terrestrial runoff as a            .cause of outbreaks of
                          Acanthaster planci        (Echinodermata:       Asteroidea).      Mar.     Biol.    69,
                          175-185.

                   Cheney, D. P.         1972.   Guam and the crown-of-thoi         ms starfish:       A short
                          history. Guam Recorder 2(3): 74-80.

                                     1974.    Spawning and aggregation of:. Acanthaster planci in
                          Micronesia.     Proc. Sec. Int. Symp. Coral               Reef s.   Aust. Vol. 1:
                          591-594.

                   Chesher, R. H.       1969.    Divers wage war on killer          star.    Skin Diver Mag.
                          180): 34-35.

                                        1969.    Destruction of Pacific         corals by the sea star
                          Acanthaster planci.      Science 165: 280-283.

                   Clou& P.E. Jr.            1959.    Geology of Saipan Mariana Islands.               Part 4.
                          Submarine topography and shoal-water ecology.             .  Geology Survey Prof.
                          Paper.

                   Marsh, J.A. Jr., R.T. Tsuda, M.R. Struck and F.A. Cushing.                               1971.
                          Acanthaster planci, crown-of-thorns starfish.                Resurvey ':of Saipan,
                          Tinian and Aguigan. 10p.

                   Marsh, J.A. Jr. and R.T. Tsuda. 1973. Population                    levels of   Acanthaster
                          p
                           I    * in the Mariana and Caroline Islands, 1969-1972. Atoll Res. Bull.
                            anci
                                 1 - 16 .

                   Randall,   R. H.    1973. Reef physiography and distribution of corals at Tumon
                          Bay, Guam before crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster.                  planci (L.)
                          predation. Micronesica 9 (1): 119-158.

                   Tsuda, R.T.        1971.    Status of Acanthaster planci and coral             reefs in the
                          Mariana Islands. June 1970 to May 1971. 127p.

                                    1972. , Proceedings of the Univ. of Guam/Trust, Territory
                          Acanthaster planci (crown -of -thorns starfish) whorkshop. 36p.

                   Yamaguchi, M.        1971.    Starfish control teams in Micronesia.            Marine Parks
                          Journl. 18:9-13.

                                                                                                                   120

                                                                                                                                                                               .121
      ..............
      ................

                                      FISHES

      ...............
      .................

                                      INTRODUCTION
      .................

                                              Previous to this work no other assessment                                             of    fish resources in the

      ..................
      ............ . ....
                                      Bahia Laulau area had been done. Bahia Laulau                                                 is    a unique and valuable
      .................

                                      asset to Saipan's recreational and subsistence fishery.                                                 This large windward

      ..................
                                      bay contains a wide range of habitats which have the potential to,
                                                    date many important species of fish.                                      Despite this, and the bayls:
      ...............                 accommo
      ..................
      ..................
                                      reputation of being a good diving and fishing:spot, very little is known of

      ..................
      .................               the fishes that live there.                         The objectives of                this study were to investigate.
         ...........

                                      the species composition, distribution and general density of the fishes seen"
      ...................
      ...................

      ...................
                                      on the         reef flat and shallow forereef slope.                                         The       data presented here-

                                      provide        baseline information an Bahia Laulau that will be useful in -assessing
         ............
      ..............
                                      its reef        community as a whole and in gaining a                                      better understanding of                        its

      ...................             reef fishery potential.

                                      METHODS
      ... ..........

                                               The      conspicuous shallow-water fish                           fauna of. Bahia Laulau was surveyed

      ................                between         November 3-7, 1982. Reef flat                               reconnaissance was                   done with mask
      ....................
           ..........                 and snorkel and SCUBA was used to                                         survey the forereef                     slope.          Species.

      ....................
      . ..................
                                      checklists were compiled at five study Sites (1, la, 2,'                                                       :3  and 4).             Line

                                      transect counts of fishes were made on the reef                                               flat and         :forereef slope at
      .....................
      ............
      .............
                                      Sites 2 and 3.                 Fishes observed along these transects were'                                        counted only-             if

      .....................           they were within 1 m                         (3 ft) of either side of the line                              and less than 2                 m
      ....................

      ..................
           ..........
                                      above it.
      .... .........
      ....................
      ......................                   Rough ocean conditions at Sites 1 and 4 limited the                                                    -investigation to

                                      single 45-minute reconnaissance dives on the forereef slope.                                                          Site 1 fishes
      ......................
      ..................

      .....................
      ...........

      ...........
      .....................

                                                                                                                   122

                   were observed to approximately 21 m (70                   ft)    and    Site  4  species were

                   surveyed down to 18 m (60 ft).

                          Greater time was spent at        -Sites 2 and 3 since they were.more            protected
                   and    contained accessible reef        flats.     Care was taken to          sample: fishes in

                   both   the   shallow and depressed areas of the:reef flat.                  At   Site 2, fishes

                   were   surveyed during a 45-minute swim and                counted. along,   a  50* m (164 ft)

                   transect   line    placed within a depressed area'near an:               old pipi@line.   Site 3

                   fishes    were  counted along a 100 m (328 ft).              transect.   line  that traversed

                   mostly    along  shallow pavement.        Together, these tran,@'ects        covered eight 10

                   m (33     ft). sections of depressed reef flat and seven           10- ri@  :03 ft)  sections of

                   shallow   pavement.

                          On  the  forereef slope at Sites 2 and 3,         :reconnaissance as      well as   100 m

                   (328   ft) transect counts of fishes were made at 9 and:18                  'm-. (30: and 60 ft.
                               q.
                               a
                   These     transects traversed substrate that was uniformly                  c*oVered with coral

                   and algae-7covered rocks at both depths at              Site 3. At Site:'2,'     however, the

                   transects'   e:xtended   across substrate that varied from-exte
                                                                                               nsive   sand/rubble

                   areas conta-Ining isolated rocks and coral heads to                 area:s.-d-Imost completely
                   covered    by:  coral.    Fish densities calculated from           the   transect data were

                   converted    to a standardized form to reflect densities per.                JO  m (66 ft) of

                   transect   line  or 20 m  2  (215  ft2   of substrate.

                   RESULTS

                   Species Diversity

                          Table   13 (Appendix A) lists the fish species seen at                  the four study

                   sites. Altogether, 200 species belonging to 35 families were                   recorded.      The

                   most well represented families included the Labridae (33 spp), Pomacentridae

                   (23 spp), Acanthuridae (19 spp), Chaetodontidae (17 spp) and Scaridae (13

                   spp).     These five families contributed 52 percent of the total number of

                                                                                                     123.

                 observed species, while the Labrids alone accounted          for 16 percent of the

                 total.

                      Although the ocean surface at Site 1 was rough,:below          10 m (33 ft) the

                 surge diminished rapidly and        visibility was fairly.  good.    A total of 107

                 species representing 23 families were observed. Approximately 10 percent of

                 the total number of species recorded at all sites We*re seen exclusively at

                 this location.    Recon.naissance at Site 4 was more difficult and less fruitful.

                 Not only was the surface very rough, but there were also a strong surge

                 and much reduced visibility down to 18 m* (60 ft).                 Only 73 species

                 comprising 19 families were observed.         Only two percent      (4) of the total

                 recorded species were observed exclusively at this site.

                       Not surprisingly, the greatest numbers         of species were, recorded at

                 Sites 2 and 3@ At Site 2, a total of 130 species belonging to 31 families were

                 seen on the reef flat and forereef slope.        Approximately 12 percent (34) of

                 the total recorded species were observed          solely at this site..    A slightly

                 lesser  number of species were observed at        Site 3 where 125 spe    cies repre-

                 senting 28 families were recorded.         Approximately 10 percent (.21) of the

                 total recorded species were seen exclusively at this site'. The combined reef

                 flat data for Sites 2 and 3 yielded a total of 42 species representing 23

                 families. These species are listed in Table 14 (Appendix        A) .

                 Juvenile Fishes

                       The presence      of juvenile fishes was recorded during,            :both the

                 reconnaissance and transect dives.         These species are listed in     Table 15.

                 Based on the abundance of the smallest individuals, none of the            se species

                 showed evidence of recent large-scale recruitment. Within both the. reef flat

                 and forereef slope zones the largest numbers of observed juveniles belonged

                 to the family Pomacentridae.      Juveniles belonging to the familes Labridae and

                                                                                                                    124

                    Acanthuridae were also among the most numerous.                       In all,   juveniles were

                    recorded.among 31 species within 9 famlies.                More than half      of these species

                    are herbivorous.

                    Food Fishes

                           At  least   38 percent (75) of the recorded species                  are:  known to be

                    desirable   food   fishes. These species have potentially important.'economic and

                    recreational    value and are identified in Table          13 by an asteriski.

                          A
                            bout   33  percent (35) of the Site 1 species are            listed. a s a-esirable food

                                                                                           'fai
                    fishes.     The,  majority of these species belong to              the    milies @.Acanthuridae

                    (34%),    Lutjanidae    (11%), Mullidae (11%) and            Scaridae    (11%).    Some   :of the

                    more    important species seen at mid-depth                 were    the   emperor, Lethrinus

                    semicinctus      (Mafute); several        surgeonfish      species    -of   the   genus Naso,

                    includin&    Naso unicornis (Tataga); and the                rabbitfish,    siganus argenteus

                    (Hiting).:.'  The largest individual food fishes             seen during,,the entire study

                    were   recorded at Site 1 near the 21 m (70 ft) depth.                    These included the

                    snappers,::, Aprion     virescens, Lutjanus bohar             (Tagafi),,  Lutjanus rivulatus,

                    Lutj anus   'iusselli;   and the groupers, Plectropomus              JeoParous     (Godao) and

                    Variola   lou'ti.

                          At Site     4 only 27 food species were recorded, yet                 these made up 37

                    percent    of  the   total number of species seen there. The..                 major food fish

                    f amilies included    the Acanthuridae (37%), Scaridae (18%),              Labridae (15%) and

                    Lethrinidae (11%).        Among the most important food species were Lethrinus

                    semicinctus (Mafute) and Siganus argenteus (Hiting); the emperor, Lethrinus

                    harak (Mafute); the snapper, Macolor niger; the surgeonfishes, Naso

                    hexacanthus (Gausa) and Naso lituratus (Hangun); the goatfish, Parupeneus

                    bifasciatus (Salmoniti); and several parrotfish species, including Scarus

                    rubroviolaceus (Lagua).

                                                                                                      125

                        Desirable food fishes composed     39% (51) of the Site 2   1species, and were

                   most represented by the Acanthuridae (22%), Scaridae (16%), Mullidae (14%)

                   and Holocentridae (12%).     The most abundant food species seen on the reef

                   flat were small schools of the surgeonfish, Acanthurus triostegus (Kechu);

                   the goatfish, Mulloides     flavolineatus (Tiao);    and the rabbitfish, Siganus

                   spinus (Seyun). Other important reef flat species        included Lethrinus harak

                   (Mafute); the jack, Caranx melampygus (Tarakito); and the snapper,
                   Lutja'nus fulvus (Kakaka).       The principal food species observed on the

                   forereef slope consisted of Lethrinus harak- (Mafute) and Mulloidichthys

                   flavolineatus   (Tiao)    several    surgeonfishes,     including   Naso     lituratus
                   (Hangun); the squirrelfishes,       Adioryx cau@limaculatus (Suksuk), Adioryx

                   spinnifer (Sesiok), Myrpristis      berndti (Sagsag) and Myrpristis murdjan'
                                                       7-
                   (Sagsag); the jack,       Caranx    sexfasciatus    (Mamulon);    several wrasses,

                   including Cheilinus undulatus (Tanguisun); the grouper, Epinephelus merra

                   (Gadao); the sweetlips, Plectorhynchus orientalis (Hamala);             and several

                   parrotfishes, including Cetoscarus bicolor and Scarus, gibbus (Lagua), both

                   of which attain relatively large sizes.

                         Nearly 31 percent (38) of the Site 3 species are considered desirable

                   food fishes.   The prominent food fish families were the Acanthuridae (26%),

                   Scaridae (15%), Lutjanidae (13%), Holocentridae (10%)          and Labtidae (10%).

                   The major food species recorded on the reef flat              included.   Acanthurus
                   triostegus (Kechu),     Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Tiao) and Siginus spinus

                   (Seyun).    Other important reef flat food species were Adior          y x spinnifer

                   (Sesiok)   and the grouper, Cephalopholis sonneratus (Gadao)..               On the

                   forereef slope, the important food species included the following:          Lethrinus

                   harak (Mafute);      Lutjanus, bohar (Tagafi), Lutjanus fulvus (Kakaka) and

                   Macolor niger; Adioryx spinnifer (Sesiok), Myrpristis berndti (Sagsag) and

                                                                                                                     126

                    Myrpristis   murdian (Sagsag);          several surgeonfishes, including            INNaso lopezi,

                    Naso hexacanthus (Guasa)             and Naso lituratuis (Hangun);                the: snapper,
                    Aphareus      furcatus and several parrotfishes, including                      Scarus gibbus

                    (Lagua)..:@

                    Fish Density

                                                                                                       'transects at
                           Fish  density    at Bahia Laulau was investigated along                jine

                    Sites  2   and  3.   Density values calculated from these               data  are' presented in
                    Table    16  (A:Pendix A).         The reef flat breakdown            b'    site  @'shows    similar
                                   p                                                        y

                                                                                                        f  individuals
                    densities of    species between sites, but a much             higher -density     0

                    occurring.   at   Site 2.     However, the latter          is   misleading     and   is probably

                    largely  the  result   of transect placement rather than            to  significant differences

                    between    sites  (see   Methods).       A better way      to use     these,  data  would be to
                    compare    fish  densities between the shallow pavement               and   depressed areas of

                    the reef     flat   (Table 17, Appendix A). These values                     do   'indicate real
                    difference s@: and  help explain why the density of individuals ':at, Site 2               was so

                    high.

                           Fish dl'pnsities  calculated for the forereef        slope are    broke.n;down by site

                    and   depth  iii Table   16. Overall, the density on the fo            rer eef  'slope was about

                    twice that     found  on the reef flat.        Within each study, site@        similar densities

                    were found     at both    depths.      However, quite different densities were found

                    between study       sites.    The fish density at Site 3 was              consistently higher.

                    At 9 m (30 ft),     a. 36 percent greater species density, as             well  as a 52 percent

                    greater density     of  individuals were found. At 18 m (60               ft), Site 3 showed a

                    57 percent greater species density and a 41 percent greater density of

                    individuals. As in the case of the reef flat, substrate variability appears to

                    be related to the density differences observed on the forereef slope (see

                    Methods).      It is evident from Table 17 that fish density at Site 2 increases

                                                                                                    127

                 with substrate complexity at both depths.        It is also. interesting to note the

                 high degree of similarity between the densities at Site 3 and those. over the

                 coral-covered areas at Site 2.

                 DISCUSSION

                       Considering the limitations imposed on this investigation by time and

                 nature, Bahia Laulau was found to contain a fairly diverse shallow-water fish

                 f aun a.  In general, the fish communities observed a.t each study site ap-
                 peared to be healthy. The numbers of species that         were found to be unique

                 to a single study site were relatively low,* ranging from 2-16 percent

                 (x = 10%) of the total recorded species. This is an indication of widespread

                 recruitment of species within the bay. More extensive reconnaissance

                 throughout the bay, especially at depths greater than 18 M (60 ft), and

                 within the vicinities of Sites 1 and 4, would undoubtedly reveal the presence

                 Of several other important species. A thorough survey of the more cryptic,

                 burrowing, nocturnal and pelagic species would also increase             the overall

                 species list significantly.

                       Furthermore, the overall abundance of shallow-water coral         reef fish is

                 known to fluctuate seasonally largely as a result of reproductive           activities.

                 In the Mariana Islands, peak fish abundance occurs from         April through July.

                 Several studies support the belief that coral reef              fishes  increase in

                 abundance in the spring and early summer months due to both                  spawning

                 peaks and increases. in recruitment (see Johannes, 1978        and 1979;  Kock, 1982

                 and Molina, 1982).     Had the same survey techniques been employed during

                 the -peak   season, it is likely that a greater number o.f species        as well as

                 juveniles,  would have:.been encountered. In addition, the ratio of        carnivores

                 to herbivores among juveniles may also shift seasonally with the former being

                 more abundant during the late spring and early summer months.

                                                                                                                                   128

                             The   percent of desirable           food species      seen    during th
                                                                                                          e survey      was fairly

                      uniform across study sites. These species                      ranged from 31-39          :Percent of the

                      total number of species recorded at each site.                              These    figures     should be

                      regarded.:as minimums when viewed in relation                       to the bay's fishery           potential.

                      In addition, better diving conditions and more extensive reconnaissance
                      would     have resulted in the identification                   of   other importan`t;.'@ood fishes,

                      especially    among the more secretive and deeper'                   living    species.

                             The   bay    does have a significant reef fishery potential: for',                        variety of

                                                                                                                       (teki
                      fishing   methods'. The reef flats              offer cast net (talaya),            gill n e't!       n) and

                      limited   surround net (chinchulun umesugan)                        possibilities        A   more     diverse

                      array    of:.species are taken with the latter two methods                          since   their   catch is

                      limited  primarily by the location             and mesh size of the            net.,   Species commonly

                      caught :by. gill      and surround nets include many wrasses,                         snappers, emper-

                      ors, jacks,       parrotfishes, rabbitfishes, surgeonfishes, and'                       goat.fishes.       Cast

                      netting,     on  the other hand, is a selective method usually:                        used to target in

                      on specif ic        species such as Acanthurus triostegus,                           :.(Kechu),       Caranx

                      melampygus:     !   (Ee),      Mulloidichthys flavolineatus                 (TiaoYt@   .',Naso      unicornis

                      (Tataga)     and    Siganus spinus (Seyun).

                             Angling     with hook and line is another method commonly.. employed on the

                      reef flat.      This    method may also be selective when used                       alo h g  the shore to

                      catch schooling        juvenile jacks such as Caranx melampygus                         (Ee) and Caranx
                      sexfasciatus (Mamulon), or from the reef margin to catch fishes over the

                      reef front, such as Naso unicornis (Tataga). Much of the selectivity of this

                      method is determined by the reef zone or depth that is fished and by the

                      type of bait and tackle that is used.                          Over the forereef slope, deeper

                      dwelling species such as the larger snappers, emperors, wrasses, jacks,

                      sweetlips and squirrelfishes may be caught with hook and line from a boat.

                                                                                                             129,

                   Spearfishing is another selective method that has             a. high potential on the

                   forereef slope.     Species that are highly desirable         by spearfishers. include;
                   Adioryx spinnifer (Sesiok),           Caranx melampygus        .:(Tarakito),      Cheilinus
                   undulatus (Tanguisun), Naso unicornis (Tataga), and                the larger snappers,

                   emperors, sweetlips and parrotfishes.

                         Local fishermen consider that the fish populations         -close to the reef flats

                   have declined as a result of the pressure from heavy fishing in recent
                   years'.   However, fishing in the bay as a whole is'             still considered to be

                   excellent.

                         Other important species seen within the bay              include four species of

                   Caesionidae (fusiliers).      These relatively unexploited s      pecies. have potential

                   as food and as baitfish for tuna.           Unfortunately, their abundance was not

                   observed to be high, but this may be because they. are only indirectly

                   associated with the reef.

                         Relatively few of the reef fishes traditionally regarded as dangerous to

                   humans were seen during this survey.               Those observed included a large

                   adult stingray (Taeniura melanospilos) (Hafula) seen at 9-m .(30 ft) at Site

                   3, a young black-tip shark (Charcharhinus melanopterus) (Haluu) and a

                   moray eel (Lycodontis sp.) (Titugi) recorded on the reef flats at@             Sites 2 and

                   3 respectively.

                         The transect data yielded calculated fish densities          that may,   be used to

                   partly characterize the reef flat and forereef slope fish communities.                   Dif-

                   ferences in.the fish densities within each of these zones appear to             be related

                   to differences in substrate complexity.             More complex substrates have a

                   greater potential for a    'ccommodating larger numbers of species and individuals

                   per area than less complex substrates.              This was well illustrate     d on the

                   forereef slope at Site 2, partially explaining why the densities at Sites 2 and

                                                                                                                       130

                                                                                              re    may  be  useful     in
                    3 were so      different      The density values presented he

                    obtaining. gross estimates of the demersal fish               'resources existing       within the

                    bay down to 18 m (60 ft).

                    CONCLUSIONS

                          The.   fish   community in Bahia Laulau down to .21 m                     .(70 Ift') is fairly

                    diverse   and appears to be in a relatively healthy statei This, ;@hd the wide

                    range    of  habitats found there, makes it a location                potentially'@ valuable for
                    ecological   studies    of reef fish.       Many important species            of f oo' 8fishes are

                    present.   and   the   potential for recreational and subsistence                 fishing   is also

                    high.    The   replenishment of harvested food species               should     riot 'be a  problem

                    since the: bay    is large and      inaccessible to fishing by,rough            seas,  during most

                    of   the  year.      The more       remote regions of the bay              should    be excellent

                    sources. of. new    recruits for    the more heavily fished areas.
                          Alth6ugh     Bahia Laulau      represents a significant          recreational    subsistence
                    fishery   for: th'  island, preliminary data provides no basis               f or:  the support of

                    an inte  .nsive commercial fishery here. However, based                  on  :observations made

                    during this:.study, we feel that the resources contained                  within.the bay could

                    support     a @Iimited commercial fishery for reef fishes.                      In  "this regard,

                    spearfishing     and, shallow-water hook and line fishing                    have    the greatest

                    potential.    There may be some species of fish that are                     not   being utilized

                    from Bahia,'Laulau at the present time.                These may represent           an excellent,

                    though perhaps seasonal, resource              (pelagic types, ie. tuna          and   mahi-mahi).

                    In any event, the@reef and reef associated fishery resources                     should continue
                    to be utilized for recreational and subsistence fishing until more data are

                    available to support demands for additional fishery development.

                                                                                                            131,

                                                   LITERATURE CITED

                  Johannes, R.E.       1978.    Reproductive strategies of        coastal marine fishes in
                        the tropics. Envir. Biol. Fish. VoIIII, p.65-84.

                                      1979.    Improving shallow water fisheries in the Mariana
                        Islands. Unpubl. Report. 23p.

                  Kock*, R.L.      1982.   Patterns of abundance variation.in reef fishes near an
                        artificial reef at Guam. Environ, Biol. Fish., V61VII, No.2, p121-136.

                  Molina, M.E.      1982.   Reef fish population inve@;tigations through the use             of
                        permanent transects.        In annual report, Dept. :of Agriculture, Aquatic
                        and Wildlife Resources Div., Guam, R.D. Anderson, M.E. Molina and
                        A.J. Hosmer Editors. p88-128.

                                                                                                                   132

                                                                                                   133

                  MARINE TURTLES AND MAMMALS

                  INTRODUCTION

                       Both the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)         and the hawksbill turtle

                  (Eretmochelys imbricata) are known to occur in the       waters of Bahia Laulau.

                  Interviews with local fishermen and divers, as well        as sightings by team

                  members during this study indicate that the green        sea turtle is a frequent

                  inhabitant of the bay, while the endangered hawksbill      turtle is more seldomly

                  seen.   According to information from Ben Concepcion, a local diver and

                  fisherman, no noticeable decline in the turtle population in Bahia Laulau is

                  evident. He normally sees one or two green      turtles on. every dive he makes,

                  spotting them either underwater or on the surface from a          boat.   He says'

                  that "turtles are more numerous      around the points, such      as Hagman and
                  Dandan and in the waters surrounding Forbidden Island."

                       Marine mammals, particularly porpoise, are known          to occur in Bahia
                  Laulau  (Tersonal observations of Ben Concepcion).        However,   no record of

                  @sightings or other scientific works verify these sitings.        Porpoise of an

                  unknown variety were observed moving through the bay on two field visits

                  (February and May 1983) during this study.          It is expected that porpoise

                  venture into Bahia Laulau for feeding and protection during'             migration.

                  There did not appear to be a resident popul.Ation of porpoise in.Bahia Laulau

                  while our survey was going on. There is no known record of whale sitings

                  in Bahia. Laulau and none were observed during this study-

                  METHODS

                       Prior to each field visit all research participants were instructed to look

                  for marine turtles and mammals while on their respective surveys.          Separate

                  transects or observations were not run since we did not expect to observe

                                                                                                         134

                   great numbers of these animals. Instead, we made a               point   to. keep an eye
                                                                                            :ithei by boat,
                   out for these animals wherever a research participant            went.   e

                   car or  while diving. Observations were made         by boat,   underwater    by scuba

                   and skin
                               diving and from observation points high              above   the  bay.     In

                   addition,   knowledgeable locals were surveyed regarding                 their personal

                   observations recently and over the past few years.

                   RESULTS

                         Turtles'were spotted at different locations throughout             Bahia Laulau on

                   each  of  the four field surveys. Sightings were made          from' obser.vation- points

                   above  Hagman   Point (Site 1), Chamorro, Village' (Site.        and':the Quarry (Site

                   4).   Turtles' were also sighted while working underwater:.at'           all sites.     A
                   total of  ::9 turtles were observed during the study.              More   turtles were
                   observed:@ on  the surface at Sites 1 and 4 than at        the   other   sites either on

                   the surface   or underwater. Two green sea turtles          (Chelonia    mydas) and one

                   hawksbill' Eretmochelys imbricata) were observed floating         qn:'the surface from

                   our observation     post above Site 1.        Three green.'     sea. -turtles (Chelonia

                              er                                                        'b
                   mydas)   wi e observed floating off Site 4 from our quarry           p,  servation post.

                   One each   ',of the green and hawksbill turtles were          observed   underwater at

                   Site 2 and, one  Hawksbill at Site 3.

                         Turtle  nesting has been observed along the beaches          which occur within

                   Bahia Laulau.     Information from Mr. Concepcion and a few              residents in the

                   area revealed that they have observed green turtle nests             at  beaches below
                   the airport and   quarry site in southern Bahia Laulau (Site         4 of our survey).

                   Recently Mr. Concepcion observed a few nests at Dandan Beach.                        Ben

                   Sablan, Fisheries specialist at the Division of Fish and Wildlife, recorded two

                   nests at Puntan Hagman during 1982.            He reports that in the mid-1970's,

                                                                                                        135

                   scuba divers were harvesting turtles regularly at          Naftan' Point, Forbidden

                   Island and the Grotto.

                   DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

                        Because of the rather extensive development of the shoreline and beach

                   areas along the west coast of Saipan, there is a              shortage of protected

                   nesting areas for turtles.     Even some of the nesting      sites on the east coast

                   are visited frequently by fishermen and tourists.           Disturbing and robbing
                   eggs* from these nests has seriously      affected the reproductive efforts of the

                   turtles. This situation makes the few relatively inaccessible. nesting beaches

                   in Bahia Laulau very important for the continued survival a          nd conservation

                   of these animals.      Nesting sites need to be better protected           during the

                   nesting season (March-July) and laws protecting the turtle nests           need to be

                   enforced. At the present time, all marine turtles are considered          to be either

                   threatened or endangered in the CNMI.          Continued education     is essential to

                   enlighten the public as to the steps necessary in protecting          and': conserving

                   this precious biological resource.

                        Although both the green and hawksbill           turtles  are protected by the

                   Federal Endangered Species Act, CNMI residents are exempted from the

                   provisions of this act and allowed to take green turtles for subsistence

                   purposes only.      Subsistence taking is defined as "customary,':          traditional

                   taking of restricted game to provide sustenance for the         taker and   his or her

                   immediate family when no other means of providing sustenance is.          .available or

                   when curtailment would result in severe malnutrition."               Only one green

                   turtle may be taken per season (September 1-November 30) and,,only CNMI-

                   citizens may take a turtle after purchasing a $5.00 license.            However, the

                   CNMI government may pass more stringent laws or regulations in              regards to

                   the taking of endangered species.           To this end the Director        of Natural

                   Resources may grant exemptions from limits for subsistence taking of

                   wildlife.

                                                                                             @136

                       Additional regulations state that green turtles les's than 34 inches   in

                  length measured across the top of the carapace may not, be taken, taking    of

                  green turtles inshore of the mean low tide mark:    is prohibited, no person

                  shall disturb or take eggs from a nest, green     turtles may. not be trans-

                  ferred, sold or exported and the taking of green   turtles must be customary

                  and traditional.

                                                                                                                     137

                                                        OTEC DEVELOPMENT

                     INTROD    :UCTION
                           The CNMI       government recognizes the Amportance of               OTEG      development

                     as a  part of    its renewable energy program in-          order    to reduc*e''ifs dependence
                     on imported       fossil fuels.      In their OTEC.        pilot    plant  program technical
                     proposal    the  CNMI concluded that 11OTEC is.,one of              its, few'*, 'alternatives as a

                                                                                                        'tal-in'tensive
                     baseload     electric power source.              OTEC     @represents    :.4.  capi
                     approach to     the production of      electric power.       Although. the     fuel is  free and

                     renewable,      the high initial        capital costs plus .        'Ahe  lack of sufficient

                     demonstration      of the technology      and economics on        a large.@'scale have    been    a
                     barrier   !to the  rapid commercialization of OTEC.

                           Four     small   OTEC applications represent the                bulk     of technological
                     advancement       in the field: Mini-OTEC, OTEC-1, Seacoasf:'Test Facility and

                     the Nauru     plant. In July 1979 the Mini-OTEC. plant              was  deployed off Keahole

                                   the island of Hawaii and became the                   woitld's.  first successful
                     Point   on'.

                     closed-cy  ,@,je OTEC plant producing an average of                   18    kW  net electricity

                     during    its    620 hours of operation.           OTEC-1 is        a. converted T-2 tanker

                     renamed      Ocean   Energy Converter and was deployed, off'.@               Keahole Point in

                     September:     1980.   The Seacoast Test Facility is a land-based              OTEC plant from

                     which biofouling      and corrosion experiments         are being    conducted. The 100kW

                     Nauru OTEC         plant was placed in operation in October of 1981 and a

                     continuous operation test was carried out for ten                   days   in November 1981.

                     This test proved the reliability and performance of                          the plant under

                     continuous operation and valuable data applicable to future commercial OTEC

                     plants was obtained. Due to successful completion of the 100 kW Nauru pilot

                                                                                                             138

                   plant the developers are now willing         to undertake construction of a 2,5OOkW

                   commercial plant.

                         Significant potential      for OTEC application           exists in tropical and

                   subtropical zones between        200 S and 200 N latitude.       where    delta  T exceeds

                   200C. Figure 17 illustrates this resource in terms of            the average    of monthly
                   temperature differential.       A comprehensive list of 98: p*otential OTEC nations

                   and -territories has been developed from basic OTEC-                criteria (Table 18).

                   These criteria are based on significant monthly delta T             within 370 kilometers

                   (200 miles) from shore, also known as the Extlusive               Economic Zone (EEZ).

                   These nations and territories can be categorized as follows.

                         1.   Developed nations - 3 (U.S., Japan, Australia).

                         .2.  Territories of developed nations         29   (U.S.9  Japan,   France, UK 9

                              Netherlands and NZ).

                         3..  Developing nations with      free-market economies        63.

                         Perhaps the greatest OTEC potential              is in    developing    nations     and

                   territories.   Table 19 illustrates the key oceanographic            resource    parameters
                   for 67   of these nations and territories (excluding            territories  of developed

                   nations   except Guam, Trust Territory of the Pacifici                Virgin  :1slands and

                   American Samoa and the centrally planned economic                  :nations).-    These 67

                   nations and territories combined have a projected installed electrical capacity

                   of approximately 284,000 MW in 1990 and a potential                1 460, 000  MW by the

                   year 2010. Much of.this could be supplied by OTEC.

                         The Saipan location and Bahia Laulau site represents one                 of the best

                   OTEC resources in the world with the average of monthly                         temperature

                   difference   between th'e warm surface and cold deep ocean waters                 exceeding

                   210C.    There are two estimates of the thermal resource available in the

                   Marianas; Lassuy (1979) University of Guam and Dames and Moore (1979) in

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               139

                                                                                                         AT('C) BETWEEN SURFACE AND 1.000 METER DEPTH

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                                                                                                                                                                                              ..... ............
                                                                   if . . .............                                                                                        . ... .......... ...............
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               36DS

                                                                                                                        .........            ........                                                                 .......  XI
                                                                                                                                                                                                         X

                                                                                                                                                                                                         ..............
                                                      4M                                                                                                 ---            . . .......
                                                                          ............                                   .. ....

                                                                                          ICE       wx        xx       lam      l1w      ME       lux       lux       IN*      INK       VIVE    Iwx      IM          ISO*     Ism

                                                      C=                 r. LIU
                                                                W.Tw' r:
                                                      E=3     P, @ , r.
                                                      = -@w 0 -Mv @. ue.fj.
                                                      M W.". ffy" Liss "",ON WTI=

                                                                                  Figure 17, Potential OTEC Thermal Resource.

                                                                                                                                140

                              Table      18-. Nations and Territories with Thermal: Resource (Mean)
                                                Annual AT >20% @1000 M Depth within                    200 nm      EEZ)

                    GEOGRAPHICAL
                         AREA                               MAINLAND                                          ISLAND

                     LATIN                  MEXICO            GUYANA                  CUBA                        GUADALOUPE (FR).
                     AMERICA,               BRAZIL            SURINAM                 HAITI                       MARTINIQUE (FR)
                                            COLOMBIA          FRENCII GUIANA(Fr)      DOMINICAN REP.              BARBADOS
                                            COSTA RICA        NICARAGUA               JAMAICA                     DOMINICA
                                            GUATEMALA         EL SALVADOR             VIRGIN IS. (US)             ST. LUCIA
                                            HONDURAS          BELIZE (UK)             GRENADA                     ST. KITTS (UK)
                                            PANAMA            UNITED STATES           ST. VINCENT                 BARBUDA (UK)
                                            VENEZUELA                                 GRAND CAYMAN (UK)           MONTSERRAT (UK)
                                                                                      ANTIGUA (UK)                THE-GRENADINES (UK)
                                                                                      PUERTO RICO (US)            CURACAO (NETH)
                                                                                      TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO         ARUBA (NETH)
                                                                                      BAHAMAS

                     AFRICA                 NIGERIA           GABON                   SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
                                            GHANA             BENIN                   ASCENSION (UK)
                                            IVORY COAST       ZAIRE                   COMOROS
                                            KENYA             ANGOLA                  ALDABRA (UK)
                                            TANZANIA          CAMEROON                MADAGASCAR
                                            CONGO             MOZAMBIQUE
                                            GUINEA            EQ. GUINEA
                                            SIERRA  LEONE     TOGO
                                            LIBERIA           SOMALIA
                     INDIAN/PACIFIC         INDIA             AUSTRALIA               INDONESIA                   AMERICAN SAMOA (US)
                     OCEAN                  BURMA             JAPAN                   PHILIPPINES                 TRUST TERRITORIES (US)
                                            CHINA             THAILAND                SRI LANKA                   GUAM'(US)
                                            VIETNAM           HONG KONG   (UK)        PAPUA NEW  GUINEA           KIRIBATI
                                            BANGLADESH        BRUNEI (UK)             TAIWAN                      FRENCH POLYNESIA (FRANCE)
                                            MALAYSIA                                  FIJI                        NEW CALEDONIA (FRANCE)
                                                                                      NAURU                       DIEGO GARCIA (UK)
                                                                                      SEYCHELLES                  TUVALU
                                                                                      MALDIVES                    WAKE-IS. (US)
                                                                                      NEW HEBRIDES (UK/FR)        SOLOMON ISLANDS
                                                                                      SAMOA                       MAURITIUS
                                                                                      TONGA                       OKINAWA (JAPAN)
                                                                                      COOK IS. (NZ)               WALLI$ A FUTUNA    IS. (FR)
                     TOTALS:                               44                                                     54

                                                                                                                                               141

                                               Table 19            Oceanographic Resource Parameters

                                                                                                                        Thermal.
                                                                                           Thermal         Usw          Res@ource   Frequency
                                 Geojraphical                                             Resource Proximity.             Size'     of Severe      Currents
                                       Area@----                    Nation                  (00            (km)'          (km),       S torm@        m 300
                                  Indtan/Pacific            Indonesia                                         '56         660@
                                                                                           22-23          10- 0         AD              0-0.1      0.2-0.4
                                 Ocean                      Papua New Guinea               23-24           <10          >1000         0.1-0.5      0.4-0.6
                                                            Kiribati                        >24            <10          @250-500        0-0.1      0.4-0.6
                                                            Tuvalu                          >24            <10                          0-0.1      0.2-0.4
                                                            Solomon Islands                23-24           <10          '.500-1000    0.1-0.6      0.4-0.6
                                                            Nauru                           >24            <10                          04. 1      0.4-0.6
                                                            Trust.   Terr. Pacific          >24            <10          .600-1000     1.0-3.0      0.2-0;4
                                                            American Samoa                 23-24           <10          :100-250      0.1-0.5      0.1-o.2
                                                            Samoa                          Z3-Z4           <10          A00-250       0.1-0.5      0.1-0.2.
                                                            Philippinas                     >24            <10,         >]boo         >3.0         0.2-0.4
                                                            Tonga                          20-21           <10.         100-250       0.1-0.5      0.1-6.2
                                                            India                          21-22          50-100        >1000.        1.0-3.0      0.2-0 4
                                                            Guam                            >24            <10@         100-250       1.0-3.0      0.2-0:4
                                                            Fiji                           21-22          10-50         250-500       0.1-0.5      0.1-0.2
                                                            Sri Lanka                      21-22          10-50         506-1600      0. 5-1, 0    0.6-0.9,
                                                            Maldives                       21-2Z           <10          500'-1000       0-0.1      0.4-0.6
                                                            Ma uri ti us                   20-21           <10                        1.0-3.0      0.1-0.2
                                                            SeychelTes                     21-22          10-50         250-500         0-0.1      0.4-0.6
                                                            Taiwan                         21-22          10-50         250-500       >3.0         0.4-0.6
                                                            Durma                          2)-22          10-50         100-250       0.5-1.0      0.2-0.4
                                                            Malaysia                       23-24          100-370       100-250       0.5-1.0      0.2-0.4
                                                            Bangladesh                     21-22     1    200-370       <100 @        1.0-3.0      0.2-0..4
                                 Africa                     Liberia                        22-23          10-50         250-500         O-OA       0.6-0.9
                                                            Ivory Coast                    22-23          10-50         250-500         0-0.1      0.6-0.9
                                                            Ghana                          22-23          10-50         250-500         0-0.1      0.6-0.9
                                                            Nigeria                        22-23          50-106 -      250-500         0-0.1      0.6-0.9
                                                            Togo                           22-23          10-50         <1do            0-0.1      0.6-0.9
                                                            Renin                          22-23          10-50         <100            0-0.1      0.6-0  ' 9
                                                                                           72-23          50 - 100      100-250         0-0.1      0.6-0.9
                                                            Gablin                         21-22          50-100        250-500         0-0.1      0.6-0.9
                                                            Mozambique                     20 - 2 1       10-50         500-1000 0.5-1.0           0.6-0.9
                                                            Sao Tome h    Principe         22-23          10-50         <100            0-0.1      0.6-0.9
                                                            Eq. Guinea                     22-23          10-50         <100            0-0.1      0.5-0.9

                                        flumber per 5' Latitude                    Longitude       Square

                                                                                                          142.

                  their preliminary EIS for a Guam OTEC.                The consensu's of these data

                  conclude that a year round temperature differential             over 210 C (69.80 F)

                  exists at a depth of 550 m (1,800 ft) and a 230 C (73.40 F) differential can

                  be obtained at a depth of 900 m (2,952 ft).

                        Siting of OTEC plants must consider          existing   competing ocean uses to

                  avoid conflicts that could delay approval           by local    and federal agencies.

                  Extensive U.S. offshore oil activities, with        a large n  umber of existing plat-

                  forms, pipelines, operations of drilling and        logistics  vessels do not exist      in

                  the regions of most Pacific Islands.        In contra.@3t to  the coastal areas of the

                  U.S. continent and, to a reduced degree, of Hawaii             and Puerto Rico, there

                                                                                                 Therefore,
                  are only a few ocean uses in the vicinity of the Pacific, Islands.

                  the potential for conflict with existing competing ocean          uses    is. considerably

                  reduced for the    small Pacific Island OTEC pilot plant      program.:

                        The competing ocean uses on which OTEC facilities            may    be expected to

                  impact   in the     Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas                 are   fisheries,

                  navigation and possible deepwater port development.               However,   the location

                  of any   OTEC facility can be planned to cause the            minimum of interference

                  with   shipping and port development.             The   only   ocean use:     that could

                  realistically be affected in the foreseeable future is that @of fisheries.

                       At present, the fisheries of the Northern Marianas are largely of the

                  subsistence variety with some recreational fishing                 and a     small local

                  commercial industry., Nevertheless, there is a high potential for            development

                  of a commercial fishing industry as has been shown by the successful efforts

                  achieved by the Japanese, Taiwanese, Korean and more recently I                arge U. S.

                  purse seiners in Marianas waters.          The development of       a viable commercial

                  fishing industry is of central importance to CNMI economic independence and

                  self-sufficiency and is recognized as such in the recent Draft Fisheries

                                                                                                           143

                  Development Plan, FY       1981-85. The recently      enacted Marine     Sovereignty     Act

                                                                                         Northern Mariana
                  of 1980   stresses the     dependence of the people of the
                  Islands on the resources of the sea "for their           economic,     social and political

                  survival.:and growth" and the consequent need to establish                   6 ntrol over

                  marine   resource exploitation.      The Act inter     alia establishes    a.3.70 kilometer
                  (200 mile) economic zone for this purpose.

                         The  effect of an OTEC facility on fisheries relates          to  the :displacement

                  of warm,    shallow  water with cold, deep water        and    theresulting'   modification

                  of temperature,     salinity, density, dissolved       oxygen,    nutrients:, carbonates

                  and particulates.      This "artificial upwelling"     caused   by  an .:OTEC operation

                  can result     in an increased fish population and therefore               higher    yields.

                  However,, the    overall impact of a    small OTEC    plant is  likely to  b e minimal.
                         Another  'aspect currently      under consideration      is  the-feasibility of a

                  multi-purpose      OTEC consisting of a mariculture.               plant    utilizing the

                  nutrient-rith    discharged sea water and possibly a desalination           plant and air

                                                                                   c
                  conditioning     facility.    An OTEC/mariculture/desalination/air conditioning

                  complex   of:,this nature would be an efficient application particularly for small

                  scale OTECI. plants.

                        In summary, the island of Saipan, particularly                Bah ia Laulau, as a

                  potential OTEC     site looks very promising from a physical environmental point

                  of view. . The     thermal resources available are close to            shore making the

                  concept of a coastal OTEC plant a very viable one.                    Caution , however,
                  needs to be exercised in the actual site selection to position' the plant in an

                  area least exposed to adverse physical conditions such as faults, typhoon

                  generated waves and proximity to shore.

                                                                                                           144

                   POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RELATED TO@ OTEC DEVELOPMENT

                         Evaluation of potential environmental impacts associated with Pilot Plant

                   deployment and operation is presently a matter of conjecture since little data

                   has been collected near an operating OTEC plant.                     During the first
                   deployment of Mini-OTEC at Keahole Point, Hawaii,            :tiie number and species

                   of   fish   attracted     to   the   platform     were    monitored     (Nolan,      1980).

                   Environmental monitoring for the OTEC preoperational                platform (OTEC-1),

                   also near Keahole Point, has also been completed (Menzies            et al., 1980).

                         Several reports have preliminary data regarding           potential environmental

                   impacts associated with OTEC plants. The full range            of  environmental issues

                   surrounding OTEC development, demonstration and                  commercialization was

                   described in the DOE OTEC Environmental Development Plan' (DOE, 1979a).

                   An Environmental Assessment (EA) was prepared                   by DOE (1979b)          for

                   OTEC-1.     The OTEC Programmatic Environmental              Analysis    considered the

                   environmental effects of the development, demonstration           and commercialization

                   of several OTEC technological designs, plant configurations                   and power

                   usages  .(Sands, 1980).

                         The  OTEC Pilot    Plant may potentially affect air quality, the          terrestrial

                   environment and the      marine ecosystem in the vicinity       ci:.f the deployment and
                   operation site.      Atmospheric effects or climatic alterations            fr*o'm carbon
                   dioxide release and sea-surface te        Imperature cooling are not an't"icipated to

                   result from Pilot Plant operation.        Construction of a Land-Based *Pilot Plant

                   may necessitate the total destruction of the existing terrestrial habitat.

                   Grading   for roads, utility corridors and the central utility terminus may

                   result in  a change of Jand use from natural to improved (developed)             land.

                         The majority of environmental effects associated with Pilot Plant

                   deployment and operation center on the marine ecosystem since it is the

                   source of evaporating and condensing waters and receiver of effluent waters

                                                                                                                                                                             145
     .............

                                     used     by the plant.                Marine environmental                   effects associated with the various

     ............
                                     Pilot    Plant configurations being considered                                 can be catego'rizlea                as:              major,

                                     (those causing significant- environmental                                   impacts), (2) minor                    (those causing
     ...........
                                     insignificant environmental disturbances                                   :and (3) potential                  '(those occuring
                                           9

                                     onl      during accidents).                    Pilot Plant char'acteris tics and                        @their corresponding
     ..............                      y

                                     environmental effects include:
     ...............
     ...............
                                     1.     Major Effects of Deployment and Oper                                          Source      of   :Pollution

                                     Attraction. of fish, invertebrates                                                   Plaf form      presence
     ............
     ..............                  and     birds*

                                     Organism         impingement and entrainment                                         Withdrawal         of    surface
     ..............
                                                                                                                          and.   dee'p-.Ocean waters
     ................

                                     Effects       on nontarget organisms                                                 Discharg6         of;biocides
     .......... ..
     ..............                  Redistribution of ocean properties,                                                  Discharge'        of   waters at
                                     particularly nutrients and planktonic                                                or   near     the     thermocline
     ...............
     ........ . .....                organisms

                                     Toxic,      effects on resident organisms                                            Protective'hull coating
                                                                                                                          release'

                                     2.     :Minor      Effects of Deployment and Oper.                                   Source. of        Pollution

     ...............
     ................                Ef fects      from trace constituent                                                 Po*er*,    cycle erosion and
     ...........
                                     release       on resident organisms                                                  corrosion,

                                     Habitat       destruction and turbidity                                              Implantation of cold-water
     ................                during        dredging                                                               pipe and'transmission cable

                                     3. Potential Effects from Accidents                                                  Source of         Pollution
     ................
     .................
                                     Toxic effects of released working                                                    Potential       working fluid
                                     fluid on resident organisms                                                          release from spills or
     .... .....
     ................                                                                                                     leaks
     ................
     .................

                                     Toxic effects of oil on resident                                                     Potential oil releases

     .................
                                     organisms
     .................
     ................
                                              The Pilot Plant will serve as an artificial reef and provide a habitat for

                                     a large number of organisms. The increased population near the plant win
     .................

                                     compound environmental impacts by exposing greater                                                    numbers of organisms
     ...............
     ........ .......
     .................
     ................

     ... ......
     .................

     ............. . ..

                                                                                                      146

                  to the effects associated with routine plant operation, such as entrainment

                  and impingement and risk of nonroutine events such         as spills..

                                                                             a
                        Preliminary    (order-of-magnitud.e) estimates       indicate that the most

                  serious marine ecosystem effects caused by Pilot               Plant operation are

                  associated with the seawater intake and discharg6.:            The Pilot Plant will

                  withdraw and dischage approximately 100 times more' water than a similarly

                  sized fossil-fuel or   nuclear power plant.       The potential impacts associated

                  with seawater withdrawal and discharge include entrainment of larval stages,

                  impingement of ecologically and commercially important species, toxic

                  substance release and ocean water redistribut     ion.

                        1.    Entrainment of ichthyoplankton (fish           eggs and     larvae) and

                  meroplankton (benthic invertebr.ate eggs and larvae) may               reduce adult

                  populations  downstream of the plant.        Around islands'   the maintenance -of a

                                                                      is vit al  to adult:   population
                  larval population near the spawning site

                  existence.

                        2.  Impingement of organisms on the intake           screens may:.reduce the

                  population of ecologically or commercially important       species in the vicinity of

                  the   plant.    Data on     platform    attraction    rates,  species :affected by

                  impingement, impingement rates and mortality rates             have   be@n collected

                  during operation of OTEC-1, a converted T-2 tanker that               tested various

                  OTEC plant components off Keahole       Point, Hawaii in 1981.

                        3.    Biocides   (chlorine    and its     seawater-reaction    products)     and

                  protective -,hull coatings released from the Pilot Plant may be toxic -to resident

                  organisms or taken up in the tissues of      ecologically or commerciall@. important
                  species (Rowley, 1980).      Descriptive studies on the seawater ch        :emistry of
                  chlorine, acute/chronic toxicity studies and food-chain investigations are

                  required for evaluating'the effects of these releases.

                                                                                                                                  147

                            4.    The    release    of working fluids and oil             during      a catastrophic accident

                      could significantly impact the marine environ                       ment.       The risk's     of accident
                      occurrence should be assessed and a spill contingency                           plan prepar'ed.

                            5. ..The discharge of nutrient-enriched deep waters within                               @f he  surface

                                                                                                                            of the
                      layers    of the water column may increase the                         primary     productivi

                      receiving    waters.       Data for evaluating nutrient               redistribution       effects    on the

                      ecosystem includes physical-model predictions",                        phytoplankton ''uptake rates
                      and food-chain investigations.                   Results of         physical'      models@', 'Will    provide

                      estimates       of     the      plume        stabilization        depth,        downstream           mitrient

                      concentrations       and area affected. Phytoplankton uptake                       rates  and food-chain

                      investigations      are important for estimating the                    increase    in; biomass      and its

                      resulting    effect on trophic level           structures.

                             T o' 'assess the potential effects of Pilot                Plant deployment           'and operation

                      the ecological, physical and chemical characteristics.                          of  -the     site must be

                      determined.     prior to plant deployment and                  an environmental          monitoring plan

                      (for evaluation of plant operational effects) prepared.:                              After Pilot Plant

                      deployment        environmental monitoring data must be                         obtained           used for
                      determining       the long-range environmental effects ass                      Iociate.d'' with the Pilot

                      Plant operation. These data will be used in regulatory compliance reporting,

                      but should       also   be compared with environmental predictior@s                        made prior to

                      deployment.     in order to validate theoretical results.

                      RISK OF CREDIBLE ACCIDENTS RELATED TO OTEC DEVELOPMENT

                             Operations in the marine environment present several unique hazards or

                      potential for accidents.             Collisions, extreme weather conditions, military or

                      political terrorism and human error may endanger the safety of the platform

                      crew and the population served by the Pilot Plant.                                     Pilot Plant crew

                                                                                             148

                 members, population adjacent to the plant
                                                              and communities served by the

                 plant will be exposed to potential accidents and power failures.

                      Ship traffic around the Pilot Plant    must be..:-carefully monitored to

                 minimize the potential for collisions.     Large volumes of working fluid

                                                                      r
                 (ammonia) will be stored aboard the Pilot Plant and,@present certain health

                 hazards should a collision or large leak occur.     A. '@pill contingency plan

                 should be prepared after the Pilot Plant platform and'deployment sites have

                 been selected.

                                                                                                                    149

                                                        LITERATURE CITED

                    Dames    and Moore Inc.           1979.    Environmental      Impact statement        for Guam
                            OTEC Pilot Program.

                    Lassuy,    D. R.       1979.    Oceanographic conditions in          the   vicinity   of Cabras
                            Island and Glass Breakwater for the potential                 @developm  .ent of Ocean
                            Thermal Energy Conversion on Guam.                   Univ.    -of' Guam': Narine Lab.
                            Rept. No. 53.

                    Menzie     C .  A.', D. Frye and D. Hazelwood.                1980.    OTEC-1    'enviro n*mental
                            monitoring   program. Expanded abstracts of the, seventh:.'o'cean energy
                            conference, Wash., D. C. 4p.

                    Nolan,    R. 19@8 0.    Fish associated      with the first deployment,         of Mini-OTEC.
                            ORCA, 'Honolulu, Hawaii. 50p.

                    Rowley.,   D. M.,   1980. Analysis of       biofouling communities       on,,settling plates at
                            the proposed ocean thermal          energy conversion .(OTEQ) site off Guam.
                            Guam Energy Office. 89p.

                    Sands,     M.. D.      (ed.).      1980.     Ocean thermal energy@           conversion draft
                            pro rammatic environmental           analysis.     Prepared foi, U. S. Dept. of
                            Energy, Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48.                  Interstate Electronics Corp.
                            Anaheim,- CA.
                    U. S. Department of Energy,                  1979a.     Environmental      development plan.
                            OTEC.    August 1979. U. S.         DOE Assist. Sec. for Energy Tech., Asst.
                            Sec. '.for Environ. 48p.

                                                         1979b. Environmental assessment,             ocean thermal
                            energy   conver--si-on-7-0-TEC) program. Preoperational ocean             test platform.
                            U. S.    DOE, Asst. Sec. for Energy Tech., Wash...,,                     D. C. 20545.
                            DOE/EA-0062. 381p.

                                                                                                              151

                                                   GENERAL DISCUSSIONS

                    PHYSICAL    RESOURCES

                         Physical resources in Bahia Laulau include the reef                     beaches and

                    isolated mineral deposits.       Reefs and associated flora and.fauna           are one of

                    the most valuable resources islands have to offer and,this              is  exemplified by

                    the available   resources of Bahia Laulau.          The most      importanf@ resources on

                    the reef    are the edible fishes as well as         numerous    other.  edible flora and

                    f auna.    Food  fishes are described in the         fish section     of this:! report.    In

                    addition,   the coral community represents an        important   resource, for without it

                    most   other    forms would       not congregate here.             Beaches'   represent a

                    significant, physical resource     both from an aesthetic point        of view as    well as

                    the po .tential 'for sand mining.       A reasonable sized deposit,,of       :Manganese is

                    located. on the Hagman Point side of the bay.                  Details ,of   these mineral

                    deposits, are   discussed the Geology section.          One important resource not to

                    be overlooked- in    Bahia Laulau is the temperature differential' between deep

                    cold water:.   and warm surface water.           This temperature      differential is the

                    basis for  ',OTEC development and the premise upon whicl@                 this study was

                    undertaken.

                    BIOLOGICAL      RESOURCES

                           Biological resources include fishing and harvesting of            .algae, coral and

                    clams.    Fishing represents the single largest biological resource for the
                    people of Saipan       Harvesting coral, algae and other forms'such as clams is

                    a viable resource in Bahia Laulau.            However, strict regulations and limits

                    must be placed on these resources since they can be depleted rapidly leaving

                    an irreparable condition.       At the present time, harvesting of coral is illegal

                    in the GNMI except by permit.

                                                                                                           152

                   RECREATIONAL RESOURCES

                         Recreational uses of Bahia Laulau include all          activities associated with

                   the beach and ocean.        These include boating, fishing, diving, sunbathing,

                   picknicking or just appreciating the natural beauty               of this idyllic bay.

                   Observations during our field trip indicate        that the  bay  is used by fishermen

                   both from boats and on the reef including netting             and spearfishing.       Small

                   boats can also be launched on the beach or over               the reef near the small

                   channel at Site 2, weather permitting.                 Numerous    scuba divers were

                   observed during our field trips. Sunbathing is an            ideal  recreational use for

                   Bahia Laulau.

                   Snorkeling and Scuba Diving

                         Bahia Laulau is one          of the favorite areas         for recreational and

                   tourist-related diving and it       affords one of     the only.  sites  along the east

                   coast of Saipan where divers and spearfishermen              can. make    an easy beach

                   entry.,   A well-protected cove (near Unai Bapot) with@ a narrow             cut through

                   the reef             an entry and exit point for -divers      and small boats.

                         Dive shop owner and scuba instructor Ben Concepcion reports                 that all

                   dive  tours to Saipan (mostly from Japan and Guam) make at least              one  dive in

                   Bahia  Laulau.     He estimates a total of 75-100 tourist        :divers visit this site

                   each month.      In addition to this number, local residents frequent the Bay

                   for spearfishing, lobstering and other recreational uses.

                   Fishing and Boating
                         Obs iervations by team members during this study, informati@r.i from the
                   local Fish and Wildlife Division and interviews with Mr. Ben Concepcion and

                   other local fishermen all indicate that Bahia Laulau is important and

                   frequently used for subsistence and light commercial fishing.              Th  e reef flat

                                                                                                               153

                   is extensively utilized for talaya (throw-net) fishing, gill            ne ts, pole casting

                   from the reef edge, octopus hunting and lobstering and crabihg'at                  night.

                          A limited number of fishermen bottom fish'          and troll in the Bahia Laulau

                   area.    According to local fishermen, more fishing would occur                  if a better

                   boat launching site and channel were            available  in the Bay.       At  the present
                   time, only small boats can be launched via              the cut in the     reef.    The trip

                   around the southern tip of the island and Naftan Point              u
                                                                                            to B'ahia  Laulau is

                   long and usually       rough and it is costly in         terms of, time    an'd.@ fuel.:  Both

                   boaters:   and  divers expressed a        desire to have the       present    channel     (cut)

                   widened    and   deepened which would result in increased              use  of  the Bay for

                   fishing  and   recreation.

                   RESOURCE DEGRADATION

                          Some   damage to the coral community throughout'                   Bahia Laulau is

                   presently   underway as a result of an influx of Acanthaster',pla            nci (crown-of-
                   thorns starfish).       Numerous individuals (more than             10,0: large individuals)

                   were observed at each site with the majority inhabiting,.the lush coral

                   community:.    at  Sites 2 and 3.          Individuals collected      -,duiing our survey

                   measured     'nearly 50 cm (20 in) representing some of the               largest specimens

                   observed    anywhere, particularly in these waters.- Damage               to  the coral reef

                   is evident    which suggests the condition has been progressing for sometime

                   now.

                          An Acanthaster outbreak for Saipan was predicted for                  the summer of
                   1981   on the basis of heavy rains in August 1978 (Birkelan'd, 1982).                      This

                   outbreak was observed in August 1981 by Joaquin Villagomez, then chief of

                   the Division of Marine Resources, Saipan. The starfish were first observed

                   in southern Saipan and they were described as "a moving front comprised of

                   several thousand individuals." It is likely that the Acanthaster which now

                                                                                                  154

                  inhabit the reefs of Bahia Laulau are from this 1981     infestation as the large

                  size reported (up to 50 cm) would be expected in        a 41 year-old population

                  (settled out of the plankton to form juveniles in August 1978).

                       Minor degradation   to the coral community offshore and on the reef flat
                  has also resulted from   sediment runoff particularly in:..the vicinity of Site 2.

                  Storm water drainage    carrying large quantities of    silt pours into the bay

                  near Site 2 through a    small drainage fitted with what appears to be a box

                  culvert constructed sometime during the Japanese occupation. Water quality

                  analysis indicates a higher degree of turbidity 'from   suspended solids pouring

                  into the bay at this point.    In addition, total and   fecal coliform counts are

                  higher here than in other areas of the bay.

                       The increased use of Bahia Lau.lau and intensive     subsistence fishing and

                  trampling of corals on reef flats has contributed      to 'the gradual decline of

                  food fishes in the area.    Local fishermen note that    fish populations on the

                  reef flats or close to the shore have gradually declined    in the last ten years

                  or so  as :a result of increased fishing in the area.

                  UNIQUE  AREAS AND FEATURES

                  Bahia   Laulau is a unique bay in itself both from the    resource and aesthetic

                  point of view. Specific unique areas include Forbidden        Island  @nd Hagman

                  Point, the reef flat and beaches between Sites 1 and 2'.      natural :cut in reef
                  at Site 2 where boats can enter and exit the bay and       the protect'ed cove at

                  Site la.   These areas are unique because of their natural            beauty and

                  aesthetic.. value as well as their value as a resource for enj.oyment or

                  livelihood.

                                                                                        155

                                           LITERATURE CITED

               Birkeland, C.     1982.  Terrestrial runoff  as a cause    of  outbreaks of
                    Acanthaster planci    (Echinodermata:  Asteroidea).   Mar.Biol. 69,
                    175-185.

                                                                                                                   156.

                                                                                                           157

                                                       CONCLUSIONS

                   GENERAL

                             Bahia Laulau has highly diverse terrestrial            and  marine ecological
                   communities.

                             Bahia Laulau is important          for subsistence:      fishing: and    various
                   recreation uses for local residents and      tourists* alike.

                              Ancient Chamorros and military personnel- (both                @Japanese and
                   American) have utilized the bay Which is rich in resources.

                            'Bahia  Laulau is known as a mating ground            and, the   isolated:  beach
                   areas are utilized as nesting sites for sea turtles.

                             Nater   quality within the bay is generally             excellent   with some
                   localized degradation following heavy rains.

                   RESOURCES

                             The entire bay is rich in resources which            may   play an important
                   role in the future development of Saipan and the Northern' Mariana Islands.
                   These resources include the following:

                                 Manganese
                                 Limestone
                                 Beach sand
                             7   Tropical forest lumber (Breadfruit, Ifil, Kama'chiie) -
                                 Cold deep   water and warm shallow water close         to: shore

                        -The   ta'gpochou formation cropping out immediately north           of Beach Road
                   at Unai    Bapot appears to possess the requisite density required for
                   construction aggregate.

                   OTEC

                             Adequate near-shore cold water exists at appropriate            depths for the
                   proposed OTEC facility at the Hagman Point site.
                             Providin  g that effluent is not discharged in the' vicinity of the
                   near-shore reef area, impact to the marine environment due to effluent
                   discharge would be minimal since currents at the discharge point move out to
                   sea. -     The site is poor from an engineering point of view because of
                   instability due to faults in the area and heavy surf and constant wind
                   activity from the prevailing east-northeast direction.

                                                                                             158

                          Accessibility to the proposed OTEC site is   non-existent and would
                pose severe problems during the development of infrastructure because of its
                general isolation.

                     -    Highly fractured   bedrock, steeply dippin'     soft and    weathered
                                                                       9
                volcanic strata, extremely  steep slopes, high relief,@-sparse vegetation and
                low-level shock waves from  earthquakes and storm swells contribute to lessen
                safety factors at Site 1.   Many slopes at Puntan Hagman are barely stable
                from the construction point  of view.

                     -    Tropical storms and typhoons would probably attack the base of
                Site 1 directly promoting active coastline retreat arid. generating sufficient
                submarine instability to initiate submarine slides directly off the site.
                          Engineering and construction costs to build:an OTEC facility would
                be extremely high because of its isolated nature and the general geologic
                constraints of the site.

                          General working conditions for offshore pipe    placement would be
                extremely poor and limited to only a few weeks a year      due to rough water
                conditions.

                                                                                                          159

                                                   RECOMMENDATIONS

                   General

                             Control development      within Bahia     taulau to    preserve.   its natural
                   beauty  and water qualit
                                             Y!

                             Properly manage and conserve all           Fesources   in  B ahia  Laulau for
                   their ultimate future protection.

                             Subsistence, recreational and small        scale commercial   'fishing: should
                   be supported and expanded for under-utilized s
                                                                          pecies.:

                             Access for boating through the existing natural          cut  at- Bapot   Beach
                   should  be  improved,

                             Continue water qualit monitoring within         the  Bahia: Laulau area.

                   Resources

                             Further   studies  to determine the quantity      and  qu'ality'of manganese
                   deposits  at Hagman Point    should be undertaken.

                             Limestone    deposits throughout        the   bay    should   be studied to
                   determine  the nature and extent of future       quarry sites.

                             Providing   thq 0TEG facility is a pr9y-e4, the       following  are needed:
                                                                  T_

                             Detailed   engineering studies to       determine    the   suitability of the
                   OTEG site'at Hagman-Point.

                             Specific  detailed current studies at the OTEC          site to determine the.
                   zone of.  mixing      This would include shallow to deep underwater current
                   studies over a one    year period,

                             Additional bottom profiles       at the. OTEC site to      determine precise
                           profile for pipe placement.
                   bottom

                             Heavy    construction planned for sites on Marianas and Tanapag
                   formations should, be preceeded by thorough subsurface investigations
                   including geophysical surveying and borings.,

                               APPENDICES

                                            APPENDIX A
                                         TABLES 1, 2, 4-17

                                                                       I

                Table 1.    Rock units mapped in the vicinity of. Bahia Lauliu, Saipan
                                       Map                                                            Engineering   2          General Engineering
                  Name             symbols            General Lithologic Descriptions                 Designation              or Construction Considerations

                Be"Ich                 Qrb            Intertidal and low supertidyl san      d         Beach Sand              Easily excavated waterworn poo
                Deposits                              wid gravels including recently ce-                                       graded shell and coral fragment
                                                      mrnted beacbrock. Predominantly 61-                                      Bearing capacity good if dry.
                                                      careoits, bioclastic, and poorly                                         Satisfactory construction materi
                                                      sorted. Fast coast Qrb may contain
                                                      significant volcanics.

                Emerged                Orl            Poorly sorted calcareous sands and               Beach   sand            Same as above
                Htnesands                             gravels occurring as supratidal
                                                      storm deposits; may he mixed with
                                                      alluvium washed off local slopes.

                Alluvitim              Qa             Presently accumulaLfiig gravelly                   Alluvium              Easily excavated; very      poor gra
                                                      alluvium trinsported off hilly terrain
                                                                                                                               Non clay material too weathered
                                                      by deeply incised ephemeral streams.                                     aggreg-ite. Grumbly,
                                                      Includes significant clay lenses and
                                                      occasional debris flows.

                Colluvium           Ql, Qor           Deposits formed by mass wasting. Slide            Colluvium              Some rockslides may have appre
                                       Qx             blocks, slump blocks, landslides, soil                                   aggregate-quality material.
                                                      creep and talus.

                Tanapag                Qta            Coralgal reef limestone and detrital                 Firm                Pinnacled, cavernous surface on
                                                      limestone. Partially recrystallized,               Porous                cavernous subsurface. May be c
                                                      highly fossiliferous, tan to white,               Limestone              or fria6le. Excavations require
                                                      porous. Outcrops discontinuous. Forms                                    ling and blasting. Adequate onI
                                                      lowest 2-10 m, benches where it rests                                    cohstruction.
                                                      on eroded Mariana or Tagpochau
                                                      abrasion terraces.

                Tc,rrace               Qp             Well- strati fled reddish argillaccous             Partially             Friable and easily excavated.
                Deposits                              sandstone composed of reworked vol-              'Weathered              limited outcrops. GOnerall*yun@a
                                                      volcanic pebbles.                                  Andesite              .-factory engineering material.

                  Table 1. Continued.

                  Mariana           Qmh, Qmm           Coarse to fine-grained massive (Qmtn),                Firm               Compact to friable, often cave
                                       Qmr             rubbly (Qmr), sometimes Flalimeda-rich               Porous              Faults and joiiits prevalent. G
                                                       (Qmh) Iagoonal white to tan limestone              Limestone             excellent construction material
                                                       with occasional reefal units. Major                                      compact
                                                       terrace former throughout CNfAl. 100-
                                                       150 m thick.

                  Tagpochau          Tti, Ttt          White to pink, ofteit v-ariag.ati,@.d.,       -Very Compact              *lAmestoncs are   very   firm and c
                                    Ttd, Ttni          generally compact, laguoinal-and                   -Limestone            Excellent construction aggrega
                                                       off-rcef limestone-, significant                   (Tti, Ttt)            decorative stone.
                                                       deepwater sandy units (the Donni
                  uticonforntity        I't r          member (Ttd)).-Inequigranulir (Tti),                 clayey              Very bad qualities: Expandable
                                                       marly (Ttm), and transition nirmbers               Volcanic              no bearing strenght; unstable.
                                                       MO. May be argillaccous and                        Sediments
                                                       tuffaccous. Thickness about 200 m.                   (Ttd)'

                  Dciisinyama          Tdcq            Interbedded well-stratified tuffarrous             Weathered             Vuggy; porous to compact, fri
                                                       qu-irtzose sandstones and conglemer                Andesitic             Pebblesweathered. Quartzose. m
                                                       ates. Ilematic, reddish-brown cherty               Sandstone
                                                                                                                                hardand abrasive. Generally t
                                                       matrix. Grains mostly volcanics,                      and                factory construction material.
                                                       quartz and chert. Sulfides. Thickness Conglomerate
                                                       about 30 m.
                  Hagman            Thc, Thl)          VoIcanoclastics: Volcanic-derived                    Partly              Loose, fresh to partly weather
                                                       tuffaceous sandstones, lapilli-tuff,               Weathered             volcanic detritus and altered
                                                       medium tuff, breccia, conglomerate,                Andesitic             tuffaceous matrix. Easily excav
                                                       andesite glass and rock fragments.                 Sandstone             boulders arid cobbles make exc
                                                       Pebbles and boulders are porphyritic.                 and                aggretage. Expandable clays m
                                                       Dark gray, pink, olive: thickness               Con glomerate            slopes unstable.
                                                       about 300 m.

                  Footnotes
                    IGeologic mapping, names, symbols, and formation thickness after Cloud,                  et.   al. 1456.
                    7r,ngineering designaflon and qualities after Nicol, 1956.

              Table 2. Soil units mapped in vicinity of Bahia Laul         au, 'Saipan.

                   NAME  1                   General Description                  Construction Considerations     2

              Saipan - Chacha            Mostly deep clays; neutral,..            Unsuited for heavy construc-
                 Association             firm yellowish brown     on gently       tion. Slow drainage. High
                                         sloping hilly terrain over               shrinkage sticky clays with
                                         limestone.                               limestone boulders. Good
                                                                                  subgrade fill.

              Dandan Soils               Mostly clay loam; moderately             Fair for light structures,
                                         deep, neutral to alkaline,               Unsuited for heavy construction.
                                         friable, brown; on gently                Good subgrade, excellent topsoil.
                                         sloping terrain over limestone.

              Lito-Akina-Dago            Deep clays; acid, firm, reddish,         Poor for heavy structures. High
                 Association             on gently sloping to hilly               shrinkage; Sticky:
                                         terrain over volcanic rocks.             Poor drainage.

              Chinen Soils               Mostly 'Clay loam; shallow, alka-        Fair for light structures, Slow
                                         line, stony, on gently sloping           drainage, high shrinkage,
                                         to steep terrain over limestones.        fair topsoil.

              Shioya Soils               Mostly loamy sand; deep, calcare-        Good for light structures. Very
                                         ous, light colored, on nearly           ..rapid drainage. Good compaction,
                                         level coastal flats.                     good subgrade     and fill. Poor
                                                                                  top Soil.

              Rough Stonyland on         Very shallow stony solid;. mostly        Too shallow to   rate. B*edrock
                 Limestone               on hilly -and 9teep'"teirrain,           excellent for structures (if
                                         numerous limestone outcrops.             sited properly).

              Rough Broken Land          Clays; shallow and very shallow,         Fair for' light ''Structure s, high
                                         4c-i-d,. reddish, highly weather-        shrinkage. Slow drainage.
                                        ..ed-volcanic-rocks@ PI many gullies-.--

              Quarries                   No soil cover; limestone                 Not applicable.
                                         quarries

              Fo?tnote:
                 2Soil mapping, names,. and descriptions taken from McCracken and Zarza (1954)
                  Engineering. soil. data from McCracken (1955)

                   Table 4. Site comparison summary.

                                                            SITE I                          SITE 2                           SITE 3                           SITE 4
                   Geologic
                   Evaluation                               Sabatinii                        Unai                             Unal                              Unal
                   Criteria                                 Kagman                           Bapot                           Laulau                           Dandat

                   Rock Units                       Volcanics and    lime-           Volcanlcs and..Iime-           Limest es-.- Normal-             Limestones- I
                   (composition and                 stones. Many     joints and      stoiies.. Normal strati''               aphic sequence.         and pinnacled
                                                                                                              7,    stratigr
                   structure)                       faults. Very    complex. _.,graphic's7&lucn_ce_'. No            Minor faulting.                  and Mariana.
                                                                                     faulting. Abundant       -              ......
                                                                                     jointing.

                   Soil Units                       Mositly shallow and              Sticky clays upslope.          Shallow and rocky. Some          No soil.    Esse
                                                    rocky.                           Shallow and rocky                     pockets of clay.          bedrock.
                                                                                     downslope. Limesatids.

                   Slope Stability                  Extremely unstable               Fair. Volcanics upslope        Good                             Excellent
                                                    slopes. Rapidly changing         show slumping and creep.
                                                    slopes and coastline.

                   Danger of Flooding               Low                              High. Vulnerable to            Moderate. Somewhat               None
                                                                                     typhoon-related swells         vulnerable to flash
                                                                                     and flash flooding.            flooding and waves.

                   Alluvial Processes               Active gullying and              Active transport of            Minor alluvial transport.        None
                                                    soil removal from steep          boulders, sand and      clay
                                                    terrain.                         down ephemeral streams.

                   Subsurface                       Very porous limestones           Very porous limestones         Very porous limestones.          Very porous
                                                    from  .faulting and              on low porosity
                                                    solution.                        volcanics.

                   Goastal Configuration            Faces south    cliff; and        Faces south; beach and         Faces southeast;     beach       Faces iiorthea
                                                    headlands vulnerable             road vulnerable to             vulnerable to typhoons           Vulnerable to
                                                    to typhoons.                     typhoons.                      c1liffline receding              tradewind ene
                   Economic   Resou rces            Manganese;     Scenic            Recreational- -                '.Recreational.                  '.Aggregate.;   S

                Table 5.   Temperature and Salinity at         the Listed Dept     hs with Corresponding
                           Calculated Density (November 4, 1982).             m     meters, OC = degrees
                           centigrade, ppt = parts per thousand, g/CM3 = grams per cubic
                           centimeter.       Temperature,       salinity    and    -density* values       were
                           extrapolated where noted by ail asterisk.

                Depth                   Temperature                        Salinity                   Density
                (M)                          (OC)                           (ppt)                     (g/CM3)

                Surface                      28.4                           34.4                       1.022

                229                          22.5                           35.1                       1.025

                305                          12.3                           34.5                       1.027

                @381                          9.3                           34.4                       1.OZ8

                457                           7.4                           34.5                       1.028

                :.5Z5*                        6.4                           34.3                       1.026

                .550*                         4.4                           34.1                       1.022

        Table 6. Checklist     of plants by site. A       Abundant, C      Common,    S   Seldom, R      Rare.   P1
                    Type, (T) Tree, (S) Shrub, (B) Bush, (F) Fern, (V) Vine, (W) Weed,                (G) Grass.
                    Dates:    11/82, 2/83, 5/83, 9/83

                                                                                              Plant      Site     Si
                    SCIENTIFIC NAME               ..Common    Name-.. Chamorio.Name... .TYP6.              1

        Leucaena leucocephala                       Tangan-tangan                               (T)        C
        Leucaena insularum var.    guamense         -Tangan-tangan                              (T)        C
        Casuarina equis tifolia                     Ironwood            Gago                    (T.)       S
        Miscanthus floridulus                       Sword-grass         Neti                    (G)        A
        Scaevola taccada                                                Nanaso                  (S)
        Bidens pilosa                               Beggar's-Tick                               (W)        C
        Stachytarpheta indica                       False Verbena                               (W)        C
        Hibiscus tiliaceus                          Hibiscus            Pago                    (B)
        Ipomoea pes-caprae                          Beach Morning-      Alalag-Tasi             (V)
                                                    Glory
        Pluchea indica                                                                          (S)
        Wedelia 61-f-lora                           Beach Sunflower                             (V)
        Hernandia nymphaeifolia                                         Nonak                   (T)
        Cassytha filiformis                                             Mayagas                 (T)        C
        Barringtonia asiatica                       Fish-kill-tree      Puting                  (T)
        Desmodium unbellatum                                            Palaga Hilitai          (S)
        Mucuna gigantea                             Small Seabean       Gayi Dikike             (v)
        Sophora tomentosa                                                                       (S)        R
        Vigna marina                                                    Akangkang               (V)
                                                                        Manulasa
        Pemphis acidula                                                 Nigas                   (S)
        Thespesia populnea                                              Banalo                ':(T):"-*""
        Cocos nucifera                              Coconut             ...Niyog,.              (T)
                                                                                                           C
        To-lubrIna asiatica                                           "-.Gasoso...
        Bikkia mariannensis                                             Gausali                 (S)       .-C
                                                                        Nger
        Allophylus timorensis
        Ca-Hiparpa candicans                                            Masiksik
        Clerod@_n_drum inerme                                           Lodugao                 (V)        C
        Guamia mariannae                                                Pai-pai
        Ochrosia mariannensis                                           Langiti                 (T)
        0. oppositifolia                                                Fago                    (T)
        Xsplenium nidus                             Birds-nest-Fern     Galak Feda              (T)
        Uycas circinalis                            Cycad               Fadang                  (T)
        Davallia solida                                                 Pugua Machena           (F)

           Table 6. Continued

                                                                                                        Plant      Site
                        SCIENTIFIC NAME                    Common    Name        Chamorro Name          Type

           Macaranga thompsonn                                                  Pengua                   (T)
           Melanolepi s -multi glan dulosa                                      Alom                     (T)
           Phyllantus marianus                                                  Gaogao-Uchan             (S)         R
           Flagellaria indica                              False Rattan         Bejuco-halomtano         (G)
           Mammea odorata                                                       Chopak                   (T)
           Abrus precatorius                               Coral Bean           Kolales                  (V)
           Caesalpinia major..                             Wait-a-Bit           Pakao                    (V)
           Cynometra ramiflora                                                  Gulos                    (T)
           Intsia bijuga                                                        If et                    (T)
           Artocarpus sp.                                  Breadfruit           Lemai                    (T)
           Ficus prolixa                                   Banyan               Nana                     (T)
           Pisonia grandis                                                      Umumu                    (T)         R
           Pandanus dubius                                 Pandanus             Pahong                   (T)         R
           P. fragrans                                     Pandanus             Kafu                     (T)         R
           Piper guahamense                                Wild Piper           Pupulu-n-Aniti           (S)
           Microsorum punctatum                            Strapleaf Fern       Galak Dalalai            (F)
           Phymatodes scolopendria                                              Kahlao                   (F)
           Guettarda speciosa                                                   Panao                    (T)
           Morinda citrifolia                              Indian Mulberry      Lada                     (B)
           Psychotria mariana                                                   Aplokatina               (T)
           Randia cochinchinensis                                               Sumac                    (T)
           Cestrum diurnum                                 China Inkberry       Tintan-china             (B)         R
           DicrTnop         inearis                        Savannah Fern                                 (F)         R
           Dimeria chloridiformis                          Grass.                                        (G)         C
           Pennisetum polystactiyon                        Foxtail                                       (G)         R
           Myrtella bennigseniana                                                                        (S)         C
           Messersclim-idia argeii-tia                                          Hunig                    (T)
           Annona retic:0-ata                              Custard-Apple                                 (T)
           Uvaria odorata                                                                                (T)
                                                                                _11ang-Ilang
           Aglaia mariannensis.                                                 Mapuano                  (T)
           Areca cathecu                                   Betel-Nut Palm       Pugua                    (T)
           Annona. muricata                                Soursop              Laguanaha                (T)         R
           Carica p Lplya                                  Papaya               Papaya                   (T)
           Musa sp.                                        Banana               Chotda                   (T)

                               Table 7. Checklist of terrestrial vertebrate fauna In the vicinity of Bahia Laulau, Saipan.                                                For.occurance           A       abundar
                                              occasional, R          Rare. E.= expected to occur.b.                .ut.-not -observed.- _'Date        .s    11/8'2', 2/83 and 9/83.

                                       Common Name                                               Species                               Chamorro Name                       Site   I              Site 2

                               AVIFAUNA

                               Bittern, Yellow (Chinese)                            ixobrychus sinensis                                Kakkag                                 C                      C
                                                                                    TuTa-T-
                               Booby, Brown                                                   L @c. aster                              Luao Attilong                          0
                               Booby, Red-footed                                    Sula sula                                          Luao Tallsal.                          E
                               Curlew, Bristle-thighed                              14-umenius tahittensis                             Kalalang                               E                      R
                               Dotteral, Mongolian                                  Chara;3ri     s mongolus                           Dulill                                 E                      R
                               Dove,     Fruit                                      Ftilinopus r@@                                     Totot                                  0                      0
                               Dove,      Ground                                    Gallicolumba xanthonura                            Paluman        Apaka/Fachi             R                      0
                               Dove,     Philippine -turtle                         Streptopelia Wtorquata                             Paluman        Senesa/Apu              G                      A
                               Egret, Cattle                                        Bubulcus ibis                                      Chuchuko                               E                      -
                               Egret. Plumed                                                    intermedia                             Chuchuko                               E                      -
                               Egret,     Reef (Heron)                              E etta sacra                                       Chuchuko       Attflong                E                      0
                                                                                         e
                               Fantail, Rufous-fronted                              RFiDidura ruflfrons                                Chichirika, Naabak                     A                      A
                               Honeyeater, Cardinal                                     zome a cardinalis                              Egigi                                  0                      C
                               Honeyeater, Golden                                   Cleptornis marchel                                 Kanario                                0                      0
                               Kingfisher, Collared                                 R-a I     n chloris
                                                                                       Ic 0                                            Shihig                                 E                      C
                               Mannikan, Chestnut                                   Lo , W,                                                                                   C                      0
                               Plover, Golden                                       Pluvialis do-minica                                Dulill                                 0                      C.
                               Plover, Grey                                         Pluvialis    s u t rola                            Dulill                                 -                      E
                               Reed-warbler,         Nightingale                    AcroceqhaTu_s_I_uscInIa                            Kaga     Karisu                        E                      R
                               Sandpiper, Common                                                                                       Dulill                                                        R
                               Sandpiper, Sharp-tailed                              Calidris acuminata                                 Dulili                     .7                                 E
                               Sparrow, Eurasian Tree                               Passer montanus                                    -Gaga    Pale'-                        G                      'A
                                                                                                                                                                                                     0'
                               Starling, Micronesian                                X, Icnis opaca                                     Sali
                                                                                    C%_       Ita vanikorensis
                               Swiftlet, Vanikoro                                     0 oca                                            Yayaguag,        Chuchaguak            E
                               Tattler, Grey-tailed                                 TI-eteroscelus @@i es                        ......                                                              E
                               Tattler, Wanderling                                  Fleteroscelus Incanus.                                                                                  .......  *E
                               Tern, Common                                         Tterna hirundo                                                                            Q,
                               Tern, Brown Noddy                                    Tnous     sto Rus                                  Fahang---                              A.                     E-
                                                                                        9 S                                                                                                          -C, , *
                               .Tern, White                                         Uv 2-Fs   alUa-                                    Chunge                                 C
                               Tropicbird,       Red-tailed                         PS-a-e Th'i@n_r ub rl cau da                       Utag, Fagpl        Agaga               E
                               Tropicbird,       White-tailed                       PE-aeftli-on epturus                               Utag, Fagpi        Apaka               0
                               Turnstone,         Ruddy                             A-re-n--arl-a Interpres                            Dulill                                 E.                     R
                               Whimbrel                                             N-u-me-n-Tu-s phaeopus                             Kalalang                                                      E
                               White-eye,        Bridled                            To-sterop c-onspicillata                           Nossak,        Nosa                    0                      C

                                                                                    Total Species Observed                                                                    17                     20
                                                                                    Total Species Observed/ Expected                                                          28                     27

                                                                                    Total Species Observed (All Sites)                                                        29
                                                                                    Total Species Observed/ Expected (All Sites)                                              34

                                    Table 7. Continued@-

                                             Common Name                                                Species                                Chamorro Name                        Site I                   Site  2

                                    REPTILES,AND- AMPHIBIANS

                                    Anole                                                  Anolls carollnensis                                                                            E                     0
                                    Lizard, Monitor                                        Va-ranu-s-MAI-cus                                                                              E                     0
                                    Skink,      Blue-tailed                                Emola cyanura                                                                                  0                     C
                                    Skink,      Brown                                      Emoia sp                                                                                       0                     C
                                    Skink,      Green-tailed                               Ua-mprolepis s               dina                                                              E                     E
                                    Snake,      Blind                                      Typhlop-s- bra-minus                                                                           E                     E
                                    Toad,     Marine                                       Tu_ To-m -ar I n u s                                                                           0                     C

                                    MAMMALS

                                    Bat, Marianas Fruit                                    Pteropus marlannus                                  Fanihi                                     E                     E
                                    Cat, Feral                                             Ve      catus                                                                                  E                     E
                                    Deer, Sambar                                           Ue-rv1@9-unicolor marlannus                         Benado                                     E                     E
                                    Dog, Feral                                             U_a_nr9_7a_m_iU_a_rTs_                                                                         0                     0
                                    Mouse, House                                           M u -sm U-s-c- _U1 u _s                             Chaca                                      E                     0
                                    Rat, Norway                                            Ta-ttus norvegicus                                  Chaca                                      E                     E
                                    Rat, Polynesian                                        Rattus exulans                                      Chaca                                      E                     E
                                    Rat, Roof                                              R-attus rattus                                      Chaca                                      E                     E
                                    Shrew, Musk                                            Tu _nc u s     FFn u s                                                                         E                     0

              Table 8.     Checklist of benthic algae and seagrasses at five sites                     in Bahia Laulau,
                           Saipan, November 1982.            IRF       inner reef flat, ORF            outer reef flat,
                           RM/RF       reef margin and reef face, ST ='submarine terrace.

                                                 SITES         1     la                2                 3             4

                                                                   3-6m                                  :JU-5m 20-10m
                               SPECIES                       ST      ST   IRF   ORF RMIRF         ST.RF      ST        ST

              CYANOPHYTA         (Blue-green algae)

              Anacystis sp.                                                x
                                                                                                             x
              -Calothrix sp.                                                                      X,.
              Microcoleus    lyngbyaceus                                   x                      x          x         x
                                                                                                             x
              Schizothrix    dalcicola.                        x     x     x      x               X,   -x              x
              S.  mexicana.                                    x     x     x      x               X.   x     x

              CHLOROPHYTA          (Green algae)

              Enteromorpha. clathrata                                      x      x
              Chaetomorpha: crassa                                   x            x       x
              Tfi crodictyon  okamurai                               x            x       X,      x          x         x
              Bryopsis pennata                                       x            x               x          x
              B. hypnoides
                                                                                                  'XI        x         x
              Taulerpa cupr6ssoides                                               x               x    x     x
                  filicoides                                                                                 x

                  racemosa                                           x            x               X    X     x         x
              T.  serrulata                                                       x                          x         x
                  sertulari                                          x            x               X,         x         x
                             oides
              C.  urvilliana                                                      x                          x
              C.  verticillata                                                                               x
              Zhlorodesmis fa    Lstigiata                           x            x       x       X:   :x    x         x
              Halimeda discoidi   aa                                 x                    x
              R . opuntia                                            x     x              x       x    x     x         x
                  valasquezii                                                                     x          x         x
              'Rhipilia oriei@_talis                                                                                   x
              Tydemannia expeditionis                                                             X*
              Udotea argentea                                  x                                  :k         x         x
              U. geppi                                                                            x          x         x
              -Hoergesenia forbesh                                   x                    x       . .                            I
              Boodlea coFnposita                                     x            x       x       x    @x    x
              Cladophoropsis membranacea                                   x      x       x                  x
                  sundanensis                                                     x                    x
              -5ictyosphaeria verluysii                              x                    x       x          x
              Acetabularia moebii                                                                 x    x     x         x
              Reomeris annulata                                      x     x                      x    x
              N. vanbosseae                                    x                                  x          x         x

             Table 8. Continued

                                             SITES        1     la               2                3            4

                                                              3-6m                                 10-5m 20-10m
                             SPECIES                     ST ST       IRF ORF RM/RF ST         RF ST            ST

             PHAEOPHYTA (Brown algae)

             Lict ota bartayresii                               x                          x    x     x
                                                                                           x          x
             Lobophora variegata                                x                   x      x          x
             Padina minor                                              x     x                  x
             P. tenuis                                                                                x
             -gargassum cristaefolium                                  x     x                  x
             S. Polycystum                                             x
                                                                                                x
             Turbinaria or-nata                                              x      x      x    x     x

             RHODOPHYTA (Red algae)

             Aciinotrichia fragilis                       x     x                          x          x        x
             Galaxaura filamentosa                        x                         x      x    x     x
             G. marginata                                 x     x                   x      x          x        x
             -ff.. oblongata                              x     x                   X.     x    x     x        x
             (!@elidiella acerosaL                                     x     x             x    x
             Gelidium crinale                             x                         x      x    x     x
             (77 pusillum                                 x                  x      x      x
             Dagora sp.                                         x                          x                   x
             Pterocladia   parva             x            x                                           x
             Amphiroa fragilissima                        x     x            x      x      x    x     x        x
             A. - foliacea                                      x            x      x      x                   x
             Jania capillacea                                          x                   x
             J.' decussato-dichotoma                            x
             Mastophora rosea                             x     x            x      X,.    x          x        x
             Porolithon onkoides                          x     x      x     x      x      x          x
             Sporolithon sp.                                                 x      X:     x    x     x
             Champia parvala                                    x                          x                   x
             -Rhodymenia sp.                              x     x                   x      x          x        x
             Acanthophora spicifera                             x      x                        x
             Caloglossa sp.                                     x                          x
             Zentroceras clavulatum                                                        x          x        x
             Ceramium gracillimum                               x                          x          x
             Laurencia sp.                                      x                          x          x
             Leveillea jungerma nioides                         x                   x      x          x        x
             T7olysiphonia sp.                                  x                   x      x          x
             Spyridia_ filamentosa                                           x      x
             TolypiocladLa gl        ulata                      x                                     x        x

             ANTHOPHYTA (Seagrasses)

             Enhalus acoroides                                         x

             TAXA RECORDED                                15    37     15    26     26     50 25      45       28
             GRAND TOTAL -          69

               Table   9. Total number of planktonic organisms per           sample.      NOVEMBER 1982.
               Date:     11-82            Location            Surface      Surface      Ub-lique     Oblique
               Taxa                       Sampling Number       P-1          P-2           @P-3         P-4

               Chrysophyta
                  Bacillariop.hyceae (Diatoms)
                     Centrales
                         Coscinodiscus sp. A                      2            2                        0

               Protozoa
                     Foraminifera
                         Orbulina   universa                     30            3                           6
                     Radiolaria
                         Species   A                              8            4

               Cnidaria
                     Siphonophora
                                                                 32            1.
                     Medusae                                                                0@             0

               Annelida
                     Polycheate: larvae                           2            3            0'             0

               Arthropoda/Crustacea
                     Cladocera
                         Evadne sp. A
                     Ostracoda
                                                                                            0              2
                         Euconchoecia.    sp. A                   0            0
                         Cypridina sp.                           14            3            2              9
                     Copepoda
                         Uni@: ntified    species               146            19           40          40
                         Calanoid sp. A
                         Calafioid sp.    B
                         Euchaeta sp.
                         Candacia sp.
                         Acartia sp.
                         Eucalanus sp.
                         -Centropagus
                         Oncea sp.
                         Copilia sp.
                         Coryceaus     sp.
                         Sapphirina    Sp.
                         Onidentified Cylcopoidid                 2            0            3           2
                   Malacostraca
                         Mysidacea   sp. A                      400          300            44          73
                         Mysidacea   sp. B                      224          188            6           20
                         Cumacea sp. A                            1            0            0              1
                         Isopoda sp. A                            2            2            0              2
                         Amphipoda sp.     A                     10            12           0              0
                         Decapoda/Shrimp     mysis sp.           66            12           11          16
                         Decapoda/Crab zoeae sp.                  4            0            0              1
                         Decapoda/Crab megalops sp.              10            6            2              4

               Table 9. Continued.
               Date:    11-82           Location             Surface      Surface     Oblique       Oblique
               Taxa                     Sampling Number         P-1         P-2..         P.-3         P-4

               Mollusca
                    Gastropoda
                        Gastropod veliger larvae                   2           3             1          0
                    Pteropoda
                        Cresius   acicula
                                                                               0
                        Unidentified sp. A                         1                         0          0
                    Unidentified veliger capsules               16           200           55          17
                    Cephalapoda (squid)

               Chaetognatha
                    Sagitta sp. A                                  4           0             4         15
                    Heteropoda

               Chordata.
                 Urochordata
                    Thaliacea    (Salpa)
                        Salpa sp. A                                8           0             0          0
                    Vertebrata
                        Osteichthyes
                          Fish larvae                           42            15           11           8
                          Fish eggs "round"                     20            12
                          Fish eggs    11 oval"

               Miscellaneous                                       1           0             0          0
               #Individuals /cubic meter                      10.11         7.58         1.95        2.25
               Total Species                                    25            18           14          18
               Total No                                        1048          786          202          233

              Table 9a. Total number of planktonic organisms       per  sample.      FEBRUARY     1983.
              Date:    2-83           Location          Surf ace   Oblique Surface     Oblique   Surface   Oblique
              Taxa                    Sampling Number P-5            P-6       P-7        P-8      P-9      P-10

              Chrysophyta
                Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
                   Centrales
                       Coscinodiscus sp. A

              Protozoa
                   Foraminifera
                       Orbulina universa
                   Radiolaria
                       Species A                           100       100      1000       650     1000      2400

              Gnidaria
                   Siphonophora                                                 3         3
                   Medusae

              Annelida
                   Polycheate larvae

              Arthropoda /Crust acea
                   Cladocera
                       Evadne sp. A                                                                           2
                   Ostracoda
                       Euconchoecia sp. A
                       Cy ridina sp.
                   Copepoda
                       Unidentified species
                       Calanoid sp. A                                           8         .:9:.
                                                                                          27
                       Calanoid sp. B                                           .1
                       Euchaeta sp.                                             -6        2
                       Candacia sp.                                             1         2
                       Acartia sp.                           1        1         2         2
                       Eucalanus sp.                                            1
                       Centropagus
                       Oncea sp.                                                15        4
                       Copilia sp.                                              2         3
                       Coryceaus  sp.                        8        0         5         6
                       Sapehirina  sp.                       11                 7
                       Unidentified Cylcopoidid

                Table 9a. Continued.

                Date:    2-83            Location         Surf ace   Oblique Surface Oblique Surface Obliq
                Taxa                     Sampling Number P-5           P-6       P-7       P-8       P-9      P-1

                      Malacostraca
                         Mysidacea sp. A                                           8         6
                         Mysidacea sp. B
                         Cumacea sp. A
                         Isopoda sp. A
                         Amphipoda sp. A                                           1
                         Decapoda/Shrimp mysis sp.            1                    6         8                  4
                         Dedapo'aa/Crab zoeae sp.                                  4         4        2         2
                         Decapoda/Crab megalops     sp.

                Mollusca
                      Gastropoda
                         Gastropod veliger larvae             1                    7       13        21        30
                      Pteropoda
                         Cresius acicula
                         Unidentified sp. A                                        2         1
                      Unidentified veliger capsules                              75        70
                      Cephalapoda (squid)                                          1         1                  1

                Chaetognatha
                      Sagitta sp. A                                              13        16
                      fleteropoda                                                  I

                Chordata
                  Urochordata
                      Thaliacea  (Salpa)
                         Salpa sp. A
                      Vertebrata
                         Osteichthyes
                           Fish  Iarvae                                                      3
                           Fish eggs "round"                                     43        22
                           Fish eggs "oval"                                      115       85                  5

                #Individuals/ cubic meter                 1.08       0.97      12'.80     8.81     9.86    23.57
                Total Species                                6          3        24        23         3        7
                Total No.                                  112        101       1327       914     1023     2444

               Table 9b. Total number of planktonic organisms per sample.              MAY 1983

               Date:    5-83            Location          Surface Oblique Surface       Oblique Surface Oblique
               Taxa                     Sampling Number P-13          P-14      P-15      P-16      P-17      P-18

               Chrysophyta
                 Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
                     Gentrales
                        Coscinodiscus sp. A

               Protozoa
                     Foraminifera
                        Orbulina universa                    45        84                   16
                     Railolaria
                        Species A                                                 70

               Cnidaria
                     Siphonophora                                      48                            20        34
                     Medusae

               Annelida
                     Polycheate larvae                                                       2

               Arthropoda/Crustacea
                     Cladocera
                        Evadne sp. A                                   60                 -20         .6
                     Osfracoda
                        Euconchoecia    sp. A
                        Cypridina sp.                                              4
                     Copepoda
                        Unidentified    species
                                                             66
                        Calanoid sp.    A                              400         2      A@6
                        -Calanoid sp.   B                    20                           100
                        Euchaeta sp.                                   40
                        Candacia sp.
                        Acartia sp.                                                2
                        Eucalanus sp.
                        T@entropagus
                        Oncea sp.                                                           .2
                        Copilia sp.                                                          4
                        -Coryceaus   sp.                                 4                            2         2
                      'EjK@hb'su'&R S"                      IJM    M6 M JOE
                        U-F-idpt-i Fed       OW
                               f7i      v COT)

                 Table 9b. Continued.

                 Date:    5-83            Location           Surface Obli   que Surf ace    Oblique Surface Obliqu
                 Taxa                     Sampling Number P-13           P-14       P-15      P-16      P-17       P-18

                      Malacostraca
                          Mysidacea sp. A                                   4                                       30
                          Mysidacea sp. B
                          Cumacea sp. A
                          Isopoda sp. A
                          Amphipoda sp.     A                    2                               4
                          Decapoda/Shrimp mysis sp.              4        20         16         24       16         35
                          Dec'ap'oda/ Grab  zoeae sp.            10       48        115        132      200        200
                          Decapoda/Crab     megalops  sp.

                 Mollusca
                      Gastropoda
                          Gastropod veliger larvae               8        20                    21       21          8
                      Pteropoda
                          Cresius acicula
                          Unidentified sp. A                     1          2                                        2
                      Unidentified veliger capsules
                      Cephalapoda (squid)

                 Chaetognatha
                      Sagitta sp. A                              12       52          6                  30         30
                      Heteropoda
                 Miscellanious Invertebrate Eggs               100       150'''    1000       .350      400        400.

                 Chordata
                   Urochordata
                      Thaliacea (Salpa)
                          Salpa sp.
                      Vertebrata
                          Osteichthyes
                            Fish larvae                                               4                    6         2
                            Fish eggs "round"                    12       24                               5        15
                            Fish eggs "oval"

                 Undividuals /cubic meter                     2.73       9.28     11.85     .6.86       7.12      7.60
                 Total Species                                  .13       15         11         12       12
                 Total Number                                  283      .962-     .1229       711       738        7H

                   Table 9c. Total number of planktonic organisms per                               sample.         SEPTEMBER 1983.

                   Date:        9-83                Location                 Surface Oblique Surface                 Oblique Surface             Oblique
                   Taxa                             Sampling Number P-21                     P-22         P-23          P-24          P-25         P-26

                   Chrysophyta
                      Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
                           Centrales
                                Coscinodiscus sp. A

                   Protozoa
                           Foraminifera
                                Orbulina universa
                           Radiolaria
                                Species A

                   Cnidaria
                           Siphonophora                                           53           32            90           90            29           60
                           Medusae                                                                                                                      2

                   Annelida
                           Polycheate larvae                                                                                                            4

                   Arthropod a/ Crus tacea
                           Cladocera
                                Evadne sp. A                                      2                          50           26.           18           12
                           OsGracoda
                                Euconchoecia sp. A                                                                                       .1
                                Zypridina sp.
                           Copepoda
                                Unidentified species
                                Calanoid sP - A and.          B                   -@6         -17,-@@      12 7           9 9.:.:.     59,....       72.
                                Euchaeta sp.                                                                                             2'
                                Candacia sp.
                                Acartia sp.                                       1             6             1                          2
                                Eucalanus sp.
                                Centropagus                                      321          273           .58           26                         50
                                Oncea sp.                                         2             2             2                                         1
                                Copilia sp.                                                                   3             4
                                Coryceaus        sp.                              4             9             1                          3              2
                                Sapphirina sp.                                    2             3             7             9            2              4
                                Unidentified Cylcopoidid                          .1

                Table 9c. Continued.

                Date:    9-83          Location          Surface   Oblique Surface    Oblique Surface Obliqu
                Taxa                   Sampling Number P-21          P-22     P-23      P-24      P-25     P-26

                     Malacostraca
                         Mysidacea sp. A
                         Mysidacea sp. B
                         Cumacea sp. A
                         Isopoda sp. A
                         Amphipoda sp.   A                   4                   6        2
                         Decapoda/Shrimp mysis    sp.        16                21         13         7        1
                         DecAp'oda/ Crab zoeae sp.           3        6        48        115       33        @20
                         Decapoda/Crab   megalops  sp.

                Mollusca
                     Gastropoda
                         Gastropod veliger larvae            36        16      57         94       137       86
                     Pteropoda
                         Gresius acicula
                         Uniden ified sp. A                                               2                   2
                     Unidentified veliger capsules
                     Cephalapoda (squid)                              2          1        2         2

                Chaetognatha
                     Sagitta sp. A                           11       5        77        187       22        74
                     Heteropoda
                Miscellanious Invertebrate Eggs            357      192"       .405,    .450.      600     6081:.@.@-'

                Chordata
                  Urochordata
                     Thaliacea (Salpa)
                         Salpa sp. A .... 2
                     Vertebrata.
                         0
                          ste- fithyes
                            -ic
                          Fish larvae                        1        1          2      2
                          Fish eggs "round and oval"       117       543       95       141        70       191
                          Fish eggs (Scarid)                 2        14

                #Individuals /cubic meter                  9.06    10.82     10.17     11.22     9.86    11.48..
                Total Species                              .19        16       19         17       17        17
                Total Number      ...                      940     _1122      1055     1164..

                Table 10. Species list    of corals  for Stations  1-4 in  Bahia Laulau.    List compiled from coral
                            20 meter band from the shore to 10 meter depth. FS              Forereef Slope, RF       R
                              Reef Margin,

                                                                                Sta.             @'..Stai:3.:    _:.St
                Date: November 1982
                                                                       FS     RF RM FS          RF .,:RM.. F S     RF

                Class   Anthozoa
                Order    Scleractinia
                Suborder - Astrocoeniina

                ASTROCOENIIDAE

                Stylocoeniella armada (Ehrenberg, 1834)                                x

                Psammocora contigua (Esper, 1797)                                 x
                P. digitata Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1851
                P. superficialis Gardiner, 1898                                   x

                POCILLOPORIDAE

                Stylophora mordax (Dana, 1846)                        x                x                 x
                Seriatopora crassa   Quelch, 1886                                      x                 X.
                S.          Dana, 1846
                Yo c        ankeli Scheer and Pillai, 1974            x@
                P .damicornl_s@Linnaeus, 1758)                                         X.                         x
                   danae Verrill, 1864                                                 X.                 @x
                P. elegans Dana, 1846                                 x                "X'
                P .eydouxi Milne-Edwards and      Haime, 1860         x                x
                "P.         Dana, 1846                                                 x                 x
                P. setchelli Hoffmeister, 1929                        x           x    x                 x        x
                   verrucosa (Ellis and Solander, 1786)               x           x    x

                  Table 10. Continued.

                                                                            Sta. 1       Sta. 2              Sta. 3              S

                                                                               FS       RF RM     FS        RF RM FS            RF

                  AGROPORIDAE

                  Acropora cerealis      (Dana, 1846)                          x                  x              x    x         x
                  A. humilis (Dana, 1846)                                      x                  x                   x
                  A..  irregularis   (Brook, 1892)                                                x                   x
                  A.   monticulosa-(Bruggemann, 1879)                                             x                   x
                 @_X.'nasuta (Dana, 1846)                                      x            x                                   x
                  T.   '@_cellata (Klunzinger, 1879)
                  A.   @_alifera (Lamarck, 1816)                                                  x
                  A.   *quelchi (Brook, 1893)                                                     x
                  A.   smithi (Brook, 1893)                                                       x
                  A.   squarrosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)                                                               x    x         x
                  A.   studeri (Brook, 1893)                                                                                    x
                  T.   surcul sa (Dana, 1846)                                  x            x     x              x    x         x
                  A.   tenuis ( ana, 1846)                                     x                  x                   x         x
                  X.           (Dana, 1846)                                                       x                   x         x
                  _X.  '@`ariabilis (Klunzinger,    1879)                                   x     x              x    x         x
                  T.   7;W-ardiVerrill, 1901                                   x                  x
                       T-corymbose sp. 1)                                                                             x
                  Astreopora myriophthalma         (Lamarck, 1816)                                x                   x
                               berryi Hoftmeister, 1925                                           x
                  M.   cf. M. caliculata (Dana, 1846)                                             x
                       ehr'--         Verrill, 1875
                          enbergii                                                          x     x                   x         x
                  7.   'JI'schneri Vaughan, 1918                               x                  x                   x         x
                  1@1. To-veolata (Dana, 1846)                                 x                  x                   x         x
                  2.   T@o_ffmeisteri Wells, 1954                              x                  X.                  x
                         aniuscula (Dana, 1846)
                       tuberculosa    (Lamarck-, - -181.6),                                       x
                  -9.  7e_rri1liV-au9_han','                                   x                  x                   x         x
                       7;;-errucosa (Lamarck, 1816)                                                                   x
                       Tf-oveolate sp. 1)                                                         x
                       (tuberculate sp.     1)                                                                        x
                  TI.  (tuberculate sp.     2)                                                    x                   x         x

               Table 10. Continued.

                                                                    Sta.,I    Sta.  2           Sta. 3             Stz

                                                                      FS     RF   RM  FS'      RF RM    FS       RF

                          - Fungiina
               Suborder

               AGARICIIDAE

               Pavona divaricata (Lamarck, 1816)
               P.  duerdeni Vaughan, 1907                             x               x                 x        x
               P.  maldivens_is (Gardiner, 1905)
               P.  varians Verrill, 1864                                              x
               F.  7;@_enosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)                                                      x
               F.  Te-ncrusting sp. 1)                                                x
               Leptoseris mycetoseroides Wells, 1954

               Fungia (Fungia) fungites (Linnaeus, 1758)                              x
               F
                   @_ _r_____Fscutaria Lamarck, 1
                 . Pleu actis                          816
               Herpolitha limax (Houttuyn, 1772)

               PORITIDAE

               Goniopora tenuidens (Quelch, 1886)                                     x
               Porites au:;t-raliensis Vaughan, .1918                 x                        x 7x     x        x
               T _11chen Dana, IF46
               P.  T-utea Milne-Edwards and Haime,     1851           X.     x   'X"  X,       'XI' x            x
               p . murrayen    is Vaughan 1 1918        -             x                                          x
                   superfi     Gardiner                                                        ......
               P.         I.Ra            1898
                   (S naraea) convexa Verrill, 1864                                   X.                         x
                   (Synaraea) iwayamaensis Eguchi,       1938                     x   x
                   eopora sp. 1

               Suborder - Faviina

               FAVIIDAE

               Favia favus (Forskal, 1775)                                            x                 x        x
               F. matthai Vaughan, 1918                                               x                 x        x

                 Table 10. Continued
                                                                         .... ......
                                                                     Sta. 1     Sta. 2            Sta. 3            S

                                                                       FS     RF RM    FS       RF RM    FS        RF

                 F. pallida (Dana, 1846)                               x           x   x             x   x         x
                 F. rotumana (Gardiner, 1899)
                 F. stelligera (Dana, 1846)                                        x   x             x   x
                 Favites abdita (Ellis and Solander, 1786)                         x                               x
                 F.. fi_exu`o`-s_a_TDana, 1846)                                        x
                 F. 7u-sselli (Wells, 1954)                                            x
                 Oulophyllia crispa (Lamarck, 1816)                                    x                 x
                 Goniastrea edwardsi Chevalier, 1971                   x                                 x
                 G. pectinata (Ehrenberg, 1834)                                        x
                 G.'retiformis (Lamarck, 1816)                         x      x    x   x        x    x   x         x
                 Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786)                         x                 x
                 Platygyra Ej!2j Chavalier, 1975                       x               x                 x
                 Lepto    phrygia (Ellis and Solander, 1786)           x               x             x   x         x
                 Hydnophora microconos (Lamarck, 1816)                                 x                 x
                 Montastrea curta (F)ana, 1846)                        x           x   x             x   x         x
                 Diploastrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816)                                 x
                 Leptastrea urpurea (Dana, 1846)                       @x              x                           x
                 L. transversa Klunzinger, 1879                                        x
                 Gyphastrea chalcidicum (Forskal,     1775)            x                                 x

                 OCULINIDAE

                 Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus,. 1767).
                                                                                   x

                 MERULINIDAE

                               cylindrica Milne-Edwards    and         x
                   Haime, 1848

                 MUSSIDAE

                 Acanthastrea echinata (Dana, 1846)                    x               x             x             x
                     @hlia corymbos (Forskal, 1775)
                                (Ehrenberg, 1834)                                      x                 x

               Table 10. Continued.

                                                                    Sta: 1    Sta. 2            Sta. 3             Stz

                                                                      FS     RF RM FS          RF RM FS          RF

               PECTINIIDAE

               Echinophyllia aspera    (Ellis and-Solanders 1786-)

               Order - Coenothecalia

               HELIOPORIDAE

               Heliopora coerulea (Pallas, 1766)                                      x

               Class     Hydrozoa
               Order     Milleporina

               MILLEPORIDAE

               Mmillepora dichotoma Forskal, 1775                                     x
               M. latifolia Boschma, 1948
               M. platyphylla Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1834             x              x
                   tuberosa Boschma, 1966

               Order - Stylasterina

               STYLASTERIDAE

               Stylaster profundiporus Broch,.1936'                    X.

               Total Species for Reef    Zones                        36     2    17  65       3             '.....30-
               Total  Genera   for Reef Zones                         18     2    10  26       2    8   18        13
               Total  Species  for Stations                           36         !1'              '49
               Total  Genera   for Stations                           18         28                19

               Total  Species  for Reef Stations Combined       98
               Total  Tenera   for Reef Stations Combined       34

                      Table 11. Coral size distribution, frequency, relative frequency.,-.. den sity, relative den
                                      strate coverage, relative percent..of substrate* cov*erag                           .e and importance value
                                      tive values) for Stations                2, 3, and 4 in Bahia Laulau.                     Species are listed in
                                      tance values.

                                                                                   'Size Distribution of
                                                                                    Colony Diameters (cm)
                                                                                     n        y         s        w
                      Date: November 1982

                      Stations 1 and.lA                                           (Corals not quantitatively analyzed)

                      Station 2
                         Reef-Flat Platform Zone

                         Porites lutea                                               9      13.7     10.1      6-30         .30     60.00       .01      69. 2'
                         Goniastrea retiformis                                       4       8.3      5.6      3-14,        .20     40.00       .005     3 0. 7",
                                                  Totals                             13     12.8      8.5      3-30                             .015

                      Station 2
                         Reef Margin Zone
                         Pocillopora setchelli                                       10      9.9      4.8      3-18         .70     20.59      1.91      25.0(
                         Gonia-strea retiformis                                      4      18.0     11.4      5-31         .40     11.76       .76      10.0(
                         Montipora verrilli                                          3      21.7      6.4      17-29        '. 30    8.82       .57        7.5(
                         Porites lutea                                             ..3-     19.-7-   14..2..   10-36        .20      5.88       .57        7.5
                         Acropora nasuta                                          4  13.5             7.0      5-21         .30      8.82       .76      10.0
                         A. surculosa                                                2     '16.5     16.3      5-28         .20      5.88       .38        5.0
                         K. :@7a_riabilis                                            3       8.7      0.6      8-9          .30      8.82       .57        7.5
                         Fori_t_e_s_FS_.T iwayamaensis                               2      12.5     .9.2      6-19         .20      5.88       .38        5.0
                           on i oi@a-eh@enbergii-                                    1      28.0.     ..7..      -          .10      2.94       .19        2.5
                         Pocillopora verrucosa                                       2       7.0      1.4      6-8          .20      5.88       .38        5.0
                         Gal_ax_e_a_Ta"sZTi7_cularis                                 2       6.o      1.4      5-7          .20      5.88       .38        5.0
                         F-sammocora contigua                                        2       7.0      2.8      5-9          .10      2.94       .38        5.0
                         @av i a @RLI Li d                                           1      12.0        -        -          .10      2.94       .19        2.5
                         Montastrea curta                                            1       5.0        -        -          .10      2.94       .19        2.5
                                                  Totals                             40     13.0      8.4      3-36                            7.61

                  Table 11. Continued.

                                                                          bize Distribution of
                                                                          Colony Diameters (cm)
                                                                           n.      y       s

                  Station 2
                     k'orereef Slope Zone

                     Goniastrea retiformis                                18    27.3    18.1      5-58        .53   18.79      2.28     30.00
                     Montipora ehrenbergii                                 6    51.0    33.8     14-99        .27     9.57      .76     10.00
                     M. verrilli                                           9    25.9    12.2      5-46        .47   16.67      1.14     15.00
                     Pocillopora setchelli                                 3    12.0      1.7    11-14        .20     7.09      .38      5.00
                     Acropora tenuis         -                             2    32.0    24.0     15-49        .13     4.61      .25      3.33
                     Montipora hoffmeisteri                                3    17.7    10.6      8-29        .13     4.61      .38      5.00
                     Pocillopora verrucosa                                 2    23.5      4.9    20-27          13    4.61      .25      3.33
                     P. damicornis                                         2    18.0    14.1      8-28        .13     4.61      .25      3.33
                     Acropora cerealis                                     2    15.0      5.7    11-19        .13     4.61      .25      3.33
                     Leptoria phrygia                                      1    47.0       -       -          .07     2.48      .13      1.67
                     Acropora variabilis                                   3       7.3    2.1     5-9         .07     Z. 48     .38      5.00
                     A. surculosa                                          1    42.0       -       -          .07     2.48      .13      1.67
                     Favl-a-Ta-vus                                         2    14.0      8i5     8-20        .07     2.48      .25      3.33
                     Montipora elschneri                                   1    35.0                          .07     2.48      .13     -1.67.
                     Acanthastrea echinata                                 1    14.0                          .07     2.48      .13      1.67
                     Porites -(S.) iwayamaensis                            1    12.0                          .07     2.48      .13      1.67
                     Montipora tuberculosa                                 1       9.0                        .07     2.48..     o-      1.67
                     Acropora wardi                                        1 .@ 9,0- -                       ...07    2. 4&-:
                                                                                                                                         1.67
                     Pocillopora d-anae                                    1--.54*                            .07     2. 48'      13
                                                                                '24.4                                          7.61
                                           Totals                         60                     @.','5  9.9".

                  Station 3
                     R .eef-Flat Platform Zone                          (No   corals encountered)

                  Station 3
                     Reef Margin Zone

                     Goniastrea retiformis                                 7    17.6 .12.7        5-34        .40   26.67       .06     29.17
                     Porites lutea                                        10    10.8.. 5..5       5-20        .50   33.33         09    41.67

                    Table 11. Continued.

                                                                                   Size Distribution           of
                                                                                   colony Diameters             (cm)
                                                                                      n                  S        w

                        P. australiensis                                              3     10.3       3.1      1_13         .20     13.33         .03     12.50
                        Fa,v7ona venosa                                               1     18.0         -                   .10      6.67         .01       4.17
                        Acropora nassuta                                              1     12.0         -                   .10      6.67         .01       4.17
                        Acropora variabilis                                           1       7.0        -                   .10      6.67         .01       4.17
                                pallida                                               1       7.0        -        -          .10      6.67         .01     .4.17
                                                  Totals                            24      12.75 8.28 5-34                                        .22

                    Station 3
                        Forereef Slope Zone                                       (Weather prohibited quantitative analysis)

                    Station 4
                        Reef-Flat Platform Zone
                        AS12pora squarrosa                                           16     10.81 4.5           4-19         .80.     30.79      1.54      40.00
                        Montij2ora __-@_err_iffli                                     2     39.0       32.5    17.62         .10      3.85.        .19       5.00
                        Acropora sp.                                                  3     30.7       3.2     27.33         .20      7.69         .29       7.50
                        A. surculosa                                                  3     20.7       8.5     11-27         .30      11.54        .29       7.50
                        T. Ta-riabilis                                               .4     11.8       A.9      8-19         .20      7.69        ..39     10.00
                        Goniastrea retiformis                                               12.3.      6..1..   7-19         i.20     7 '  69      .29       7.150
                                                                                      2     16.0       5.7     12-20         .20      7.69         .19       5.00
                                                                                                                                      7.69         .19       5.00
                        ,A@csror@a cerealis                                           2     10.5       0.7     10-11           ZO
                        Porites murrayensis                                           1     30.0         -        -                   3.85         .10       2.50
                        Vo-ntastrea curta                                             2     11.5       7.8      6-17         .10      3.85         .19       5.00
                        V a-7v @i -a                                                                                         .10      3.85         .10       2.50
                                                                                            2.5. 0.      -        -
                                                                                      1     21. 0        -        -          .10      3.85         .10       2.50
                                                  Totals                             40     16.1       10.7     4-62                             3.86

                     Station 4
                        Reef Margin and
                        Forereef Slope Zones                                       Weather prohibited quantitative analysis)

                  Table 12.    Conspicuous macroinverteb rates collected or observed       at B ahia
                               Laulau, Saipan, Nov. 1982.

                  Protozoa
                    Foraminiferida (Foraminiferan)
                          BAculogypsina sphaerulata (Parker and       Jones) Site   2 and @3; sands
                          Marginopora vertebralis Blainville Site.2,'and 3, sands',*.:

                  Porifera @(Sponges)
                          Cinchyra sp. Site la, reef flat; Z, reef     flat;  4, -reef flat,

                  Arthropoda
                    Crustacea    (Crustaceans)
                      Coenobitidae (Land Hermit Crab)
                          Coenobita sp. Site 2, beach

                      Grap*sidae  (Grapsid Crab)
                          Grapsus tenuicrustatus (Herbst) Site la; 2, 4,.'high       in'tertidal

                      Ocy    odide  (Ghost crab)
                          p
                          .06ypode  sp. Site 2 and 3, beach

                      Xa4thidae,  (Xanthid Crab)
                          Carpilius maculatus (Linnaeus) Site 2,      reef flat:

                  Mollusca'
                    Gastropoda   (Snails)

                    Pulmonata
                      Ellobiidae
                          Melampus flavus (Gmelin) Site 4, high       intertid@il

                    Prosobraiichia
                      Patellidae (Limpets)
                          Cellana radiata orientalis (Pilsbry)      Site 2, high@   intertidal; 4, reef
                          flat and high intertidal

                      Trochidae   (Trochids, Topshells)
                          Tectus  p@ramis (Born) Site-3, 30 ft.
                          Trochus intextus Kiener Site 3, 30 ft.
                          T. niloticus Linnaeus Site la, reef flat

                      Turbinidae (Turban Shells)
                          Astraea rho'dostoma (Lamarck)        Site 1,  30 ft.;   la, 20-30 ft.    2, 30
                          ft.; 3,, 30 ft. ; 4, 40-50 ft.
                          Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus Site 1, 30        ft.   3, 60 ft.; 4, 30-50 ft.
                          T. petholatus Linnaeus Site 4, 30-50 ft.
                          T. setosus Gmelin Site 2, reef flat

                      Neritidae (Nerites)
                          Nerita albicilla Linnaeus Site 2, high intertidal
                          N. plicata Linnaeus Site 2, high intertidal; 4 high intertidal

                  Table 12. Continued.

                       Neritopsidae
                          Neritopsis radula (linnaeus) Site 2, 30 ft.

                       Littorinidae
                          Littorina coccinea (Gmelin) Site 4, high inter:tidal
                          E. -undulata Gray Site 2, high intertidal; 4,       high intertidal

                       Modulidae
                          Modulus tectum (Gmelin) Site 1, 30 ft.

                       Cerithiidae
                          Cerithium moras Lamarck Site 2, high intertid'al
                          C. mutatum Sowerby Site la, 20-30 ft.; 3, 60 ft.
                          C. nodulosum Brugiere Site la, 20-30 ft.; 3,. reef flat
                          -Rhinoclavis articulatus (Adam and Reeve) Site 1, 30 ft.
                          R. aspera (Linnaeus) Site la, 20-30 ft.
                          R. sinensis (Gmelin) Site 4, 30-50 ft..

                       Strombidae (Conchs)
                          Lambus chiragra (Linnaeus) Site 1, 30         ft.; la, 20-30  ft    3, 3 0 ft.
                          E.-Ta-mbi-S (Linnaeus) Site-3, 30 ft.
                          Strombus dentatus Linnaeus Site 1, 30         ft. ; l a, 20-30 ft.
                          S. luhuanus Linnaeus Site la, 20-30 ft'.
                          S. mutabilis Swainson Site 1, 30 ft.; la, reef         flat and 20-30 ft.; 39
                          reef flat

                       Hipponicidae
                          Hipponix   conicus (Schumacher)       Site 1, 30 ft.;.  3, 30 and    60 ft.   4,
                          30-50 ft.

                       Cypraeidae   (Cowries)
                          Cypraea   caputserpentis Linnaeus Site 1, 30       ft.
                          C. depressa (Gray)       Site 1, 30 ft.
                          C.  helvola Linnaeus Site 3, 20 ft.

                          C.  isabella Linnaeus Site la, 20-30 ft.
                          C.  Lynx Linnaeus Site la, reef flat
                          C.  moneta Linnaeus Site la, reef flat;       2, reef flat and ree'f  front; 4,
                          Tee f -f I -at
                          Cypraea   sp. (Juvenile) Site la, 20-30      ft.

                       Tonnidae (Tonn shells)
                          Tonna perdix '(Linnaeus) Site 2, beachwashed

                       Cymatiidae
                          Cymatium nicobaricum (Roeding) Site la, reef          flat; 2, reef front
                          Distorsic, anus (Linnaeus) Site la, reef flat

                       Bursidae
                          Bursa bufonia (Gmelin) Site 3, reef flat

                                                                                              w

                     Table 12.      Continued.

                          Muricidae
                              Drupa    (Roeding) Site       1., 30 ft.
                              D. morum Roeding Site 4,            reef  f lat
                              D.: ricinus (Linnaeus)         Site 2, reef front; 4, reef flat        and-30-50 ft.
                              Drupella elata (Blainville)        Site  3, 30 and 60 ft.
                              D. ochro!it--oma (Blainville)       Site  3, 30 ft.

                              M. gra ------TDuclos) Site           4, reef flat
                                      nulata
                              Morula biconica (Blainville)         Site la, 20-30 ft.

                                  uva   (Roeding) Site la,        reef   flat, 2. reef flat
                              -ffuil-codru               s (Wood) Site 1, 30         ft. ;  la're  f flat:
                                          pa funiculu                                            e
                              Thais   armigera (Link) Site         1, 30 ft.; la, reef      fla@t -3-@: @G, ft.

                          Facio: larfidae
                              Latirus nodatus (Gmelin)          Site la, 20-30     ft.       30..ft"..'
                                  polygonusTGmelin) Site la, 20-30              ft. ; 2  reef 'flat. and  reef afront
                              Peristernia nassatula (Lamarck) Site             la,   reef  flat*.- :2-:reef front'.

                          Nassariidae
                              Nassarius graniferus        (Kiener) Site la, 20-30         ft.,

                          Vadidae
                              Vasum    turbinellus (Linnaeus) Site 1, 30 ft.,              .1    r
                                                                                             a    eef  flat and 20-30
                              ft!; 2  'reef flat and reef frorit; 3, reef flat; 4,           reef, flat

                          Olividae   (Olives)
                              Oliva  annulata (Gmelin) Site la, 20730             ft.

                          Mitridae   (Miters)
                              Mitra  cucumerina Lamarck Site 2, reef              flat
                                  '@eremitarum Roeding Site 2, 30 ft.
                              M . @ferruginea    Lamarck (juvenile) Site          la, reef    flat
                              -Mitr;@ Site 3,    60 ft.
                              'Reocancilla Papilio (Link) Site 2, 30 ft.
                              Vexillum cadaverosum Reeve) Site la,                20-30 ft.
                              V.- Toronatum      (Helg-li-ng) Site la, 20-30 ft.
                              V. exasperatum (Gmelin) Site . 2, 30 ft.
                                  modestum      (Reeve) Site la, 20-30 ft.

                          Conidae    (Cones)
                              Conus aulicus Linnaeus Site la, 20-30 ft.
                              C.  balteatus Sowerby Site la, reef flat; 3, 30               ft.
                              C.  coronatus Gmelin Site la, reef flat
                                  distans Hwass Site 1, 30 ft.; w. 30 ft.; 4,               40-50   ft.
                              C.  ebraeus Linnaeus Site 2, 30 ft.
                              -C. i-burneus Hwass Site la, reef flat; 2, reef               flat
                              -C. flavidus Lamarck Site la, reef flat; 2, reef flat;                4, reef flat
                              C.  generalis Linnaeus Site 2, 30 ft.
                              C.  geographis Linnaeus Site la, 20-30 ft.
                              .S. litoglyphus Hwass Site 1, 30 ft.; 2, 30 ft.
                              C.  lividus Hwass Site 3, reef flat and 30 ft.
                              C.  T@I@Ies Linnaeus Site la, 20-30 ft.; 2, reef front; 3, 30 ft.
                              -E. ii=liaris Hwass Site la, reef flat and 20-30 ft.
                              C.  moreleti Grosse Site la, 20-30 ft.
                              C.  -M-U-S'lcus Hwass Site la, 20-30 ft.

                  Table 12. Continued.

                         C. planorbis Born Site la, 20-30 ft.
                         C. pulicarius Hwass Site la, 20-30 ft.
                            rattus Hwass Site la, reef flat
                         C. si2onsalis Hwass Site 2, reef flat
                         Z@. striatus Linnaeus Site la, 20-30   ft.; 2, 3 0@ft.
                         C. tessulatus Born Site la, 20-30 ft.
                         C. virgo Linnaeus Site la, 20-30 ft.

                      Terebridae (Auger Shells)
                         Tere bra subulata (Linnaeus) Site 2,    30 ft.

                   Bivalvia (Clams)
                      Arcidae
                         Arca Site   la, reef flat
                         Barbatia Site 3, reef flat

                      Limidae
                         Lima annulata Lamarck Site 2, 30 ft.;     3, 30 ft.

                      Chamidae
                         Chama    Site 2, 30 ft.

                      Carditidae
                         Cardita  variegata Brufiere Site   3, 30 ft.

                      Cardiidae
                         Fulvia  tenuicostata (lamarck)    Site la;   20-30  ft.  3, 30-60 ft.    4,
                         -@-0-50 ft.

                      Tridacnidae  (Giant Clams)
                         Tridacna  maxima (Roeding)     Site 1, 30 ft.  2 reef flat;' 4,'. '30-50 ft.

                      Veneridae
                         Lioconcha Site la, 20-30 ft.
                         Periglypta puerpera (Linnaeus) Site 4, 30-50      ft.:

                 Echinodermata (Schinodermos)

                 Holothuroidea
                      Holothuriidae (Sea Cucumber)
                         Actinopyga echinites (Jaeger) Site 2, reef     flat
                         A. mauritiana (Quoy and Gaimard) Site 2,       reef flat
                         Bohadschia argus Jaeger Site 2, reef flat;     4, reef flat
                         Holothuria atra Jaeger Site 2, reef flat; 4 reef flat
                         H. edulis Lesson Site 4, 30-50 ft.
                         -ff. Te-ucospilota (Brandt) Site la, reef flat; 2 reef  flat; 4 reef flat

                      Stichopidae
                         Stichopus cholorontus Brandt Site la, reef flat; 2 reef flat
                         Thelenota ananas Site 1, 30-50 ft.

                 Echinoidea (Sea Urchin)
                      Diadematidae
                         Echinothrix diadema Site 3, 30 ft.

                 Table 12.  Continued.

                     Echinometridae
                        Echinometra mathaei (Blainville) Site 2, -reef flat; 3, reef flat
                 Asteroidea (Sea Stars)
                     Acanthasteridae
                        Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus)   Site 1, 30-50 ft.; 3. reof.front

                     Oreasteridae
                        Culcita novaeguineae Muller and Troschel Site@.I,    30-50. :ft. 3, reef
                        front

                 Not Observed, @But Known To Be An Important     Resource @Of:Bahia Laulau

                        @Panularus sp. (Spiny Lobster, 3 species)

                        Scyllaridae (Slipper Lobster, 8 genera)

               Table 13. Fish species observed at Bahia Laulau, Saipap, November 3-7, 1982.
                            Asterisks indicate generally desirable food species.

                                                                       Chamorro:                 Site
                            FAMILY/SPECIES                             Name              1      2      3      4

               ACANTHURIDAE (Surgeonfishes)

                  Acanthurus achilles Shaw                                                             x
                  A. glaucoparieus Cuvier                              Hugupau           x      x      x      x
                  A. lineatus (Linnaeus)                               Hiyuk             x      x      x      x
                                                                                         x      x             x
                     nigricaudus Dunker and Mohr                                                              x
                  A. nigrofuscus (Forsskal)                            Hugupau           x      x      x      x
                     olivaceus Bloch and Schneider                     Hugupau           x             x      x
                                 Kittlitz                                                x      x             x
                  A. thompsoni (Fowler)                                                         x
                  T. triostegus (Linnaeus)                             Kechu             x      x      x
                  Z@teiio`chaetus binotatus Randall                                             x
                  C. striatus (Quoy and Gaimard)                       Hugupau           x      x      x      x
                  Naso brevirostris (Valenciennes)                                       x      x
                  N_.hexacanthus (Bleeker)                             Guasa             x             x      x
               *,N. lituratus (Bloch and Schneider)-                   Hanigun           x      x      x      x
               *.N. lopezi Herre                                                                       x
                     unicornis (Forsskal)                              Tataga            x
                  Paracanthurus hepatus (Linnaeus)                                       x
                  Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett)                       Ababang           x      x

               APOGONIDAE (Cardinalfishes)

                  Apogon novemfasciatus Cuvier                         Lansi             x      x::    x
                  A. sp..                                              Lan si                   X..
                  .Cheilodepterus macrodon (Lacepede)                  Lansi                    x

               AULOSTOMIDAE (Trumpetfishes)

                  Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus)                      Badyak                   X@

               BALISTIDAE (Triggerfishes)

                  Balistipus undulatus (Park)                                            x      X      x      x
                  Melichthys vidua (-Solander)                         Pulunun           x      x:     x      x
                  Odonus niger (Ruppell)                               Pulunun           x
                  R-hinecan-thus aculeatus    (Linnaeus)               Pulunun                  x.     x
                  R. echarpe @(LacepedeT                                                               x
                  97ufffa-men bursa (Bloch    and Schneider)           Pulunun           x             x      x
                  S. chrysopterus (Bloch      and Schneider)           Pulunun           x      x      x      x

               BLENNIIDAE (Blennies)

                  Exallias brevis (Kner)                               Maching                         x
                  Meiacanthus atrodorsalis .(Gunther)                  Maching           x      x      x
                  Plagiotremus tapeinosoma (Bleeker)                   Maching                         x
                  Salarias fasciatus TB-loch)                          Maching                         x

                Table 13.      Continued.
                                                                        Chamorro                    Site
                              FAMILY/ SPECIES                           Name                    2      3      4

                  Blenniid   sp. 1                                      Maching                        x
                  Blenniid   sp. 2                                      Maching                        x

                CAESIONIDAE (Fusiliers)

                  Caesio   caerulaureus Lacepede                        Bonita           X      X      x      x
                  C. tile  Cuvier and Valenciennes                      Bonita           X*
                  C. xanthonothus Bleeker                               Bonita                  x      x
                  Pterocaesio chrysozona Cuvier                         Bonita           x             @c     x

                CARANGIDAE       (Jacks, Pompanos)

                * Caranx   melampygus Cuvier                            Ee, Taraki"to.         -x      x
                * C. -sexfasciatus   Quoy & Gaimard                     Mamulon                 x

                CHARCHARHINIDAE (Requiem            Sharks)

                  Charcharhinus      melanopterus                       Haluu            x

                CHAETODONTIDAE (Butterflyfishes)

                  Chaetodon- auriga Forsskal                            Ababang                 x      x      x
                  C.  bennetti Cuvier                                   Ababang                               x
                      citrinellis  Cuvier                               Ababang          x:     x      x
                  C.  ephippium    Cuvier                               Ababang          x      x      x
                      lineolatus   Cuvier                               Ababang          :             x
                      lunula Macepede)                                  Ababang          X,:.   x      x      x
                  C.  mertensli Cuvier                                  Ababang                 x             x
                      ornatissimus Cuvier                               Ababang          xj:    X      x      x
                  C.  punctat6fasciatus Cuvier                          Ababang          X.     x      x      x
                  C.  quadrimaculatus Gray                              Ababang          x             x      x
                      reticulatus Cuvier                                Ababang          X.     x      x      x
                  C.  trifasciatus Park                                 Ababang                 x             x
                  C.  ulietensis Cuvier                                 Ababang                 x      x      x
                      unimaculatus Bloch                                Ababang          x      X      x
                  Forcipiger flavissimus     Jordan and McGregor        Ababang          x             x      x
                  F. longirostris (Broussonet)                          Ababang          X-
                  Megaprotodon trifascialis (Quoy and Gaimard)Ababang                    x      x      x      x

                CIRRHITIDAE (Hawkfishes)

                  Cirrhitichthys falco Randall                                           x             x
                  Neocirrhites armatus Castelnau                                         x             x
                  Paracirrhites arcaFus (Cuvier)                                         x      x      x      x
                  P. forsteri (Bloch and Schneider)                                      X,     x      x      x

                DASYATIDAE (Stingrays)

                  Taeniura melanospilos Bleeker                         Hafula                         x

               Table 13. Continued
                                                                        Chamorro                  Site
                              FAMILY/SPECIES                            Name              1       2      3      4

               GOBIIDAE (Gobies)

                  Amblyeleotris steinitzi (Klausewitz)                  Maching.          x       x
                  Nemateleotris magnifica. Fowler                       Maching           x              x
                  Pogonoculius zebra Fowler                             Maching           x              x
                  Ptereleotris evides (Jordan and Hubbs)                Maching                          x
                  Valencienna uellaris (Tomiyama)                       Maching                   x
                  V. strigatus (Broussonet)                             Maching           x       x      x
               HAEM"ULIDAE (Sweetlips)

                  Plectorhynchus orientalis (Bloch)                     Hamala                    @x

               'HEMIRAMPHIDAE (Halfbeaks)

                  Hemiramphus dussumieri (Valenciennes)                 Anko, Hankut              x

               HOLOCENTRIDAE (Squirrelfishes)
               '*.Adioryx caudimaculatus (Ruppell)                      Suksuk            x
                  A. ruber (Forsska-lT-                                 Suksuk                    x
                  A. spinnifer (Forsskal)                               Sesiok                    x      x
                  Tlamm-eo opercularis (Valenciennes)                   Chalak                    X.
                  F. sammara (Forsskal)                                 Chalak                    X*     x
                  T4yrpristis berndti Jordan and Evermann               Sagsag                    x      x
                  M. murdian (Forsskal)                                 Sagsag                    x      x

               .LABRIDAE .(Wrasses)

                  Anampses caeruleopunctatus Ruppell                    Aaga              x       x      x      x
                  A. meleagrides Valenciennes                           Aaga                      X,                ..
                  A. twistii (Bleeker)                                  Aaga                      X,     x
                  Bodianus akillaris (Bennett)                                                    X@
                  Cheilinus celibicus. Bleeker                          Aaga                      X:
                  C. unifasciatus Streets                               Aaga              x       X      x      x
                  Z@. trilobatus Eacepede                               Lalatsa-Mamati            x      x      x
                  C. undulatus Ruppell                                  Tanguisun
                  ThJ-lio inermis (Forsskal)                            Aaga                      x
                  TIT-r-hilabrus sp.                                    Aaga                      x      x
                  Coris aygula Lacepede                                 Aaga              x
                                                                                                         x
                  C. gaimard:(Quoy and        Gaimard)                  Aaga              x              x
                  -Epibulus insidiator (Pallas)                         Aaga              x       x             x
                  Gomphosus varius Lacepede                             Aaga              x       x      x      x
                  Halichoeres biocellatus:. Schultz                     Aaga              x              x
                  H.  hortulanus (La-cepe8e)                            Aaga              x       X      x      x
                  ff. margaritaceus (Valenciennes)                      Aaga              x       x      x      x
                  H.  marginatus Ruppell                                Aaga                      x      x
                  H.  scapularis (Bennett)                              Aaga              x
                  R.  trimaculatus (Quoy and Ga'imard)                  Aaga                      x      x
                  Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch)                          Aaga              x       x      x      x

                Table 13. Continued.
                                                                        Chamorro                   Site
                              FAMILY/SPECIES                            Name             1.     2      3      4

                  H. melapterus (Bloch)                                 Aaga                    X
                  Hologymnosus doliatus (Lacepede)                      Aaga.            x             x      x
                  Labrichthys unilineatus (Guichenot)                   Aaga                    X.
                  Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes)                   Aaga             X%     X.     x
                  Macropharyngodon meleagris (Valenciennes)             Aaga             X:            x      x
                  Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepede)                  Aaga                           x      x
                  Pseudocheilinus evanidus                              Aaga,                          x
                  P. hexataenia, (Bleeker@-                             Aaga             x      ,x     x      x
                            is bandanensis (Bleeker)                    Aaga             X             x      x
                  Stethojul
                  Thalassoma, fuscum (Lacepede)                         Aaga             X;     ,x     x
                  T. lutescens (Lay and Bennett)                        Aaga             X,    '.X     x      x
                                                                                                       x      x
                  T. quinguevittatum (Lay and Bennett)                  Aaga

                LETHRINIDAE      (Emperors)

                  Gnathodentex     aureolineatus   (Lacepede)           Salagai          x;            k      X.
                  Lethrinus:hara-k-TF-orsskal)                          Mafute                  :X     x
                                                                                         X:,
                  L. semicinctus    Valenciennes                        Mafute                                X.
                  Ponotaxis   grandoculis (Forsskal)                    Matanhagon       x      :x     x      x

                LUTJANIDAE, (Snappers)

                  Aphareus    furcatus   (Lacepede)                                             x      x
                  Aprion   virescens Valenciennes                                        X.:
                  Lutjanus bQhar Forsskal)                              Tagafi           X:            x
                                                                        Kakaka                  x      x
                  L. fulvus@ (Blo h and Schneider)
                            tusi (Cuvier and Valenciennes)                               xl'.L.
                  L.  russelli 1. @Bleeker)                                                     x
                  !@acolor niger (Forsskal)                                                     X      x      x
                MALACANTHIli.AE (False Whitings)

                  Malacanthus. brevirostris Guichenot                                    X
                  M. latovTttatus (Lacep e)                                                     x

                MONACANTHIPAE         (Filefishes)
                  Cantherhines pardalis, (Ruppell)                                       x      x      x
                  Oxymonacanthus longirostris (Bloch and Schneider)
                                                                        Hagonfa Ha              x
                  Pervagor melanocephalus (Bleeker)                                                    x      x

                MUGILOIDIDAE (Sand Perches)

                  Parapercis cephalopunctata (Seale)                                     x      x      x      x
                  P. clathrata, Ogilby                                                   x      x      x

               Table 13. Continued
                                                                      Chamorro                   Site
                            FAMILY/SPECIES                            Name              1      2      3      4

               MULLIDAE (Goatfishes)

                 Mulloides flavolineatus (Lacepede)                   Tiao or                  x      x
                 M. vanicolensis (Vale-nciennes)                      Salmonete'               x
                 Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepede)                     Salmoniti         x
                 P. bifasciatus (LaE-e-pede)                          Salmoniti         x      x      x      x
                 -P .chryseredros (Lacepede)                             Amariyu               x
                 P. pleurostigma (Bennett)                                              x      x
                    poryphyreus Jenkins                                                        x
                 P. trifasciatus (Lacepede)                           Salmoniti         x      x      x      x

               MURAENIDAE (Moray Eels)

                 Lycodontis sp.                                       Titugi                          x

               NEMIPTERIDAE (Monacle Breams)

               **Scolopsis cancellatus (Cuvier)                       Sihig                    x

               OPICHTHIDAE (Snake Eels)

                 Myrichthys colubrinus. (Boddaert)                    Hagman-Lisado                   x
               P,EMPHERIDAE     (Sweepers)

                 Pempheris   oualensis Cuvier                                                         x      x

               POMACANTHIDAE (Angelfishes)

                 Apolemichth      trimaculatus (Cuvier)               Ababang@          x
                            "n+slavissimus (Cuvi                      Ababang-          x
                 CentropyLge                       er)                                                x      x
                 C. hearaldi Woods and Schultz                        Ababang           x
                 C. shepardi Randall and Yasuda                       Ababang           x             x      x
                 Py oplites diacanthus (Boddaert)                     Ababa-ng          x      x
                 Pomacanthus imperiit-or (Bloch)                      Ababang                         x

               POMACENTRIDAE (Damselfishes)

                 Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier)                   Doddo                    X:     x
                 A. vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard)                     Fohmo                    X,            x
                 Amblyglyphidodon aureus (Cuvier)                     Fohmo             x      x      x      x
                 Amphiprioii -clarkii -FB-ennett)                     Fohmo             x      x
                 Chromis acares Randall      and Swerdloff            Fohmo             x      x
                 C. agilis Smith                                      Fohmo                    x
                 C. caerulea (Cuvier)                                 Fohmo                    x
                     margaritifer Fowler                              Fohmo             x
                          -----TBleeker)                              Fohmo                    x      x
                 C. xanthura                                                            x
                 Chrysiptera biocellatus     (Quoy and Gaimard)       Fohmo                    x      x
                 C. glaucus (CuvierT-                                 Fohmo                           x

                 Table 13. Continued
                                                                       Chamorro                  Site
                             FAMILY/SPECIES                            Name             1      2      3      4

                  C. leucopomus (Lesson)                               Foh'Mo           x      x:     x
                      T -ra -ce         and Schultz)                   FAmo                    X,     x
                           y, (Woods
                  Dascyllus aruanus     (Linnaeus)                     Fohmo                   X.
                  D. reticulatus (Richardson)                          Fohmo            X.
                  D. trimaculatus (Ruppell)                            Fohmo            xw
                  Plectroglyphidodon dickii     (Lienard)              Fohmo                   X      x      x
                  P. imperipennis (Valliant     and Sauvage)           Fohmo                          x
                  P. johnstonianus Fowler and Ball                     Fohmo
                                                                                                      x      x
                  P. lacrymatus (Quoy and       Gaimard)               Fohmo            x             x      x
                  Pomacentrus vaiuli Jordan      and Seale             Fohmo            x                    x
                  Pomachromis guamensis Allen and Larson               Fohmo            X,
                  -9-tegastes fasciolatus (Ogilby)                     Fohmo            x:     :K     x      x

                 S
                 CARID AE    (Parr'otfishes)

                  Cetoscarus    bicolor (Ruppell)                                             @x
                  Scarus brevif@ilis Gunther)                                                         x
                      frenatus. Lacepede                               Lagua                                  x
                      f rontalis. Valenciennes                         Lagua
                      gibbu's Rupp'ell                                 Lagua                   @K     x
                  S.  oviceps@ Valenciennes                            Lagua                   x
                  S.  psittacus Forsskal                               Palagsi                 x      x      x
                  S.  rubroviolaceus (Bleeker)                         Lag'ua                  x      x      x
                  S.  @chlegeli: M-leeker)                             Lagua            x      x      x      x
                      sordidus'. Forsskal.                             Lagua.           X.     x      x      x
                  S.  tricolor Bleeker                                 Lagua            X@
                      sp.                                              Lagua            ic v
                  S.  sp.                                              Lagua.                                x

                 SERRANIDAE. (Groupers)

                 *Cephalopholis   urodelus   (Bloch & Schneider)       Gadao            x                    x
                 *C. sonneratus (Cuvier)                               Gadao                          x
                  Epinephelus merra Bloch                              Gadao                   x
                  Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepede)                    Gadao            x
                  Variola I      FB-I e-e k-e-rT                                        x

                 SIGANIDAE (Rabbitfishes)

                  Siganus argenteus (Quoy and Gaimard)                 Hiting           x                    x
                      ALnus (Linnaeus)                                 Seyun                   x      x

                 SYGNATHIDAE (Pipefishes)

                  Corythoichthys intestinalis (Ramsey)                 Hilitsi-Tasi                   x

                 SYNODONTIDAE (Lizardfishes)

                  Saurida gracilis (Quoy and Gaimard)                  PiPiPU           x      x
                  Synodus variegatus (Lacepede)                        Pipipu                         x

               Table 13. Continued
                                                                     Chamorro                 Site
                            FAMILY/SPECIES.                          Name            1      2       3     4

               TETRAODONTIDAE (Smooth Puffers)

                 Canthigaster amboinensis (Bleeker)                  Botati                 x       x
                 C. bennetti (BleekerT-                              Botati                 x
                 C. solandri (Richardson)                            Botati                 x       x     x
                     @@-alentini (Bleeker)                           Botati                 x

               ZANCLIDAE (Moorish Idols)
                 Zanclu's cornutus (Linnaeus)                        Ababang:        x      x       x     x

               :.TOTAL NO. FAMILIES         35                                       23     31     28     19
               TOTAL NO. SPECIES          200                                       107     130   124     7@
               *TOTAL NO. FOOD SPECIES            75                                 35     51     38     27

                                                                                       2   and 3,: Bahia
                Table 14.     Fish species observed on the reef flat         at Sites
                              Laulau, Saipan, November 3-7, 1982.

                           FAMILY/SPECIES                                          CHAMORRO       NAME

                           ACANTHURIDAE (Surgeonfishes)

                              Acanthurus nigrofuscus                               Hugupau
                              A. triostegus                                        Kechu

                           APOGONIDAE (Cardinalfishes)

                              Apogon    novemfasciatus                             Lansi

                           BALISTIDAE (Triggerfishes)

                              @.Rhinecanthus aculeatus                             Puluniin.:

                           BLENNIIDAE (Blennies)

                              Balarias fasciatus                                   Maching.:-

                           CARANGIDAE (Jacks, Pompa-nos)

                              Caranx melampygus                                    Ee;   Tarakito

                           CHARCHARHINIDAE (Requiem Sharks)

                              ',Charcharhinus melanopterus                         Haluu.

                           CHAETODONTIDAE (Butterfly fishes)

                              Chaetodon auriga                                     Ababang@
                              C.: citrinellis                                      Abagang
                              C. . lunula                                          Ababan.g.. Lo nnat

                           HOLOCENTRIDAE (Squirrelfishes)

                              A!dioryx spinnifer                                   Sesiok
                              Flammeo opercularis                                  Chalak

                           LA,BRIDAE     (Wrasses)

                              Cheilinus trilobatus                                 Lalatsa-Mamati
                              Cheilio inermis                                      Aaga
                              Halichoeres hortulanus                               Aaga
                              H. marginatus                                        Aaga
                              H. trimaculatus                                      Aaga
                              Stethojulis bandanensis                              Aaga

                           LETHRINIDAE (Emperors)

                              Lethrinus harak                                      M afute

              Table 14. Continued.

                         FAMILY/SPECIES                                       CHAMORRO NAME

                         LUTJANIDAE (Snappers)
                             Lutjanus fulvus                                  Ka@kaka

                         MULLIDAE (Goatfishes)

                             Miulliodes flavolineatus                         Tiao, Salmonete
                             Ta-rupeneus trifasciatus                         Salmoniti, Acho
                             P. poryphyreus

                         MURAENIDAE (Moray Eels)

                             Lycodontis sp.                                   Titugi

                         OPICHTHIDAE (Snake Eels)

                             Myrichthys colubrinus                            Hagman-Lisado

                         POMACANTHIDAE (Angelfishes)

                             Pomacanthus imperator                            Ababang

                         POMACENTRIDAE (Damselfishes)

                           @.Abudefduf septemfasciatus                        Fohmo,  Doddo.
                             @Chrysiptera biocellatus                         Fohmo
                             C.. leucopomus                                   Fohmo,
                             C. glaucus                                       Foh.mo
                             Pomacentrus vauili                               Fohmo

                         SCARIDAE (Parrotfishes)

                             Scarus oviceps                                   Lagu*a
                             S. psittacus                                     Palagsi
                             -9. schlegeli                                    Lagua,
                             -9. sordidus                                     Lagua

                         SERRANIDAE .(Groupers)

                             .Cephalopholis sonneratus                        Gadao

                         SIGANIDAE (Rabbitfishes)

                             Siganus s2ftius                                  Manahak, Seyun

                         SYGN.ATHIDAE (Pipefishes)

                             Corythoichthys intestinalis                      Hilitsi-Tasi

              Table 14. Continued.

                       FAMILY/SPECIES                                 CHAMORROVAMES

                       SYNODONTIDAE     (Lizardfishes)

                         .'Saurida gracilis                           Pipipu

                       TETRAODONTIDAE (Smooth Puffers)

                          Canthigaster bennetti                       Botati
                                                                           i
                          C. solandri                                 Botat

                       ZANCLIDAE    (Moorish Idols)

                                                                               G
                          Zanclus cornutus                            Ababahg   up alao

                  Table 15.  Juvenile fishes observed during reconnaissance and transect dives
                             at Bahia Laulau, Saipan, November 3 - 7, 1982. Numbers are
                             based on transect dives only. RF = Reef Flat; RS = Forereef
                             Slope; Trophic groups: C = Carnivore,       H:   Herbivore, 0
                             Omnivore.

                  SPECIES                               TOTAL       RF#      RS#        TROPHIC
                                                       NUMBER                             GROUP

                  Acanthuridae (Surgeonfishes)

                        Acanthurus glaucoparieus             1                  1            H
                        Acanthurus   nigrofuscus             1                  1            H
                        Wcanthurus   thompsoni               1        1                      H
                        Acanthurus   triostegus              1                               H
                        Ctenochaetus striatus                1                  1            H
                        Ctenochaetus binotatus               1                  1            H
                        Naso lituratus                       3                  3            H

                  Apogonidae (Cardinalfishes)

                        Apogon novemfasciatus               .4        4                      C
                        Apogon sp                            6                  6            C

                  Blenniidae (Blennies)

                        Meiacanthus atrodorsalis             1                  1            C
                        Plagiotremus tapeinosoma             I                  I            C

                  Labridae@  (Wrasses)

                        Cori aygula                          1                               C
                        -a-0-Mphosus varius                  3                  3            C
                        Halichoeres hortulanus               1                  1            C
                        Halichoeres marginatus               3         3                     C
                        Falichoeres trimaculatu-s            3         3                     C
                        Labrichthys unilineatus              2                ..2            C
                        Stethojulis bandanensis              3         3                     C

                  Lutjanidae (Snappers)

                        Lutjanus russelli                    1                  1            C

                  Pomacanthidae (Angelfishes)

                        Pomacanthus imperator                                                H

                    Table 15.      Continued

                                                                              RF#       RS#
                    SPECIES                                     TOTAL                                TROPHIC
                                                               NUMBER                                :GROUP

                    Pomacentridae (Damselfishes)

                           Chrysiptera. briocellatus               21           21                         H
                           Chrysiptera leucopomus                   5            1        @4               H
                           Chrysiptera traceyi                      1                                      H
                                                                                                           H
                           Plectroglyphidodon lacrVmatus            4                     :4.
                           Pomacentrus vaiuli                       5                     :5               0
                           Stegastes fasciolatus                    1
                                                                                                           H

                    Scaridae (Parrotfishes)                                                                q

                           Scarus   schlegeli                       1                     1.               H
                           Scarus   sordidus                        5            2        3:               H
                           Scarus   sp 1,                           1                     1.               H
                           Scarus   sp 2                            1                     1.               H

                    Synodontidae    .(Lizardfishes)

                           Salarida   gracilis                      2            1                         C

                            S@
                    TOTAL                                      NUMBER          PERCENT    OFTOTAL

                    Number -of @Jndividuals                        86
                    Number    of -,Species                         31
                    Number    of. Families                          9
                    Number    of' Herbivores                       17                     55
                    Number. of    Carnivores                       13                     42,
                    Number    of  Omnivores                         1                     3

              Table 16. Fish densities calculated for      different depths    and general reef zones
                          from line transect data compiled at Sites 2           and 3, Bahia Laulau,
                          Saipan, November 3-7, 1982.

                                                             Transect
                     Study Site              Depth (m)     Length (m) #spp/20 m?           #indiv/20 m  2.

                                                                              w
              REEF FLAT:

                  Site 2                           1              50             4.8             13.6
                  Site 3                           1            100              3.2               5.6
                  Sites 2 and 3                    1            150              3.7               8.3

              FOREREEF SLOPE:

                  Site 2                           9            100              6.1             11.8
                  Site 3                           9            100              9.5             22.8
                  Sites 2 and 3                    9            200              7.8             17.3

                  Site 2                           18           100              5.4             11.4
                  Site 3                           18           100              9.4             27.6
                  Sites 2 and    3                 18           200              7.6             19.5

                  Site 2                      9 and    18       200              5.8             11.6
                  Site 3                      9 and    18       200              9.4             25.@
                  Sites 2  and   3            9 and    18       400              7.7             18.4

                 Table 17. Fish      densities    calculated for different substrate categories                from line
                              transect data       compiled at Sites 2 and 3, Bahia ''Laulau, Saipan,
                              November 3-7,        1982.

                                                                       Transect:
                       STUDY      SITE                Depth   (m)    Length (m)       #spp/20      m'.    Andiv/20 m'

                 REEF FLAT:        (Sites 2 and 3)

                     Shallows:                            0.3              70                :1.3                 1.6
                     Depressions                         0.3,  1           80                :5,9                14.0

                  FOREREEF:SLOPE:           (Site 2)

                     Sand/Rubble.                           9              30                :2.:O@               2.0
                     Sand/Rubble                          18               20                     5.1             1.5
                                                                                                                  2.0
                     Sand/Rubbl6'                        9&18              50

                     Sand/Rubble      with
                      Rocks or Coral                        9              40                                    11.0
                     Sand/Ru*bble     with
                      Rocks: or. Coral                    18               50                A.* 5
                                                                                                                  6.2
                     Sand/Rubble with
                      Rocks:or      Coral                9&18              90                :4. 7'.              8.3

                     Coral                                  9              30                                    23.7
                     Coral                                18               30                -10.3'              25.3
                     Coral                               9&18              60                .11.0:              24.5

                                              APPENDi,x
                                                PLATES

                         4TnPsse GAPM aT44TT qqTm AL-P UrE20 rIGA L- Sem STL;L
                   @4Ts oam T-e-Fqua-4od eqq qL- u-r BuppoT pam-meas ux)x maTAZ

                                     A4TT-FDPJ 0= @LR aOJ @TFS T'E?T'4ua'4od
                       aqq: Ta4TS '4P UmOP BuTNOOT ueui6pH uc--4urid mi
                                                                    maTA  '-T

                                  ko.

                                                                 yn@

                                                                       tap

                                                                                     X*_
                                                                                     qr

                                One of the numerous sand channels which run perpendicular
                                out frcm Site 1. The depth here is approximately 60 feet.

                                   7,
                                                    @7

                                                     4b

                             4. The  seaward slope just offshore of Site 1. Three Acanthaster
                                planci can be seen feeding on the  coral in the foreground.
                                Depth here is approximately 30 feet.

                                                                                  t
                       qp -4--'aJ SZ JO q4dGP e 412 PunOJ    SuO-F-4L'mOJ T-GaOO T-eO-FcVL `9

                                                                            14@

                                                      17
                                                                                    T-

                                                             a_T
                                                                olqs aqq jBUOTL- Saqot--@
                        PUPS -D@Aq 0-4 qpTg:.@Jaaa aq4 Ssolov tr-I-Tou BUT3(00-[ PT -a-4
                                                                                      TS

                                 Site 2 looking southeast across Bahia Laulau.  The cut
                                 used for boat and diver access is located between the
                                 larger rocks in the left side of the photo.

                                                                             7, 1

                                                                                    7

                                 Typical coral coverage at Site 2 taken at a depth of
                                 30 feet.

                                  71i@

                                                           10,

                                                       4r*

                                                                B
                            9.L Site 3 looking sou@heast across ahia Laulau..  Chamorro
                                Village restaurant can be seen on the-top of-thd cliff to
                                the right.

                           1.0. Typical underwater view taken at a depth of 40 feet at
                                Site 3.

                           11-. Looking south across Bahia Laulau to Site 4. The quarry
                                below the airport is just to the right of SiteA.

                                                                                   Pr@

                                                7;@

                                                                 7-A

                                                       z @0.

                           12. Underwater view of Site 4 taken  at a depth of approximately
                                50 feet.

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