Shoreline erosion an annotated bibliography on beaches and dunes

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

SHORELINE EROSION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ON BEACHES AND DUNES

GB
454
.B3
S56
1978

COASTAL ZONE INFORMATION CENTER

SHORELINE EROSION'; AN ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BEACHES AND DUNES

Prepared for the
Department of Land Conservation & Development

by.the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association

Property of CSC Library

This work was financially aided through a grant from the Office
of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin-
istration administered by the Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development. The grant funds were appropriated under the
Coastal; Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended.

(,IS 0EPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
CCA"'TA[ SERVICES CENTER
"@'@,14 SOUTH H'06SON AVENUE
CHARLESTON, SC 29405-2413

SHORFLINE EROSION: AN ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BEACHES AND DUNES

I. Steps Leading To the Beaches and Dunes Goal

Battelle Institute. 1973. Oregon: Areas of Environmental Concern.
Batelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Richland, Washington.
104 pp.
A "701"report initiated by the State Executive Department
in 1972 to describe and depict Oregon's areas of environmental
concern on a statewide basis.

Economic Consultants Oregon, Ltd. 1978. "State of Oregon Shorefront
Access and Preservation Planning Process." Executive summary.
State Department of Transportation, Parks and Recreation. Salem,
Oregon. 15 pp.
This paper summarizes the major findings of the study of
existing policies and programs for providing public access and
protection to beaches and other coastal areas. This paper includes
a section on "Areas Not Covered and Suggested Im provements
Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Comission. 1975. Pr@gress
Report. Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission.
Florence, Oregon. 209 pp.
A report presented to the Governor's Office to provide an
accounting of the progress and scope of OCC and DC overall work
program. Pages 43 to 62 cover the beaches and dunes resources and
comprise the basic data from which Goal #18 Beaches and Dunes was
derived.

Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1974. Visual
Resource Analysis of the Oregon Coastal Zone. Prepared by Waller,
Havens, and Erickson, Landscape Architects. Eugene, Oregon 135 pp.
It provides identification of and guidelines to preserve
coastal environments of special significance.

Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1973. "Coastal
Workshops." OCC & DC unpublished workshop input. Florence,
Oregon.
Beaches and Dunes were one of four Coastal Zone topics
discussed from which input was received from 8 citizen discussion
groups.

Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1977. "Coastal Goals:
Response to Concerns." Salem, Oregon. 4 pp.
An explanation of why the commission changed certain wording
within the 4 coastal goals prior to adoption. The two changes to the
beaches and dunes goal explains the change of the site investigation
from a goal requirement to a guideline - replaced by mandated findings
of fact and secondly the rewording to clearly prohibit residential,
commercial or industrial development on active or-wave overtopped
or indirect foredunes. .

Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1976. "Draft No. 3.
Coastal Planning Goals and Guidelines." Land Conservation and
Development Commission. Salem, Oregon. 20 pp.
The third andfinal draft of the coastal goals before their
adoption on December 18, 1976, included the Beaches and Dunes Goal.

Oregon State Highway Department, State Parks and Recreation. 1966. Public
Use Study: Oregon's Coastal Beaches. Salem, Oregon.
Provides information concerning recreational interests,
significance and physical characteristics on 39 sections of beach.
Noted as a preliminary and limited study it does provide some basic
data and aerial photos of beach use in 1966.

U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers. 1971. National Shoreline Study: Inventory
Report Columbia - North Pacific Region Washington and@Oreqon.
North Pacific Division. Portland, Oregon. 101 pp.
An inventory of the physical characteristics, historical
changes, ownership, and shoreline uses are provided for the
Washington and Oregon coast generally and by county. Many useful
illustrated maps are included.

U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers. 1974. Coastal Reconnaissance Study: Oregon
and Washington. Portland District. Battelle Pacific Northwest
Laboratories. Richland, Washington. 478 pp.
This is a reconnaissance level survey of 15 Oregon and
Washington coastal projects to determine their potential recreation
and conservation use. Characteristics of each site obtained related
to recreation, wildlife, land use, open space, and historical and
archeological values.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Beaches
and Dunes of the Oregon Coast'. USDA/SCS. Portland, Oregon. 161 pp.
This study was produced for and with OCC & DC to provide
resource data for land use decision making and for educational
information concerning the beach and dune environment. Beach and
dune landforms are explained and identified on aerial photos of the
Oregon coast. Proposed management policies are presented.

II. Introduction to Beach and Dune Systems

Barnes, R. K. S. ed. 1977. The Coastline. John Wiley and Sons, New York,
N. Y. 396 pp.
A highly useful systematic examination of the ecology and
physiography of coastal aquatic and terrestrial environments. Land
use and management problems are highlighted.

Bascom, W. 1964. Waves and Beaches. Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y. 267 pp.
A basic introduction to the wave and beach processes from
a west coast study that included Oregon.

Bird, E. C. F. 1969. Coasts. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
246 pp.
The fourth and last volume of a series on landforms
treating landforms as parts of systems in which the interacting
,processes are-almost completely produced and altered by solar
energy. Thus the coastal situation is viewed in terms of waves,
currents and wind as agents in fashioning the 'coastal forms.
Chapter V Beaches, Spits, and Barriers and Chapter VI Coastal Dunes
give a general introduction to the morphology of these landforms@

Buckler, William R. 1978. Dune Type Inventory and.Barrier'Dune Classifi,cation
Study of the Lake Michigan Shore. Preliminary Draft submitted to the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 74 pp'.
A dune morphology classification is developed for the Great
Lakes and dune assemblages were mapped. The classification is based
on the dune form, relief, orientation, and relationship to the.
underlying formation.

Bush, George. 1976. "Soils Management Services Report, Sand Lake Recreation
Area." United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Siuslaw National Forest, Hebo Ranger District. Corvallis, Oregon
16 pp.
Describes geo-environmental changes which have occurred at
,Sandlake in historic times. Management recommendations designed to
enhance and protect the dunes and associated recreational facilities
are offered.

Carefoot, Thomas. 1977. Pacific Seashores: A Guide to Intertidal Ecology.
University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington. 208 pp.
This work is a broad, well-illustrated guide to intertidal
ecology. There is one generally useful section on sand dunes.

Cooper, W. S. 1958. Coastal Sand Dunes of Oregon and Washington Geological
Society of America Memoir 72. New York, N.Y. 169 pp.
Classic geomorphic description and interpretation of
sand dune morphology evolution, and historic development in coastal
.Oregon and Washington. Also, subdivides Oregon coast into four
geomorphically dissimilar sand dune regions.

Inman, Douglas L. and Birchard M. Bush. 1973. "The Co-astal. Challen.ge
Science. 181:20-32.
The article considers the coastal-processes of currents,.etc.
and man's interference with the natural processes. Highlighted are
shoreline stabilization, sand budget and transport.

Katz, Barbara A. and Stephen R. Gabriel. 1977. "Oregon's Ever-Changing
Coastline." Extension Marine Advisory Program. 5G 35. Oregon
State University. 7 pp.
This work provides a good non-technical introduction to
.the ocean shore processes.

Komar, Paul. 1976. Beach Processes and Sedimentation. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 429 pp.
A recent text that describes the physical processes of beaches
and the resulting sedimentary deposits by a professor who studies the
Pacific Coast..

Lund, Ernest H. 1971. "Coastal Land Forms Between Florence and Yachats,
Oregon." The Ore Bin. State of Oregon. Department of Geology and
Mineral Industries. 33(2)21-44.
The article provides an overview of the headland basalt
structures and the differential erosion. Sand dunes are briefly
mentioned.

Lund, Ernest H. 1973. "Oregon Coastal Dunes Between Coos Bay and Sea Lion
Point." The Ore Bin. State of Oregon, Department of Geology and
Mineral Resources. Portland, Oregon. 35(5)73-92.
This booklet offers a good, short overview of the sand dune
types including useful photographs.

Lund, Ernest H. 1974. "Rock Un its and Coastal Landforms Between Newport
and Lincoln City, Oregon." The Ore Bin. State Of Orego .n, Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries. PoFtland, Oregon. 36(5)65-92.
This booklet offers a useful, short background on the land
forms and basic geology including good.photographs.

Ranwell, D. S. 1975. Ecology of Salt Marshes and Sand Dunes. Halsted Press,
New York, N.Y. 258 pp.
This work is a detailed ecological study and considers
management of both salt marshes and sand dunes. Sand dune management
includes water extraction, species introduction, and other factors.

Ruef, Michael H. 1975. Coastal Sand Dunes Study: Pacific and Grays Harbor
Counties, WashingTo-n. State Department of Ecology. Olympia, Washington.
31 pp.
A detailed study of Washington's coastal dunes that relates
vegetation to the sand landforms; provides analysis on ocean-dune
relationship; impacts of man; the natural areas; and suggests some
management considerations.

Starr, Richard M., Richard A. Marston, and Madeline J. Hall. 1975. Department
of Geography Resource Paper 7. Oregon State University. Corvallis,
Oregon. 48 pp.
Coastal sand area types are placed in sensitivity classes.
These classes are given performance standards to guide development.
The specific study area is north of Florence and is mapped by
sensitivity class.

Weideman, Alfred M., Dennis J. LaRea, and Frank H. Smith. '1974. Plants
of the Oregon Coastal Dunes. Oregon State University Book tores, Inc.
Corvallis, Oregon. 117 pp.
A very useful work which includes a brief but highly
informative introduction.to the physical geography of Oregon-s
coastal dunes. The primary emphasis is on the key to and description
of sand dune plants.

Zenkovick, V. P. 1962. Processes of Coastal Development. J. A. Steers, ed.
Translated by D. T. Frey. Oliver and Boyd, London. 738 pp.
The most thorough discussion of shore processes found in any
one single publication. The author adopts a wide regional appr oach
to the subject.' Chapter 12 Aeolian processes on Sea Coasts is concise
and covers the literature as well as the worldwide variants of sand
beaches and dunes.

III. Beach and Dune Planning Considerations

A. Sand Removal

Bernewitz, M. W. von. 1930. "Treatment and Sale of Black Sands." Information
Circular 7000. U.S. Department of Interior. 21 pp.
The author provides background information on the nature of
black sands and experiences in mining and processing it from several
case studies.

Carter, George, Hal J. Kelly and E. W. Parsons. 1962. Industrial Silica
Deposits of the Pacific Northwest. Information Circular No. 8112.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 57 pp.
An evaluation report of data derived from field and laboratory.
examinations of 82 silica deposits. The-Coos Bay dune sands was one
of 5 samples taken in Oregon. These sands were found to be not of
high quality but could be used as a source for the manufacture of
ceramic ware and amber container glass.

Carter, G. J., H. M. Harris and K. G. Strandbert. 1964. Beneficiation
Studies of the Oregon Coastal Dune Sands for Use as Glass Sand.
RI 6484. U.S. Bureau of Mines. 21 pp.
This study found the sand deposits in the Coos-Umpqua dunes
area to be suited for foundry, sand blasting, filler, ceramic use,
and for certain types of glass if properly treated.

Dasher, John, Foster Fraes and Alton Gabriel. 1942. "Mineral Dressing
of Oregon Beach Sands, 1. Concentration of Chromite, Zircon, Garnet
and Ilmenite." Report of Investigation 3668. U.S. Department of
the Interior. 19 pp.
On the coast of SW Oregon, particularly in Coos and Carry
Counties are numerous pockets of heavy sand that have been deposited
on the back of old beaches. The investigation found certain levels
of materials that could be extracted depending on the market demands.

Department of Civil Engineering. 1978. "Notes for Brainstorming Meeting on
Coastal Aggregates." Oregon State University. Corvallis, Oregon.
21 pp.
A series of notes outlining the goals of a 3 year research
project to study coastal aggregates. The goals as presented were:
a. Identify promising marginal aggregates, b. Evaluate benefication
methods, c. Develop specifications, and d. Establish economic
limits for the use of these aggregates.

Magoon, Orville T., John C. Haugen, and Robert L. Sloan. 1972. "Coastal
Sand Mining in Northern California, U.S.A."' Proceedings of the 13th
Coastal Engineering Conference. American Society of Civil Engineers.
Vancouver, B.C. pp. 1571-1597.
This paper describes the history and character of sand
mining in California. Noting that sand removal is significant at.
specific locations, the authors point out that the beaches represent
a major recreational asset.

Stephenson, E. L. 1945. "Magnetometer Surveys on Black Sands of the Oregon
Coast." R 1 3814. U.S. Department of the Interior. 18 pp.
This investigation located deposits of black sands in Coos
and Carry Counties, Oregon.

Sterrett, Chester K. 1958. ."Industrial Silica for Pacific Northwest
Industries." Resource Report No. 1. Raw Materials Survey, Inc..
Portland, Oregon.
In a section-of "Oregon Beach Sands" the report finds that
no specific studies on beach sands as a source of industrial silica
have been accomplished. It was noted however that no extensive
deposits of pure white sands exist and with a low quartz content
(40% with partial iron staining).

B. Stabilization and Restoration Methods

Brown, Robert L., and A. L. Hafenrichter. 1962. "Stabilizing Sand Dunes
on the Pacific Coast with Woody Plants." U.S.. Department of Agriculture,
.Soil Conservation Service. Misc. Publication No. 892. 18 pp.
This describes the uses of woody plants as stabilizers, the
planning required, and the species used for stabilization.

Georgia Department of Natural Resources. 1974. Methods for Beach and Sand
Dune Protection. Conference Report. Georgia Department of Natural
Resources. Atlanta, Georgia. 48 pp.
This is a collection of papers delivered during the conference
that relate to three basic topics: The Natural Functioning-of
the Beach and Sand Dune System, Methods for Beach and Sand Dune
Protection and Workshop Discussions and Recommendations. Overall
worthwhile readings by experts and practioners but with a stress on
East coast experiences.

Green, Diantha L. 1965.. Developmental Histor.@'of European'Beachgrass
(Ammophila-arenarial P16htihqt'6n the'Or606n Coattal'SAhd Dunes.
Oregon State University. 64 pp.
The development from initial planting to take over of natural
species is discussed. Data,on the plots studied south of Florence
included various measurements of Ammophila, Pinus, Cytisus, Mnim, and
the frequency of native species present.

Hafenrichter, A. L. 1967. "Lassoing the West'.s Rampaging Dunes." Outdoors
USA. U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook. pp. 317-321.
A good introduction to the USDA Soil Conservation Service's
dune stabilization program on the Pacific Coast that includes the
Warrenton SCD project.

Illinois Department of Conservation. 1977. Illinois Beach State Park Duneland
Vegetation Rehabilitation and Restoration Feasibility Study. CZM Program.
Illinois*Department of Conservation. Springfield, Illinois. 57 pp.
A study of existing duneland degradation and destruction with
alternative policies to solve identified problems. Many problems.
identified are common to the Oregon coastal dunes and the proposed
solutions may be of interest.

Knutson, Paul L. 1978. "Planting Guidelines for Dune Creation and Stabilization."
Proceedings of Coastal Zone '78. Volume II. American Society of
Civil Engineers. New York, N.Y. pp. 762-779.
Several west coast examples are given including'the Clatsop
Plains.

McLaughlin, Willard T., and Robert L. Brown. 1942. "Controlling Coastal
Sand Dunes in the Pacific Northwest." U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Circular No. 660. Washington, D.C.
This describes the various techniques and the background of
the stabilization of the Clatsop Plains. that.started in 1935.

Oertel, George F., and James L. Harding. 1977. Sand Stabilization on the
Dunes, Beach and Shoreface of a Historically Eroding Barrier IsTand;
Wassaw Island*.Erosioh Stud-@ Part III. Technical Report Series Number
.77-3. Georgia Marine Science Center. University System of Georgia.
Skidaway Island, Georgia. 46 pp.
This is a specific study of Wassaw Island, Georgia and the
testing of three synthetic methods (snow fences, sand bags, and
patches of beach straw) to modify the sediment budget of a historically
eroding shore area.

Warren Dune Soil and Water Conservation District. 1966. Thirty-one Years of
Progress, 1935-1966. Warrenton Dune Soil and Water Conservation District.
Astoria, Oregon.
A pamphlet that outlines the history and progress of the sand
dune management program with some very good before and after photographs.

Woodhouse, W. W., Jr., E.D. Seneca, and S. W. Broome. 1976. Ten Years of
Development of:MAn_InitiAted Coastal BArri&'Dunes*in North Carolina.
Tulletin 453, NC Sea Grant Program Publication No. 77-01. North
Carolina University Agricultural Experiment Station. Raleigh,
North Carolina. 55 pp.
Development of dunes by planting various vegetation is
described along with the results of such experiments. Dune*grasses,
American beachgrass and sea oats were used.

Woodhouse, W. W., Jr., and R. E. Hanes. 1967. Dune Stabilization with
Vegetation on the Outer Bonks of North Carolina. Technical Memorandum
No. 22. U.S. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Washington, D.C.
45 pp. !'
This memorandum provides results on experiments to develop a
more effective revegetation program. Plant species and methods for
planting are provided.

C. Ground Water Drawn-down and Pollution

Brown, G. S. and R. C. Newcomb. 1963. Ground-Wat'er Resources ofthe Coastal
Sand-Dune Area North of Coos Bay, Oregon. USGS. Geological Survey
'Water Supply Paper 1619-D., U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington,
D.C. 32 pp.
This report provides information on the hydrology of the sand
dune aquifer north of Coos Bay, Oregon including water quality.and
water supply.

Frank, F. J 1970. Ground Water Resources.of the Clatsop Plains, Sand Dune
Area, Clatsop@ County, Oregon. USGS Geological Survey water supply
paper 1899-A. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
41 pp.
This study provides a good picture of characteristics of the
Clatsop aquifer; includes geohydrology, water quality and development
problems.

Hampton, E. R. 1970. Ground Water in the Coastal Dune Area Near Florence,
Oregon. USGS Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1539-K. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 36 pp.
This report examines the physical characteristics of the
sand dune aquifer north of 'Florence, Oregon. Information on water
quality and water supply are included.

Larson, Douglas W. 1974. A Water Quality Survey of Selected Coastal Lakes
in the Sand Dune Region of Western Lane and Douglas Counties, 1972-
1973. Final Report, Western-Quality Studies. Oregon Department of
Environmental Quality. Portland, Oregon. 152 pp.
A technical study of 13 coastal lakes to document-existing
limnological characters to establish a baseline for future planning
and management.

Larson, Douglas.William. 1970. "On Reconciling Lake Classification with the
Evolution of Four Oligotrophic Lakes in Oregon." Unpublished Ph.D.
Dissertation. Oregon State University. 135 pp.
This study considers the responses of four Oregon lakes,
including Woahink Lake in coastal Lane County, to the ambient physical
environment and cultural use interactions; accesses factor which
encourage or inhibit eutrophication in-each lake.and; proposes an
alternative, diagnostic.lake classification system.

Robison, J. H. 1973. Hydrology of the Dunes Area North of Coos Bay, Oregon.
U.S. Geological Survey. Portland, Oregon. 62.pp.
A detailed study of the hydrology of a 20 square mile area
of dunes along the central Oregon coast. Within the study a analog
model was used toanalyze current and projected water levels.

Smith, David L. .1962. Lake and Stream Formation on Sand Dunes in the Florence
District, Oregon. University of Oregon. 90 pp.
This stu4y..deals..With.the.description and interpretation of
lake and stream.forms near Florence, Oregon.

Sweet, Randy H. 1977. Carrying Capacity of the Cla tsop Plains Sand-Dune
Aquifer. A report for the Clatsop County Commission and Oregon
Environmental Quality Commission. Clatsop County, Oregon. 58 pp.
This study assesses the physical hydrogeological character-
istics of the Clattop Plains region. It examines the water quality
aspects of this area and proposes management recommendations.

D. Off-road Vehicles

Baldwin, Malcolm R., and Dan H. Stoddard, Jr. 1973. The Off-Roa d Vehicle
and Environmental Quality. 2nd Edition. The Conservation Foundation.
Washington, D.C. 61 pp-
Environmental concerns as well as other ORV problems are
discussed and good recommendations are offered.

Bennett, Shaun. 1973. A Trail Rider's Guide to the Environment. American
Motorcyclists Association. Westerville, Ohio. 60 pp.
The booklet is geared for the "biker"'and is humorously
illustrated pointing out responsible.use is.a must to preserve the
use of motorcycles off-road. Environmental considerations are mentioned
regarding soil and other elements.

Bess, Fred H. 1973. "The Effectiveness of Helmets for EAR Protection".
Proceedings of the 1973 Snowmobile and Off the Road Vehicle Research
Symposium. Donald F. Holecek, ed. Department of Parks and Recreation
Resources Technical Report No. 9 (147-149). Michigan State University.
3 pp.
The potential hazards of ORV noise were mentioned and various
helmet brands were tested. None were particularly effective.

Blodget, Bradford G. 1978. The Effect of Off-Road Vehicles on Least Terns
and Other Shorebirds. National Park Service Cooperative Research Unit
Report No. 26. University of Massachusetts. 79 pp.
It is a carefully conducted study specifically on Least Terns,
and other shorebirds. The study took place in.an area of extremely
high ORV management,

Bury, Richard L., Robert C. Wendli.ng, and Stephen McCool. 1.976. Off-Road
1277
Recreation Vehicle A'Research Su*ary,19-69 1975. MP-
Texas Agriculture Expermiment Station, Texas A & M University. 84 pp.
This review is very useful to rapidly become oriented in
ORV literature and problems. It covers all major areas.

Californi-a Department of Parks And Recreation. 1975. Pismo State Beach and
Pismo Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area -- Te-neral Develo
Plan and Resource Management Plan. Sacramento, California. 83 pp.
This plan is a good example of management of high use areas.
Many ORV problems are considered.

California Department of Parks and Recreation. 1978. Off-Highway Vehicle
Recreation in California. Sacramento, California. 96 pp.
A complete overview of the California system is provided.
It serves as a good example.of an off-road vehicle system.

Carter, James E. 1977. "Use of Off-Road Vehicles on Public Lands." U.S.
Presidential Executive Order 11989. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. I p.
This order allows federal land managers to close an area
to certain ORVs which is open if there are real or potential adverse
environmental effects occurring from such vehicles.

Geological Society of America, the Committee on Environment and Publ*ic Policy.
1977. "Impacts and Management of Off-Road Vehicles." Boulder,
Colorado. 8 pp.
This committee report offers a very good concise overview of
ORV impacts on soil, wildlife, plants, and erosion. It provides
management recommendations and is well-illustrated.,

Godfrey, Paul J., Stephen P. Leatherman, and P. A. Buckley. 1978. ,"Impact
of Off-Road Vehicles on Coastal Ecosystems.". Coastal Zone '78
Symposium on Technical, Environm6ntal,.Socioeconomic and Regulatory
Aspects of Coastal Zone Management, Volume 11 (581-600). 'A erican
Society of Civil Engineers. New York, N.Y. 20 pp.
This summarizes the ORY effects on several coastal ecosystems
And appears to be the most comprehensive research effort in that regard.
It is very informative and serves to launch one into the specific
studies it summarizes.

Harrison, Rob. 1973. "ORV Noise Effects and Measurements." Proceedings of
the 1973 Snowmobile and Off the Road Vehicle.Research Symposium.
Donald F. Holecek, ed. Technical Report No..9. Michigan State
University. pp. 135-145.
ORV noise measurement techniques are discussed as are effects.
ORV noise detectability is considered.

Lodico, Norma Jean. 1973. Environmental Effects of Off-Road Vehicles: A
Review of the Literature. Bibliography Series No. 29. Office of
Library Services. U.S. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C.
112 pp.
This work is useful and shows areas ofenvironmental concern.
At the time it was published, the number of authoritative studies
on ORV impacts was limited.

McCool, S. F., and J. W, Roggenbuck, 1974, Off-Road Vehicles and Public Lands:
A Probl&@AhAlytis@ Department of Forestry and Outdoor Recreation and
Institute for the Study of.Outdoor Recreation and-Tourism. Utah State
University. Logan, Utah. 109 pp.
This work comprehensively organizes the questions about
ORVs to identify the areas most needing research. It provides a
quick background to the multitude of ORV related problems-.

McEwen, Douglas N. 1978. Turkey Bay.Off-Road Vehicle Area at Land Between
the Lakes: An Exampl6W*NeW Opportunities f6r'Managers and.Riders.
Research Report Number 1. Department of Recreation. Southern
Illinois University. 28 pp.
The work @hows many examples of how to successfully plan and
manage an ORV area.

Motorcycle Industry Council. 1978. 1978 Motorcycle Statistical Annual.
Newport Beach, California. 46,pp.
It offers statistics on the motorcycle market, manufacturers,
use, and ownership. Off-road use is considered.

Muntz, E. P., T. L. Deglow, and D. H. Campbell. 1972. "Public Lands and Off-
Road Motorized Recreation." Environmental Engineering Programs.Bulletin
100. School of Engineering.. University of Southern California. 18 pp.
The area of disturbance.for a trail biker and a hiker is
quantified, compared, and related to the finite resource base.

Neidoroda, A. 1975. Geomorphologic6l Effects on ORVs on Coastal Systems of
Cape Cod, Massachusetts. National Park Service Cooperative Research
Unit Report No. 17. University of Massachusetts. 100 pp.
h The study considers the causes and results of ORV downslope
sand transport. It suggests ways to limit such transport and ORV
related erosion.

Nixon, Richard M. 1972. "Use of Off-Road Vehicles on the Public Lands."
U.S. Presidential Order 11644. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 2 pp.
The order required federal agencies to develop management
.plans for ORVs in their lands and consider several factors in*doing
SO.
Oregon Department of E@vironmental@Quality. 1978. DEQ Handbook for Environmental'
Quality Elements of Oregon Local Comprehensive Land Use Plans. Portland,
Oregon. 28 pp.
The loose-leaf work provides background on noise restrictions
that apply to ORVs.

Oregon Department of Transportation, Parks and Recreation Branch. 1977
Gregon Outdoor Recreation Needs Bulletin 1977. Technical Document III
of the State Wide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan. Salem, Oregon.
183 pp.
.This document considers the recreational statewide needs and
includes ORV use. The figures on,availability of trails are questionable,
however, it does recognize ORV use.

PeineD John D. 1973. "Off-Road Vehicle.Use in Tucson, Arizona." Proceedings
of the 1973,Sh6Wm6bilb'6hd Off:the'R6@d'V6hicl6'R@t@6@th:SY'M*2'oslum.
Donald F. Holecek, ed. Department of Parks and Recreational Resources
Technical Report No. 9 (9-33). Michigan State University. 202 pp.
The paper is based on Peine's unpublished thesis. It describes
the ORV activity and develops a model for ORV preference.

Rasor, Robert. 1978. Five States Approaches to Trailbike Recreation Facilities
and Their Management. American Motorcycle Association. Westerville,
Ohio. 64 pp.
Different systems for trail bike areas are discussed and useful
examples of management are provided. It shows trail bikes can be a
manageable form of recreation. The Appendixes are very useful including
the ORV legislation from the States of Washington and California.

Stebbins, Robert C. 1974. "Off-Road Vehicles and the Fragile Desert."
American Biology Teacher. 36(5):294-304. 14 pp.

Stupay, Arthur M. 1971. "Growth of Powerized Vehicles in the 1970's."
Proceedings of the 1971 Snowmobile and Off the Road Vehicle Research
Symposium. Michael Chubb, ed. Technical Report No. 8. Michigan
State University. 196 pp@
It provides a background on the growth of ORVs.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1976. "Travel Plan Off-Road
Vehicle Use -- Siuslaw National Forest." Corvallis, Oregon. 4 pp. +
maps.
It describes the various vehicle designations and operating
conditions for each area open. The basis of these policies is mentioned.

U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1970. Operation
ORVAC: Recommendations and Guidelines for the Management of Off-Road
Vd.hicles on Public Domain Lands in California. Sacramento, California.
40 pp.
General guidelines are provided that are useful as is the
approach to the ORV problem through an advisory council.

Visco, Christopher. 1977. "The Geomorphic Effects of Off-Road Vehicles on the
Beach, Fire Island, New York." Unpublished M.A. thesis. State
University of New York, Binghamton. 74 pp.
Describes how different factors relating to ORV travel on
beaches, such as speed, affect the net amount of sediment moved down
slope by vehicle tracks.

Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1976. "Operating All-Terrain
Vehicles in the State of Washington."'Olympia, Washington. 14 pp.
This is an informational booklet on the all-terrain program
in Washington.

E, Sand Movements--Erosion and Accretion.
Beaulieu, John D. 1978. "Surfical Geol.ogic Hazard Concepts for Oregon."
The Ore Bin. State of Oregon. Department of Geology and Mineral
Industries. Portland, Oregon. 40(3).
This article deals with hazards such as mass movement, slope
erosion, flooding, stream erosion. It is a general introduction to
such hazards.

Byne, John V. 1964. An Erosional Classification for the Northern Oregon
Coast. American Association of Geographers Annals. 54:329-355.
The classification is based on the factors that have determined
the slope of the coast (lithology, stratigraphy, and structure). Its
benefits are a generalized nature, it can be-mapped, and it may serve
as a basis for future study.

Dickson, Samuel N., Carl L. Johannessen, and Bill Hanneson. 1961. Some
Recent Physical Changes of the Oregon Coast. Department of Geography.
University of Oregon. 151 pp.
The factors causing shoreline changes are discussed with the
emphasis being on the historical changes of the beaches, nearby dunes,
and estuaries since the time of,White settlement. Vegetation changes
are considered in this rather comprehensive work.
Flawn, Peter T. 1970. Environmental Geology: Conservation,'Land-Use Planniq_g,
and Resource Management. Harper and Row, New York, N.Y. 313 pp.
A good introduction into planning rationales and the geologic
system. The author specifically deals with the beaches and man's
impacts at pp 55-58 and pp 177-178.

Komar,, Paul and Thomas A. Terich.' 1976. '"Changes Due to Jetties at
Tillamook Bay, Oregon." Proceedings 15th Coastal Engineering Conference.
American Society of Civil Engineering. Chapter 104:1791-1811.
This paper explains the physical changes in the Bay ocean
spit are the results of local rearrangement of the beach, not from a
change in the net littoral drift.

Lincoln County Planning Department. 1978. Environmental Hazard Inventory
Coastal Lincoln County, Oregon. RNKR Associates, Corvallis, Oregon
66 pp.
This geologic hazards report contains general discussions on
Sand Areas (pp. 30-33), Sensitivity classes and Performance Standards
(pp 40-45) along with a 6 page bibliography.

Lizarraga-Arciniega, J. R. and Paul D. Komar. 1975. Shoreline Changes Due to
Jetty Construction on the Oregon Coast. Publication Number ORES4-T-75-004.
Oregon State University Sea Grant College Program. Corvallis, Oregon.
85 pp.
All nine jetty systems on the coast are included except those
on the Columbia River. The relationship between beach erosion and
accreting, and jetty construction is discussed. A computer model is
provided to simulate shoreline changes resulting from the Siuslaw
jetties.

Phipps, John B, and John M. Smith., 1978, Ocean'Be6th Erosion and
Aberdeen, Washin
Accreti6n:R606 .- Grays Harbor College. gton. 75 pp.
Historical sho'relines of southwestern Washington 'are mapped,
and the factors affecting erosion/accretion are con sidered in the light
of a sand budget. 'A projected shoreline map is provided and dune
management is discussed.

Rea, Campbell C. 1975. The Erosion of Siletz Spit, Oregon. MS Thesis.
Oregon State University. 104.pp.
A paper viewing the history of erosion and accretion with
comments on changes of the shoreline and sand budget. Recommendations
for controlling erosion are presented.

Schatz, Clifford E., Herbert Curl, Jr., and Wayne V. Burt. 1964. "Tsunamis
on the Oregon Coast." The Ore gin. 26(12):231-232.
The article reviews the effects of the tsunami of 1964,
It explains that the coast will probably be struck again and the
estuaries are the areas most susceptable to damage.

State of Oregon. 1972. Environment Geology of the C6astal'Re_qioh of'Tillamook
.and Clatsop Counties, Oregon. Department of Geology and Mineral Industries
Bulletin 74. Portland, Oregon. 164 pp.
A substantial geological background is provided along with
geological hazards, mineral resources including sand and gravel, and
engineering characteristics of the geological units.

State of Oregon. 1973. Environmental Geology of Lincoln County, Oregon.
Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Bulletin 81. Portland,
Oregon. 171 pp.
A substantial. geological-background is provided along with
ground water, geological hazards, and mineral resources.

State of Oregon. 1974. Geologic Hazards Inventory of the Oregon Coastal Zone.,-
Miscellaneous Paper 17. Department of Geology and Mineral Industries.
Portland, Oregon. 94 pp.
This work provides a good comprehensive approach to geologic
hazards. It describes eight major classes of hazards, provides a
planning scheme and offers a useful bibliography.

State of Oregon. 1974. Env ironmental Geology of Coastal Lane County, Oregon,
Department of Ge gy and Mineral Industries Bulletin 85. Portland,
Oregon. 116 pp.
A geological background is provided along with geological
hazards and a well-illustrated section on sand dunes within this
work.

State of Oregon. 1975. Environmental Geology of Western Coos and Douglas
Counties, Oregon. Department of Geology and Mineral Industries
Bul.letin-87. -Portland, Oregon. 148 pp.
Engineering geology, mineral resources, geological hazards and
the geology of estuaries is covered. Ground water and the black sands
are considered briefly.

State Soil and Water Conservation Commission. 1978. Volume I: Inventory:
Oregon Coastal Shoreline Erosion. Salem, Oregon, 109 pp.
A study of the shoreline erosion problem and related sources
of information including an annotated bibliography. The processes and
histortc patterns are presented with a county by county approach.

Stembridge, J. E. 1976. Recent Shoreline Changes of the Oregon Coast.
Accession No. ADA048436. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia 51 pp.
An analysis and classification of shoreline erosion along
Oregon's pacific coastline based on earlier research for Ph.D.
dissertation at University of Oregon.

Stembrtdge, James E., Jr, 1975, Shoreline Changes and Phytiographic Hazards
on the Oregon Coast. Department of Geography, University of Oregon,
202 pp.
This work provides an inventory, classification, and analysis
of the changing and stable shorelines as well as the related real and
potential hazards.

IV. Beach and DuneManagement Techniques

A. Hazard Management

Coastal Zone Management. 1976, Natural Hazard Management in Coastal Areas.
U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Washington D.C. 286 pp.
A handbook geared to provide guidance and information to
coastal planners and decision-makers on major natural hazards. The
handbook presents the material as: Major Coastal Hazards, Problems and
Recommendations, Hazard Management in the Coastal States, Annotated
Bibliography, and a Directory of Selected Agencies,

Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 1975. Handbook: Building in the
Coastal Environment, Atlanta, Georgia. 178 pp.
The handbook provides site specific guidelines including site
analysis, planning/design, construction, and land exchange The
concepts are highly illustrated.

Jurgensen, K. M. 1976. Know Your Mud, Sand and Water: A Practical Guide to
Coastal Development. Sea Grant Publication UNC-5G-76-01, 32 pp.
The ideas of coastal management developed in Ecological
Determinants of Coastal Area Management, UNC Sea Grant, April, 1976,
are presented in a simple, well illustrated booklet.

Kates, Robert W. 1978. Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazard. John Wiley
& Sons, New York, N.Y. 112 pp.
A technical report that examines the present state of the
art with respect to coping with environmental risks. Existing methods
and modes of risk assessment along with the observed trends and
attitudes in assessing environmental threat are presented.

State Soil and Water Conservation Commission. 1978. Volume II: Oregon
Coastal Management Program: Shoreline Erosion Management Policies and
Procedures. Salem, Oregon. 113 pp.
A description of the Oregon Coastal Zone Management program with
a focus on management techniques.for the shoreline erosion. An
evaluation of the current program is given with suggestions for policy
changes.

The Conservation Foundation. 1977. Physical Management of Coastal Floodplains:
Guidelines for Hazards and Ecosystems Management.. Council on Environ-
mental Quality. Washington D.C. 179 pp.
A technical report that offers development and conservation
guidelines for the following coastal areas: coastal watersheds,
shoreland water systems, coastal floodlands, saltwater wetlands,
bluffs, dunes, beaches, basin floor, and coastal waters.

U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers. 1975. Shore Protection Manual Volume I.
Second edition. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort
Belvoir, Virginia. 508 pp.
This is the first volume of a three volume manual. It describes
the physical environment of the coastal zone and discusses coastal
engineering, wave mechanics, wave and water predictions, and littoral
processes.

U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers. 1977. Shore Protection Manual Volume 11. Third
edition. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir,
Virginia. 448 pp.
This volume of a three volume manual deals with planning and
structural design in relation to the physical factors of Volume I.
An example is provided.

U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers. 1975. Shore Protection Manual Volume III.
Second Edition. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort
Belvoir, Virginia. 141 pp.
This volume of the three volume manual contains the appendixes
(glossary, list of symbols, tables and plates, and subject index) for
the first two volumes.

U.S. Amy Corps of Engineers. 1966. Beach Erosion Control and Shore Protection
Studies. Engineering Manual No. 1110-2-3300. Office of the Chief of
Engineers, Washington, D.C.
This manual discusses the types of information needed to
conduct beach erosion studies such as program development and data
collection to serve as a basis for planning remedial measures.

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. 1977. Elevated
StructuresyReducing Flood Damaqe Through Buildinq'Design: A Guide
Manual. HUD-FIA-184(2). Washington, D.C.
The manual provides background information on the National
Flood Insurance Program and the hazards associated with building in
the flood plain. It reviews the existing alternatives to house
construction on raised foundations and offers performance criteria for
such foundation systems.

B. Considerations and Impacts

Alen, Ray, David Brower, B. J. Copeland, D. Frankenberg, and Francis Parker,
ed. 1976. Ecological Determinants of Coastal Area Management Volume II.
North Carolina State University. 392 pp.
A comprehensive work that cove *rs both the Coastal Ecological
Systems and Tools and Techniques for Coastal Area Management. While
having a bias for the North Carolina situation this work does offer
valuable insight into the application of many tools upon several coastal
ecosystems.

Battelle Institute. 1971. Shoreland Management Guidelines to Grays Harbor
Regional Planning.Commission. Battelle Pacific Northwest, Richland,.
Washington. .95 pp.
A detailed study of the shorelands of Grays Harbor County,
Washington, that described the natural systems, land-use activities
and presented management guidelines including a checklist for shore-
land policy decision.

Bella, David A. 1973. "Environmental Planning Methods." Coastal Zone
Management Problems. A seminar conducted by the OSU Water Resources.
Institute. pp. 53-60.
Professor Bella presents an approach to CZM planning that
places a high value on-environmental variety. The key to this,
methods appears to be the preservation of future options enabling
the,management authority to adjust their problem in relationship.to
changing value systems and unanticipated environmental impacts.

Brahtz, J. F. Peel, ed. 1972. Coastal Zone Management: Multiple Use With
Conservation. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York, N.Y. 351 pp.
This book addresses a wide range of resource uses, conflicts
and problems of coastal zone management, each from the particular
viewpoint of a specialist in one of the classical problem areas.

Bright, Donald B. 1973. "Local Land Use: Management Concepts and Problems.'!
Proceedings of Coastal Zone Management and the Western States Future.
William B. Merselis, ed. Marine Technology Society, Newport Beach,
California. pp. 222-226.
The-author presents 3 management concepts: ethical changes,
land as a resource and a commodity, and a cross-matching scheme.

Brower, David, Dirk Frankenberg, and Francis Parker. 1976. Ecological
Determinants of Coastal Area Management, Volume 1 -- An Overview.
Sea Grant Publication UNC-SG-76-05. North Carolina State University.
133 pp.
The work analyzes the ecological processes of the barrier
island system and lagoon-estuary system. Various management tools
are provided to preserve the components of the two main systems.

Canter, Larry. 1977. Environmental Impact Assessment. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, N.Y. 331 pp.
An introductory text that presents a systematic approach
to the prediction'and assessment of impacts on the physical, chemical,
biological,@cultural and socioeconomic factors in the environment.

Dickert, Thomas and Jens Sorenson. 1978. Collaborative Land-Use Planning
for the Coastal Zone: Volume I, A.P7r-ocess for Local Program Development.
IURD Monograph No. 27. Institute of Urban and Regional Development,
University of California-Berkeley. 120 pp.
Collaborative planning in this work is presented as a midpoint
compromise between centralized and decentralized approaches in which
state and local units of government work jointly to prepare and
implement local, regional and state land use plans.

Dilton, Robert B., John L. Seymour, and G. C. Swanson. 1977. Coastal Resources
Management: Beyond Bureaucracy and the Market. Lexington Books,
Lexington, Mass. 196 pp.
An overview of the main issues involved in coastal zone manage-
ment. The authors review.current practices, future needs and describe
several case histories. The main emphasis is on improved management
for multiple use.

Harrison, Pete. 1977. Comments the Pressure for Shoreline Development:
S@atial Concepts in Review. Coastal Zone Management Journal.
3(3):319-322.
The relationships between dispersed and concentrated shore-
line development, environmental carrying capacity and public access
are developed in a broad conceptual scheme.

Harvard University Graduate School of Design. 1967. Three Approaches to
Environmental Resource Analysis. The. Conservation.Poundation.
Washington, D.C. 102 pp.
An excellent view of 3 major approaches to environmental
planning, included are the works of G. Angus Hills, Philip H. Lewis, Jr.
and-Ian L-. McHarg.---Although the work is dated-,-it is still a basic
source and contains an annotated bibliography.

Hendler, Bruce. 1977. Caring for the Land: Environmental Principles for Site
Design and Review. American Society of Planning Officials Report No. 328.
Chicago, Illinois. 94 pp.
A generalized approach to planning is provided including
environmental, site, an@ design considerations. It is a well-illustrated
.and useful overview to thoughtful development.

Hermon, Barbara A. 1975. "The Environmental Review Team." Planners Notebook.
American Institute of Planners. Volume 5, No. 1. 6 pp.
A report on the history and methodology of an interdisciplinary
environmental review team that was established in Eastern Connecticut
in 1968 to assist local governments and developers in assessing the
environmental impacts of proposed large scale projects.

Jain, R. K., L. V. Urban, and G. S. Stacey. 1977. Environmental Impact
Analysis: A New Dimension-in Decision-Making. Von Nostrand Reinhold
Company, New York, N.Y. 330 pp.
A technical look at environmental impact statements that gives
insight into how to determine which of 49 bio-physical and socio-
economic factors may be affected by an given project. The authors
present methods on how to identify and measure in advance impacts on
these.49 attributes.

Louisian"a Coastal Resources Program. 1976. A Process for Coastal Resources
Management and ImVact Assessment. Louisana State Planning Office,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 72 pp.
The report is presented as a management handbook for elected
and appointed officials, citizens and private sector interests to
provide suggested methods of approaching some of the unique planning
programs of the Louisiana coastal zone.

McEvoy III, James and Thomas Dietz', ed. 1977. Handbook for Environmental
Planning: The Social Consequences of Environmental Change. John
Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. 472 pp.
This book contains papers addressing the legislative add
legal background 6f Environmental impact statements, as well as
guidelines on how to address environmental impacts related to
demography, land use, economics, transportation, sociocultural activities.
Also included is a chapter on social impact information.

McHarg, Ian. 1972. "Best Shore Protection: Nature's Own Dunes." Civil
Engineering--ASCE. pp. 66-70.
The author contends that construction along the beach should
only occur where it will not endanger the coastal dune system.
"Attracted to the Ocean shore for recreation, man tends to
build on or near the beach. He then tries to protect his
investment with concrete shor *e-protection structures. But
these structures often fail. A better way, the author contends,
would be to use nature's own shore protection - the dunes.
That is, permit construction only in locations where it will
not endanger the shore dunes."
McHarg, Ian L. 1969. Design 4ith Nature. Doubleday & Company, Garden City,
New York, N.Y. 197 pp.
A classic work that by mixing scientific insight with
constructive environmental design produces conservation and developmental
guidelines. The second chapter "sea and survival" specifically
addresses beach and dune situations.

Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board. 1976. Integration of Regional Land
Use Planning and Coastal Zone Science: A Guidebook for Planners.
Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board, Long Island, New York. 304 pp.
An integrated methodology combining 12 methods used by planners
to analyze coastal environmental problems. Although the approach is
applied to the Long Island situation the approach itself is transferable.

Owens, David W. and David J. Brower. 1976. Public Use of Coastal Beaches.
University of North Carolina Sea Grant Publication. UNC-SG-76-08.
Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 356 pp.
A comprehensive investigation of the issue of public access
to coastal beaches in the U.S.' that includes presentations on wet
sands, acquisition and access issues as well as an annotated bibliography
of book, articles and related court decisions.

Richardson, Dan K. 1976. The Cost of Environmental Protection: Regulating
Housing Development in the Coastal Zone. Rutgers University, New
Brunswick, New Jersey. 250 pp.
The author analyzes the impact of CZM regulations on housing
development within an overview of the entire CZM scheme focusing on
the New Jersey situation.

Runyon,'Dean. 1977. "Tools for Community-Managed Impact Assessment." Journal
of the American Institute of Planners. Volume 43, No. 2. pp. 125-134.
The author reviews 12 impact assessment techniques with
comments on their application either singly or in combinations.

C. Conflicts and Implementation

Clark, John. 1977. Coastal Ecosystem Management: A Technical Manual for
the Conservation of Coastal Zone Resources. John Wiley and Sons,
New York, N.Y. 928 pp.
Probably the best known book on the subject in which Clark
analyzes coastal environment, identifies major conflicts providing
suggested solutions and develops a complete management program with
extensive references. Of particular interest are his Chapters on
"Managing for Optimum Carrying Capacity" and "Guidelines and Standards
for Coastal Projects."

Roberts, James M. and Cheryl,Baxter. 1977. Managing Coastal Conflicts: A
Paradigm of State Land Use Planning. Environmental Comment. Urban
Land Institute.
A comparison of the various state level approaches with
a suggestion with the majority of enforcement and control will likely
rest with local jurisdictions rather than the state.

Roberts, William H. 1978. "Environmental Developmental Trade-Offs in the
Coastal Zone." Proceedings of Coastal Zone '78. Volume IV. (pp. 2773-2790).
American Society of Civil Engineers. New York, N.Y.
The author presents environmental and developmental functions
in the planning process as mutually exclusive or conflicting (where
a potential for accommodation or trade-off exists) in an approach to
make CZM programs effective.

Schoenbaum, Thomas J. and Kenneth G. Silliman. 1976. Coastal Planning: The
Designation and Management of Areas of Critical Environmental Concern.
UNC-GG-76-09. University of North Carolina Sea Grant Publication.
This study reviews general legal limitations and suggests a
process to designate and manage areas of particular environmental
concern. Oregon's approach is included as are all states involved with
such legislation.

Schoenbaum, Thomas J. and Ronald H. Rosenberg. 1976. The Legal Implementation
of Coastal Zone Management: The North Carolina Model. Duke Law Journal
Volume #1. pp. 1-37.
The authors review several policy areas that affect coastal
management (planning, impact analysis, land use controls, permits,
various tax programs, and government acquisition and ownership).
Authors conclude that traditional land use legal tools are inadequate
and that they should be enhanced by new techniques coupled with a
strong intergovernmental cooperation strategy.

Sorensefi, Jens C. 1971. A Framework for Identification and Control of Resource
Degradation and Conflict in the Multiple Use of the Coastal Zone. MA Thesis.
University of California, Berkeley. 50 pp.
A useful introductory work that provides an approach to the
development of coastal planning policy. The paper is divided into 5
parts: (1) resource conflict and degradation, (2) development of an
impact system framework, (3) description of the parts with #2,-(4)
applications of the framework, and (5) future needs to improve the
framework.

Stockhom, John. 1974. Performance Standards: A Technique for Controlling
Land Use. Extension Service Special Report 424. Oregon State University.
50 pp.
Thi.s pape@ examines performance standards as a land use
control technique available to supplement or replace zoning for plan
impl ementati on.

Thurow, Charles, William Toner, and Duncan Erley. 1975. Performance Controls
for Sensitive Lands: A Practical Guide for Local Administrators.
ASPO Planning Advisory Service Report Nos. 307 & 308. ASPO: Chicago,
Illinois. 156 pp.
This manual advocates the protection of environmentally
sensitive areas (streams and creeks, aquifers, wetlands, woodlands,
and hillsides) by using the police powers of local jurisdictions.
Also provided are information on the importance of such areas, performance
standards, examples of existing ordinances, and a list of technical
assistance resources.

V. General Information (Including Beaches and Dunes)

A. CZM Issues

American Society of Civil Engineers. 1978. Coastal Zone '78, Proceedings
of the Coastal Zone '78 Symposium. Volumes I - IV. New York, N.Y.
3091 pp.
This symposium proceedings contains 218 articles in 26
general subject areas (i.e., Coastal Ecosystems, Environmental
Engineering, Impact Assessment Methodology, Coastal Hazards and
Coast Processes, etc.).

Ketchum, Bostwick H., ed. 1972. "The Water's Edge Critical Problems of the
Coastal Zone." Proceedings of the Coastal Zone Workshop. Woods
Hole Oceanographic-Institution. Massachusetts. 393 pp.
This work provides a good overall basic introduction to the
many issues of CZM including several sections on beaches and dunes.

B. CZM Bibliographies
Ditsworth, George R. 1966'. Environmental Factors in Coastal and Estuarine
Waters Bibliographic 5-ries, Volume 1: Coast ot Oregon. Pacific-
Northwest Water Laboratory. Corvallis, Ur-egon. Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration. 62 pp.
A bibliography pertaining to the marine waters indexed under;
Marine Biology, Climate, Fisheries, Geology, Hydrology, Chemical and
Physical Oceanography, and Bibliographies. Useful but somewhat dated.

H0koff, Joseph M., ed. 1975. Shorelines and Beaches in Coastal Management:
A Bibliography. Exchange Bibliography #876. Council of Planning
Librarians. Monticello, Illinois. 63 pp.
An extensive bibliography with sources broken down into the
following categories: Coastal Zone Managment (pp. 10-32), Physiography,
Hydrography and Oceanography (pp. 32-37), Shorelines and Beaches (pp. 37-44),
Wetlands and Estuaries (pp 44-48), Storms and the Shoreline,(pp 48-50),
Sedimentation, Dredging and Mining (pp. 51-54), Recreation (pp. 54-56),
Power Plants and Energy (pp 56-57), Ports (pp 57-58), Legislation and
Legal Aspects (pp 58-61) and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Projects
(pp 61-63).
Jenks, Bonnie, Jens Sorensen, and James Breadon. 1676. Coastal Zone Bibliography:
Citations to Documents on Planning, Resource Management and Impact
Assessment. 2nd edition. Sea Grant -Publication No. 49. University of
California Institute of Marine Resources. 161 pp.
A comprehensive, cross-referenced (by key-words) bibliography
containing citations of 1701 documents, the great majority of which are
monographs.

DATE DUE'

SON M. W.".

66W68jl4l @107 1904