Beach and dune planning and management on the Oregon coast A summary of the state-of-the-arts

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

Beach & Dune
Planning Management
On The Oregon Coast:

A SummaryOf The State -Of -The -Art

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This report was prepared as part of a larger document addressing various
beach and dune planning and management considerations and techniques.
Other segments of the document and additional materials are:

I. BACKGROUND ON BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING:
Background of the Study
An Introduction to Beach and Dune Physical and Biological Processes
Beach and Dune Planning and Management on the Oregon Coast: A
Summary of the State-of-the-Arts
II. BEACH AND DUNE IDENTIFICATION:
A System of Classifying and Identifying Oregon's Coastal Beaches
and Dunes

III. PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
Physical Processes and Geologic Hazards on the Oregon Coast
Critical Species and Habitats of Oregon's Coastal Beaches and
Dunes

IV. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
Dune Groundwater Planning and Management Considerations for the
Oregon Coast
Off-road Vehicle Planning and Management on the Oregon Coast
Sand Removal Planning and Management Considerations for the
Oregon Coast
Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes: Uses, Impacts and Management
Considerations

Dune Stabilization and Restoration: Methods and Criteria
V. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES:
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Findings-of-Fact
Beach and Dune implementation Techniques: Site Investigation
Reports
Beach and Dune Implementation Techniques: Model Ordinances*
VI. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beach and Dune Planning and Management: An Annotated Bibliography
VII. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS:
Slide show: Managing Oregon's Beaches and Dunes
Brochure: Planning and Managing Oregon's Coastal Beaches and Dunes

*Prepared under separate contract between Oregon Department of Land Conserva-
tion and Development and the Bureau of Governmental Research, Eugene,

Cover photo by Jay Rasmussen, Toledo, Oregon; cover design by
Arlys Bernard, Newport, Oregon.

All

property Of CSC Isibr"T

BEACH AND DUNE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ON THE OREGON COAST:

A SUMMARY OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ARTS

U DEPARTMENT OF COMMEECE NOAA
COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
CHARLESTON SC 29405-2413 ---------

by
Carl A. Lindberg,
Project Leader
Beaches and Dunes Study Team

Kathy Bridges Fitzpatrick
Editor and Project Administrator

Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Inc.
313 S. W. 2nd Street, Suite C P.O. Box 1033
Newport, Oregon 97365

May, 1979

Funding for thi-s study was provided by the Office of Coastal Zone Manage-
ment,, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,' under Section 306
00 of the Coastal Zone Management Act through the Oregon Department of Land
0 Conservation and Development.
_J

PREFACE

The following report presents an overview of the state-of-the-arts
of planning and managing Oregon's coastal beaches and dunes. This study
was conducted by Carl Lindberg, Project Leader, with assistance from
other OCZMA Beaches and Dunes staff members composed of Christianna Crook,
Project Associate, Arlys Bernard, Project Secretary, Wilbur Ternyik,
Project Coordinator, and Kathy Fitzpatrick, Project Administrator. This
report constitutes one element of an overall analysis of planning for and
managing coastal beaches and dunes as required by Orecon's Beaches and
Dunes Goal..

OCZMA expresses appreciation to the following individuals for their
contributions during the preparation of this report: Marilyn Adkins,
City of Florence Planning Department; Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning
Department; Dave Crow and Bob Higbie, Curry County Planning Department;
Keith Cubic, Douglas County Planning Department; Steve Goeckritz,
Tillamook County Planning Department; Craig Hall, Mutual Aid Planning
Service; Bruce Maltman, City of Gearhart; Kathy Mecone, Coos-Curry Council
of Governments; Mike Morgan, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council;
Philip Quarterman, Coos County Planning Department; and Curt Schneider,
Clatsop County Planning Department.

Additionally, OCZMA acknowledges the following participants on the
Beaches and Dunes Steering Committee, who contributed considerable time
and effort throughout the project:

R. A. Corthell, U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Steve Stevens, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sam Allison, Oregon Department of Water Resources
Peter Bond and John Phillips, Oregon Department of Transportation
Parks and Recreation Division
Bob Cortright, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development
Jim Lauman, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
Jim Stembridge, Oregon Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Steve Felkins, Port of Coos Bay
Rainmar Bartl, Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council
Gary Darnielle, Lane Council of Governments
Kathy Mecone, Coos-Curry Council of Governments
Marilyn Adkins, City of Florence Planning Department
Phil Bredesen, Lane County Planning Department
Steve Goeckritz, Tillamook County Planning Department
Oscar Granger, Lincoln County Planning Department
Curt Schneider, Clatsop County Planning Department

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

Preface ......................
I. Setting the Stage ............................................ 1
II. Coastal Jurisdiction Efforts ................................ 5
A. Clatsop County
B. Tillamook County
C. Lincoln County
D. Lane County
E. Douglas County
F. Coos County
G. Curry County
H. Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council (CTIC)
I. Mutual Aid Planning Service, Lincoln County
J. Coos-Curry Council of Governments (CCCOG)
K. City of Gearhart
L. City of Florence
M. City of Gold B-each
III. The Long and Winding Road .................................... 10
IV. References Cited ............................................ 11

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A - The Beaches and Du.nes Goal ........................... 15
Appendix B - Clatsop County--Warrenton Soil and Water
Conservation District Regulations, and
Clatsop County Active Dune Overlay District .......... 19
Appendix C - Tillamook County Working Paper, Draft II,
Beaches and Dunes Goal #18 and
Information for People Who Own Property
On.Active Foredunes .................................. 29

Appendix D - Cannon Beach Comprehensive Plan, Manzanita
Zoning Ordinan-ce No. 78-6 and Rockaway
Zoning Ordinance No. 143 ........ ..................... 37

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1. SETTING THE STAGE

In 1973, the Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission
(OCCDC) identified beaches and dunes as one of nine resource categories
to be studied as part of the Oregon coastal planning program. The
initial identification of beaches and dunes as a topical area and the
formulation of original planning management policies were a product of
Commission action based on information gained from participants in
sixteen coastal workshops and from the assistance of eleven technical
resource specialists.
The OCCDC drafted a-set of preliminary polic y statements and
recommended actions which later served as the basis for the Land
Conservation and Development Commission's Beaches and Dunes Goal (Goal #18).

In order to visualize the transition that occurred during the
development of Goal 18, and perhaps to retrieve useful policies lost
during years of debate, original preliminary policies and recommended
actions are presented (Ternyik, 1974):

"Beaches and Dunesi

"Preliminary Policies - Phase 1

Tlanning

1. Special management guidelines shall be applied to areas
specifically identified because of their inherent values,
such.as deflation plains, freshwater lakes wi,thin or adjacent
to dune areas, and hummock.dunes. (RS)

"2. Certain areas of deflatilon plains shall not be modified in such
a manner as to preclude or reduce availability for wildlife.. (RS)

"3. Breaching of a foredune for.any purpose shall be controlled. (RS)

Development

"4.- Any development on dune areas (as defined in the OCCDC inventory)
1(PI) - means the source is public input, primarily workshops
(RS) - means the source is resource specialist input.
(CON) indicates consensus between public and resource specialist input.

shall be subject to a site investigation conducted by a qualified
specialist in the field and his report submitted prior to the
granting of approval for the proposed action.

"5. Any individual, agency or organization proposing construction
or development on dune areas shall submit a plan to the ap-
propriate local authority. The plan shall include specifications
for: (RS)

(a) the type of development intended;
W control of the area through temporary stabiTization during
construction;
(c) a permanent stabilization program;
(d) an on-going maintenance program;
(e) protection of existing vegetation while construction is in
progress;
M water distribution and sewerage collection facilities; (EP)
and
(g) protection of the surrounding area. (CON - RS; PI)

"6. Those proposing a development in dune areas shall be required to
post a performance bond sufficient to cover the cost of making
repairs to on-site or off-site areas damaged as a res.ult of the
development activity. (RS)

117. Industrial uses including sand mining and mill sites as well as
commercial sites shall be controlled in sand. areas, but not
eliminated. (PI)

"8. Removal of driftwood from beaches and dunes shall be controlled.
(PI)

"9. Some undeveloped open sand-areas shall be preserved as open
space to 'allow continuance of active dune processes and maintenance
of the aesthetic values. (PI)

"10. The effects of stabilization on adjacent land must be considered.
(PI)

"ll. Controlled sand removal shall be permitted where necessary.

"Access-
"12. (Existing Policy). NOTE--In this section, the authority for
planning and management of the state-controlled section of the
beach west of the zone line was described. This authority is
vested in the State Parks and Recreation Branch by ORS 390.

"13. Sand areas designated as conditionally stable or as a dune
complex (as identified in the OCCDC inventory) shall be managed
on a limited access basis. (RS)

"Recreation

14. Pedestrians and vehicles shall be separated in sand dune areas.
(CON RS; PI-)

Beaches and Dunes

"Preliminary Recommended Actions

"Planning

1. Planning should identify those areas to be protected and those
suitable for development and shall recommend use restrictions,
limitations or reglations for sand areas (PI)

"2. Special management guidelines should be developed for areas
specifically identified because of their inherent values,
such as deflation plains, freshwater lakes within or adjacent
to dune areas, and hummock dunes. (RS)

113. Because of the special characteristics of some areas of
deflation plains they should be identified and maintained for
wildlife habitat.

"4. An educational program explaining dune processes should be
developed and taken to the general public and to schools. (PI)

Devel opment

"5. SpecificationsJor construction activity (such as excavations)
in sand areas should be developed to prevent: (RS)

(a) moisture loss and plant root damage;
(b) exposing older sand areas to erosion; and
(c) creati-ng or causing slope instability.

"6. Cutting and removal of timber and understory vegetation or
ground cover should be conducted in such a manner that no
threat to moisture loss is posed to the survival of the,
adjacent and surrounding plant communities. (RS)

117. Exist ing channels and jetties should be maintained. (PI)
"8. Some undeveloped open sand areas should be identified for
preservation as open space. (PI)

"Access

"9. Access to sand areas should conform to the physical characteris-
tics of the site. (PI)

"Recreation

10. Specified sand dunes areas should be designated for vehicles, and
vehicles restricted from all other areas. (CON - RS; PI)

"ll. ORVs (off-road vehicles) should be regulated by a permit system
or special licensing program which applies fees for control and
maintenance of their use areas. (PI)

"12. The impact of motor vehicles, pedestrians, and livestock use of
beaches and dunes should be studied."

During the time when the OCC DC merged with the then-newl' created
y
Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC) in 1975, two
informational sources were being developed:

(1) A series of state and county environmental geology reports
were bein� compiled by the Oregon Department of Geology and
Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) which included information
addressing beach and dune problems and management suggestions.

(2) The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
was busily preparing an inventory of coastal beaches and dunes
under contract with the OCCDC. About ten pages of the final
document were devoted to existing and potential management
problems.

In December of 1976, the Oregon Land Conservation and Develop-
ment Commission approved the Beaches and Dunes Goal--the eighteenth
of nineteen planning goals for the State of Oregon. The goal was
adopted in conjunction with the state's involvement in the federal
Coastal Zone1Management Act of 1972, and as such applies only to Oregon's
coastal zone . The goal sets forth beach and dune planning and management
objectives for coastal counties and cities (see Appendix A).

Oregon's coastal zone extends from the Washington border on the
north to Califorr-ia on the south, seaward to the extent of state
jurisdiction as recognized in federal law, and inland to the crest of
the coastal mountain range. Three exceptions exist on the eastern
boundary. They are:

1. The Umpqua River Basin, where the coastal zone extends to
Scottsburg;
2. The Rogue River Basin, where the coastal zone extends to
Agness; and
3. The Columbia River Basin, where the coastal zone extends to
the downstream end of Puget Island (LCDC, 1976).

II. COASTAL JURISDICTION EFFORTS

Since the demise of OCCDC in 1975, coastal jurisdictions have
been busy preparing local comprehensive plans pursuant to LCDC's
nineteen statewide goals and guidelines, A survey of,coastal juris-
dictions in late September, 1978 indicated that the DOGAMI and OCCDC
publications were-the main printed sources of information used by
planning staffs in planning and development review under the Beaches
and Dunes Goal (#18). In response to written questionaires and follow-
up telephone conversations, the following is a synopsis of the state-
of-the-arts of beach and dune planning throughout the Oregon coast.

A. Clatsop County

Clatsop County, from the mouth of the Columbia River to the north
to Tillamook Head on the south, contains a series of parallel-ridne
dunes that extend approximately one and one-half miles inland. "A
sand stabilization project was established in the Clatsop Plains area
in 1935 by the Soil Conservation Service. In this program, 3,000
acres of shifting sand were progressively stabilized by forming a seripc
of foredunes" (U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service and OCCDC, 1975,
p. 74).

Since-the mas sive sand stabilization program of the 1930's, the
Warrenton Dune Soil and Water Conservation District has maintained
a management program to ensure continuing stability of the Clatsop
dune sheet. A copy of the regulations adopted by the District
are included in Appendix B.

Several recent planning studies have been conducted which address
the county's dune areas, one of which covers the subject of dune
stability. Dr. "Leonard Palmer, a consulting geologist from Portland
State University'. prepared a draft report on the stability of Clatsop
coastal dunes which recommends:

"that developers be required to provide site-specific studies
done by qualified experts in areas of potenti.al hazard. Primary
concerns are to define: the beach and dune rates of c,hange; storm-
tsunami tide and wave height; preservation of groundwater supplies;
and proper vegetation maintenance" (Palmer, 1978, p. 2).

A zoning ordinance pertaining.to uses on active dune areas and an
exception for the Surf Pines area has recently been adopted by Clatsop
County and is reproduced in Appendix B.

B. Tillamook County

Tillamook County has 53 miles of shoreline that consists of sand
beach and dune areas between rocky headlands. Along with the state
environmental geology study for the county and the OCCDC inventory,
the county planning department uses SCS soils maps (1979) and has
generated specific inventory and policy recommendations for its beach
and dune areas. These proposed policies have been the topic of discussion
during the citizen's involvement process and have been fairly well
received. The draft policies address the Beaches and Dunes Goal
requirements in six major policy areas: Geology and Geologic Hazards,
Flood Hazards, Groundwater and Water Quality, Wildlife Habitat,
Development and Recreation. A copy of the current working paper on these
policies is included in Appendix C along with a Tillamook County handout
which addresses the effect of the Beaches and Dunes Goal on home and
property owners. Additionally, Tillamook County has developed extensive
findings pertaining to beaches and dunes, critieria for site investigations,
exceptions to the Beaches and Dunes goal and is preparing an ordinance
for regulating beach and.dune activities.

C. Lincoln County

Lincoln County has a shoreline of approximately 54 miles that is
characterized by sandy beaches interspersed with rocky headlands and
inlets. The county reported use of the state environmental geology
report for the county (Schlicker, et al., 1973), the OCCDC Beaches and Dunes
Inventory and a recent coastal shorelands and hazards study conducted by
RNKR Associates of Corvallis, Oregon (1978). The county uses these
resources, along with the LCDC goal requirements, agency concerns and
basic planning techniques to classify sand landforms and produce
findings-of-fact on individual proposed actions. Under the current
county zoning ordinance, the county may require a geotechnical study
be conducted in known or suspected hazards areas. On-site inspection
by staff may also be required prior to issuing development permits along
beaches and shorelands. The OCZMA Beaches and Dunes Study draft addressing
uses was included in its entirety in Lincoln County's recent)y released
draft comprehensive plan (Lincoln County Planning Department, 1979).

D. Lane County

Lane County has approximately thirty miles of shoreline with major
dune areas to the north and south of the Siuslaw River. The county
utilizes the Environmental Geology of Coastal Lane County (1974), soil
surveys, and on-site inspections when identifying the location and extent
of sand landforms. The Wilsey and Ham consulting firm has completed a
coastal resource inventory for the county (1978). This inventory has

a forty-two page section dealing with beaches and dunes covering such
topics as nature and stability of dunes, patterns of land use and land
ownership, aesthetic and-scenic values, and recreational opportunities.

The county planning department has prepared a seven-page draft
document on beach and dune policies that will be expanded after analyzing
the Wilsey and Ham inventory and the forthcoming OCZMA Beaches and Dunes
Study (Bredesen, 1979). Additionally, the county is exploring the
use of alternative land use controls for implementation of the local
comprehensive plan in rural areas.

E. Douglas County

Douglas County has only seve .nteen miles of shoreline, and almost 'all
of that lies within public ownership (mostly within the Oregon Dunes
National Recreation Area). Thus the county's planning priorities have
b-een directed toward the non-coastal statewide planning goals (#1-15).
Two inventories were identified by the county staff as being utilized
in determining the location and types of sand landforms (Cubic, 1978):

(a) "Final Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon Dunes National
Recreation Area Management Plan," by the U. S. Forest Service
(.1977), and
(b) "An Environmental and Socio-Econom.ic Description of Coastal
Douglas County (Draft),".by the Umpqua Regional Council of
Governments (1978).

F. Coos County

The 1975 OCCDC study identffied over 12,000 acres of active and
conditionally stable beach and dune areas' within Coos County, with -
wet deflation plains comprising the most extensive dune landform of
over 5,820 acres ('U.S.D'*A., Soil Conservation Service and OCCDC, 1975).
Coos County makes use of the OCCDC study, as well as aerial photography
from the SCS and the 1974 "Coastal Reconnaissance Study" bv the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. The sand informat 'ion is used in classifying sand
landforms and no procedures have been developed for the production of
findings-of-fact or for site investigations. A natural resource zone (lNR)
has been used in a-number of beach and dune areas to protect natural resources.

In February of 1978, a fifty-seven page rough-draft policy and
inventory document was released for public review and comment. The
document contains four sections dealing with beach and dune planning:
natural resources, uses and activities, imp-acts and natural hazards
related to dune activities, and coordination with other agencies dealing
with,beaches and dunes (Quarterman, 19.78). The county has developed
general policies directed toward uses of beaches and dunes and -has been
working on development of a Coastal Shorelands/Dune Lands Combining Zone
(CSD).

G. Curry County

While having the longest stretch of coastline of any other coastal
county in Oregon, Curry County has the smallest area of dune activity.
Currently the county utilizes the OCCDC inventory, SCS soil surveys, the
environmental geology report on Western Curry County (1976) and aerial
photographs provided by the Oregon Highway Division for lands west of
the vegetation line.

The OCCDC classification system was identified as the source of
information used to classify beach and dune types. Neither general
findings-of-fact relating to the existence of hazards, nor criteria for
site investigations have been developed. The county has not initiated
the preparation of any specialized implementation ordinances directed
toward the Beaches and Dunes Goal (Higbie, 1978).

H. Clatsop-Tillamook Interqovernment@l Council (CTIC)

The Clatsop-Tillamook Intergovernmental Council provides planning
assistance to various jurisdictions within Clatsop and Tillamook
Counties. Specifically, the C *ities of Manzanita, Rockaway and Cannon
Beach are affected by the Beaches and Dunes Goal and receive assistance
through CTIC. The supplementary provisions of Manzanita"s zoning ordinance
No. 78-6 (adopted September, 1978) specify dune construction requirements,
as does Rockaway's ordinance No. 143 (adopted January 1978). Cannon Beach
in its adopted land use plan (March, 197.9) has delineated specific policies
for areas identified as hazardous, which includes provisions for beach-
front property and addresses sand dune construction policies and beach-
front protective structure policies, (see Appendix D').

CTIC has relied heavily on the OCCDC inventory, on the PhD thesis
prepared by Jim Stembridge (1975), and on work conducted by Leonard
Palmer. Additionally, CTIC contracted with a registered engineering
geologist who conducted studies of each community and provided basic
information for use in the planning process (Morgan, 1979).

I. Mutual Aid Plannfng Service, Lincoln County

The Mutual Aid Planning Service located in Lincoln County, serves
the planning needs of the county and all cities within the county with
the exception of the City of Yachats.

Depending on the finalization of urban growth boundaries, the
City of Waldport is likely to be the only city-affected by the beaches
and dunes goal. Policy statements and implementing procedures have
not been developed pending finalization of the OCZMA Beaches and Dunes
Study (Hall, 1979).

J. Coos-Curry Council of Governments (CCCOG)

The Coos-Curry Council of Governments provides planning assistance
to many of the communities within the two county area, however, only one
of its client cities contains active dunes within its jurisdiction. On-
site inspections and the use of aerial photographs are used in determining
the location and extent of existing beach and dune landforms. Field
inspections are used in determing the classification of sand landforms.
Information from DOGAMI's environmental. geology reports (1973 and 1976)
and data from-the SCS are used in producing findings-of-fact.. No
specific criteria has been developed for site investigations, nor have
specific implementing ordinances been developed (Mecone, 1978).

K. City of Gear hart

The,Ci'ty of Gearhart has initiated an inventory of beach and
dune areas, and has retained a consultant (Morgan, Ryan and Associates,
Inc.) to assist with final preparation of the plan and the dev@lopment
of implementing ordinances. While the City has prepared several draft
alternatives for beach and dune management, the City has not yet adopted
policies or ordinances to implement the beaches and dunes goal (Maliman,
1979).

L. City of Florence

As early as 1968, the City of Florence adopted an ordinance
addressing development on-, or removal of, sand landforms within the
City's jurisdictions.

Since that time, the City has been planning pursuant to the state-
wide goals. The draft plan contains several references.to beaches and
dunes within the context of recreation, scenic values, and housing.
Beaches and dunes are being addressed within the plan in terms of the
physical environment and land use constraints. An extensive study
conducted by Wilsey and Ham included the City of Florence, and the City
is presently awaiting the release of OCZMA's Beaches and Dunes Study
to finalize its implementation techniques (Adkins, 19701).

M. City of Gold Beach

The City of Gold Beach has finalized its comprehensive plan
policies and zoning ordinances, and has submitted its plan for

acknowledgement by LCDC (Krogh, 1979). The plan identified 65n acres of
beaches and dunes and maps active and stabilized dunes using 1970 SCS
surveys (City of Gold Beach, 1978). Within the City's zoning ordinance,
most active dune areas are designated as "conservation" which allows
for the following outright permitted uses: (City of Gold Beach, 1979)

(1) Wildlife and water life sanctuaries.
(2) Recreational uses.
(3) Fishing and similar activities.
(4) Aquaculture and accessory facilities.
(5) Disposal of dredge spoils on sites described in permits issued
by Federal and/or State Governmental agencies.

III. THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD

Pursuant to Oregon's statewide planning program and coastal-manage-
ment program, coastal jurisdictions have until July of 1980 to bring
local plans and implementing ordinances into compliance with the Oregon
Land Conservation and Development Commission's nineteen goals. Planning
for beach and dune areas proves particularly cumbersome due to the dynamic
nature of the landforms, associated hazards, and the difficult resolution
of open space designations and property right issues. The ultimate use
of Oregon's coastai beaches and dunes will be the result of extensive
citizen's input, coupled with specific data and information regarding
housing needs, recreational demands, and other projected uses, within the
context of the dynamic nature of these living landforms.

IV. REFERENCES CITED

Adkins, Marilyn. Personal Communication. 1979. Planner, City of
Florence, Oregon.

Baldwin, Ewart M., John D. Beaulieu, Len Ramp, Jerry Gray, Vernon C.
Newton, Jr. and Ralph S. Mason. 1973. Geology and Mineral Resources
of Coos County,__Prq2Rn. Bulletin 80, Oregon Department of Geology
and Mineral Indust-ies, Portland, Orponr 82 pp. + ma
-ps-

Beaulieu, J. D. and P. W. Hughes. 1976. Land-use Geology of Western
Curry County, Oregon. Bulletin 90, -0regon Department of Ge-o-l-ogy
and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oreqon. 148 pp.

Bredesen, Phil. Personal Communication. 1979. Senior planner, Lane
County Planning Department, Eugene, Oregon.

Clatsop County Planning Departme *nt. 1979. "Clatsop County Zoning
Ordinance." Ordinance #78-26, Section 4.160, Clatsop County Planning
Department, Astoria, Oregon.

Cubic, Keith L. Personal Communication. 1978. Director, Douglas
Coufty Planning Department, Rosebu,g, Oregon.
Goeckritz, Steve. 1979. "Working Paper, Draft II, Beaches and Dunes
Goal No. 18." Tillamook County Planning Department, Tillamook,
Oregon. 54 pp. + -.An,,.

Gold Beach, City of. 1978. "Gold Beach Comprehensive Land Use Plan
Draft." Gold Beach, Oreaon. 137 pp.

Gold Beach, City of. 1979. "City of Gold Beach Zoning Ordinance,
No. 327." Gold Beach, Oregon. 25 Do.

Hall, Craig. Personal Communication. 1979. Planner, Mutual Aid
Planning Service, Newport, Oregon.

Higbie, Robert. Personal Communication. 1978. Director, Curry County
Planning Department, Gold Beach, Oregon.

Krogh, Dave. Personal Communication. 1979. Planner, Curry County
Planning Department, Gold Beach, Oregon.

Maltman, Bruce. Personal Communication. 1979. City Administrator,
City of Gearhart, Oregon.

Martin, Michael. 1978. "An Environmental and Socio-Economic Description
of Coastal Douglas County." Umpqua Regional Council of Governments,
Roseburg, Oregon. 450 pp.

Mecone, Kathleen. Personal Communication. 1978. Planner, Coos-Cu rry
Council of Governments, North Bend, Oregon.

Morgan, Mike. 1978. "Cannon Beach Comprehensive Plan." Clatsop-Tillamook
Intergovernmental Council, Cannon Beach, Oregon. 58 pp.
Morgan, Mike. 1978. "Manzanita Zoning Ordinace No. 78-6." Clatsop-
Tfllamook Intergovernmental Council, Cannon Beach, Oregon. 35 pp.
Morgan, Mike. 1978. "Rockaway Zoning Ordinance No. 143." Clatsop-
Tillamook Intergovernmental Council, Canncri Beach, Oregon. 51 pp.
Morgan, Mike. Personal Communication. 1979. Clatsop-Tillamook Inter-
g0vernmental Council, Cannon Beach, Oregon.

Oregon Coastal Conservation and D evelopment Commission. 1973. "Policies
and Standards for Fragile Sand Areas." Oregon Coastal Conservation
and Development Commission, Florence, Oregon. 10 pp.

Oregon Land Conservation and Development Commission. 1977. "Statewide
Planning Goals and Guidelines." Oregon Department of Land Conservation
and Development, Salem, Oregon. 24 pp.

Palmer, Leonard. 1978. "Stability of Coastal Dunes." (Draft), Prepared
for Clatsop County Planning Commision and Board of County Commissioners
Leonard Palmer, Portland, Oregon. 35 pp.

Quarterman, Philip. Personal Communication. 1978. Planner, Coos County
Planning Department, Coquille, Oregon.

RNKR Associates. 1978. "Environmental Hazard Inventory: Coastal
Lin'coln County, Oregon." RNKR Associates, Corvallis, Oregon.
66 pp. + maps.

Schlicker, Herbert G. and Robert J. Deacon. 1974. Environmental Geology
of Coastal Lane County Oregon. Bulletin 85, Oregon Department of
Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 116 pp.

Schlicker, Herbert G., Robert J. Deacon, John D. Beaulieu, and Gordon W.
Olcott. 1972. Environmental Geology of the Coastal Region of
Tillamook and Clatsop Counties ' Oregon. Bulletin 74, Oregon Department
of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 164 pp.

Schlicker, Herbert G., Robert J. Deacon, Gordon W. Olcott, and John D.
Beaulieu. 1973. Environmental Geology of Lincoln County, Oregon.
Bulletin 81, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries,
Portland, Oregon. 171 pp.

Stembridge, James E., Jr. 1975. "Shorel ine Changes and Physiographic
Haz.ards on the Oregon Coast." PhD dissertation, Department of
Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. 202 pp.

Ternyik, Wilbur. 1974. Letter and enclosure concerning preliminary
policies and recommendations for beach and dunes areas. Chairman,
Oregon Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. Florence,
Oregon, January 28, 1974. 14 pp.

Tillamook County. undated. "Information for People Who Own Property
On Active Foredunes." Office of Planning Commission, Tillamook
County, Tillamook, Oregon. 2 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District. 1974. Coastal
Reconnaissance Study Oregon and Washington. Battelle Pacific
Northwest Engineers, Richland, Washington. 474 pp.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1977. Final
Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon Dunes National Recreation
Area Management Plan. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Siuslaw National Forest, Washington, D.C. 80 pp. + appendices

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service and Oregon
Coastal Conservation and Development Commission. 1975. Beaches
and Dunes of the Oregon Coast. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon. 161 pp.

Warrenton Dune Soil and Water Conservation District Clatsop County, Oregon.
1966. "Thirty-one Years of Progress, 1935-1966." 'Aarrenton Dune
Soil and Water Conservation District, Astoria, Oregon. 17 pp.

Wilsey and Ham. 1978. Lane County: Coastal Resource Inventory. Wilsey
and Ham, Portland, Oregon. (pp. 1-1 to 1-42). 42 pp.

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APPENDIX A

The Beaches and Dunes Goal

GOAL BEACHES AND DUNES
OVERALL STATEMENT Uses

To conserve, protect, where appropriate Uses shall be based on the capabilities and
develop, and where appropriate restore limitations of beach and dune areas to
the resources and benefits of coastal beach sustain different levels of use or
and dune areas; and development, and the need to protect
areas of critical environmental concern,
To reduce the hazard to human life and areas having scenic, scientif ic, or
property from natural or man-induced biological importance, and significant
actions associated with these areas. wildlife habitat.

Coastal comprehensive plans and im- IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
plementing actions shall provide for
diverse and appropriate use of beach and (1) Local governments and state and
dune areas conststent with their federal agencies shall base decisions
ecological, recreationM, aesthetic, water on plans, ordinances and land use
resource, and economic values, and actions in beach and dune areas,
consistent with the natural limitations of other than older stabilized dunes, on
beaches, dunes and dune vegetation for specific findings that shall include at
development. least:
INVENTORY REQUIREMENTS (a) the type of use proposed and the
adverse effects it might have on
Inventories shall be conducted to provide the site and adjacent areas;
information necessary for identifying and (b) temporary and permanent
designating beach and dune uses and stabilization programs and the
policies. Inventories shall describe the planned maintenance of new
stability, movement, groundwater re- and existing vegetation;
source, hazards and values of the beach (c) methods for protecting the
and dune areas in sufficient detail to surrounding area from any
establish a sound basis for planning and adverse effects of the
management. For beach and dune areas development; and
adjacent to coastal waters, . inventories (d) hazards to life, public and
shall also address the inventory private property, and the
requirements of the Coastal Sborelands natural environment which
Goa 1. may be caused by the proposed
use.
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN (2) Local governments and state and
REQUIREMENTS federal agencies shall prohibit
Based upon the inventory, comprehensive residential developments and
plans for coastal areas shall: commercial and industrial buildings
on active foredunes, on other
(1) identify beach and dune areas; and foredunes which are conditionally
(2) establish policies and uses for these stable and that are subject to ocean
areas consistent with the provisions undercutting or wave overtopping,
of this goal. and on interdune areas (deflation
Identification plains) that are subject to ocean
flooding. Other development in these
Coastal areas subject to this goal shall areas shall be permitted only if the
include beaches, active dune forms, findings required in (1) above are
recently stabilized dune forms, older presented and it is demonstrated
stabilized dune forms and interdune that the proposed development:
forms.
*From Oregon Land Conservation and nnvolo,pment Commission, 1077.

GUIDELINES

(a) is adequately protected from The requirements of the Beaches and
any geologic hazards, wind Dunes Goal should be addressed with the
erosion, undercutting, ocean same consideration as applied to
flooding and storm waves; or is previously adopted goals and.guidelines.
of minimal value; and The planning process described in the
(b) is designed to minimize ad- Land Use Planning Goal (Goal 2), in-
verse environmental effects. cluding the exceptions provisions
described in Goal 2, applies to beaches and
(3) Local governments and state and dune areas and implementation of the
federal agencies shall regulate Beaches and Dunes Goal.
actions in beach and dune areas to
minimize the resulting erosion. Such
actions include, but are not limited Beaches and dunes, especially interclune
to the destruction of desirable areas (.deflation plains) provide many
vegetation (including inadvertent unique or exceptional resources which
destruction by moisture loss or root should be addressed in the inventories and
damage), the exposure of stable and planning requirements of other goals,
conditionally stable areas to erosion, especially the Goals for Open Spaces,
and construction of shore structures Scenic and Historic Areas and Natural
which modify current or wave Resources; and Recreational Needs.
patterns leading to beach erosion. Habitat provided by these areas for
coastal and migratory species of of special
(4) Local, state and federal plans, importance.
implementing actions and permit
reviews shall protect the ground- A. Inventories
water from drawdown which would Local government should begin the beach
lead to loss of stabilizing vegetation, and dune inventory with a review of
loss of water quality, or intrusion of Beaches and Dunes of the Oregon Coast,
salt water into water supplies. USDA Soil Conservation Service and
OCCDC, March, 1975, and determine what
(5) Permits for beach front protective additional information is necessary to
structures shall be issued under ORS identify and describe:
390.605 -- 390.770, only where
development existed on January 1, 1. The geologic nature and stability of the
1977. The Oregon Department of beach and dune landforms;
Transportation, cooperating with 2. patterns of erosion, accretion, and
local, state and federal agencies migration;
shall develop criteria to supplement 3. storm and ocean flood hazards;
the Oregon Beach Law (ORS 390.605 4. existing and projected use, develop-
-_ 390.770) for issuing permits for ment and economic activity on the
construction of beach front pro- beach and dune landforms; and
lective structures. The criteria shall 5. areas of significant biological im-
provide that: portance.
(a) visual impacts are minimized; B..Examples of Minimal Development
W necessary access to the beach Examples of development activity which
is maintained; are of minimal value and suitable for
W negative impacts on adjacent development in conditionally stable dunes
property are minimized; and and deflation plains include beach and
W long-term or recurring costs to dune boardwalks, fences which do not
the public are avoided. affect sand erosion or migration, and
(6) Foredunes shall be breached only to temporary open-sided shelters.
replenish sand supply in interdune
areas, or on a temporary basis in an
emergency (e.g., fire control, C. Evaluating Beach and Dune Plans and
cleaning up oil spills, draining farm Actions
lands, and alleviating f lood Local government should adopt strict
hazards), and only if the breaching controls for carrying out the Implemen-
and restoration after breaching is tation Requirements of this goal. The
consistent with sound principles of controls could include:
conservation.

1 .requirement of a site investigation
report financed by the developer;
2. posting of performance bonds to assure
that adverse effects can be corrected;
and
3. requirement of re-establishing vege-
tation within a specified time.
D. Sand By-Pass
In developing structures that might ex7
cessively reduce the sand supply or in-
terrupt the longshore transport or littoral
drift, the developer should investigate, and
where possible, provide methods. of sand
by-pass.

E. Public Access

Where appropriate, local government
should require new developments to
dedicate easements for public access to
public beaches, dunes and associated
waters. Access into or through dune areas,
particularly conditionally stable dunes
and dune complexes, should be controlled
or designed to maintain the stability of the
area, protect scenic values and avoid fire
hazards.

F. Dune Stabilization
Dune stabilization programs should be
allowed only when in conformance with
the comprehensive plan, and only after
assessment of their potential impact.

G. Off Road Vehicles
Appropriate levels of government should
designate specific areas for the
recreational use of *off road vehicles
(ORV's). This use should be restricted to
limit damage to natural resources and
avoid conflict with other activities, in-
cluding other recreational use.

APPENDIX B

Clatsop County:
Warrenton Soil and Water
Conservation District
Regulations, and

Clatsop County Active
Dune Overlay District

Warrenton Soil and Water Conservation District Regulations

Ordinances prescribing land use regulations for the care, treat-
ment, and operation of certain lands designated as Zongs I and 2
within the Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation District.1

WHEREAS, the lands within the Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation
District are basic assets of the district and their preservation is
necessary to protect and promote the health, prosperity, and welfare
of the people in the district; and some of the lands are extremely
susceptible to erosion by wind that damages not only the land from
which the'soil is blown but also the lands and improvements of
neighbors; and erosion of such lands can be prevented by the main-
tenance of a continuous vegetative cover; and, the removal or destruc-
tion of even a portion of such.cover by any act or use of the lands
may result in the initiation of erosion processes that spread to
other lands, causing economic loss and a hazard to the use and occu-
pancy of the lands of the district by man or his animals, and (here
omitted from this copy of the ordinance is the legal description of
Zones I and 2. These legal descriptions are available on request,
and the attached map gives the general location of district and
Zones I and 2).

NOW THEREFORE be it ordained by the landowners within the
Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation District, and within the area known
as Zone 1, that:

Section 1. Erosion will be controlled and the soil stabilized by
vegetative and/or mechanical means on all lands of this area. After
stabilization, continuous maintenance will be provided.

Section 2. No livestock may be grazed in the area.

Section 3. Vehicular and recurring pedestrian and equestrian
traffic will be restricted to hard surfaced (plank, gravel bound with
clay, asphalt, or other material of like character) roads or trails.

Section 4. No roads or trails may be built by other than the
County, State, or Federal Government without a permit from the
Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation District Board of Supervisors..

Secti-on 5. No building may be constructed in the area.

Section 6. No other acts,or land uses that result in destruction
or serious deterioration of the ground cover will be permitted except
under conditions approved-by the District Board of Supervisors.
Section 7. Nothing in this ordinance shall be construed as
prohibiting construction by Federal or State Governments necessary
for national security or public health.

*From U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service and OCCOC, 1975, pp. 100-103

21
Section 8. The district Bo ard of Supervisors is hereby authorized
to request the State Soil Conservation Committee to appoint a Board
of Adjustment, as provided in Section 109-313, O.C.L.A., consisting
of three members who shall not be landowners in said district or of
kin within the third degree to any person owning land in said
dis-@rict. Said Board of Adjustment.shall have power to authorize
variance from the terms of these land use regulations in accordance
with.substantial justice.

Section 9. Upon the approval of this ordi nance by the favorable
vote of three-fourths majority of all votes cast by landowners
representing two-thirds of the land within the district approving the
same, it shall immediately thereupon be in full force and effect.

NOW THEREFORE be it ordained by the landowners within the
Warrenton Dune Soil Conservation District, and within the area known
aIs Zone II,that:

Section 1. Erosion shall be controlled and the soil stabilized.by
vegetatTve and/or mechanical means on all lands of this area. After
stabilization, continuous maintenance will be provided.

Section 2: Livestock may be grazed in the area with a permit from
the War-renton Dune Soil Conservation District Board of Supervisors.-
Livestock grazed within the area shall be confined by herding or
fences to the land described in the permit, and the land shall not be
grazed by a class of livestock, a greater number, or in excess of the
period specified in the permit.

Section 3. Vehicular traffic and recurring equestrian traffic
will be confined to hard surfaced (plant, gravel bound with clay,
asphalt, concrete, or other material of like character) roads or
trails.

Section 4. Vegetative cover specified by the Board of Supervisors
of the jTstrict will be established where vegetation is destroyed
during construction operations. All excavations, fills, or other
disturbed land surfaces shall be prepared for planting and be planted
to vegetation specified by the Board of Supervisors of the district
during the planting period November thr ough April immediately
following such disturbance. After stabilization, continuous mainte-
nance shall be provided.

Section 5. No other acts or.land Uses that result in destruction
or serious deterioration of theiground cover will be permitted
except under conditions by the Board of Supervisors of the district.

Section 6. The District Board of Supervis ors is hereby authorized
to requ@_st the State Soil Conservation Committee to appoint a Board
of Adjustment, as provided in Section 109-313, O.C.L.A., consisting
of three members who shall not be landowners in said district or of
kin within the third degree to any.person owning land in said
district. Said Board of Adjustment shall have power to authorize
variance from the terms of these land use regulations in accordance
with substantial justice.

Section 7. Upon approval of this ordinance by the favorable vote
of three-fourths majority of all votes cast by landowners represent-
ing two-thirds of the land within the district approving the same,
it 'shall immediately thereupon be in full force and effect.

4.16.3-1. ACCRETION - The build-up of land along a beach or shore by
the deposition of waterborne or airborne sand. sediment, or
other material.

4.163-2. BEACH - Gently s Iop Ing areas of loose material (e.g. sand,
Clatsop County Active Dune Overlay District gravel, and cobbles) that extend landward from the low-water
line to a point where there is a de6nite change in the
material type or landform, or to the line of vegetation.

4.163-3. BEACH ACCESS, PUBLIC M PRIVATE - Trails or roads which
provide access for the public to the beach.

Section 4.160. A Zo -ne - Active Dune Ov@rlay 0 This section
duneistrict.
ipplies to all area@ identified as active texcept Tor tne pro-
visions of Section 4.180) within the unincorporated areas of Clatsop 4.163-4. BREACH114G - To make a hole or a gap through an area such as
County. (Added by Ordinance 78-26) a foredune.
4.161. Pur" se and Intent. The intent of this section is to regulate 4.163-5. DUNE - A hill or ridge of sand built up by the wind along
action , in active dune areas in order to protect the fragile sandy coasts.
nature of the dune. Should the regulations of this overlay
zone be in conflict with the underlying primary zone or the ' 4.163-6. DUNE, ACTIVE - A dune that migrates, grows and diminishes
regulations of the Clatsop Soil and Water Conservation District, from the force of wind and supply of sand. Active dunes
the conflict(s) shall be resolved by the application of the include all open sand dunes, active hummocks, and active
more stringent regulation(s). foredunes.
4.162. Mapping, Active dunes, conditionally stable dunes, and 4.163-7. FOREDUNE, ACTIVE - An unstable barrier ridge of sand paral-
dunes subject to ocean undercutting and wave overtopping are leling the beach and subject to wind erosion, water erosion,
identified on maps accompanying 5 1tability of Coastal Dunes, and growth from new sand deposits. Active foredunes may
January, 1978, report by Leonard Palmer. include areas with beach grass, and occur in sand spits and
Dune areas mapped in the study were identified by LCDC criteria at river mouths as well as elsewhere.
(see report). Active dunes were defined by evidence from 4.163-8. RECREATION - Any experience voluntarily engaged in largely
photographs, photo naps, soils, and landforms, to be active or during leisure (discretionary time) from which the indivi-
to show recurrent activity in the context of approximately 100
years. The mapping is not intended to specify site conditions dual derives satisfaction.
or stability, nor to replace site specific studies. The dune 4.163-9. RECREATION, LOW INTENSITY - does not require developed
mapping is intended to be a preliminary working designation of
areas in which further studies may be required. The boundaries facilities and can be accommodated without change to the
mapped should be changed when on-site conditions are shown to area or resource. e.g. boating, hunting, hiking, wildlife
have changed, or when improved data is obtained. photography, and beach or shore activities can be low
intensity recreation.
4.163. Definition of Terms. The following definitions are to be used 4.163-10. STABILIZATION - The process of controlling sand activity
for s@c t _ions4. 160 and 4. 180. Where definitions found in Sec- (i.e. stilling the movement of sand) by natural vegetative
tion 2.020 conflict with the definitions of Section 4.163 those
in Section 4.163 shall control. growth, planing of grasses and shrubs, or mechanical means
(e.g. wire net, fencing).

4.163-11. STRUCTURE - Anything constructed or installed or portable,
the use of which requires a location on a parcel of land.

4.164. Uses Permitted,
(1) Use of equipment needed to help stabilize and maintain (3) Structure(s) except for Section 4.165(5).
the vegetation of the dune. (4) Grazing of livestock.
(2) Scientific study of natural and cultural systems such as (5) Off-road vehicles.
dunes, dune stabilization, aquifer monitoring wells,
archeological remains. 4.167. Conditions for Approval of Uses. The Department of Planning
and Oevelopnenf i ay include but not be limited to the placing
(3) Wildlife sanctuary. of the following conditions on the approval of permits for
uses in Section 4.165.:
(4) Low intensity recreation.
(1) prescribing the extent of vegetation removal;
(5) Maintenance of existing structures and roads.
(2) prescribi.ng the tine, amounts and types of materials and
4.165. Uses Permi.ttiid Subject to Conditions. the methods to be used in restoration of dune vegetation;
(1) Hiking, equestrian and nature trails shall be approved (3) prescribing setbacks greater than required in the tinder-
by the Clatsop County Department of Planning and lying zone in order to comply with the intent of the
Development. Clatsop County Comprehensive Plan and the Clatsop County
Zoning Ordinance No. 66-2, as amended;
(2) Private beach access subject to approval of the Clatsop
County Department of Planning and Development. (4) prescribing the location, design and number of proposed
uses; and N)
(3) Subsurface sewage disposal systems subject to the
approval of the Clatsop County Sanitarian and the (5) for the establishment of State public beach access points:
revegetation requiremeRts, approved by the Clatsop County
Department of Planning and Development. (a) public need must be shown; and, if it is determined
that there@is a public need, then
(4) Breaching of sand dune on a temporary basis in an emergency
(e.g. fire control ) only if the breaching, and restoration (b) the State nust satisfactorily prove why this loca-
after breaching is consistent with sound principles of con- tion for the proposed beach access, when compared
servation. A restoration plan shall be approved by the with other locations best serves the public need.
Clatsop County Department of Planning and Development.
All conditions shall'be found by the Department of Planning and
(5) Temporary open-sided structures subject to approval by Development to provide for or protect the public health, safety
Clatsop C6unty Department of Planning and Development, or general welfare, protect the dune, and protect adjacent pro-
perties both present and in the future.
(6) Public beach access subject to the approval of the Clatsop
County Planning Commission. Conditions of approval shall be sufficient to protect the property
front erosion by wind or water or both, the dune frow the loss of
stabilizing vegetation, and the permanent drawdown of the ground-
water supply.
4.166. Uses Prohibited. 4.168. Guarantee of Performance. Clatsop County shall require the sub-
TiVider or developer of any subdivision to post a performance
bond to assure that adverse effects that may occur can be corrected.
(1) Breaching of sand dune except for that listed in Section For the guarantee of performance the following standards shall apply:
4.165. (1) Method of Guarantee. The subdivider ordeveloper shall deposit
(2) Sand Iremoval. cash, or other instrument readily convertible into cash at
face value, either with the County, or in escrow with a bank.
The use of any instrument other than cash, and, in the case
of an escrow account, shall be subject to the

approval of Clatsop County. The amount of the deposit
shall be at least twi ce the cost, as estimated by the subdi- tracted restoration or improvements are complete and
vider or developer and approved by the County Engineer, free from defect, the County shall authorize the release
of restoration or construction of required improvements. of the restoration or improvement guarantee.
In the case of an escrow account, the subdivider or developer 4.169. Time Limits. Prior to approval of the permit the subdivider
shall file with the Department of Planning and Development or-d-e'veoper and the Department of Planning and Development
an agreement between the financial bank and himself guaran- shall agree upon a deadline for the completion of the required
teeing the following: improvements, such deadline not to exceed one year from the
time of the permit. The County shall have the power to extend
(a) that the funds of said escrow account shall be held the deadline for improvements for one additional year when the
in trust until released by Clatsop County and may not be subdivider or developer can present substantial reason for
used or pledged by the subdivider or developer-as security doing so.
in any other matter during that period; and
The subdivider or developer shall restore the vegetation within
(b) that in the'case of a failure on the part of the subdi- the first planting season (October to April) using the amounts
vider or developer to complete said improvements, and types of materials and methods as prescribed by the Depart-
then the bank shall immediately make the funds in ment of Planning and Development.
said account available to the County for use in the
completion of those improvements. The timing of the permits should be made so that restoration
(2) Inspection and Certification. The County Engineer, or may be started as early in the planting season as possible.
other knowledgeable official as specified by the Depart- 4.170. Warning and Disclaimer of Liabili The degree of protection
ment of Planning and Development, shall regularly inspect from erosion or accret Ix. this ordinance is consi-
for defects in the restoration or construction of required dered reasonable for regulatory purposes. Erosion is occurring DO
improvements. Upon completion of these improvements, the from the South Jetty of the Columbia River south approximately
County Engineer shall file with the Department of Planning three miles. Erosion of the dunes may occur south of this
and Development a statement either certifying that the area sometime in the future.
restoration'or improvements have been completed in the
specific manner or listing the defects in those improve- This ordinance does not imply that land outside the A or SA zones
ments. or uses permitted within such areas will be free from erosion
Upon completion of the restoration or improvments, the or accretion. This ordinance shall not create a liability on
subdivider or developer shall file with the Department of the part of Clatsop County or by an officer or employee thereof
Planning and Development a statement stipulating the for any damages due to erosion or accretion that result from
following: reliance on this ordinance or any administrative decision law-
fully made thereunder.
(a) that all required improvements are complete;
4.171. Permit Procedures. Application for the construction of all
(b) that these improvements are in compliance with the structures and construction of uses permitted subject to condi-
minimum standards specified by the Department of tions in Section 4.165 are required and shall be made to the
Planning and Development for their construction; Planning Director or his designate on forms prescribed by
Clatsop County. The applicant shall be required to provide
(c) that the subdivider or developer knows of no defects at least the following information:
from any cause, in those improvements; and
(1) a map showing the location of the proposed use and
(d) that these improvements are free and clear of any surrounding uses including structures, vegetation, etc.;
encumbrance or lien.
(2) description of the extent to which a sand dune will be
(3) Release of Guarantee. If the County Department of Planning altered as a result of the proposed use-, and
and Development and.Engineer have certified that the con-

(3) other such information as is needed to determine
conformance with this Ordinance. to show recurrent-activity in the context of approximately
100 years. The mapping is not intended to sp6cify sit
4.172. Appeal Procedure. conditions or stability, nor to replace site P,C,f,c e
studies. The dune mapping is intended to be a preliminary
(1) A@ appeal Of a ruling or interpretation of maps working designation of areas in which further studies may
or a requirement of this brdinance by the Planning be required. The boundaries mapped should be changed when
Director shall be heard by the Clatsop County on-site conditions are shown.to have changed, or when
Planning Commission in accordance with the provisions improved data is obtained.
of Article 11.
(2) 4.183. Definition of Terms. The definitions described in Section
The Planning Commission shall hear and decide appeals -4--.163 shall also pertain to Section 4.180. Where defini-
when it is alleged there is an error in any require- tions found in Section 2.020 conflict with definitions in
ment, decision or determination 'in the enforcement or Section 4.163, those In 4.163 shall control.
administration of this ordinance.
4.173. Penalties. Any person violating any of the provisions of 4.184. Uses Penmitted Subj.ecl: to Conditions.
Uh-FS-6-r-dinance shall be subject to the. provisions of ORS (l ) Uses permitted, accessory uses and conditional uses
215.180, 215.185 and 215.990. A violation of this ordinance listed in the,primary zone subject to.Sections 4.185
shall be considered a separate offense for each day the.vio- and 4.186.
lation continues.
(2) M k-Ing, equestrian and nature trails shall be approved
by the Clatsop County Department of Planning and Develop-
Section 4.180 SA 7one - Structures Allowed, Active Dune Overlay ment and Sections 4.186 and 4.188. N)
District. This sec lon Tshall_a_ppl@ -toall-a-reas id-entifie as activ
dunes that are couimitted to development within the unincorporated
areas of Clatsop County. (Added by Ordinance 78-26) (3) Private beach access subject to approval of the Clatsop
County Department of Planning and Development and
4.181. Ejwrpose a_!jd Intent. The intent of this section is to regulate Sections 4.187 and 4.188.
actions in active dune areas in order to minimize damage
to the fragile nature of the dunes, property and structures (4) Subsurface sewage disposal systems subject to the approval
that may occur as a result of accretion or erosion. of the Clatsop County Sanitarian and the revegetation re-
quirements approved by the Clatsop County Department of
The purpose of this overlay zone is to comply with the Land Planning and Development and Sections 4.187 and 4.188.
Conservation and Development Commission Land Use Planning
Goal (#2) Part H Exceptions as it relates to development (5) @reaching of sand dune on a temporary basis in an emer-
in the active dune (Beaches and Dunes Goal #18). Should gency (e.g. fire control) only if the breaching, and
the regulations of this overlay zone be in conflict with the restoration after breaching is consistent with sound
underlying primary zone or the Clatsop Soil and Water Conser- principles of conservation. A restoration plan shall
vation District regulations, the conflict(s) shall be resolved be approved by the ClatSDP County uepartmLnt of Planning
by the application of the more stringent regulation(s). and Development and comply with'Sections 4.187 and 4.188.
4.182. MapRinj. Active dunes, conditionally stable dunes, and
dunes subject to ocean undercutting and wave overtopping are Temporary open-sided structures subject to approval by
identified on maps accompanying Clatsop County Department of Planning and Development
January, 1978, report by Leon,3rd Palmer. and Sections 4.187 and 4.188.
(7) Public beach access subject to.the approval of the
Dune areas mapped in the study were identified by LCDC criteria Clatsop County Planning Commission.
(see report). Active dunes were defined by evidence from
photographs, photo maps, soils, and landforms, to be active or

4.185. Uses Prohibited. bond to assure that adverse effects that may occur can be
corrected. For the guarantee of performance the following
(1) Breaching of sand dune except for that listed in standards shall apply:
Section 4.165.
(2) Sand removal. (1) Method of Guarantee. The subdivider or developer shall
deposit cash, or other instrument readily convertible
into cash at face value, either with the County, or
(3) Grazing of livestock, in escrow with a bank. The use of any instrument other
than cash and, in the case of an escrow account, shall
(4) Off-ruad vehicles. be subject to the approval of Clatsop County. The
4.186. Conditions for Approval of Uses. The Department of Planning amount of the deposit shall be at least twice the cost,
as estimated by the subdivider or developer and approved
@_n-d-DQ_veloP-rTe"t _maY i@_clude hTt not be 1 ioited to the by the County Engineer, of restoration or construction
placing of the following conditions on the approval of per- of required improvements.
mits for uses in Sections 4.184 and 4.185:
In the case of an escrow account, the subdivider or
(1) prescribing the extent of vegetation removal; developer shall file with the Department of Planning
and Development an agreement between the financial bank
(2) prescribing the time, amounts and types of materials and himself'guaranteeing the following:
and the methods to be used in restoration of dune
vegetation; (a) that the funds of said escrow account shall be held
in trust until released by Clatsop County and may
(3) prescribing setbacks greater than required in the under- not be used or p] edged by the subdivider or developer
lying zone in order to comply with the intent of the as security in any other matter during that period; and
Clatsop County Comprehensive Plan and the Clatsop County N)
Zoning Ordinance No. 66-2, as amended; (b) that in the case of a failure on the part of the
subdivider or developer to complete said improvements,
(4) prescribing the location, design and number of proposed then the bank shall immediately make the funds in
uses; and said account available to the County for use in the
(5) for the establishment of State public beach access points: completion of those improvements.
(a) public need must be shown; and, if it is determined (2) Inspection and Certification. The County Engineer, or
other knowledgeable official as specified by the Depart-
that there is a public need, then ment of Planning and Development, shall regularly inspect
for defects in the restoration or construction of required
(b) the State must satisf-actorily prove why this loca- improvements. Upon completion of these improvements, the
tion for the proposed beach access, when compared County Engineer shall file with the Department of Planning
with other locations best serves the public need. and Development a statement either certifying that the
restoration or improvements have been completed in the
All conditions shall be found by the Department of Planning and specific manner or listing the defects in those improve-
Development to provide for or protect the public hea It h, safety ments.
or general welfare, protect the dune, and protect adjacent pro-
pet-ties both present and in the future. Upon completion of the restoration or improvements, the
subdivider or developer shall file wiLh the Department of
Conditions of approval shall be sufficient to protect the property Planning and Development a statement stipulating the
from erosion by wind or water or both, the dune front the loss of following:
stabilizing vegetation, and the permanent drawdown of the ground-
water supply. (a) that all required improvements are complete;
4.187 Guarantee of Performance. Clatsop County shall require the sub- (b) that these improvements are in compliance with the
Uivide-ro'r-den-loper of any subdivision to post a performance minimum standards specified by the DLpartment of

Planning and Development for their construction;
by Clatsop County. The applicant shall be required to
W that the subdivider or developer knows of no defects provide at least the following information:
from any cause, in those improvements; and
(1) a map showing the location of the proposed use and
(d) that these improvements arefree and clear of any surrounding uses including structures, vegetation, etc.;
encumbrance of lien.
(2) description of the extent to which a sand dune will be
(3) Release of Guarantee. If the County Department of Planning altered as a result of the proposed use; and
and Development and Engineer have certified that the con-
tracted restoration or improvements are complete and free (3) other such information as is needed to determine con-
from defect, the County shall authorize the release of the formance with this ordinance.
restoration or improvement guarantee.
4.188. Time Limits. Prior to approval of the permit the subdivider 4.191. Appeal Procedure.
or developer and the Department of Planning and Development (1) An appeal of a ruling or interpretation of maps
shall agree upon a deadline for the completion of the required or a requirement of this Ordinance by the Planning Direc-
improvements, such deadline not to exceed one year from the tor shall be heard by the Clatsop County Planning
time of the permit. The County shall have the power to extend Commission in accordance with the provisions of Article U.
the deadline for improvements for one additional year when the
subdivider or developer can present substantial reason for (2) The Planning Commission shall hear and decide appeals when
doing so. it 'is alleged there is an error in any requirement, decision
or determination in the enforcement or administration of
The subdivider or developer shall restore the vegetation within this ordinance.
the first planting season (October to April) using the aniounts
and types of materials and methods prescribed by the Depart- 4.192. Penalties. Any person violating any of the provisions of this
ment of Planning and Development. -6 -rd i n _a@_c_e shall be subject to the provisions of ORS 215.180,
The timing of the permits should be made so that restoration 215.185 and 215.990. A violation of this ordinance shall be
may be started as early in the planting season as possible. considered a separate offense for each day the violation con-
tinues.
4.189. Warnin and Disclaimer of Liabill
_11@y. The degree of protection
from erosion or accretion_rEq-ui red -by this ordinance is consi-
dered reasonable for regulatory purposes. Erosion is occurring
from the South Jetty of the Columbia River south approximately
three miles. Erosion of the dunes may occur south of this area
sometime in the future.

This ordinance does not imply that land outside the A or SA
zones or uses permitted within such areas will be free from
erosion 6r accretion. This ordinance shall not create a
liability on the part of Clatsop County or by an officer or
employee thereof for any damages due to erosion or accretion
that result from reliance on this ordinance or any administra-
tive dicision lawfully made thereunder.

4.19o. Permit Procedures. Application for the construction of all
@-truct6-re-s--a-ll-cFc-OnstructioFi of uses permitted subject to con-
ditions in Section 4.165 are required and shall be made to
the Planning Director or his designate on forms prescribed

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APPENDIX C

Tillamook County:

Working Paper, Draft II.
Beaches and Dunes Goal #18
and

Information for People
Who Own Property On Active
Foredunes

@%URKING PAPER

DRAFT POLICIES

A. POLICIES - GEOLOGY AND GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

(1) The removal of sand and gravel from beaches except for extenuating
circumstances shall be prohibited. Such ruterial is involved in
the longshore transport and its removal from this system is likely
to enhance erosion somE@Pere else along-the coast.

The removal of sand and gravel from the badkdune areas is prohibited
except under unusual circumstances in order to preserve-the stable
nature of these landforms. If sand is removed it should be taken
only from the least sensitive areas or the backdune. Disturbed
areas must be revegetated.

(3) Filling in the deflation plain is prohibited since it alters the flood
plain function of these land formations, alters groundqater infiltra-
tion and changes the hydrolic characteristics of the dune system,
affecting plant communities and ultima-tely tJie stability of the dune
system.

(4) The stabilization of accreted sand in association with jetties or
groins shall bee prohibited except where necessary for the maintenance
of these structures. Unnecessary stabilization of active sand areas
oftentimes interferes with the sand budget of the coastal zone and my
affect the processes which maintain the protective foredune barrier.

(5) Log'debris plays an ijrportant role in the formation and maintenance
of foredunes. Therefore, driftwood removal from sand areas and beaches
for bo thindividual and corm-ercial purposes should be regulated so
that dune building processes and scenic values are not adversely
affected.

B. POLICIES FLOOD HAZARDS

(1) Developmiant in areas subject to ocean flooding shall be prohibited.
An exception shall be taken to those areas that are "irrevocably"
committed to dewlopmnt.

(2) Where developnyant within the beach and dune flood areas is allowed, all
new construction and substantial improvements shall be constructed
by methods and practices that minimize flood damage (flood proofing).

(3) Flood regulations shall be based on the nost current and reliable
flood data and meet the requireme-nts established by the Federal
Insurance Administration.

C. POLICIES GROLNLIUATER AND WATER QUALITY

(1) The withdrawal of groundwater from the dune area shall be lin-Lited
to levels'which will inusre that a proposed activity(ios) will not
result in the drawdown 'of the groundwater supply which could lead
to any of the following- loss of stabilizing vegetation, loss of
water quality, saltwater intrusion into the water supply or result
in the drawdown of dune lakes.

(2) In order to avoid groundwater polution, developn-ent in dune areas
with high water tables and/or in-penTeable subsurface soil horizons
shall be allowed only where sanitary sewer system are available.

(3) To assure that recharge areas for groundwater aquafirs are protected
from polution, waste discharge operations such as land fills, septic
tanks and industrial waste lagoons are not recomended for these
areas.

(4) Draining the deflation plain wet areas is discouraged since this will
affect the water table level of adjacent dunes, their-plant conmuni-
ties and ultiniately dune stabiIity.

STANDARDS GFOUNDWATER AND WATER QUALITY

Steps for preventing saltwater intrusion include conducting adequate hydrology
studies to define the proper spacing and yield of water wells and a conrdt-
nent to,base develbprrent on the results of these studies.

D. POLICIES - WILDLIrE HABITAT

(1) Sandspits in.Tillanook County shall be nianaged to enhance*the preser-
vation of their values as recreational, scenic and wildlife habitats.

(2) Due to their poor suitability for developmnt and high value as wild-
life habitats, wet deflation plains to the greatest extent possible
shall be rmintained in their natural state.

(3) Areas of'importance for rare species should not be designated for
any vehicle activity; if such an area is nearby, wanagerent tech-
niques should be enployed to protect it.

(4) To reduce disruption in identified nesting areas of the rare snowy
plover, apprioriate nanageffent agencies should inpleirent a closure
period to the mre remte (few access points) beach areas for the
ne.sting period April through June.

STANDARDS - WILDLIFE HABI TAT

Waterfowl habitat in the reflation plain can be greatly enhanced by planting
hannchen barley forfeed. (OCC&DC p. 26).

E. I -IOL I C I ES DEVEDP 1ENT:

(1) Residential developments and conTru-rcial and industrial buildings
are prohibited in areas desit-nated as active or conditionally stable
foredunes. Foredunes which are subject to wave overtopping, plains)
that are subject to ocean flooding, except for areas where Tillamook
Countv is requesting an "exception" to the Beaches and Dunes
Coal No. 18.

.(2) Site specific investigations by a qualified person such as a
geologist, soil scientist or geomorphologist may be required by the
county prior to the issuance of new developments, or building
uermits in open sand areas on the ocean front in steep hillsides
of dunes and in any other dune areas which may be subject to wind
erosion or other hazard potential.'.

(3) Ib foredune shall be breached or modified from its natural condi-
tion except as part of a dune stabilization program or as part of
an authorized sand-bvp,-Lss program. Piemval of the foredunes
barrier causes increased ocean flooding of inland areas.

(4) Extensive modification of other dunes is strongly, discouraged
because such activities are difficult to stabilize.

'(5) Developinent in active sand areas is strongly discouraged and will
be allowed only after the area has been stabilized by vegetative
plant.ings.

(6) The use of pavement and other hard surfaced coverings to-stabilize
active sand areas is discouraged.

(7) Roads in dune areas shall, as much as possible, be routed along
troughs between dune ridges. Pbads shall not be located in the
vegetative area along the face or top of the foredune.

STANDAPM:

(1) During construction in sand areas slopes should not be excavated
to steepness of greater than 30 degrees. This is the natural
angle of repose for sand and excavations with slopes greater than
this are highly subject to slumping.

(2). Vegetated slopes of steepnesses greater than 30 degrees in dune
areas should not be cleared. As the slope of bare sand will then
exceed its natural angle or repose and a slump or slide will occur.

(3) Grading of the dLuie landform must be kept to a, minimum Nvith all
banks leveled to a slope not excceding 30 degrees. Due to the
shall ow angle.of rejx)se of unconsolidated sand.

(/I) Adequate setbacks for structures must be provid(-,,d for by consider-
ing the rate of erosion together with the anticipated life of any
structures.

(5) To maintain the aesthetic value and visual integrity of beach
and dune areas subject to new development all service lines shall
be placed underground.

(6) Removal of vegetation during construction in any sand area shall
be,kept to the minimum required for building placement or other
valid purpose.

(7) Rcimval of vegetation should not occur more than 30 days prior to
grading or construction.

(8) Peimanent revegetation shall be started at the. site as soon as
'ic, al grading or utility place-
Dract able after construction. Fin
me- nt time limitations will be dependent upon circuTistances.

(9) All setbacks shall be measured from the line of erosion not from
the state zone line or property boundaries.

10) The linear arrangement of structures'on dune ridges is discouraged.
As this arrangeny--nt leads, to variations in air flow characteristics
which in turn can affect the stability of the dune system.

(11) -Any proposals for development in beach and dune areas must be
accompanied by a description of the dune stabilization program.

F. POLICIES - RBCREATION

(1) Because of their sensitivity and exceptional iirpor-tance for their
value as recreational areas, scenic resources and wildlife habitat,
all sandspits in public ownership shall n-aintain a low developn-ent
posture. The managen-ent of these areas as Natural or Conservation
units is greatly facilitated by their relative isolated position
along the coast.

(2) Access trails t o the beach should be clearly marked to reduce the
number of people mandering through the dunes looking for access
to the'beach, trespassing on private property and breaking down
sensitive plant comnunities in-the process.

(3) Because of the sensitive nature.of active and conditionally stable
dunes, vehicular traffic and recurring pedestrian and equestrian
traffic shall be, where practicable, lin-dted.to hard surface roads
and trails.

(4) Public safety hazards and aru-ioyance factors indicate that ORV's are
often incompatible with pedestrian and equestrian use. With increas_
ing numbers of people participating in these activities, it is neces-
sary in some areas such as Sand Lake to separate these uses and desig-
nate areas for off road vehicle use.

(5) The.open sand areas at Sand Lake under State Forestry Departra-ant
,jurisdiction shall be mintained in its natural unstabilized state
in order to preserve this open dune system for its scenic and'recrea-
tional values.

(6) To n-aintain the ecological and aesthetic qualities of Sand Lake, ORV
use shall be controlled within a special ranagement area. The develop-
irent of a ORV nanagerrent plan is recommended. The plan shall consider
designated ORV use areas, user capacity, nanagerrent technicques, access
control and adjoining land use corrpatibilityconflicts.

STANDARDS - RECREATION

In areas of high pedestrian traffic or great fragility, slightly elevated
boardwalks are suggested as an effective mans of traffic cont ainirent.

Additionally, revisions to the policies were recommended by the various
Citizen Advisory Committees and other agencies and organizations.

35
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9dialnook (Pozt"Iy
OFFICE OF PLANNING COMMISSION
Tillamook, Oregon 97141

INFORMATION FOR PEOPLE WHO OWN PROPERTY ON ACTIVEFOREDUNES

QUESTION: WHAT IS AN "ACTIVE FOREDUNE"?

An uhsta ble barrier ridge of sand paralleling the beach
and subject to wind erosion, water erosion, and growth from new sand
deposits. Active foredunes may include areas with beach grass, and
occur in sand spits, and at river mouthsas well as elsewher e.

QUESTION: HOW DOES THE NEW OREGON BEACHES AND DUNES GOAL AFFECT ME?

In most cases, the goal prohibits residential development
and commercial and industrial buildings on active foredunes, condit-
ionally stable foredunes subject to ocean undercutting or wave over-
topping, and on deflation plains subject to ocean flooding. (SEE page
2 for cases where special conditions apply)

In addition, the goal requires that "local governments
and state and federal agencies shall base decisions on plans, ordi-
nances and land use actions in beach and dune areas, other than
older stabilized dunes, on specific findings that shall include at
least:
a) the type of use proposed and the adverseeffects
it might have on the si te and adjacent areas;

b) temporary and permanent stabilization programs
and the planned maintenance of new and existing
vegetation;

c) methods for protecting the surrounding area from
any adverse effects of the development; and

d) hazards to life, public and private property, and
the natural environment which may be caused by
the proposed Aise.

Other important provisions require local governments
and state and federal agencies to:

.1) regulate actions in beach and dune areas to'mini-.
mize the resulting erosion;

.2) protect the groundwater from drawdown

3) issue permits for beach front protective structures
(ie..; rip rap) only where development existed on
January 1, 1977.

QUESTION: HOW DOES THE NEW OREGON BEACHES AND DUNES GOAL AFFECT ME
IN TERMS OF ITS EFFECTIVE DATE; JANUARY 1, 1977?

CASE #1: If a building permit was issued prior to January 1, 1977-
[The Beaches and Dunes Goal does NOT apply

CASE #2: If a building permit was NOT issued pri or to January:lst
but the individual lot owner demonstrated intent to de-
velop his property through documented permit applications,
contract obligations, or purchase agreements (ie.; appli-
cation for a build-ing permit,, contracts for architectural
designs or engineering feasibility studies, or purchase
of rip rap, etc.)

The Beaches and Dunes Goal DOES apply...
However, approval of building permits can be granted based
on demonstrated intent prior to January 1, 1977, provided
that other provisions of the goal are complied with.

CASE 1)1_t3. -If a ',-Uildi-T!fl permit was NOT issued and intent to devplop
C.,
prbperty could NOT be demonstrated prior to January lst,
and if special.circumstances exist which may warrant that
certain provisions of the goal be waived:

The Beaches and Dunes Goal DOES apply...
However, approval of building permits can be granted if a
valid need for an exception can be demonstrated based on
the exceptions clause contained in Statewide Planning Goal
#2. All other goal provisions would remain in effect.

CASE #4: If none of the above conditions can be satisfied:

Building permits can not be granted until the foredu-ne
The Beaches and Dunes Goal DOES apply in its entirety.

L-i-s stabilized a-A adequate hazard protection 5_- provided.
JL

QUESTION: WHAT DOES THE EXCEPTIONS CLAUSE IN STATEWIDE PLANNING GOAL
#2 REQUIRE?

A public hearing must be held. Compelling reasons and facts
must be.provided to show why the-exception should L--,e granted
including reasons stati.ng why the use should be allowed; -
what alternative locations in the area could be used for the
proposed development; what the long term environmental, econ-
omic, social and energy consequences will be; and 'how the
L_proposed development will be compatible with adjacent uses.

APPEND.IX D

Cannon Beach Comprehensive Plan

Manzanita Zoning-Ordinance No. 78-6.

Rockaway Zoning Ordinance No. 143

CANNON BEACH COMPREHENSIVE PLAN

HAZARDS POLICIES

1. The City shall make reasonable efforts to protect life and property
from natural disasters and hazards. Measures employed by the City
shall be the Plan, Zoning and Subdivision Ordinances, the Uniform
Building Code (Chapter 70) and other city ordinances.

2. As reliable information on the location and nature of building hazards
becomes available, it shall be included in the Comprehensive Plan back-
ground data, and shall form the basis for City policies regulating
development in these areas.

3. A "Master Map" delineating areas of natural hazards shall be kept on
file in City Hall, and shall be available*to inform citizens of the
locations of hazards, The Master Map shdll contain the most up-to-date
information available on mass movement, ocean or stream flooding, weak
foundations soils, or other hazards the Planning Commission or City
Council may designate.

AREA SPECIFIC POLICIES

1. The Curves Area (Tolovana Hill):

Fu rther development within the large active landslide on either side
of Hemlock must be carefully planned and closely monitored.

2. The North End Area:

a. Topographic map coverage is important for the evaluation of the area's
buildability. At the present time, this coverage is not feasible due
to the dense vegetation that covers most of the area. Proposed
developments, through their site investigations, should provide more
detailed topographic mapping.

b. Development could be allowed on certain steep slopes where the thick
basalt sill occurs as bedrock near enough to the surface for footings
to be anchored in solid, fresh basalt without extensive (preferably
no) excavation of soil. Efforts shall be made to retain the natural
conditions of steep slopes.

c. The remainder of the north end area-shall be designated low density,
with the allowable units per acre based on percentage of slope.

3. Beach Frontage:

a. Excavation of sand from the beach shall be prohibited. This practice
oversteepens sections,of the seaward slope of the dunes and expose@
them to erosion by storm waves, and to a lesser extent, by high tides.
The blowing of sand up onto Ocean Avenue could better be controlled
by maintaining adequate vegetation cover between the street and the
sand buffer. Removal or destruction of vegetation in this area shall
be strictly prohibited.
From Morgan, 1978.

b. In order to control foot traffic across protective dune barriers
and to reduce blowing onto the street and adjacent property,
access trails to the beach shall be maintained and clearly marked.

OVERALL POLICIES: GEOLOGIC HAZARDS.

1. A site specific investigation performed by a ualified expert shall
be a prerequisite for the issuance of any building permit in the following
areas, and delineated on the Master Map:

a. Those areas consisting of landslide topography developed in Tertiary
sedimentary rocks (TOMS).

b. Any property containing, or adjacent to all or part of, an active
landslide.

c. Any property having beach frontage.

d. The area south of Maher Street underlain by the Astoria Formation
(Tma units).

2. Development requirements for the City are:

a. Structures should be planned to preserve natural slopes. Cut and fill
methods of leveling lots shall be discouraged.

b. Access raods and driveways shall follow the slope contours to reduce
the need for grading and filling.

c. Removal of ve getation shall be kept to a minimum for stabilization of
slopes.
d. Drain.ag e patterns shall not be altered in steeper areas. Roof drains
shall be channeled into natrual drainage or storm sewers.

e. No development shall be allowed-to block stream drainageways, or to
increase the water level or water flow onto adjacent property.

FLOOD HAZARD POLICIES

1. The City shall continue its participation in the Federal Flood Insurance
Program, thourgh the enactment and enforcement of a Flood Hazards Ordinance.
All new construction and substantial improvements shall be planned to
minimize flood damage.

2. Where development within the floodplain is allowed, assurance to the.
City shall be given that the development will not be expected to raise
adjacent flood heights and increase public safety hazards.

3. Development in areas subject to severe ocean erosion or flooding,
(the velocity zone) shall be constructed in such a way that hazards
are minimized. A site specific investigation by a qualified expert
shall be a prerequisite for all construction in the velocity zone.
4. Shore protective devices (seawalls, riprap) shall be planned by a
qualified person so that it is permanent, and does not adversely
affect adjacent property.

5. Filling of wetlands or natural drainages shall be prohibited unless it
is adequately demonstrated that it will not affect adjacent property,
and the wetl'ands area is not, in the view of State or Federal resource
agencies, valuable biologically.

SAND DUNE CONSTRUCTION-POLICIES

1. In accordance with the State Beaches and Dunes Goal (#18), construction
on active foredunes, on other dunes which are conditionally stable and
are subject to ocean undercutting or wave overtopping, and on interdune
areas (deflation plains) that are subject to ocean flooding, shall be
prohibited.

2. Permitted uses in these areas shall be those which are of very low
intensity, (such as raised wooden walkways), which do not contribute
to the removal of sand or vegetation, which could be easily removed in
the event of ocean flooding or other hazards, and are of minimal value.

3. Removal of vegetation during construction in any sand area'shall be
kept to the minimum required for building placement or other valid
purpose. Removal of vegetation should not occur more than 30 days
prior to construction. Permanent revegetation shall be started on the
site as soon as practical after construction, final grading or utility
placement. Storage of sand or other materials should not suffocate
vegetation.

4- In open sand areas which are being revegetated, and in open sand areas
created during construction, revegetation must be closely monitored and
carefully maintained, including restriction on pedestrian traffic. In
all other sand areas from which vegetation is removed,.the revegetation
program should return the area to its original level of stability. A
revegetation program with set time limits should be included in the
developer's application for building permits for subdivision.

5. Site specific investigations by a qualified expert shall be required for
the issuance of building permits in open sand areas, on hillsides in
sand areas regardless of the type of dune or its present stability, and
An those conditionally stable dunes not subject to ocean hazard, but which
in the view of the building official have potential for.wind erosion or
other damage. Site reports shall be paid for by the developer', and the
City may submit the reports to State and Federal agencies for evaluation.

6. Excavation and grading in sand areas shall be carefully'controlled
by the building.official, through enforcement of Chapter 70 of the
Uniform Building Code and the above pollicies.
7. The developer or party initiating action in sand areas shall be
responsible for preventing adverse impacts on adjacent property, city
streets, or utilities. Where necessary, the City may cause such
impacts to be corrected at the expense of the developer, and place.a
lien on the property.

8. Breaching of foredunes shall only be done in extreme cases and when
neces'sary for an emergency such as fire fighting or cleaning up oil
spills.

9. Wells in dune areas shall not be permitted, in order to prevent the
drawdown of groundwater and possible destruction of vegetation.

BEACHFRONT PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES POLICIES

1. In accordance with the Beaches and Dunes Goal, criteria for placement
of beachfront protective structures shall provide that:
a. Visual impacts are minimiied;

b. Access to the beach is maintained;

c. Impacts on adjacent property are minimized;

d. Long-term or recurring costs to the public are avoided.

2. The previous criteria shall apply to.protective structures both on the
public beach and 'east of the State zone or vegetation line.

3. Protective structures shall be properly engineered to reduce.the need
for future maintenance, and shall be the minimum necessary to protect
the shoreline. Riprap shall be preferred over concrete seawalls as a
protective device'and be as unobtrusive as possible.

4. Lots or parcels which have been subdivided shall be considered "developed"
under the meaning of the State Goal and the Plan.

42
MANZANITA ZONING ORDINANCE NO. 78-6

Article 4. Supplementary Provisions
Section 4.050 Dune Construction Re-
quirements.
(1) Removal of vegetation during con-
struction in any sand area shall be kept
to the minimum 'required for building
placement or other valid purposes. Removal
of vegetation should not occur more than
30 days prior to grading or construction.
Permanent re-vegetation shall be
started on the construction site as soon
as practical after construction., final
grading or utility placement. Storage
of sand and other materials should be
done so as not to suffocate vegetation.

(2) In open sand areas which are
being re-vegetated, and in open sand areas
created during construction, re-vegetation
must be closely monitored and carefully
maintained, including restrictions on
pedestrian traffic. In all other sand
areas from which vegetation is removed,
the minimum acceptable re-vegLtation
program should return the area to its
pre-construction level of stability
(such as conditionally stable, or
stabilized). This would entail the planting
of trees in addition to ground cover such
as beach grass. A re-vegetation program
with set time limits shbuld be included
in the developers application for building
permits or-subdivisions.

(3) Site-specific investigations by
a qualified engineering geologist or
..soils engineer may be a prerequisite for the
issuance of.building permits in open sand
areas, on hillsides of over 20% , in sand
areas regardless of the type of dune or its
present stability, and in thos conditionally
stable dunes not subject to ocean hazard,
but which in the view of the building
official have potential for wind erosion
or other damage. Site investigations
shall be done at the developer's expense.
The City may submit any site reports to
the State Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries or other agency
to assess its completeness.

(4) Excavation and grading in sand
areas shall be carefully controlled by
the building official, either through
enforcement of Chapter 70 of the Uniform
Building Code or the above policies. From Morgan, 1978.

ROCKAWAY ZONING ORDINANCE NO. 143

Section 4.044. DUNE CONSTRUCTION POLICY.

(1) Rer=al of vegatation during construction in any sand area
shall be kept to the minimum required.for building place-
rent or other valid purposes. Pemoval of vegetation should
not occur nore than 30 days prior to grading or construction.
Permanent re-vegetation shall be started on the construction
site as soon as practical after construction., final grading
or utility placemnt. Storage of sand and other
materials should be done so as not to suffocate vegetation.

(2) In open sand areas which are being re-vegetated, and in
open sand areas created during construction, revegetation
must be closely monitored and carefully maintained, includ-
ing restrictions on pedestrian traffic. In all other sand
areas from which vegetation is removed, the minimum accept-
able revegetation program should return the area to its pre-
construction level of stability (such as conditionally stable,
or stabilized.) This would entail the planting of trees in
addition to ground cover such as beach grass. A revegetation
program with set time limits should be included in the
developers application for building permits or sub-divisions.

(3) Site-specific investigations by a qualified expert (refer to
the appendix for guidelines) may be a prerequisite for the
issuance of building permits in open sand areas, on hillsides
in sand areas regardless of the type of dune or its present
stability, and in those-conditionally stable dunes not subject
to ocean hazard, but which in the view of the building official
have potential for wind erosion or other damage. Site invest-
igations shall be done at the developer's expense. The City
may submit any site reports to the State Department of Geology
and Mineral Industries or other agency to assess its conplete-
ness.

(4) Excavation and grading in sand areas shall be carefully
controlled by the building official, either through enforce-
ment of Chapter 70 of the Uniform Building Code or the above
policies.

*From Morgan, 1978.

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