:integrated terrain unit mapping, automation and analysis : final report/prepared for Department of Planning, Municipality of Anchorage ; prepared by Environmental Systems Research Institute. Volume II, Technical appendices Anchorage (Alaska).Planning Dept. Environmental Systems Research Institute. United States.Dept. of Commerce. Alaska.Division of Community Planning. [S.l.:s.n.,1981] Physical geography Alaska Anchorage Region Data processing. Coastal zone management Alaska Anchorage Region Data processing. Anchorage (Alaska) FINAL REPORT VOLUME II TECHNICAL APPENDICES ANCHORAGE COASTAL STUDY MAPP INTEGRATED TERRAIN UNIT ". ING, AUTOMATION AND ANALYSIS GB 21.5 E44 A5 t981 v.2 ESR1 '380 New York Street Redlands, California 92373 FINAL REPORT VOLUME II TECHNICAL APPENDICES ANCHORAGE COASTAL STUDY INTEGRATED TERRAIN.UNIT MAPPING, UN AUTOMATION AND ANALYSIS Cl< co US Department of Commerce NOAA Coastal Services Center Library 2234 South Hobson Avenue Prepared for: CharlestOV4 SC 29405-2413 Planning Department Municipality of Anchorage George M. Sullivan, Mayor Prepared by: Environmental Systems Research Institute 380 New York Street Redlands, California 92373 This effort was financed in part through a Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP) grant 6nd-a Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP) grant from the US Department of Commerce and the Division of Community Planning, Department of Community and Regional Affairs of the State of Alaska. December, 1981 TABLE OF CON,rENTS Page Appendix A: Manuscript Map Data Variables and Codes Integrated Terrain Unit Map Integrated Variables A-1 Landforms Vegetation A-4 Surficial Geology A-11 Slope Gradient A-12 Surface Form A-12 Soils A-12 Pre-Interpreted Geo-Environmental Variables Slope Stability A-13 Mass Wasting A-14 Seismically Induced Ground Failure A-14 Floodplain/Coastal, Flooding/Erosion A-14 Foundation Condition A-15 Groundwater A-15 Permafrost A-15 Wetlands A-15 Habitats A-19 Land Use/Seismic/Elevation Map Interpreted Variables Elevation Province A-20 Land Use A-20 Pre-Interpreted Geo-Environmental Data Earthquake Intensity A-20 Appendix B: Data Code Descriptions Land Use/Seismic/Elevation Map Interpreted Variables Elevation Provinces B-1 Land Use B-1 Landforms B-3 Vegetation B-7 Surficial Geology B-13 Slope B-17 Surface Form B-18 Soils B-18 Pre-Interpreted Geo-Environmental Variables Slope Stability Mass Wasting B-39 Seismically Induced Ground Failure B-41 Flooding B-42 Coastal Erosion B-42 Foundation Conditions B-43 Groundwater B-44 Permafrost B-44 Wetland Types B-45 Named Wetlands B-46 Habitats B-46 Appendix C: Soil Expansion Matrix Appendix D: Grid Multi-Variable File INTEGRATED TERRAIN UNIT MAP DATA VARIABLES AND CODES INTERPRETED VARIABLES LANDFORMS Landform Combinations (Column 1) X 2 X+ Y 3 X Y 4 X+ Y Y 5 X-+ Z 6 X + 7 X+ I z Landform Connectors/Modi fiers (Columns 5, 9 and 13) 0 = No connector/modifier 1 = ? (Previous landform element questionable) 2 + 3 ?/+ 4 or 5 ?or Landfdrm Types (Columns 2-4, 6-8 and 10-12) A-1 000 = ? Unknown Origin 010 = BX Bedrock-Undifferentiated 011*= Bx-r Bedrock-residual soil 012*= Bx-w Bedrock-weathered or poorly consolidated 013*= Bx-u Bedrock-unweathered 01 5*= Bxf Frozen Bedrock 016*= Bxf-r Frozen Bedrock-residual soil 017*= Bxf-w Frozen Bedrock-weathered or poorly consolidated 018*= Bxf-u Frozen Bedrock-unweathered 019 = Bxt 030 = I Igneous Bedrock(Refer to modifiers under Bx) 040 = Ib Basalt 050 = Ibv Shield or Composite Volcano 060 = Ig Granite (Includes other intrusives) 070 = Ip Pyroclastics (Includes extrusive fragmentals, ash and 080 = Ipv Cinder Cone 100 = N Metamorphic Bedrock (Refer to modifiers under Bx) 110 = Ng Gneiss 120 = NI Sl ate, Phyl 1 i te 130 = Nm Marble 140 = Np Serpentinite 150 = Nq Quartzite 160 = Nx Schist 200 = S Sedimentary Bedrock (Refer to modifiers under Bx) 210 = Sc Conglomerate 220 = Sh Shale 230 = Sl Limestone 240 = Ss Sandstone 300 = C Colluvial Deposits 310 = Ca Avalanche Deposits 315 = Cg Rock Glacier 320 = Cl Landslide 325 = Cm Mudflow Deposits 330 = Cs Solifluction Deposits 331 = Csf Solifluction Colluvial Fan 335 = Ct Talus 336 = Ctc Talus Cone 337 = Ctp Protalus Rampart 340 = Cx Basin Colluvium-Arctic Slope 360 = E Eolian Deposits 370 = El Loess 371 = Ell "Lowland" Loess 372 = Elu "Upland"Loess (predominantly unfrozen) 380 = Es 373 = Elx Frozen Upland Silt Eolian Sand 400 = F Fluvial Deposits 410 = Fd Delta 420 = Ff Alluvial Fan (Primary depositional agent is running watel for solifluction fans, see Colluvial Landforms) A-2 421 =Ffg Gravelly Alluvial Fan 422 =Ffs Finer-Grained Alluvial Fan (Primarily silt and sand) 430 =Fm Mud Volcano 440 =Fp Floodplain 441 =Fp-c Floodplain Cover Deposits 442 =Fp-p Floodplain Point Bar Deposits 443 =Fp-r Floodplain Riverbed Deposits 445 =Fpb Braided Fl'oodplain 446 =Fpb-c Braided Floodplain Cover Deposits 447 =Fpb-p Braided Floodplain Point Bar Deposits 448 =Fpb-r Braided Floodplain Riverbed Deposits 450 =Fpm Meander Floodplain 451 =Fpm-c Meander Floodplain Cover Deposits 452 =Fpm-p Meander Floodplain Point Bar Deposits 453 =Fpm-r Meander Floodplain Riverbed Deposits 455 =Fps Sandy Floodplain 456 =Fps-c Sandy Floodplain Cover Deposits 457 =Fps-p Sandy Floodplain Point Bar Deposits 458 =Fps-r Sandy Floodplain Riverbed Deposits 460 =Fpa Abandoned Floodplain 461 =Fpa-c Abandoned Floodplain Cover Deposits 465 =Fpc "Creek" or Small Watercourse Floodplain 470 =Fpo "Bog" Floodplain 475 =Fpt Old Terrace 500 =Fs Retransported Deposits 510 =Fsh "Billy" Retransported Deposits 515 =Fsl "Lowland" Retransported Deposits. 520 =Fsr "Rounded" Retransported Deposits 525 =Fsw "Wooded" Retransported Deposits 535 =Fsa Sandy Retransported' Deposits (From dune sand areas) 540 =Ft Terrace 590 =FG Undifferentiated Glacial and Non-Glacial Granular Deposits 600 =G Glacial Deposits 605 =Gl "Lowland" Glacial Deposits 610 =Gg Glacier 611 =Cqm Ice-cored Glacial Moraine 620 =Gm Moraine 621'= Gmo Older Moraine 622 =Gmy 'Younger Moraine 650 =Gt Till Sheet 651 =Gtd Drumlins 652 =Gtf Fluted Till 653 =Gtl "Lowland" Till 654 =Gto Older Till 655 =Gty Younger Till 700 =GF Glaciofluvial Deposits 705 =Gfl "Lowland" Glacialfluvial Deposits 710 =GFo Outwash 720 =GFk Kame Deposits 730 =GFe Esker Deposits A-3 750 = GL Glaciolacustrine Deposits 755 = GLI "Lowland" Glaciolacustrine Deposits 800 = L Lacustrine Deposits 810 = Le Emergent Lake Bottom 815 = Lt Thaw Basins and Thaw Lakes 820 = Lp Playas 850 = M Marine Deposits 860 = Mc Coastal and Coastal Plain Deposits 861 = Mb Beach Deposits 862 = Mt Tidal Flat 863 = Mte Recently Emerged Tidal Flats 870 = Mf Fine-grained Marine Deposits 875 = Me Coarse-grained Marine Deposits 880 = MG Glaciomarine Deposits 881 = MGI "Lowland" Glaciomarine Deposits 890 = 0 Organic Deposits 895 = Os String Bog 900 = Miscellaneous 910 = P Plinthite (Laterite) Crusts 980 = H Man-Made Deposits 981 = Hc Cut or Excavation (Not used in mapping) 982 = Hf Fill and Embankments Water or Ice 983 = Ht Mine*Tailings 990 = W 991 = W1 Lake/Pond 992 = WS Stream/River 993 = Wi Permanent Snow and Ice 994 = Wo Ocean VEGETATION Vegetation Type*/Combinations (Columns 14, 15, 16 and 17)' Code Primary Ve2etation with Other Vegetation Types 2100 = 21 None 2101 = 21 22 2102 21 41, 60 2103 21 22, 60 2104 21 22, 41 2105 21 41, 61 2106 21 25, 61 2107 21 22, 60 2108 21 60 2109 21 41 2110 21 60, 63 2111 21 41, 69 2112 21 62 2113 21 60, 62 22 2200 None 2201 22 24, 25 *Note: These modifiers may be applied to any of t%he bedrock landforms A-4 Code Pri mary Vegetation with Other Vegetation Types 2202 = 22 21, 60 2203 = 22 60 2204 = 22 25, 60 2205 = 22 24 2206 = 22 25, 69 2207 = 22 21 2208 = 22 41, 60 2209 = 22 25 2210 = 22 41 2211 = 22 24, 41 2212 = -22 25, 62 2213 = 22 25, 61 2214 = 22 21, 24 2215 = 22 60, 63 2216 = 22 21, 61 .2217= (2210) 2218 = 22 21, 41 2219 = 22 61 2220 = 22 24 2221 = 22 60, 69 2222 = 22 61, 69 2400 = 24 None 2401 = 24 41, 60 2402 = 24 25, 60 2403 = 24 22,60 2404 = 24 22, 25 2405 = 24 25, 60 2406 = 24 25, 41 2407 = 24 25 2408 = 24 22 2409 = 24 60 = 24 21, 60 2411 = 24 21, 25 2412 = 24 21, 22 2413 = 24 60, 69 2414 = 24 25, 69 2415 = 24 41 2416 = 24 21 2417 = 24 41, 69 2418 = 24 60, 61 2419 24 25, 63 2500 25 None 2501 25 24 2502 25 41, 61 2503 25 41, 60 2504 25 22, 60 2505 25 FO, 62 A-5 Code Primary Vegetation with Other Vegetation Types 2506 = 25 41 2507 = 25 24, 60 2508 = 25 21, 41 2509 = 25 21, 60 2510 = 25 42, 60 2511 25 60 2512 25 21 2513 25 21, 60 2514 25 42, 62 2515 25 21, 62 2516 = 25 61 2517 = 25 60, 61 2518 = 25 60, 63 2519 = 25 42 2520 = 25 22 2521 = 25 22, 61 2522 = 25 22, 41 2523 = 25 22, 81 2524 = 25 24, 41 2525 = 25 41, 69 2526 = 25 61, 69 2527 = 25 60, 69 2528 = 25 62, 64 2529 = 25 22, 24 2530 = 25 22, 1.69 - '11 2700 = 27 None 2701 = 27 61 2300 = 28 None 2801 = 28 25, 61 2802 = 28 60, 61 4100 = 41 None 4101 = (4114) 4102 = 41 25, 61 4103 = 41 21, 61 4104 = 41 60 4105 = 41 21, 60 4106 = 41 22, 60 4107 41 25, 69 4108 41 69 4109 41 63, 69 4110 41 22, 69 4111 41 25 4112 = 41 22 4113 = 41 21, 69 4114 = 41 25, 60 4115 = 41 22, 25 4116 = 41 21 4117 = 41 61 4118 = 41 61, 69 A-6 Code Primary Vegetation with Other Vegetation Types 4120 = 41 24, 69 4121 = 41 21, 62 4122 = 41 60, 69 4123 =(4107) 4124 = 41 60, 61 4125 = 41 60, 62 4126 = 41 62 4127 = 41 24, 60 4200 = 42 None 4201 = 42 25 4202 = 42 21 5000 = 50 None 5001 = 50 52 5002 = 50 51 5100 = 51 None 5101 = 51 50 5102 = 51 52 5200 = 52 None 5201 = 52 50 6000 = 60 None 6001 = 60 63 6002 = 60 27, 61 6003 = 60 41, 61 6004 = 60 62 6005 = 60 21, 22 6006 = 60 22 6007 = 60 22, 25 6008 = 60 25, 62 6009 = 60 22, 62 6010 = '60 62, 65 6012 = 60 21, 62 6013 = 60 25 6014 = 60 25, 41 6015 = 60 21, 63 6016 = 60 61 6017 = 60 63 6018 =(6014) 6019 = 60 22, 63 6020 = 60 24, 63 6021 = 60 62, 63 6022 = 60 24, 25 6023 = 60 69 6024 = 60 21 6025 = 60 25, 69 A-7 Code Primary Vegetati.on with Other Vegetation Types 6026 = 60 6027 = 60 63, 69 6028 = 60 41 6029 = 60 24 6030 = 60 41, 69 6031 = 60 22, 69 6032 = 60 25, 63 6033 = 60 21, 24 6034 = 60 24, 69 6035 = 60 21, 41 6100 = 21, 69 6101 = 61 None 6012 = 61 25, 27 6103 = 61 41, 60 6104 = 61 60 6105 = 61 27 6106 = 61 27, 69 6107 = 61 41, 69 6108 = 61 25 6109 = 61 21, 60 6110 = 61 22, 63 6111 = 61 25, 60 6112 = 61 50, 60 6113 = 61 60, 63 61 27*,- 63 6114 = 61 6115 = 61 25, 69 60, 69 *6200 62 None 6201 62 25 6202 62 21, 65 6203 62 6204 62 65, 66 6205 = 62 22 6206 = 62 25, 60 6207 = 22, 65 62 60 6208 = 62 64, 65 6209 = 62 60, 65 6300 = 63 6301 = None 6302 = 63 60 63 60, 69 6303 = 63 69 6304 = 63 61 6305 = 63 22 6306 = 63 22, 60 6307 = 63 60, 81 6308 = 63 25 A-8 Code. Primary Vegetation with Other Vegetation Types 6500 65 None 6501 65 66, 67 6502 65 66 6503 65 21, 66 6504 65 25, 62. 6700 67 None 6701 67 65 6702 67 65, 66 6900 69 None 6901 69 41 6902 69 61 6903 69 60 6904 69 22, 41 6907 69 63 6908 69 25 6909 69 25, 60 6910 = 69 25, 41 6911 = 69 60, 63 6912 = 69 41, 60 6913 = 69 41, 61 6914 = 69 21, 41 6915 = 69 68 - 6916 = 69 41, 68 7000 = 70 None 8000 = 80 None 9100 = 91 None 9200 = 92 None 9600 96 None 9700 97 None 9800 -98 None *Individual Vegetation Type Codes FOREST AND WOODLAND Closed Forest 21 = Coniferous Forest, White Spruce, Short Stands 22 = Deciduous Forest, Mixed Forest, Young Stands A-9 24 =Deciduous Forest, Mixed Forest, Medium-Aged Stands 25 =Coniferous Forest, White Spruce, Tall Stands 26 =Deciduous Forest, Mixed Forest, Old Stands 27 =Cottonwood, Young Stands 28 =Cottonwood, Medium-Aged Stands 29 =Cottonwood, Old Stands Open Forest-Woodland 31 =Coniferous Forest, White Spruce, Short Stands 32 =Deciduous Forest, Mixed Forest, Medium-Aged Stands 33 =Coniferous Forest, White Spruce, Tall Stands 34 =Deciduous Forest, Mixed Forest, Old Stands 35 =Cottonwood, Medium-Aged-Stands 36 =Cottonwood, Old Stands Closed Forest (Black Spruce Mountain Hemlock) 41 = Black Spruce, Short Stands 42 =Black Spruce, Tall Stands 45 =Mountain Hemlock, Short Stands 46 =Mountain Hemlock, Tall Stands Open Forest-Woodland (Black Spruce) 43 = Black Spruce, Short Stands NON-FORESTED Salt Water Wetlands 50 = Salt Grassland 51 = Low Shrub 52 = Tidal Marsh Tall Shrubs 60 = Alder 61 = Alder-Willow (streamside veg.) Low Shrub 62 = Willow Resin Birch Grassland 63 = Upland Grass Tundra 64 = Sedge-Grass 65 = Herbacious 66 = Shrub 67 = Mat and Cushion A-10 Freshwater Wetlands 68 = Sphagnum Bog -69 = Sphagnum-Shrub Bog Cultural Features 70 = Cultural Influences Barren 80 = Mud Flats 81 = Rock Permanent Snow and Ice 82 = Snowfield 83 = Glacier Water 91 = Lakes greater than 40 ac. (census water) 92 = Lakes at least 10 ac., but less than 40 ac., 96'= Streams and Rivers at least 165 feet wide, but less than 600 feet wide 97 = Rivers greater than 1/8 mile (census water) 98 = Ocean SURFICIAL GEOLOGY Surficial Geology Type (Columns 18 and 19) Coarse-Grained Surficial Deposits 11 = (an) Alluvial plain deposits 12 = (al) Alluvium in channels, terraces and floodplains 13 = (af) Alluvial fans and cones and emerged deltas 14 = (ga) Glacial alluvium in kames, eskers and related landforms 15 = (sh) Sand deposits in hills 16 = (sl) Sand deposits by lakes Fine-Grained Surficial Deposits 21 = (///) Peat 22 = (1) Lake and pond sediments (may include undifferentiated bog deposits) 23 = (s) Silt and estuarine deposits 24 = NO Bootlegger Cove Clay A-11 Mixed Coarse and Fine-Grained Surficial Deposits 31 = (m) Morainal deposits 32 = (9m) Glacial and/or marine deposits in hills 33 = (m3) Marine, glacial, and/or lacustrine deposits in broad, low areas 34 = (c Colluvium (slope deposits) .35 = (Is) Landslide deposits 36 = (f) Man-made fill (when obscures original units) Bedrock 41 = (b) Bedrock, primarily metamorphosed sedimentary rocks Waterbody 99 = Waterbody SLOPE Average Slope Gradient (Column 20) =0 - 3% 2 =3 - 7% 3 7 12'% 4 12 20% 5 20 30% 6 30 45% 7 > 4 5%. 9 Waterbody SURFACE,FORM-- Surface Form Type (Column 21) 1 = Simple 2 = Undulating 3 = Complex 9 = Waterbody SOILS Soil Type (Columns 22 and 23) 01 =(An) Anchorage fine sandy loam 02 =(Ca) Caswell silt loam 03 =(Ch) Chena silt loam 04 =(Cm) Clam Gulch silt loam 05 =(Cn) Cryaquents, loamy A-12 06 = (Cog) Cryorthents, gravelly, fill 07 = (Com) Cryorthents, loamy, fill 08 = (Crg) Cryorthents, gravelly, smoothed 09 = (Crm) Cryorthents, loamy, smoothed 10 = (Csd) Cryorthents - Doroshin complex 11 = (Css) Cryorthents - Salamatof complex 12 = (Do) Doroshin peat 13 = (Gd) Goodhope silt loam 14 = (G.P.)Gravel pits 15 = (Gr) Grewingk sandy loam- 16 = (Ho) Homestead silt loam 17 = NO Homestead silt loam, very shallow 18 = (Ja) Jacobsen very stony silt loam 19 = (Ka) Kalifonsky silt loam 20 = (Ks) Kasilof silt loam 21 = (Mr) Moose River silt loam 22 = (Ns) Niklason silt loam 23 = (Pu) Purches silt loam 24 = (Rn) Raven very stony silt loam 25 = (RO Riverwash 26 = (Sa) Sal amatof peat 27 = (Sm) Slikok mucky silt loam 28 = (Sp) Spenard silt loam 29 = (St) Starichkof peat 30 = (To) Torpedo Lake gravelly, sandy loan) 31 = (Tu) Tuomi silt loam 32 = (Ub) Urban land 33 = (Ro) Rock outcrop 34 = (Hs-RG) Homestead silt loam,,very shallow Rock outcrop 35 = (Tn) Turnagain extremely cobbly silt' loam 36 = (Tn-Ro) Turnagain extremely cobbly silt loam Rock outcrop 50 = Urban land disturbed (no soil survey) 51 = Fire Island (no soil survey) 99 = (W) Waterbody Soil Survey @(Column 24) 1 = Anchorage area soil survey 2 = No soil survey PRE-INTERPRETED GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES SLOPE STABILITY Slope Stability Rat.ing (Column 25) 1 = Generally high to highest stability 2 = Moderate stability 3 = Generally low stability 4 = Lowest stability 9 = Waterbody A-13 MASS WASTING Mass Wasting Rating (Columns 26 and 27) 00 =No known potential 10 =Low to moderate potential 20 =Moderate to high potential 30 =Highest known potential 31 = Known snow avalanche path(s) 32 = Known rockfall/rockslide area 33 = Known landslide area 99 =Waterbody SEISMICALLY INDUCED GROUND FAILURE Ground Failure Rating (Column 28) 1 =Lowest ground failure susceptibility 2 =Moderately low failure susceptibility 3 =Moderate failure susceptibility 4 =High failure susceptibility 5 =Very high failure susceptibility 9 =Waterbody FLOODPLA IN/ COASTAL FLOODING/ EROSION Flooding Rating (Column 29) 0 =No flooding 1 =Documented 100-year floodplain 2 =Interpreted 100-year floodplain 3 =Documented coastal flooding 4 =Interpreted coastal flooding 7 =Documented flooding waterbody 8 =Interpreted flooding waterbody 9 =Waterbody ErosionRating (Column 30) 0 = No erosion I = Slow to negligible coastal erosion 2 =Slow to moderate coastal erosion 3 =Rapid coastal erosion 9 =Waterbody A-14 FOUNDATION CONDITIONS Foundation Conditions Rating (Column 31) 1 =Foundation conditions excellent 2 =Foundation conditions good 3 =Foundation conditions generally good to fair but locally poor 4 =Foundation conditions generally fair to poor 5 =Foundation conditions poor 9 =Waterbody GROUNDWATER Groundwater Rating (Column 32) 1 = > 20 ft. to groundwater (low potential for drainage problems) 2 = < 20 ft. to groundwater (moderate potential for drainage problems) 9 = Waterbody PERMAFROST Permafrost Rating (Column 33) I = Moderate potential for permafrost conditions. 2 = High potential for isolated conditions 3 = Unassessed potential 9 = Waterbody WETLANDS Wetlands Type (Column 34) 0 = No Wetland 1 = Patterned open complex 2 = Non-patterned elongated complex 3 = Lakeside bog 4 = Old river terrace complex 5 = Concentric colsed complex 6 = Forested closed basin bog/swamp 7 = Non-forested bog or wet meadow 8 = Large freshwater marsh/coastal wetland 9 = Waterbody A-15 Wetl and Nam-e ( Columns 35, 36., and 37) 001 = Little Campbell Lake 002 = Sand-Sundi-Jewell Lakes 003 = De Long Lake 004 = Meadow Lake 005 = Post Office-Spenard David Quest S. Earthquake 006 = Connors Lake-Strawberry Lake 007 = South of Campbell Lake 008 = South of Campbell Lake 009 = Klatt Road 010 = South Klatt Road 011 = John's Road 012 = Campbell Creek 013 = Tudor Road and C Street 014 = Chester Creek and 15th Avenue 015 = Chester Creek and South 15th Avenue 016 = Lake Otis 017 = Waldron Lake-Tudor 018 = Seward Highway-Dowling 019 = South Fort-Campbell Creek 020 = New Seaward.'Highway-Dowling 021 = Little Campbell Creek Abbott and O'Malley 022 = O'Ma.lley and Seaward Highway 023 = Huffman and Otis Parkway 024 = Huffman Road and Otis Parkway 025 = Huffman Road 026 = Furrow Creek 027 = Rabbit Creek 028 = South of Rabbit Creek Road 029 = Rabbit Creek Road 030 = Rabbit Creek Road 031 = Huffman Road 032 = O'Mallgy-and -Buck Road 033 = O'Milley and 9-u-c-k- -Road 034 = Lake Hideway 035 = (Mary's Pond) Hillside Drive and Abbott Road (Kettle Hole) 036 = Hillside Drive and Abbott Road 037 = Service-Henshaw School 038 = Campbell Airstrip-South Fork Campbell Creek 039 = Campbell Airstrip - South Fork Campbell Creek 040 = North Fork - Campbell 140 = North Fork - Campbell (40a) 041 = North Fork - Campbell 042 = North Fork 043 = Next to 40 044 = Baxter Bog Park-South Branch Chester 045 = Tudor Road 046 = South-Russian Jack Spring Park A-16 047 = 36th Avenue and Providence Hospital 048 = Goose Lake - University 049 = Middle Fork - South Fork Campbell Creek 050 = Muldoon Road and Northern Lights 051 = South Fork Chester Creek 151 = Fort Richardson (51a) 152 = Fort Richardson (51b) 052 = Foothill Slope 053 = Foothill Slope 054 = South of Glenn Highway and Ship Creek 055 = South of Glenn Highway 056 = Glenn Highway and Turpin 057 = Russian Jack Springs Park 058 = Davis.and Ranger Ship Creek 059 = Near Ship Creek 060 = Little Rabbit Creek 061 = Little Rabbit Creek 062 = South Fork Campbell Creek 063 = Glenn Highway and Eagle River 064 = Glenn Highway and Eagle River 065 = Glenn Highway and Eagle River 066 = Glenn Highway and Eagle River 067 = South of Eagle River and West of Glenn Highway 068 = South of Eagle River and West of Glenn Highway 069 = South of Eagle River and West of Glenn Highway 070 = South Eagle River and West of Glenn Highway 170 = West Glenn Highway and Eagle Creek 071 = South of Eagle River and West of Glenn Highway 072 = South of Eagle River and West of Glenn Highway 073 = South of Eagle River and West of Glenn Highway 074 = South of Eagle River and West of Glenn Highway 075 = North Eagle Road, West Glenn Highway 076 = Fire Creek 077 = Lake Clunie 078 = Lake Clunie 079 = Lake Clunie 080 = Lake Clunie - North End 081 = West of Lake Clunie 082 = West of Lake Clunie 083 = North of Lake Clunie 084 = (Hilard Road) South of Eagle River 085 = Along Eagle River 086 = Eagle River 087 = Eagle River 088 = North Side Eagle River 089 = Eagle River 090 = Lower Eagle River Trail, Mid-Eagle River Side 091 = Mide-Eagle River (91a) 191 = Eagle River 092 = Middle Eagle River 093 = North Side of,Eagle RiVer A-17 094 = South Side Eagle.River,' 095 = Southwest of Beach Lake 096 = Beach Lake 097 = South of Psalm Lake 098 = South of Psalm Lake 099 = East of Lake Clunie 100 = West of Lower Fire Lake 101 = West of Lower Fire Lake 102 = West of Lower Fire Lake 103 = Upper Fire Lake 104 = Upper Fire Lake 105 = Lower Fire Lake 106 = North of Upper Fire Lake 206 = North of Upper Fire Lake (106a) 107 = Glenn Hwy Near Birchwood Road 108 = Parks Creek 109 = Parks Creek 110 = Mink Creek 111 = Birchwood Road 112 = Fire Creek 113 = Mirror Lake 114 = West of Mirror Lake 115 = West of Mirror Lake 215 = Mirror Lake (115a 116 = South of Edmonds Le 117 = Northwest of Edmonds Lake 118 = West of Edmonds Lake 119 = Northwest of Edmonds Lake 120 = North of Edmonds Lake 121 = North of Edmonds Lake 122 = North of Edmonds Lake 123 = West of Edmonds Lake 124 = West of Mirror Lake 125 = West of Mirror Lake 126 = West of Mirror Lake 127 = South of Eklutna River 128 = Parks Creek 129 = Chugiak 130 = Fire Creek 131 = Eklutna Flats 500 = Coastal Wetland- 600 = Ship Creek Wetland 700 = Fish Creek Wetland 800 = Fire Island Coastal Wetland 999 = Waterbody A i e% HABITATS Habitat Types (Column 38) 0= No habitat I= Shore birds, gulls, terns, waterfowl migration, staging and nesting areas. 2= Moose wintering area. 3= Anadromous fish. 4= Shore birds, gulls, terns, waterfowl migration, staging and nesting areas. Moose wintering area. 5= Moose wintering area. Anadromous fish. 6= Shore birds, gulls, terns, waterfowl migration, staging an d nesting areas. Moose wintering area. Anadromous fish. A-19 LAND USE/SEISMIC/ELEVATION MAP DATA VARIABLES AND CODES INTERPRETED VARIABLES ELEVATION PROVINCE Elevation Zone (Column 1) I = 0 - 40m 2 = 40 - 100m 3 = 100 - 300m 4 = >300 m LAND USE Land Use Type (Columns 2 and 3) 01 =Single-family house 02 =Duplex 03 =Apartment/Condominium 04 =Mix Residential 05 =Mobile Home 06 =Commercial 07 =Insti tuti onal 08 =Industrial 09 =Extractive 10 =Transportation (General) 11 =Transportation (Institutional) 12 =Park 13 =Agriculture 14 =Non-developed 15 =Vacant disturbed n) 16 =Transportation (Communicatio PRE-INTERPRETED VARIABLES EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY Intensity Rating (Column 4) 0 Area of unknown surface rupture potential relative to the suspected knik faul Area subject to generally lower intensities/shorter period (shallow bedrock) 2 Area subject to higher intensities/longer period (deep alluvium) 9 Water, unassessed potential A-20 12 = Parks This class includes local and regional parks and golf courses. 13 = Aanj.S@ This class includes all crops and pasture lands. 14 = Non-Developed This class includes all vacant undisturbed "natural" areas. 15 = Vacant Disturbed This class includes all unbuilt areas where excavation or clearing was evident but no structures had been built. 16 = Transportation (Communication) Radio and Television broadcast facilities including antenna fields. PRE-INTERPRETED GEO-ENORONMENTAL VARIABLES -EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY ZONES 0 Zone of Unknown Surface Rupture Potential Relative To The Suspected Knik Fault Zone Area Subject to Generally Lower Intensities an d Shorter Period Shaking Estimated maximum expectable earthquake intensity at VI to Vil (modified Mercalli intensity). This zone is generally underlain by bedrock at shallow depths and will experience shorter period Shaking with less potential for damage to tall structures. 2 Area Subject to Generally Higher Intensities and Longer Period Shaking Estimated maximum expectable earthquake intensity at VIII to X1. This zone is generally underlain by thick sediments, and will experience longer period shaking. Buildings with long fundamental periods would have a greater potential for damage in this area compared with Zone 1. A-21 Appendix B Data Code Descriptions Integrated Terrain Unit Manuscript Interpreted Environmental Data Landforms Vegetation Surficial Geology Slope@Gradient Surface Form Soil Pre-Interpreted Geo-Environmental Data Slope Stability Mass Wasting Seismically Induced Ground Failure Floodplain/Coastal, Flooding/Erosion Foundation Conditions Groundwater Permafrost Wetlands Habitats Land Use/Seismic/Elevation Interpreted Environmental Data Elevation Province Land Use Pre-Interpreted Geo-Environmental Data Earthquake Intensity LAND USE/SEISMIC/ELEVATION MAP DATA CODE DESCRIPTIONS INTERPRETED VARIABLES -ELEVATION PROVINCES I = 0 - .40 meters 2 = 40 - 100 meters 3 = 100 - 300 meters 4 = > 300 meters -LAWUSr. 1 Single Family These are "typical" urban and suburban residential dwellings with a single home occupying each lot. They become a key component to defining urban because they are served by all utilities, are on paved or graded streets, and are provided with or have access to all urban facilities such as schools, parks, police, and fire stations. 2 Duplex The key to this class is that the structures house more than one family. They may be duplexes or triplexes. They are urban in nature and are served with all urban functions. This class includes larger single family homes which have been subdivided into multi-family facilities. 3 Apartments and Condominiums This class may be either large single structures or groups of structures with ample parking. This class will be used for most garden apartments, but may not include small courts as listed above in 2. It will not include single family homes which have been subdivided into apartments or rooming houses. It will include multi-story structures. 4 Mixed Residential Mixtures of classes 1, 2, 3 and other dissimilar classes such as corner commercial where no pattern occupies a majority of the 10 acre minimum area. B-1 5 = Mobile Homes and Trailer Parks This includes all mobile home parks. This class applies to vacant as well as occupied trailer spaces in mobile home parks. It does not describe isolated mobile homes which fall within 1, or transient facilities such as motor home camps which fall into 6. 6 Commercial This class includes the majority of the commercial services. Among these are financial, personal, business, professional services, and non-professional services (e.g. janitorial, Preschool, delivery, etc.). High-rise buildings which house multiple uses will be classified here, unless they are a part of the Central Business District. 7 Institutional This class includes all civil offices, jails, post offices, city halls, county administrative facilities, courts, libraries sheriff, fire stations, ambulances, and emergency command facilities such as Civil Air Patrol, Search and Rescue, and Emergency Communications Centers (only when 'locations are not classified). Health care facilities, Elementary schools, Junior High schools, High schools, colleges and universities and churches. Also any military facilities which are not classified except airfields and shipping ports." 8 Industrial This class provides a very wide range of structures and facilities. It includes all manufacturing activities. It also includes wholesaling and warehousing, research and development-, wrecking yards and other salvage operations. 9 Extractive This class includes all mineral extraction, oil extraction, gas extraction and associated surface and subsurface storage facilities. 10 Transportation General This class includes pr ivate airports, railroads, freeways, and harbor facilities. 11 Transportation Institution Anchorage Municipal airport and Anchorage Harbor were the only facilities mapped in this class. B-2 INTEGRATED TERRAIN UNIT MAP DATA CODE DESCRIPTIONS INTERPRETED VARIABLES -LANDFORMS Landform types are ordered by alpha code. Some alpha codes and descriptions reference more than one numeric code in Appendix A. Bx BEDROCK Tn-place rock that is overlain by unconsolidated material or exposed at the surface. C COLLUVIAL DEPOSITS Deposits of widely varying composition that have been moved downslope chiefly by gravity. Fluvial slopewash deposits are usually intermixed with colluvial deposits. Cl - Landslide A lobe- or tongue-shaped deposit of rock rubble or unconsolid- ated debris that has moved downslope. Includes rock and debris slides, slump blocks, earth flows and debris flows. Cs - Solifluction Deposits Solifluction deposits are formed by the slow downslope, viscous flow of saturated soil material and rock debr'is in the active layer. Frost creep is also a major component in forming these deposits. Ct - Talus Deposits of angular rubble and rock fragments accumulated by gravity at the base of cliffs and steep slopes. E- EOLIAN DEPOSITS terials deposited by wind. El - Loess Silt deposited by wind. Es - Eolian Sand Sand deposited by wind as sheets or discrete hills (dunes). F - FLUVIAL DEPOSITS Materials deposited by running water, such as rivers and streams. B-3 Ff - Alluvial Fan A gently sloping cone generally composed of,granular material with varying amounts of silt deposited upon a plain by a stream where it issues from a narrow mountain valley. Can include varying proportions of avalanche or mudflow deposits, especially in mountainous regions. Ffg- Granular Alluvial Fan Used for granular alluvial fans. Not used for fans that contain significant amounts of incorporated Fp - F colluvium such as avalanche and mudflow deposits. loodplain Deposits laid down by a river or stream and flooded during periods of highest water in the present stream regimen. Floodplains are composed of two major types of alluvium: 1) Fp-r, generally granular riverbed (lateral accretion) deposits; and 2) Fp-c, generally finegrained cover (vertical accretion) deposits laid down above the riverbed deposits by streams at bank overflow (flood) stages. Ft Terrace flat or gently inclined surface resulting from the dissection of former floodplains. To be used only when the terrace surface is high enough not to be flood prone. G GLACIAL DEPOSITS Deposits formed in direct contact with glacial ice. This unit is used to map undifferentiated glacial deposits such as complex glaciofluvial deposits and till (G+GF) and water-worked till. Gm - Moraine Trregular topography in till of discontin *uous ridges, knolls and hummocks surrounding closed depressions. Gt - Till Sheet A heterogeneous deposit laid down by glacial ice and composed of materials varying from clay to boulders. Gtl- "Lowland" Till This unit is used for the more poorly drained depressions and lower slopes on till sheets. Generally covered with Open or dense black spruce and ground vegetation suited to seasonally wet conditions. GF- GLACIOFLUVIAL DEPOSITS Deposits laid down by streams flowing on, in or from glaciers. GFI- "Lowland" Glaciofluvial Deposits Used for the more poorly drained phases of alluvial glacial deposits generally characterized by nearly level surfaces. This unit is typically covered with open or dense black spruce and ground cover suited to seasonally wet conditions. B-4 GFo- Outwash Relatively level floodplain laid down by a stream which or iginated from a present or former glacier. GFe- Esker Deposits Long ridges of granular ice-contact deposits formed by streams as they flow on or under a glacier. GFk- Kame Deposits Hills and masses of granular ice-contact deposits formed by streams as they flow on or under a glacier. IGNEOUS BEDROCK rock formed by solidification of hot magma. Refer to discussion under bedrock (Bx) for description of modifiers used for all igneous bedrock landforms. Ig - Granite A light-colored, coarse-grained plutonic rock. Also included are all other intrusives, e.g., gabbro, etc. L - LACUSTRINE DEPOSIT Generally fine-grained materials laid down in glacial and nonglacial lakes. M - MARINE DEPOSITS Materials laid down under an ocean and along its coasts. Includes coastal plain deposits. Mb Beach Deposits Fredominantly coarse-grained materials laid down along coasts. Includes marine (and lacustrine) beach ridges and other coarser-grained littoral and intertidal deposits. Emerged beach deposi:ts that still preserve their surface morphology are also included. Mt Tidal Flat Area of nearly flat, barren mud or sand periodically covered by tidal waters. Mts- Recently Emerged Tidal Flat Includes portions of tidal flats that have experienced recent uplift. Generally less subject to tidal innundation and more vegetated that Mt. Mf Emerged Fine-grained Marine (Esturine) Deposits Finer-grained facies of marine (predominantly esturine) deposits which have emerged and now display mature subaerial features such as large relative uplift, sediment oxidation, groundwater freshening, dissection and burial by other terrestrial deposits, etc. B-5 MG- GLACIOMARINE DEPOSITS A complex of marine,-glacial, and lacustrine deposits generally containing a large fraction of silt and clay sized material. These sediments were likely deposited in shallow marine or estuarine waters in an areal complex of submarine till sheets, ice rafted deposits, and quiescent water deposits. MG1- "Lowland" Glaciomarine Deposits Used for the more poorly drained phases of glaciomarine deposits that occur in depressions and gentle slopes. Generally vegetated with open or dense black spruce and ground cover suited to seasonally wet conditions. N METAMORPHIC BEDROCK Bedrock modified from other rocks through changes in chemical environment, temperature or pressure. Refer to discussion under bedrock (Bx) for description of modifiers used for all metamorphic bedrock landforms. 0 - ORGANIC DEPOSITS posits of humus, muck and peat generally occurring in..bogs, fens and muskegs. W - WATER OR ICE y be used for mapping water bodies. This designation may'also be used for portions of borings drilled through streams or lakes or on ice. Not used for buried massive ice zones which are included in the landform types in which they occur. For glaciers see Gg. ? UNKNOWN ORIGIN Complex or buried deposits for which insufficient information is available to allow classification. Is also used as a modifier to another landforTn type or terrain unit symbol to indicate lower confidence. B-6 -VEGETATION FOREST AND WOODLAND 10% Crown Cover) Closed Forest 21 - Coniferous Forest, White Spruce, Short Stands Main canopy usually less than 30 ft in ht., usually found at higher elevations*as isolated pockets in areas dominated by alder, grassland or open mixed stands. 22 Deciduous Forest, Mixed Forest, Young Stands Canopy is usually Very finely textur@ed as seen from above, @openinqs in stand are very rare. Composed mostly of birch and/or aspen. This type very rarely mixed with other types except when found as remnant.cofidition in*burned.areas. Spruce is not usually evident as a co mponent of the overstory in these young stands. .0 - 40 years old. 24 --Deciduous Forest, Mixed F orest, Medium-Aged Stands Canopy.is usually fine textured as seen from above, openings may be fairly common but they are usually small. Elements oil this type include birch, spruce and aspen. Birch is usually found as a main component of.this type but % composition may vary greatly depending on a number of factors, eq., as the type increases in age, the percentage of white 'spruce as a crown component usually increases along with the amount of understory and number of stand openings. 40 - 100 years old. 25 - Coniferous Forest, White Spruce, Tall Stands 'Main canopy usually greater than 30 ft. in ht., usually fou'nd at lower elevations on better sites, almost always found mixed with old and decadent deciduous trees (very rarely found as pure. type). 26 - Deciduous Forest- Mixed Forest, Old Stands Canopy is-usually somewhat coarse textured as seen from above, openings are usually common and may cover close to half of the stand area. Canopy may also appear smooth, but openings appear as definite holes in the crown. Deciduous Trees in these ,old stands are usually-decadent. Spruce is usually becoming the dominant species. The understory component of the stand is usually visible from above.and includes Calamagrostics and Alnus as its most common species. These stands are always greater than 100 years old. B-7 27 - Cottonwood, Young Stands .st commonly found on new islands, downstream ends of old islands and point bars of rivers. Cottonwood or poplar is usually found mixed *with large alder and/or willow - (understory is sparse to nonexistent).' 40 years old. 28 Cottonwood,'Medium-Aged Stands st commonly found in riverine situation or within at least one mile of a river (alluvial soils). Stands are usually pure cottonwood*or poplar, spacing is even and crown Closure approaches 100%. Understory is dominated by alder and devil s club. 40 - 100 years old. 29 Cottonwood, Old Stands st commonly found in riverine. influence (alluvial soils). Stands may be mixed with young white sp.ruce- Cottonwood are extremely large (30-40 inches in diameter) and decadent (larger trees may only*be shells). -Stand appears somewhat clumpy due to openings appearing in stand. Understory includes large quantities of alder, devil's club and willow. Greater than 100 years old. Open Forest - Woodland (10-50% Crown Cover) 31 Coniferous Forest, White.Spruce, Short Stands Usually found at higher elevations as a transition type between closed forest and high-elevation nonforest areas. Usually found mixed with 'elements of the' higher elevation type, ie., if the higher elevation type is a mixture of alder and grass then the open white spruce trainsition type will normally be forming a complex type with alder and grass. 30 feet tall.. 32 Deciduous Forest, Mixed Forest, Medium-Aged Stands Similar;-to type 31 except normally found at lower elevations (as elevation increases so does proportion of spruce in mixed types). Although birch/aspen stands are not usually found as a transition type between forest and high elevation nonforest areas,-they are often found just below areas-of type 31. 40 years old. 33 Coniferous Forest, White Spruce, Tall Stands !;ame as type 31 except normally found at lower elevati on s or on better sites. Commonly found in creek bottoms mixed with alder/willow and grass. 30 feet tall. B-8 34 - Deciduous Forest, Mixed Forest, Old Stands Found in same general location a-s-type 33. Found in association with grass and alder. Birch, in this type, is usually found growing in very small, tight.clumps. -Spruce are usually found to have an open grown form and are normally much younger than the hardwood component of. the.type. 35 - Cottonwood, Medium-Aged Stands Usually found at treeline jusf above elevational limit of open white spruce. Found in pockets among low shrubs. 36 - Cottonwood,'Old Stands Two elevational phases-of this type seem to occur. The high elevation phase, consisting of balsam poplar, may be found mixed with streamside alder/willow along flowing water on high elevation flats. The low elevation phase, consisting of cottonwood, may be found on major river flood plains growing with a confusing mixture of other types including open spruce,, open birch, alder, grass,.etc. Closed Forest -Black *Spruce Mountain Hemlock (> 10% Crown Cover) 41 - Black Spruce, Short Stands Main canopy usually less than 30 ft. in ht., generally found on wet and/or cold (poor) sites, may be found mixed with birch of poor quality but usually found as a pure type forming islands and stringers in bog areas or transition zone's between bog area and forest areas. Understory is usually a thick moss and./or sedge mat. 42 - Black Spruce, Tall Stands Mai n -canopy usual ly greater than 30 f t. i n - ht.'-, can -usual ly be identified as a fire. formed stand, on relatively good sites, stands are remarkably pure and the stocking density is usually quite high, may be found mixed with very scattered birch. 45 - Mountain Hemlock, Short Stan ds Main canopy less than 30 ft., geographically limited, found as stringers mixed with other local types. Not mapped. 46 - Mountain Hemlock, Tall Stands n canopy greater than 30 ft., geographically limited, found as stringer stands mixed with other local types. Not mapped. Open- Forest-Woodland, Bladk Spruce (10-50% Crown Cover) B-9 43 - Black Spruce, Short Stands Found in association--w-ith bog types. Black spruce are usually of very poor form. Site is either wet or cold or both trees usually less than 15 ft. in height. NON-FORESTED Salt Water Wetlands 50 - Salt Grassland Dominated grassland in areas of tidal -influence. Usually found at edge of normal high water.in sandy soil. Normally this type is found in areas where the shoreline gradient is relatively -steep, usually found as a belt of grass along the shore.. 51 Low Shrub Dominated shrubland located on tidal flats. Water level is usually fluctuating seasonally. In areas that are continuously wet, sedge. replaces @yr@ica. 52 Tidal Marsh Usually found in. areas with many shallow lakes and little topographic relief (within tidal -influence). Vegetation is dominated by various sedges. Woody plants may occur on the drier sedge and peat ridges that are cormon to this type. Tall Shrubs 60 Alder This type is dominated by tall (10-15ft) alder growing in dense thickets with grasses,. ferns, and a great variety of forbs growing in the understory. Devil's club can be found as a dominant understory to the alder on wetter and steeper sites. Devil's club will normally. exclude other unders-tory vegetation. The type is found at or above treeline. At treeline it is often found mixed with open white spruce and cottonwood types. 61 Alder-Willow (Stremside Vegetation This type is dominanted by a mixture of very large alder and willow. This type is normally found on -frequently flooded ground such as new islands, point bars, etc. Understory is sparse but may include equisetur and calanagrostis. This lt@ype is often found mixed with young open- cottonwood (in younger stands the cottonwood is almost indistinguishable from the willow and alder).. B-10 Low Shrub 62 - Willow Resin Birch This type is dominated by either willow or resin birch or a combination thereof. The type is often found in sheltered situations at high elevations, eg., draws in mountainous terrain. This type is found at and above the transition between tall shrubland and tundra. Grassland 63 Upland Grass This type is dominanted by Calamagrostics I to 2 meters tall. Fireweed and various ferns are sometimes common- This type is most often found as an understory in the more open forest types and woodland areas where it is coavnonly associated with alder pa@tches. This type can also be found unasso'ciated with other types along small streams. Tundra 64 - Sedge - Grass This type is found above treeline on relatively flat, wet areas. Vegetation consists almost entirely of various wet sedges. 65 - Herbacious This type is found above treeline 'and is almost always found mixed with and above shrub tundra. The variety of species found in this type is immense, consisting mainly of various grasses and forbs- Soil va'ries in depth and may be intermixed with rock outcroppings. Vegetation may not be continuous. 66 - Shrub This type is dominated by dwarf arctic birch and other shrubs along with various short grasses and a large number of forbs- This type is almost always found mixed with and below herbacious tundra. Density of the shrubs found in this type varies considerably and may often appear quite patchy. 67 teat and Cushion This type is dominated by such plants as dryas, crowbarry, bearberry, sedge, grass, lichen and other rooted forbs. Climatic conditions are extreme at the elevation where this type is found. Vegetation cover may be complete (closed mat cushion) or relatively sparse (scattered mat cbshion) with a B-11 arge percentage of the vegetation. being lichen. This type is often mixed with rock. Freshwater Wetlands 68 - Sphagnum Bog Cover is dominated by varying amounts of sedge, equisetum and moss (especially sphagnum). This type is usually found as a floating mat over several feet of water or as a thick mat directly over saturated or frozen soil. S@rubs and -stunted trees (if present) may be found on drier peat ridges. (This type is similar to tidal marsh except that shallow lakes are less common, the peat ridges form amore continuous and regular pattern,and the type is found inland beyond tidal reach. Usually found as a pure type). 69 Sphagnum-Shrub Bog Vegetation of this type is dominated by a thick moss mat (sphagnum) and/or sedge tussocks. Grass, ericaceous shrubs, salix, blueberry and cranberry may also be present. Ground water level usually varies seasonally but this type is usually mixed with open stands of short black spruce. Many other types may also be found in close association with sphagnum shrub bog. The associated types are usually found on glacial morraines and eskers within the bog area. Cultural Features 70 Cultural Influences y be broadly defined as land that has been obviously affected by human activity. IncTudes agricultural land, urban areas and land developed to 'support or provide services to agricuitural and urban land. This "type" may indeed be vegetated but vegetation that is present may not be natural in either composit'LAO or spacing. Barren 80 Mud Flats nfined to tidal areas (Cook Inlet... ) and the mouths of major rivers (Knik... ). .*This "type" may appear vegetated on CIR and color photography or from the air, however, the lavegetatibn" is usually algal blooms, and/or other sea plants. Mud-flats'are usually well patterned with ripple marks or water drainage patterns. They are normally submersed during high tide. They may be used as resting and feeding areas by waterfowl. B-12 Rock 5cludes exposed bedrock and scree corsonly found along with mat cushion tundra at high elevations. This "type" is also used to describe large landslide areas - some morrainal features and other natural barren areas. Permanent Snow and Ice 82 - Snowfield High elevation snow accumulation areas. Appears to be a permanent or nearly year round part of the landscape. May be found as small pockets on slopes protected from the sun, on lee slopes or in gulleys. Usually found over bare ground. May also be found as large snow accumulation areas at very high elevations- Often mixed with mat-cushion tundra and rock. 83 - Glacier T-ncludeSr both icefields and glaciers. Usually found covering several square miles. Considered a permanent part of land- scape. To differentiate 83 from 82, note .83 covers much larger areas; crevasses, morraines and other glacial features are usually present. -SURFICIAL GEOLOGY Coarse-Grained:Surficial:Deposits 11 = an Alluvium of the Anchorage plain. Gravel and sand, generally well bedded and well sorted. Chiefly gravel in the eastern part of the map area, grading into sand westward; chiefly sand at Spenard and Turnagain Heights. At western end of the deposit the sand grades imperceptibly into material mapped as unit sl. Commonly overlaid by 1-5 feet of silt similar to silty mafe-rial mapped as unit s, but in built-up areas much of this silt has been removed.- 12 al Alluvium in abandoned stream channels and in terraces along modern streams. Gravel and sand, generally well bedded and well sorted. Deposits in large channels and in other broad areas are chiefly gravel and are thicker than deposits in small narrow channels and terraces, which contain chiefly sand and gravel; some channels and broad areas on the map overprinted by the red line pattern (peat) contain significant amounts of silt and clay. B-13 13 af Deposits in alluvial fans, alluvial cones, and emerged del- tas. Dominantly gravel in most areas, but mostly sand with conspicuous coal fragments between Point Woronzof and Point Campbell. Generally well bedded and well sorted except for small alluvial cones in the mountains where the material is less well sorted and contains some silt and clay. These latter deposits..are contiguous with and grade into materials mapped as unit-c. 14 ga Glacial alluvium in irregular-shaped hills (including kames, eskers, and kame terraces) deposited in and near glacier ice; includes similar deposit!-, that may be marine rather than glacial in origin. Chiefly gravel and sand, moderate- ly well sorted; includes some beds of diamicton, and generall1a consists of more heterogeneous materials than other alluvial deposits. In places materials mapped as unit 9a are diffi- cult to distinguish from materials mapped as units m and T2. 15 sh Sand deposits in broad low hills, and windblown sand depositsi in cliffhead dunes near Point Campbell. Almost exclusively sand, very well sorted and well bedded. The broad low hills are generally underlain by the Bootlegger Cove Clay (b . I depths of 40 feet or more. Deposits of unit sh commonly are well drained. 1 16 sl Sand deposits in wide low-lyinq belt centered around Connors Lake. Chiefly sand, well bedded and well sorted, and small amounts of gravel; commonly contains coal fragments. De- posits grade laterally into material mapped as unit an froni which it is not readily distinguishable. Contacts w@ith materi als mapped as units bc and s are not well defined; the depos its are probably com@p`l-exly interrelated. Generally underlai I by Bootlegger Cove Clay (bc) at depths of 20 feet or less and overlain by varying thicknesses of peat. Deposits of unit sl are commonly poorly drained. Includes small patches Of modern beach sand. Fine-Grained Surficial Deposits 21 Peat. Many relatively low lying areas are covered by a few feet of peat. This overprint pattern is used in conjunction with other map units where the peat is probably more than" 2 feet thick. Peat commonly ranges from 5 to 10 feet thick and in places it is as much as 30 feet thick. Pond deposits (1) 1 may occur at the base of the peat. Peat commonly is removed or buried by fill during construction and urban development, but such areas are not shown on the map. B-14 22 = 1 Lake and pond sediments. Lowland deposits, exposed in few places, are chiefly silt and clay, with some marl; may be considerably thinner than overlying peat deposits. Near the mountains chiefly silt and clay with some fine sand, and sand and gravel; accumulated in former ice-dammed lakes; may be several tens of feet thick. 23 s Silt. Near International Airport fine sand and some clay interbedded locally where the deposits, which may be more than 40 feet thick, occur in irregular hills. The boundary with materials mapped as unit sl is approximate; the two types of material may grade in-f-o one another. Between Point Woronzof and Point Campbell the deposit includes clay and is somewhat similar to material mapped as Bootlegger Cove Clay (bc), but is only about 10 feet thick; materials similar to adjacent deposits mapped as unit af'underlie unit s. Also includes sediments in the tidal zi-ne and in adjace-Ft areas no longer or only rarely covered by tidal water 24 bc Bootlegger Cove Clay. Chiefly clay and silt, locally contain- ing pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. Near Anchorage exposed mostly in sea bluffs and valley walls; extends continuously at depth from near Cairn Point to an area of surface exposure at Turnagain Arm.' Thicknesses of about 60 feet of the Boot- legger Cove Clay are exposed in the sea bluffs, but in the central part of the lowland area wells penetrate as much as 200 feet. Interbeds of fine sand are generally thin in the north, but thicker beds of sand in the south are similar to materials mapped as unit sl; there the boundary between the two deposits is obscure. The western margin of this de- posit interfingers at depth with material mapped as unit af, and on the east side it may merge at depth with material mapped as unit mg. Mixed Coarse- and Fine-Grained Surficial Deposits 31 = m Morainal deposits generally in long ridges marking the margins of former glaciers. The topography on the Elmendorf Moraine in the northern part of the map area is notably hum- mocky, whereas the topography north of the moraine and along the mountain front is more subdued. Chiefly till, including diamicton and poorly sorted gravel; better sorted gravel and sand may be present locally; the deposit is not everywhere clearly distinguishable from materials mapped as unit 2a. 32 gm Glacial and (or) marine deposits, typically in elongate hills. These features consist chiefly of diamicton, but they include some beds of fine sand and silt; thin beds of gravel and sand occur locally. May grade into deposits mapped as unit mg. B- 15 33 mg Marine, glacial, and (or) lacustrine deposits, typically in broad low areas adjacent to the hills mapped as unit _qm, and in isolated hills farther west; deposits consist of a variet@ of interbedded materials that generally have much fine-gr-ained sand, and some clay. Silty materials are more common in the eastern part of the map unit and sandy materials in the volestE I part. The isolated hills are the intermediate member of a series, the end members of which are the sharply defined hills mapped as unit-gm (diamicton) to the east, and the broad low hills mapped @s unit sh (sand) to the west. it is not always possible to determine precisely into which of these three map units the materials in some of the inter- mediate hills should be placed. In addition, some of hills may contain silt and clay resembling Bootlegger Cove Clay (Lc) 34 c Colluvium (slope deposits). Extensive deposits on mountain sides and in narrow'bands along sea bluffs and valley walls in the lowland. Chiefly diamicton and poorly sorted to well7sorted gravel with some sand, silt, and clay; crude bedding is common parallel to the slope. The material reflects the composition of upslope deposits. Bedrock (b) .may be encountered locally at shallow depth in the mountains; the boundary with bedrock (b) is actually a broad zone approximated by the contact on the map. 35 Is Deposits of landslides of the 1964 earthquake and older landslides, chiefly block-glides. Most of the slides involved large blocks consisting of beds of gravel and sand (an) lying on beds of clay and silt (bc). These blocks moved laterally from their original positions behind former bluffs to new locations at lower elevations. In places the blocks moved intact and so remain, but par- ticularly at the outer parts of the slides most of the blocks broke into heterogeneous mixtures of gravel, sand, s.ilt, and clay. 36 f Manmade fill. Chiefly gravel and sand, but includes some silt-and clay-size material. Mapped only where unusually high embankments or very broad fills were emplaced. Bedrock 41 b Metamorphic rocks, principally the McHugh Complex com- prising weakly metamorphosed siltstone, graywacke, arkose, conglomeratic sandstone, and greenstones commonly associ- ated with chert and argillite. Near the mouth of Little Rabbit Creek, rocks of another complex include marble, greenstone, and cherty argillite. These descriptions are based on recent mapping by S.H.B. Clark (written commun., 1972). Bedrock locally is mantled by colluvium (c) and by morainal deposits (m); the boundary between 6e-drock and adjacent deposits is commonly a broad zone only approximated by the contact on the map. 99 Wa ter -SLOPE The same slope classes were chosen to be Piapped on the terrain units that were mapped as phase breaks in SCS soil surveys. I = 0 - 3% - Nearly level 2 = 3 - 7% - Undulating, gently sloping 3 = 7 -12% - Rolling 4 = 12-20% - Hilly 5 = 20-30% - Moderately Steep 6 = 30-45% - Steep 7 = 45% and greater - Extremely Steep 9 = Water Gradient Percent Slope Angle of Inclination Slooe Ratio (feet per mile) 3 1043' 33.3:1 158.4 7 40 71 14.3:1 369.6 12 6053' 8.3:1 633.6 20 11a28' 5:1 1056 30 170 11' 3.3:1 1584 45 25047' 2.2:1 2376 B-17 -SURFACE FORM 1 = Simple Surface - a single, continuous plane with only minor variations over the entire surface of the area. This plane may be flat, concave or convex in profile and/or transect. 2 =Undulating Surface - gently fl Lictuating plane in profile and/or fransect; without angularity. 3 =Complex Surface - multiple changes of slope and aspect with angu- Tar or mixed breaks in slope. 8 =Water Body - lakes, reservoirs and rivers. -SOILS On the following pages each soil series in the Anchorage Area is described in detail. The series descriptions are presented in alphabetic order by series name. For each series, some facts about the soil and its parent material are presented first. Then a pedon, a small three dimensional area of soil typical of the soil series in the survey area, is described. The detailed descriptions of each soil horizon follow standards in the Soil Survey Manual (U.S. Dept. Agr. Handbook 18, 1951). Unless otherwise noted, colors described are for moist soil. Following the pedon description is the range of important character- istics of the soil series mapped in this survey area. Phases, or mapping units, of each soil series are described in the section "Descriptions of the Soils". Anchorage Series The Anchorage series consists of sandy, mixed Entic Cryorthods. These excessively drained soils are formed in deep sandy eolian deposits and occupy stabilized dunes. Slopes range from 0 to 60 percent. The Anchorage soils are closely related to the Tuomi series which occupy some adjoining areas. The Anchorage soils contain a much higher proportion of sand than the Tuomi soils. 02--2 to 0 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) partially decomposed moss fibers coated with yellowish brown silt; many fine and medium roots; abrupt wavy boundary; 1 to 4 inches thick. B-18 A2-0 to 2 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. B2-2 to 7 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; patches and streaks of grayish brown and yellowish brown; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Cl--7 to 40 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) loamy flne sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots to 30 inches; very strongly acid; gradual boundary. C2-.-40 to 54 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) loamy sand; single grain; loose; few pebbles and thin lenses of coarse sand. The A2 horizon ranges from fine sand to silt loam in texture. The colors are usually gray, dark gray, grayish brown, or dark grayish brown masked with black finely divided organic matter. The B2 horizon ranges from fine sand to fine sandy loam in texture. Colors are in hues of 7.5YR or lOYR; values of 4 or 5; and chromas of 4 to 6. The C horizon is sand or loamy fire sand. In places the lower por- tions contain up to 15 percent gravel. Caswell series The Caswell series consists of coarse-loamy, mixed Sideric Crya- quods. These moderately well drained soils formed in silty and sandy waterlaid sediments over very gravelly sand. They occur on low terraces and in broad depressions. Slopes range from 0 to 7 percent. The Caswell soils are closely re 'lated to the Moose River and Niklason soils which commonly occur in adjoining areas. The Caswell soils are not as poorly drained as the Moose River soils. They are not as well drained and have more strongly developed colors in the sub-surface horizons than the Niklason soils. Typical pedon of Caswell silt loam on a nearly level alluvial plain in the SEI/4 SW1/4, Sec. 35,.1713N, R3W. Seward Meridian: 01--4 to 0 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) partially decomposed organic material; many roots; abrupt smooth boundary. Al--O to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam; weak very fine granular structure; very friable; many roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. B-19 A2-2 to 3 1/2 inches; dark grayish brown (IOYR 4/2) silt loam; few fine prominent dark reddish brown mottles; weak very fine granular structure; very friable; many roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. B21-3 1/2 to 5 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) sandy loam; moderate fine granular structure; common medium distinct grayish brown mottles; very friable; common fine roots; few fine concretions; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. B22-5 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (IOYR 4/4) fine sandy loam common medium distinct grayish brown mottles; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few roots; very strongly acid; gradual boundary. B3-11 to 19 inches; olive brown (MY 4/4) fine sandy loam, corsnon large faint dark grayish brown mottles; massive; friable; few thin strata of fine sand; few roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Cl--19 to 27 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) loamy fine sand; single grain; loose; few thin strata of silt loam, few pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. IIC2--27 to 42 inches; dark grayish brown (2.tY 4/2) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose; few discontinuous reddish brown, weakly cemented streaks and patches; few thin strata of silt and fine sand; about 40 percent gravel; strongly acid. The weighted average texture of the stratified materials is fine sandy loam. Strata range from sand to silt loam in texture and vary in thickness, number, and arrangement in the profile. The very gravelly substratus contains 35 to 50 percent gravel by volume. Colors of the A2 horizon are in hue of 10YR and have values of 4-or 5 and chromas of 1 or 2. Colors in the B2 horizon are in hues of 5YR, 7.5YR and 10YR; they have values of 3 to 5 and chromas of 4 to 6. Discontinuous horizontal and diagonal streaks of weakly cemented, iron-stained sandy materials are common in the very gravelly sub- stratum. Chena series The Chena series consist of sandy-skeletal, mixed Typic Cryorthe nts. These soils are excessively drained, and formed in stratified silty and sandy alluvium less than 10 inches thick over loose very gravelly sand. They occupy alluvial fans and flood plains. Slopes range '1ro-::. 0 to 7 percent. B-2 0 The Chena soils are closely related to th6 Kasilof and Niklason soils which commonly occupy adjacent areas on the landscape. The Chena soils have no developed subsurface horizons as in the Kasilof soils and are shallower in depth to very gravelly material than the Niklason soils. Typical pedon of Chena silt loam, about 1100 feet west of railroad bridge across Eagle River and 100 feet north of riverbank on Fort Richardson in the NW1/4 SWI/4, Sec. 10, T14N, RU, Seward Meridian: 01- -1 to 0 inches; black (10YR 2/1) partially decomposed forest litter; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Cl--O to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak medium platy structure; friable; common roots; common fine pores; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. IIC2--3 to 44 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose; about 50 percent gravel; very strongly acid. The 0 horizon is thin and does not occur in all pedons. The texture of the material above the gravelly substratum ranges from silt loam to sandy loam. It is 2 to 10 inches thick. The substratum contains 35 to 50 percent gravel, and up to 10 percent cobbles. 'Some pedons have thin discontinuous silty strata. Clam Gulch series The Clam Gulch series consists of fine-silty, mixed, nonacid Humic Cryaquepts. These soils are deep and poorly drained. They have dark silty A horizons over gray sediments that are moderately high in clay. They are formed in alluvium on flood plains and in depressions in glacial moraines. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The Clam Gulch soils are closely related to the Goodhope and Kali- fonsky soils that commonly occur in adjoining areas. The Clam Gulch soils are more strongly gleyed and mottled than the Goodhope soils. They are finer textured than the Kalifonsky soils. Typical pedon of Clam Gulch silt loam under black spruce forest near Mirror Lake; NW1/4, SE1/4, Sec. 13, T15N, RlW, Seward Meridian: 01-4 to 0 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sphagnum moss; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; abrupt smooth boundary. B-21 Al--O to 5 inches; black, (5YR 2/1) silt loam; dark grayish brown streaks, weak medium granular structure; friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; few roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. B21g--5 to 11 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam, many medium distinct olive brown mottles; massive; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; contains pockets and tongues of Al material; strongly acid; gradual boundary. B22g--ll to 36 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; few medium faint brown mottles, massive; firm, slightly stickly, slightly plastic; medium acid; gradual boundary. B3g--36 to 42 inches; olive (5Y 4/3) silty clay loam; many medium distinct dark gray mottles; massive; firm, sticky, plastic; medium acid. The texture of the A horizon is commonly silt,loam but in places it is silty clay loam. It ranges.from 4 to 14 inches in thickness. Colors in the B horizon have hues of 5Y to 10YR, values of 4 or and chromas of 1 to 3. Some profiles contain a few pebbles. Cryaquents series Cryorthents series Doroshin series The Doroshin series consists of loamy, mixed, dysic Terric Boro- hemists. These soils are moderately deep, very poorly drained, partially decomposed peat.. They are underlain by either fine-grained lacustrine deposits or compact gravelly glacial till. They occur in depressions in moraines, at borders of muskegs, and in areas' affected by seepage on moderate to strong slopes. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. The Doroshin soils are closely related to the Jacobsen and Sta- richkof soils which commonly occupy adjoining areas. Doroshin peat is deeper to mineral materials than Jacobsen soils, but is not as deep as Starichkof peat. Typical pedon of Doroshin peat, 300 feet east of Glenn Highway, 400 feet north of gravel pit, in the NE1/4 SW1/4 Sec. 25, T15N, R2W, Seward Meridian (reaction is determined in water suspension). B-22 Oil--O to 14 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2, broken face) mixed moss and sedge peat, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) pressed and rubbed; about 90 percent fiber, about 75 percent rubbed; weak coarse platy structure; friable; common roots; less than 5 percent mineral material; strongly acid. Oel--14 to 24 inches; very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2, broken face) partially decomposed moss and sedge peat, dark brown (10 YR 3/3) pressed and rubbed; about 60 percent fiber, about 25 percent rubbed; massive; friable; few roots; less than 5 percent mine ral material; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. OE2-24 to 36 inches; very dark brown (IOYR 2/2, broken face) partially decomposed moss and sedge peat, very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2) pressed and rubbed; about 30 percent fiber, about 25 percent rubbed; massive, friable, about 10 percent mineral material; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. IICg--36 to 42 inches; dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1) silt loam; massive; friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic. The organic materials range in thickness from 16 to 50 inches. Some pedons have a thin sapric layer immediately above the mineral contact. Texture of the mineral substratum ranges from silt loam to gravelly sandy loam. Goodhope series The Goodhope series consists of fine silty, mixed, acid Typic Cryorthents. These well-drained and moderately well drained soils formed in firm glacial till of moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. The Goodhope soils are closely related to the Clam Gulch soils which commonly occupy adjoining low areas. The Goodhope soils are not as poorly drained or as strongly mottled as the Clam Gulch soils. Typical pedon of Goodhope silt loam, about 1/2 mile west of Birch- wood in the SE1/4 SEI/4, Sec. 13, T15N, R2W, Seward Meridian: 01--3 to 1 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) partially decom- posed forest litter; many fine roots; abrupt, smooth boundary. 0 to 3 inches thick) 02--l to 0 inches; very dark gray (IOYR 3/1) sapric peat; many fine roots; abrupt, smooth boundary. (0 to 2 inches thick) B-23 Cl--O to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; few, fine, prominent reddish brown mottles; weak, fine granular struct-ure; very friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; common, fine roots; strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick) C2-3 to 10 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silty clay loam; many large patches of dark grayish brown; weak, thin platy structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few fine roots; strongly acid (pH 5.4); gradual boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick) C3-10 to 44 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly silty clay loam; many large light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) patches; massive; firm, sticky, plastic; 15 percent gravel; strongly acid. The texture of the upper 10 inches is silt loam or silty clay loam. Matrix colors of moist soil in the Upper 10 inches are in hues of 10YR or 2.5Y, with value of 4, and chromas of 2 to 4. Below the 10 inch depth, matrix colors for moist soil are in hues 'of 2.5Y or 5Y, values of 4 or 5, and chromas of 2 to it. A few -faint brown or gray mottles may occur in the upper 20 inches. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 20 percent by volume. In places there are a few stones and cobbles. Gravel Pits Grewingk_ series The Grewingk series consists of coarse-loamy, mixed, micro Sideric Cryaquods. These somewhat pporly drained soils formed in glacial drift and colluvial materials on north-facing slopes of moraines that are affected by seepage. Slopes range from about 12 to 45 Percent. The Grewingk soils commonly adjoin areas of Homestead soils. The Grewingk soils are not as well drained as the Homestead soils. Typical pedon of Grewingk sandy loam on a 30 to 45 percent north- facing slope in the NWI/4 NEI/4, Sec. 20, T14N, RIW, Seward Neri- dian. 01-8 to 0 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) partially decom- posed organic matter derived mostly from mosses; many fine and medium roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. A2-0 to 1 inch; dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2) silt loam; few medium distinct dark grayish brown mottles; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common roots; few rounded pebbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. B3-3 1/2 to 6 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) sandy loam; common medium distinct brown mottles and few patches of dark grayish brown; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few roots; very strongly acid; cleary wavy boundary. C-6 to 33 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) gravelly loam; common large distinct olive brown mottles with diffuse boundaries; massive; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few roots to 18 inches; estimated 15 to 25 percent gravel and 10 percent cobblestones; strongly acid. Under a thick surface mat of moss and forest litter the soi I commonly remains frozen until late summer. Some pedons have a thin black Al horizon. The texture of the A and B horizon ranges from sandy loam to silt loam and gravel content ranges from 0 to 15 percent. The color of the B2 horizon is in hues of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR with values of 3 or 4 and chromas of 3 or 4. Texture of the C horizon ranges from fine sandy loam to gravel-ly loam, gravel content ranges from 0 to 25 percent, and cobblestones from 0 to 10 percent. The C horizon in some pedons is roughly stratified and in places contains a few thin strata of sand and f i ne gravel. Homestead series The Homestead series consists of loamy-skeletal, mixed Typic Cryor- thods. These soils are somewhat excessively drained to-well-drained and formed in 50 to 20 inches of silt loam loess over very gravelly till. They occur on moraines with slopes ranging from 0 to 75 percent. The Homestead soils are closely related to the Grewingk, Kasilof, Purches, and Tuomi soils which commonly occupy adjoining areas or similar positions on the landscape. The Homestead soils, which are well drained, are not mottled like the somewhat poorly drained Grewingk and Purches soils. They have a higher proportion of fine material in the substratum than the Kasilof soils and.contain a higher proportion of gravel than the Tuomi soils which are formed in stratified drift. Typical pedon of Homestead silt loam on a rolling moraine with 7 to 12 percent slopes, under a forest dominated by paper birch and white spruce in the NWI/4 NE1/4, Sec. 4, T12N, RN, Seward Meridian: 01--2 to 0 inches; very dark brown (IOYR 2/2) partially decomposed forest litter; many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. A2-0 to 1 112 to 7 1/2 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam, moderate fine granular structure; very friable; few pebbles; many fine and medium pores; many fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. B-25 B21-1 1/2 to 7 1/2 inches; brown (715YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate fine Pranular structure; very friable; few pebbles; many fine and medium pores; many fine roots; strongly acid; cleary wavy boundary. B22-7 1/2 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few pebbles; many fine and medium pores; common roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. IIC--14 to 48 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very gravelly sandy loam; massive; firm in place; friable when disturbed; about 50 percent coarse gragments; a few discontinuous strata of sand occur at lower depths; few roots to 24 inches; strongly acid. The silt loam loess is about 5 to 20 inches thick. Soils with loess less than 10 inches -thick are mapped as a very shallow phase of the Homestead series. The substratum contains about 35 to 50 percent coarse fragments; a few discontinuous strata of sand occur at lower depths; few roots to 24 inches; strongly acid. The silt loam loess is about 5 to 20 inches thick. Soils with loess less than 10 inches thick are mapped as a very shallow phase of the Homestead. series. The substratum contains about 35 to 50 percent gravel , 0 to 15 percent cobbles tones, and 0 to 15 percent large stones and boulders. The dominant colors in the upper part of the B horizon have a hue of 7.5 YR with chroma and value of 4/4, 3/4, 5/6, or 5/4. The colors range to hues of 5YR or lOYR with a value of -4 and chromas of 3 or 4. Patches and streaks of yellowish brown and reddish brown are common. Thickness of the solum ranges from 8 to 14 inches. In very shallow soils the lower portion of the spodic horizon commonly extends into the very gravelly substratum. Jacobsen series The Jacobsen series consists of loamy-skeletal, mixed, acid Histic Cryaquepts. These poorly drained soils are formed in very stony glacial till and occupy drainageways, shallow depressions, and low-lying areas bordering muskegs. Slopes range from 0 to 7 percent. The Jacobsen soils are closely related to the Doroshin, Kalifon- sky, and Torpedo Lake soils which commonly occupy adjoining areas. The peaty materials on tile surface of Jacobsen soils are not as thick as those in Doroshin peat. Jacobsen soils have thicker and darker surface layers' and contain a much higher proportion of stones than the Kalifonsky soils. They are more stony and less plastic than the Torpedo Lake soils. Typical pedon of Jacobsen very stony silt loam in a nearly level area in the NI-11/4 SWI/4, Sec. 2, T12N, RN, Seward Meridian: B-26 01--12 to 6 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) partially de- composed sphagnUM MOSS peat; many fine and medium roots; ex- tremely acid; clear smooth boundary. 02--6 to 0 inches; black (5YR 2/1) well-decomposed organic material; many fine and Medium roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Al--O to 8 inches; black (10YR 2/1) very stony silt loam, massive; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few roots; 35 percent stones and cobblestones; 20 percent gravel; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bg--8 to 34 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) very stony sandy loam; common, medium faint dark gray mottles and common fine prominent brown mottles, massive; firm, nonsticky, nonplastic; 40 percent stones and cobblestones, 20 percent gravel; very strongly acid. The water table is usually less than 2 feet below the surface. Stones, cobbles, and gravel make up 40 to 70 percent of the soil volume. The 0 horizon ranges from 8 to 15 inches in thickness. The A horizon ranges from 2 to 10 inclies in thickness and from very stony silt loam to very stony sandy loam in texture. Kali-fonsky series The Kalifonsky series consists of coarse-silty over sandy or sandy- skeletal, mixed, acid Typic Cryaquepts. These poorly drained soils occur in broad shallow basins and in areas bordering muskegs. They are formed in 15 to 30 inches of silt loam over a substratum of very gravelly sand. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. The Kalifonsky soils are closely related to the Clam Gulch and Jacobsen soils that commonly occur in adjoining areas. The Kali- fonsky soils are not as fine-textured as the Clam Gulch soils and not as stony as the Jacobsen soils. Typical pedon of Kalifonsky silt loam in slight depression on a terrace in the NE1/4 NEI/4, Sec. 20, T14N, RlW. Vegetation is forest dominated by black spruce, willow, and paper birch. 01--3 to 0 in6es; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) partially decom- posed organic matter; many fine roots; abrupt smooth boundary. Al--O to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable, nonsticky , nonplastic; many roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Blg--2 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam; common large faint gray mottles and few medium distinct reddish brown mottles; weak thin platy structure; friable, nonsticky, non- plastic; common roots; very strongly acid; gradual boundary. B-27 2g--6 to 23 inches; dark gray (IOYR 4/1) silt loam; common med*:-.;- i istinct olive brown and olive gray mottles; weak thin platy s",,.",- ure; nonsticky, nonplastic, few roots; very strongly acid; clear mooth boundary. IC--23 to 40 inches; olive gray (2.5Y 4/2) very gravelly sand; ingle grain; loose; 60 to 70 percent rounded gravel and cobble- tones. he silt loam is 15 to 30 inches thick over gravelly sand. asilof Series he Kasilof series consists of sandy-skele-tal, mixed, micro Typic ryorthods. These soils are excessively drained. They have thin podic horizons developed in a silty loess mantle less than 10 in:he-z hick over loose very gravelly sand. They occur on alluvial fans nd stream terraces. Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent. he Kasilof soils are closely related to the Chena, Homestead, 5nia-i urches soils which commonly occupy adjoining areas on the landsc-ape. he Kasilof soils have more strongly developed subsoil colors thi.an he Chena soils. They contain a higher proportion of sandy mater`@al n the very gravelly Substratum than the Homestead soils and 1 ack ottles associated with wetness that are typical of the Purches soili. ypical pedon of Kasilof silt loam in SW1/4 NW1/4 Sec. 22, T14's, 3W, Seward Meridian: - 1-3 to 0 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) partially decor:)osec' orest litter; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 2--0 to 1 1/2 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam; weak medium laty and weak fine granular structure; very friable; very strcncly cid; abrupt smooth boundary. 2--l 1/2 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak edium granular structure; few pebbles; very friable; strongly Acid; radual wavy boundary. 3--4 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam; weak fine ranular structure; about 20 percent gravel; very friable; strc-,cly cid; gradual wavy boundary. ICl--7 to 40 inches; dark olive gray (5Y 3/2) very gravelly sanr" bout 60 percent gravel; single grain; loose; strongly acid. @ome pedons have a thin, dark silt loam Al horizon. Depth to ,ase of the spodic horizon ranges fron 4 to 7 inches. The 63 @Dr`@z@-- n some pedons contains 20 to 35 percent gravel. Coarse fragrrren:s Ae IN horizon range from 45 to 60 percent gravel and 0 to 7 :obbles. B-28 Moose River series The Moose River series consists of coarse-loamy, mixed, acid Typic Cryaquents. These poorly drained soils occur on flood plains and low- lying areas on outwash plains. They are formed in stratified silty and sandy alluvial sediments. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The Moose River soils are closely related to the Caswell and Niklason soils which commonly occupy adjoining areas. The Moose River soils have higher water tables and are much more poorly drained than the Caswell and Niklason soils. Typical pedon of Moose River silt loam'on a nearly level flood plain in the NE1/4 NW1/4, Sec. 21, T14N, R2W, Seward Meridian: 01--2 to 0 inches; very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2) partially decomposed forest litter and moss with admixture of gray silt; many roots; abrupt smooth boundary. Clg--O to 4 inches; dark gray (IOYR 4/1) silt loam; patches and streaks of very dark grayish brown; weak fine granular; friable, non- sticky, nonplastic; many roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. C2g--4 to 8 inches; dark gra (5Y 4/1) fine sandy.loam; common, y medium, distinct dark brown mottles; weak fine granular; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. C3g--8 to 14 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) loamy fine sand; single 'grain; loose; few roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. C4g--14 to 42 inches; dark greenish gray (5GY 4/1) fine sandy loam; massive; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many thin strata of loamy fine sand; few rounded pebbles; strongly acid. The weighted average texture of the C horizons ranges from sandy loam to silt loam. Strata vary in thickness, number, and arrange- ment in the profile. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 35 percent. The water table is commonly within one foot of the surface. Niklason series The Niklason series consists of coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy- skeletal, mixed, acid Typic Cryofluvents. These well-drained soils have no developed horizons and are formed in shallow and moderately deep silty and sandy alluvial sediments over very gravelly sand. They occur on nearl Y level flood plains and stream terraces. B-29, The Niklason s ils are closely related to the Caswell, Chena, and Moose River sooils which commonly occur on adjoining areas. The Nlikl;@_ son soils lack the dark reddish brown mottled subsurface horizon developed in the Caswell soils. They are deeper to very gravelly sand than the Chena soils and do not have mottles associated with wetness which are typical of the Moose River soils. Typical pedon of Niklason silt loam'in the SE 1/4 SEI/4, Sec. 17, TIO, RlW, Seward Meridian: 01--2 to 0 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR.2/2) partially de com- posed organic matter; many roots; abrupt smooth boundary. Al--O to 2 inches; dark brown (IOYR 3/3) silt loam; moderate fine granular structure; very friable; many roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Cl--2 to 18 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) stratified silt loam and fine sand; silt loam has weak fine granular structure; sand is single grain; very friable or loose; few roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. IIC2--18 to 42 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) very gravelly loamy sand; single grain; loose. The depth to very gravelly sand ranges from 10 to 30 inches. The weighted average texture of the stratified silty and sandy sediments is silt loam or fine sandy loam. The strata of silty and sandy materials vary in thickness, number, and arrangement in the profile. Gravel content ranges from about 35 to 55 percent by volume in the substratum. Cobblestones make up 0 to 10 percent. Purches series The Purches series consists of loamy-skeletal, mixed Sideric Cryaquods. These moderately well drained to somewhat poorly drained soils formed in compact glacial till capped with a loess mantle. They occur in slight depressions in glacial moraines and on muskeg bo They have slopes of 0 to 12 percent. The Purches soils are closely related to the Homestead, Kasilof, and Spenard soils which commonly occupy adjoining areas. The Purches soils have mottled.colors associated with wetness and are not as well drained as the Homestead and Kasilof soils. Typical pedon of Purches silt loam-in the SE corner of the NW1/4 NWI/4, Sec. 23, T14N, R314, Seward Meridian: 01--3 to 2 inches; partially decomposed forest litter. B-30 02--2 to 0 inches; black (10YR 2/1) decomposed forest litter; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary- Al--O to 1 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mucky silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. A2-1 to 3 inches; (gray 5Y 5/1) silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. B2-3 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; many large distinct grayish brown mottles; moderate fine granular structure; very friable; few pebbles; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. IICI--12 to 24 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) gravelly sandy loam; common medium distinct olive brown mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; about 20 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual boundary. IIC2--24 to 40 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) very gravelly sandy loam, massive; firm; about 60 percent gravel and' cobbles; strongly acid. The loess mantle ranges from 10 to 20 inches in thickness. Some pedons have no Al horizon. The A2 horizon ranges from gray to dark gray or dark grayish brown (SY 5/1 or IOYR 5/1 to 10YR 4/1 and 4/2). The B2 horizon ranges fron dark yellowish brown to brown or dark brown (IOYR 4/4 to 7.5YR 4/4 or 4/3). Mottles are dark reddish brown, grayish brown, and olive brown. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 20 percent. The IIC horizon is dark gray, olive gray, or olive to grayish brown (5Y 4/1, 5/2, 4/3 to 2.5Y 5/2). Texture is typically very gravelly silt loam and very gravelly sandy loam. Gravel content ranges from 40 to 60 percent. Raven series The Raven series consists of fragmental, mixed Typic Cryorthods. These excessively drained soils formed in silty loess deposited in spaces between large angular boulders. They occupy very stony ter- minal moraines and talus slopes. Slopes range from 3 to 75c,". The Raven so.ils are closely related to the Homestead soils. They are stonier than the Homestead soils. Typical pedon of Raven very stony silt loam in NEI/4 SW1/4, Sec. 16, T13N, RIW, Seward Meridian: B-31 01-1 to 0 inches; black (10YR 2/1) mat of partially decomposed organic materials, common roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boun- dary. Al--O to 1 inches; dark brown (715YR 3/2) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common roots; extremely acid; abrupt wavy 'boundary. A2-1 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very stony silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; large angular stones occupy about 60 percent of the Volume; common roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. B2-3 to 7 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very stony silt loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; angular stones occupy 60 percent of the volume; common roots; very strongly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. Cl--7 to 18 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) very stony silt loam-, weak fine granular structure; very friable; silt loam and fine gravel partially fill interstices between rock fragments; angular stones and boulders occupy about 70 percent of the volume; few roots. The volume of rock fragments ranges from about 50 to 70 percent. Rock fragments are commonly angular, but in places they are rounded. Colors of the B horizon are in hues of 10YR or 7.5YR, values of 4 or 5, and chromas of 4 to 6. Riverwash Salamatof series The Salamatof series consists of dysic Sphagnic Borofibrists, very poorly drained soils consist of deep, fibrous peat derived from sphagnum moss and sedges. They occupy nearly level muskegs in depres- sions in moraines. Salamatof peat is closely related to Doroshin and Starichkof peat which commonly occur on similar positions on the landscape. Salama- tof peat has a higher proportion of fibric materials derived fro sphagnum moss than the Doroshin or Starichkof peats. In addition, they are deeper to mineral materials than the Doroshin peat. Typical pedon of Salamatof peat in SEl./4 NW1/4, Sec. 26, T14N, RN, Seward Meridian (reaction is determined in water suspension). Oil--O to 5 inches; dark reddish brown (SYR 3/4, broken face) fibrous peat, brown (7.5YR 5/4) rubbed and pressed; 100 percent fiber, 90 percent after rubbing; massive; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; more than 90 percent sphagnum moss fibers; many roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. B-32 __5 to 55 inc hes; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2 broken face) rous peat, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) rubbed and pressed; 90 percent @er, 75 percent after rubbing; weak coarse platy structure; friabl'-e, isticky, nonplastic; more than 80 percent sphagnum moss fibers; iy roots; very strongly acid; diffuse boundary. -55 to 68 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2 broken face) )rous peat; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) rubbed and pressed; 80 percent -.er rubbing; weak coarse platy structure; friable, nonsticky, non- istic; about 70 percent moss fibers and 30 percent sedge fibers; 4 roots; very strongly acid. ? organic materials range from 63 inches to many feet thick. The er table is usually within one foot of the surface. @kok series @ Slikok series consists of coarse-silty, mixed, acid Histic @aquepts. These poorly drained soils formed in deep silty sediments I occupy valley bottoms, seepage areas, and low areas bordering les and muskegs. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. slikok soils are closely related to the Doroshin and Torpedo <e soils which commonly occupy similar positions on the landscape. Slikok soils have a higher proportion of mineral materials than roshin peat and are not as fine textured and firm as the Torpedo ke soils. pical profile of Slikok mucky silt loam in NW1/4 *11/4, Sec. 34, 5N, R2W, Seward Meridian: to 0 inches; black (10YR 2/1) partially decomposed organic terial; many roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. --0 to 14 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) mucky silt am; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many roots; very -.rongly acid; clear wavy boundary. g--14 to 24 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/2) silt loam; common, @dium distinct dark yellowish brown mottles; weak thin platy structure; @ry friable; few roots; very strongly acid; gradual boundary. 1-g--24 to 40 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/2) silt loam; common large istinct olive brown mottles; massive; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; @w pebbles; very strongly acid. he 0 horizon ranges from about 5 to 15 inches to thickness. The lack or very dark grayish brown Al horizon is 4 to 15 inches thick and s silt loam or mucky silt loam in texture. Texture beneath the Al orizon ranges from gravelly fine sandy loam to silt loam. Thin trata of fine sand and gravel are common in the lower part of the horizon. B-33 Spenard series The Spenard series consists of medial over loamy, mixed Sideric Cryaquods. These soils are deep and somewhat poorly drained. They have a mottled spodic horizon developed in a loess mantle that is underlain by loamy glacial till or lacustrine deposits. They occur in drainageways, muskeg borders, and depressions in moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 7 percent. The Spenard soils are closely related to the Purches soils that commonly occupy similar positions on the landscape. The Spenard soils have a lower proportion of coarse fragments than the Purches soils. Typical pedon of Spenard silt loam, N11/4 NEI/4 of Sec. 23, T12N, RN, Seward Meridian about 200 feet east of road. 01--4 to 3 inches; partially decomposed moss; abrupt smooth boundary. 02--3 to 0 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) well-decom- posed organic matter; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. A2-0 to 2 in ches; dark gray (lOYR 4/1) silt loam; weak thin platy structure; very friable; many roots; many very fine pores; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. B2-2 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; common gray mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many roots; -many fine pores; tongues of A2 material ; common fine con- cretions; strongly acid; cleary wavy boundary. B3-7 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4 ) silt loam; many large dark gray mottles; moderate thin platy structure; friable; common roots; many fine pores; many fine and medium concretions-, strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. IIC1--16 to 50 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) gravelly silt loam; common gray mottles; strong coarse platy structure; firm; few fine pores; strongly acid. Some pedons have a thin silt loam or mucky silt loam Al horizon. The spodic horizon ranges from 14 to 20 inches in thickness and has hues of 10YR or 7.5YR. values of 3 or 4, and chromas of 2 to 4. The underlying material ranges from gravelly silt loam to gravelly sandy loam and is stratified in some pedons. B-34 Starichkof series The Starichkof series consists of dy sic Fluvaquentic Borohemists. These very poorly drained soils are made up of deep, partially decom- posed sedge peat. They occur in nearly level muskegs in moraines. Starichkof peat is closely related to Doroshin and Salamatof peat which commonly occupy similar positions on the landscape. Starichkof peat is deeper to a mineral substratum than Doroshin peat and is not as fibrous as Salamatof peat. Typical pedon of Starichkof peat, east of Birchwood loop road, SEI/4 NW1/4, Sec. 19, T15N, RIW, Seward Meridian (reaction is deter- mined in water suspension). Oel--O to 7 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2, broken face) par- tially decomposed sedge peat, very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2) pressed and rubbed; about 55 percent fiber, about 45 percent rubbed; massive; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common fine and medium roots; mixed moss and sedge fibers; less than 10 percent mineral material; strongly acid.; clear smooth boundary. Oe2-7 to 20 inches; very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2, broken face) partially decomposed sedge peat, very dark brown (IOYR 2/2), pressed, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) rubbed; about 70 percent fiber, about 35 percent rubbed; massive; friable, nonsticky, non- plastic; few fine roots; mixed moss, sedge, and wood fibers; less than 10 percent mineral material; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Oe3-20 to 32 inches; dark,reddish brown (5 YR 2/2, broken face) partially decomposed sedge peat, dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3) pressed and rubbed; about 80 percent fiber, about 55 percent rubbed; moderate medium platy structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic, fine moss fibers; less than 5 percent mineral material; strongly acid; gradual boundary. Oe4-32 to 48 inches; very dark brown (IOYR 2/2, broken face) par- tially decomposed sedge peat, very dark grayish brown (IOYR 3/2) pressed and rubbed; about 50 percent fiber, about 20 percent rubbed; massive, mixed moss and sedge fibers; less than 10 percent mineral material; strongly acid. Oe5-48 to 60 inches; black (10YR 2/1, broken face) partially de- composed sedge pdat, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) pressed and rubbed; massive; mixed moss and sedge fibers; 10 to 20 percent mineral material; strongly acid. Some pedons have a thin surface layer of fibrous peat. Thin dis- continuous layers of silt, ash, and well-decomposed peat are present in many pedons. The water table is commonly within one foot of the surface. B-35 Torpedo Lake series The Torpedo Lake series consists of fine-loamy, mixed, acid Histic Cryaquepts. These poorly drained soils formed in firm glacial till and occur in drainageways and seepage areas in moraines. Slopes range from 0 to 20 percent. The Torpedo Lake soils are closely related to the Jacobsen and Slikok soils which commonly occupy similar positions on the land- scape. The Torpedo Lake soils are not as stony as the Jacobsen soils. They have firmer, finer teXtUred substrata than the Slikok soils. Typical pedon of Torpedo Lake in the SE1/4 SWI/4, Sec. 8, T12N, R3W, Seward Meridian: 01--13 to 2 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) Undecomposed sphagnum moss peat; many roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 02--2 to 0 inches; very dark gray (SYR 3/2) well-decomposed organic matter; many roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. All--O to 2 inches; black (SYR 2/1) mucky silt loam; weak fine crumb structure; very friable, many roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. A12-2 to 4 inches; dark reddish brown (SYR 2/2) gravelly sandy loam; weak fine crumb structure; very friable; many roots; extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Cl--4 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) gravelly sandy loam; massive; friable; common roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth -boundary. C2g--6 to 10 inches; olive-gray (5Y 5/2) gravelly sandy loam; common fine faint dark gray mottles; massive; friable; few roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. C3g--10 to 47 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) gravelly clay loam; many medium distinct olive brown mottles; massive; firm, sticky, plastic; strongly,acid. Gravel content ranges from about 15 to 30 percent and cobblestones from 0 to 10 percent. In places there are a few large boulders near the surface. The texture ranges from gravelly sandy loam to gravelly silt loam in the upper 10 inches and from gravelly sandy clay loam to gravelly silty clay loam in the substratum. Colors in the fine- loamy substratum are in hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, values of 4 or 5, and chromas of I or 2. B-36 Tuomi series The Tuomi series consist of medial over loamy, mixed Typic Cryor- thods. These soils are formed in stratified sandy and silty waterworked materials capped with a mantle of loess. They occur in ancient drainageways and high dissected hills and have slopes ranging from 0 to 75 percent. The Tuomi soils are closely related to the Anchorage and Homestead soils that commonly occur on adjoining areas or similar landscapes. The Tuomi soils are not as sandy as the Anchorage soils and not as gravelly as the Homestead soils. Typical pedon of Tuomi silt loam in the NW1/4 SE1/4 SE1/4, Sec. 21, T13N, R4W, Seward Meridian: 01-4 to 0 inches; black (10YR 211) partially decomposed organic matter; many roots; very strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary. A2--O to 2 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt loam; weak, thin platy structure; very friable; common fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. B21-2 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5 Y 4/4) very fine sandy loam; moderate fine granular structure; very friable; common roots; strongly acid; gradual boundary. B22--8 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very fine sandy loam, weak, moderate granular structure; very friable; few roots; strongly acid; gradual boundary. Cl--15 to 42 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) fine sandy loam; weak, very thin platy structure; very friable; many strata of loose fine sand and loamy fine sand ranging from 1/4 to 2 inches in thickness; strongly acid. The loess mantle ranges from silt loam to fine sandy loam in texture and from 10 to 20 inches'in thickness. The weighted average texture of the stratified substratum materials is fine sandy loam or sandy loam. Individual strata range from sand to silt loam in texture and from less than one inch to 4 inches in thickness, and vary in arrangement and number. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Colors in the upper portion of the spodic horizon are in hues of 5 YR or 7.5YR, with values of 4 or 5; and chromas of 4 to 6. The lower portion of the spodic horizon commonly extends into the stratified materials. B-37 Urban Land Rock Outcrop Turnagain Fire Island Waterbody PRE-INTERPRETED GEO-ENVIDIONMENT-AL VARIABLES -SLOPE STABILITY I Generally High and Hiqhest Stability Nearly flat to moderate slopes underlain by metamorphic and sedi- mentary rocks. Loose material is thin or absent in most places. There is little likelihood of any significant downhill movement of rock or loose material. Nearly flat to moderately gentle slopes underlain by surficial deposits; moderate slopes underlain by surficial deposits consisting of gravel and sand, and mi-xed gravel, sand, silt, and clay; and steep slopes underlain by metamorphic rock. In most of this area there is little likelihood of signifi- cant downslope movement. However, in some places the following situations may produce minor and, at times, major slope failures: (1) In response to strong earthquake shock, nearly flat areas behind the tops of sea and river bluffs may be incorporated into landslides on the bluffs, and the nearly flat areas at the base of the bluffs may be overridden by landslide debris. (2) Areas along major streams may be subject to erosion and become unstable. (3) The modern tidal flats are covered intermittently by water and are subject to some instability caused by minor erosion. (4) In areas of steep slope the metamorphic bedrock is covered in places by loose surfitial deposits (chiefly stream deposits and colluvium) and by weathered bedrock; such deposits may be subject to some downslope movement. 2 Moderate Stability Steep slopes underlain chiefly by gravel and mixed gravel, sand silt, and clay; and very steep slopes underlain by metamorphic ;nd sedimentary rocks. In hummocky topography, small hills are stable in their natural state of vegetation but can become unstable when disturbed. On steep slopes at lower elevations in the mountains, slope deposits are generally unstable and continually move down- ward; the likelihood of instability increases when the surface is disturbed. At higher altitudes on the very steep slopes, be d- B-38 rock is at or near the surface and is inherently more stable than the surficial deposits, but locally these slopes are thinly covered by loose material that is easily disturbed and subject to more fre- quent and more rapid downward movement here than on the lower slopes. Snow avalanches occur most commonly on these slopes and carry some rock debris with them. One area of steep slope contains a land- slide deposit; the occurrence of similar future landslides in other places cannot be ruled out, although such a probability at any one point is small. 3 General Low Stability Steep slopes underlain chiefly by silt and clay; very steep slopes underlain chiefly by gravel and sand, and mixed gravel, sand, silt, and clay; and precipitous slopes underlain by metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Sea and river bluffs and other escarpments have some slight degree of natural stability, especially where vege- tated; however, they become unstable when disturbed either by natural processes such as earthquakes or erosion, or by excava- tiorf and other activities which disturb natural ground cover. Small scale downslope movement may occur in many places; erosion in gullies produces unstable slopes on which small landslides are to be expected locally. Cliffs high in the mountains are the sites of frequent minor rockfalls that enlarge talus accumulations at the base of these slopes; occasional major rockfalls or landslides may release substantial quantities of material to encroach on the slopes below. 4 Lowest Stability Very steep slopes underlain by sand, silt, and clay, *and by landslide deposits; and precipitous slopes underlain by the entire suite of surficial deposits. The least stable slopes occur mainly in river bluffs, where erosion is active, thereby preventing stabi.lization and producing continuous downslope movements that range from nearly imperceptible soil creep, through observable viscous earth flows and talus accumulation, to small landslides. Elsewhere in areas shown on this map unit the slopes can readily fail when disturbed by natural or manmade processes. 9 Water -MASS I.,!ASTING 00 No Known Mass I-lasting Potential Near-level areas away from potential avalanche runout zones. Pre- dominantly stream terraces and alluvial fans. Some gently sloping glacial moraines. B-39 10 :L Low to Moderate Mass 1-Jasting Potential Moderately stable bluffs and hummocky lowland areas, but con'taining local conditions susceptible to landsliding, primarily underlain by glacial moraine, outwash and alluvium. Very low avalanche po tential near the base of the mountains. No avalanche potential in the lowlands. 20 Moderate to High Mass Wasting Potential Steep upland terrain with potential for snow avalanches, rockslides,1 rockfall and landslides. Probably contains many areas that belong in Zone 3 if a detailed assessment were made. Includes lowland stream and coastal bluffs that have moderate high low slope stability (Dobrovolny and Schmoll, 1974). 30 Highest Known Mass Wasting Potential Each area is one or more of the following: 31 = Known Snow Avalanche Path or Area of Many Paths Based on air photo interpretation of vegetation patterns, and reports by ChUgaCh State Park and State of Alaska, Department of Transportation. All paths have not been identified. May include small areas which are unlikely to experience-avalanches. 32 = Known Rockfall and Roc'r-,slide Area Based on Department of Transportation and State Park data. Most snow avalanche areas, as indicated, also have a high rockslide potential. 33 = Known Landslide Area Includes areas of known mass wasting except avalanche and rockfall/rockslide areas. Based on Department of Transpor- tation data and geologic maps by Schmoll and Dobrovolny (1972 and unpublished), and Zenone, et al. (1974) Includes mudslide areas, sloughing along coastal bluffs and streams , and upland colluvial slides. 99 Water B-40 2 = Area of Slow to Moderate Coastal Erosion Bluffs and beaches which are subject to occasional tidal and wave action. 3 = Area of Rapid Coastal Erosion Bluffs at Pt. Woronzof directly exposed -to frequent tidal and wave action. Rate of horizontal retreat tip to 2.5 ft./year. 9 = Water -FOUNDATION CONDITIONS Foundation Conditions Excellent Hard bedrock is at the surface or at shallow depth and can support very heavy loads. Excavation difficult; require blasting. In many places slopes range from steep to precipitous, and operation of heavy equipment may be restricted; in some places cliffs and canyon walls preclude use as foundation sites for most structures. 2 Foundation Conditions Good Chiefly homogeneous.gravel and sand that is generally 20 feet or more thick and can accommodate heavy loads. Excavation by power equipment generally easy except in isolated places where large boulders are present. 3 Foundation Conditions Generally Good to Fair, But Locally Po Good in most of map area where various materials, including gravel, sand, and diamicton (mixed gravel, sand, silt, and clay), can support heavy to moderately heavy loads; fair to poor in some depressions in areas of hommocky topography where fine-grained material may have lower vearing strength, and on some steep slopes of limited extent where instability problems are likely. Excavation by power equipment generally easy, but may be moderately difficult where diamicton is very compact or where boulders are present. The'material varies widely in texture; in places where fine grained, cuts may be unstable. 4 Foundation Conditions Generally Fair to Poor Silt and clay may lack sufficient bearing strength for heavy loads; moderate to very steep slopes are potentially unstable. in places, indicated by line pattern, peat is present at the B-43 surface and the water table may be high; in some of these places peat can be removed, the water table lowered relatively easily, and foundation conditions thereby improved. Excavation hindered where steep slopes pose difficult operating problems and where fine-grained materials cause cut slopes to be unstable; bedrock may be encountered at shallow depth in the mountainous part of this area. 5 Foundation Conditions Poor Chiefly fine-grained materials (silt and clay) that have low bearing capacity; also includes extensive areas of poorly drained material, small areas of active sand dunes, and the sea and river bluffs that are either composed mostly of unstable fine-grained material or that are now being eroded. In places, indicated by line pattern, considerable thicknesses of peat may be present, and (or) ma,r-sh conditions may prevail; the peat is generally underlain by silt an(] clay, and these areas are more difficult to modify for Unsuitable foundation conditions than the peat areas of the preceding map unit. Excavation is hindered by unstable materials and high water table. 9 = Water -GROUNDWATER 1 = > 20 ft. to groundwater (low potential for drainage problems) 2 = < 20 ft. to groundwater (mo derate potential for drainage problems) 9 = Waterbody -PERMAFROST 1 = Moderate Potential for Permafrost Conditions Permafrost may occur in small.isolated zones throughout this area. No area should be considered free from permafrost without subsurface exploration. 2 =,High Potential For Isolated Permafrost Conditions Outlined by the Municipality of Anchorage Geotechnical Commision (unpublished). 3 = Unassessed Potential For Permafrost Conditions The entire Eagle River and Turnagain Arm sheets are included in this category. Permafrost is possible at any location in these areas. 9 = Water B-44 -WETLAND TYPES 0 = Not a Wetland 1 = Patterned Open Complex Large blanketing bog; no obvious basin; sharp boundaries between forest and non-forest areas; surface patterns in the form of pools and tree islands. 2 = Non-Patterned Elongated Complex Slightly sloped bog, located within a stream or glacial valley; having inlet or outlet stream; gradual -transition into low forest; usually no surface pattern!;. 3 = Lakeside Complex Small to large flat bog borderin g a lake; low shrubs usually dominant. 4 = River Terrace Low shrub or low forest bog located on old river terraces above the current river flood plain; in filled oxbows or channels. 5 = Concentric Closed Complex Closed basin bog in smaller kettle holes or old lake basins; concentric wetland formations having sharp transitions; usually no open water. 6 = Forested, Closed Bog Small to large, simple black spruce bog in closed basin; no open water; without inlet or outlet, orwith small inconspicuous drainage channel. 7 = Unforested Closed Bog Small simple closed basin without forested borders; may have surface pattern or central pool. 8 = Large Freshwater Marsh Simple, usually without forested borders and with narrow-leaved emergent grasses. 9 = Waterbodies B-45 -NAMED WETLANDS For descriptions of Wetlands, please see "Anchorage Wetlands Study: Resource Analysis" which gives a detailed account of Wetlands map. -HABITATS 0 = Not habitat 1 = Shore birds, gulls, terns, waterfowl migration, staging and nesting areas. 2 = Moose wintering area. 3 = Anadromous fish. 4 = Shore birds, gulls, terns, waterfowl migration, staging and nesting areas. 5 = Moose wintering area. Anadromous fish. 6 = Shore birds, gulls, terns, waterfowl migration, staging and nesting areas. Moose wintering area. Anadromous fish. B-46 Appendix Soil Expansion Matrix Agricultural Capability Class K Value Drainage Depth Soil Limitations Local Roads Septic Tank Shallow Excavation Dwellings without Basements Dwellings with Basements Small Commercial Buildings Campgrounds Picnicgrounds Playgrounds Paths SOIL EXPANSION MATRIX ANCHORAGE ITUM Agric.1 K Value raina Soil Limitations Code Soil Series Ca Sub Local Septic -Sh-alTow-- wellings L)wellings Small Cla;s ISurface @Surfdce- Roads 11-ank Excav. w/o Basement w/ Basement Comm. Bldg. Camp Picnic Play Pathl Anchorage 7 .37 .10 1 54 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 Caswell 3 .20 .10 4 42 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 Chena 6 .20 .10 1 44 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 Clam Gulch 4 .43 .37 6 40 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 Cryaquents 9 99 99 6 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 Cryorthents gr fill 9 99 99 2 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 Cryorthents Im fill 9 99 99 3 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 Cryorthents gr smooth 9 99 99 2 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 )9 99 3 99 9 9 Cryorthents Im smooth 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 Cryorthents - Doroshin 9 99 99 5 99 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 Cryorthents - Salamatoff 9 99 99 5 99 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 12 Doroshin 7 99 .28 7 40 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 oodhope 2 .43 .37 4 40 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 14 Gravel Pits 9 99 99 3 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 15 Grewingk 6 .37 .15 5 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 16 Homestead 3 .37 .15 3 48 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 17 Homestead shallow 4 1 .37 .15 3 48 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Jacobsen USSL 7 .28 .10 6 34 .3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 19 Kalifonsky 3 .37 .10 6 40 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 20 Kasilof 2 .37 .10 1 40 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 21 Moose River 6 .15 99 6 42 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 e 14 A0. 1, SOIL EXPANSION MATRIX ANCHORAGE ITUM e Agric. K Value )rainage Depth, Local Septi -Sh-M-o-w -Fw7e Soil Limitations Cod -ISoil Saries Cap. j5ub lings We I I! ngs SmaTT- Class Surface ISurfdde- Road's ITank @xcav. w/o Basement wl Basement Comm. Bldg. Play Pat@h 22 Niklason 3 .15 99 3 18 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 23 Purches 4 .43 .32 4 40 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1; 24 Raven 6 .28 99 1 40 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 25 Riverwash 9 99 99 1 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 26 Salamatof 7 99 99 7 60 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 27 Slikok muck 4 .28 .28 6 40 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 28 Spenard 4 .37 .37 5 50 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 29 Starichkof 7 199 99 7 50 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 30 Torpedo Lake 7 24 28 6 47 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 31 Tuomi 2 .43 .32 3 42 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 32 Urban land 9 99 99 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 33 Rock outcrop 9 99 99 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 34 Homestead - Rockcrop 9 .37 99 4 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 35 Turnagain 4 .28 99 1 19 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 36 Turnagain - Rock outcrop 9 .28 99 2 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 50 Urbanland disturbed 9 99 99 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 51 Fire Island 9 99 99 9 99 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 Waterbody 8 81 88 8 81 8 1 8 8 1 8 8 11 8 8 Soil Expansion Code Legend Anchorage ITUM Agricultural Capability Class 1 = I 2 11 3 111 4 IV 5 V 6 VI 7 VII 8 VIII 9 Not Rated Drainage Rating 1 = Excessive 2 = Somewhat Excessive 3 = Well 4 = Moderately Well 5 = Somewhat Poor 6 = Poor 7 = Very Poor 9 = Not Rated Limitation Ratings 1 = Slight 2 = Moderate 3 = Severe 9 = Not Rated C- 5 . I APPENDIX D GRID MULTI-VARIABLE FILE ANCHORAGE ITUM MVF 1) ROW 2) COLUMN 3) MAP NUMBER 4) TERRAIN UNIT POLYGON NUMBER 5) LAND USE POLYGON NUMBER 6) TERRAIN UNIT TUNGEN NUMBER 7) LANDFORM TYPE 8) UNIQUE LANDFORM 9) LANDFORM 1 (1 CONNECTOR; 2-4 LANDFORM) 10) LANDFORM 2 (1 CONNECTOR; 2-4 LANDFORM) 11) LANDFORM 3 (1 CONNECTOR; 2-4 LANDFORM) 12) VEGETATION 13) GEOLOGY 14) SLOPE 15) SURFACE FORM 16) SOILS AND SOIL SURVEY (1 SOIL SURVEY; 2-3 SOIL. TYPE) 17) SLOPE STABILITY 18) MASS WASTING 19) SEISMICALLY INDUCED GROUND FAILURE 20) FLOOD/EROSION (I EROSION; 2 FLOOD) 21) FOUNDATION CONDITION 22) GROUNDWATER 23) PERMAFROST 24) WETLAND TYPE AND NAME (1-3 WETLAND NAME; 4 WETLAND TYPE) 25) HABITATS 26) ELEVATION PROVINCE 27) LAND USE 28) EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY SOILS MATRICES 29) AGRICULTURE CAPABILITY (i DIGIT) 30) K VALUES (1-2 SUBSURFACE VALUES; 3-4 SURFACE VALUES) 31) DRAINAGE/DEPTH (1-2 DEPTH; 3 DRAINAGE) 32) ROADS/SEPTIC/EXCAVATIONS (1 EXCAVATION; 2 SEPTIC; 3 ROADS) 33) 1,10 BASEMENT/W BASEMENT/BUILDINGS (1 BUILD; 2 W BASE; 3 WO BASE) 34) RECREATIONAL (1 PATH; 2 PLAY; 2 PLAY; 3 PICNIC; 4 CAMPING) D-1 OAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY 3 6668 14110045 5