Principal rivers & lakes of the world

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

PRINCIPAL RIVERS AND LAKES OF THE WORLD

Compiled by
PHYSICAL SCIENCE SERVCES BRANCH
SCIENTIFIC SERVICES DIVISION

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Ocean Survey

SEPTEMBER 1973
Rockville, Maryland

Table of Contents

Page

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

RIVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Rivers as Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Charting Waterways . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

LAKES . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Formation and Size . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Geologic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

APPENDIX (A): Principal Rivers of the World . 19

APPENDIX (B): List of Lakes of the World . . . 22
APPENDIX (C): List of Maps and Charts . . . . 24

INTRODUCTION

This report was prepared to provide nontechnical infor-
mation on lakes and rivers of the world. The contents
are a compilation of data from many sources developed
primarily to answer inquiries often received by the
National Ocean Survey for general information on lakes
and rivers.

Many State agencies issue informative material concerning
lakes and rivers within their States. Generally, requests
for such information should be addressed to the Department
of Conservation, State Capital. Other Federal agencies
who play an active role in development or preservation
of our natural resources as they affect our environment
include the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Department of
Health, Education., and Welfare; and the Department of
the Interior.

we live in an age,when man's environment is being
threatened by many factors to such an extent that not
on,ly does it affect the quality of our lives, but life
itself. We must understand the origin of our natural
resources and assure their future development without
further contamination being made to our oceans and air.
As the population of the earth grows, the danger to' lakes
and rivers as a natural resource increases. Water pollu-
tion and environmental studies haveescalated in recent
years from an accepted ecological science to a position
of social involvement and genuine concern for all of us
to take a defensive position in protecting our lakes
and rivers from total extinction.

Water is one of the basic commodities common to our way
of life. It rises from oceans to atmosphere and from
atmosphere back to earth. This exchange is known as the
hydrologic cycle. As the moisture falls back on the land,
replenishment is made by a unique system of natural channels
known as rivers and basins carved from the land which we
call lakes. Both rivers and lakes provide sources of
pure water to our planet.

RIVERS

Because rivers and their tributaries are so numerous
and widespread, they are among the most common place
phenomena of our natural resources. Rivers have pro-
vided the main supply of pure water for man's needs
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since earliest times. Primitive man depended, on rivers
for potable water, food, transportation, and other similar
needs.

It is rather difficult to define the word "river" as
applied to the enormous variety of physical character-
istics rivers exhibit. There are large rivers like
the Nile, Amazon, and Mississippi and little rivers
such as the Juniata in Pennsylvania. Governed by the
quality of precipitationsome rivers.in areas of the
world flow only after heavy rains, whereas Arctic rivers
like the Yukon and Mackenzie are frozen two-thirds of
the year.

The modern study of rivers began in the latter part of
the l9th century. Although rivers had been classified
before on the basis of length and other criteria, the
first effort to classify them on the basis of flow was
made by an Englishman, Dr. H. B. Guppy, around 188o.
While engaged in activities as a naturalist in China,
Dr. Guppy became interested in the Yangtze River. He
wanted to determine how much water flowed by in that
very fast-moving stream and was particularly fascinated
with the variation of flow. Using floats and sounding
lines to make his measurements, he calculated in gallons
per second the discharge at the mouth of the river*at
different times. His interest increased and in collabora-
tion with his contemporaries, he gathered comparable data
for 17 other large rivers in the world.
In appendix (A) we have attempted to illustrate the
character of the world's largest rivers as they are
intricately related to other aspects of world geography,
physiography, and climate. The list derived from several
sources portrays the 10 major rivers of the world selected
on the basis of length, size of drainage area, and flow.
The fact that half of the rivers are in Asia reveals
their association with the physiographic characteristics
of that huge continent--broad plains sloping gradually
to the oceans on the relatively humid northern and
eastern sides.

PRECIPITATION

The physical development of rivers results from rain
and snow that fall on the land and water flowing downhill
under the influence of gravity. In its travels from
highlands to-,the sea., water-collects-in channels that
converge doWn:@t:F&dftrto@-"&&-ke--prog-.res1-s.ivply larger rivers,
forming thereb'. an integrated netwox;k' 6:6@,water courses
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Figure I Apalachicola River, Florida. C&GS Photo.

(Figure 1) carried out by the flowing water. It is
interesting to note that if there were no rain or snow,
and if the land was always at a level plane, or if
the,temperature was always below freezing, there would
be no rivers.

Temperature regulates the evaporation and is the first
essential factor of water flow. The temperatures in
some parts of the world influence the amount of annual
flow and its monthly distribution to a greater extent
than precipitation is involved with the hydrologic cycle.
A long period of below-freezing temperatures would deter-
mine the amount of snow accumulated in river basins thus
affecting its flow during the spring thaw. Because of
this continuous change of season, daily river discharges
vary with temperature and precipitation.

EROSION

Erosion and transportation of rock debris by channels
of flowing water gradually carve out river valleys.
Some of themsuch as the Grand Canyor4are narrow, deep,
V-shaped gorges. Other4 like the lower Mississippiare
flat-bottomed and very wide. Extremes in this pattern
(Figure 2) reflect differences in either the speed or
duration of the eroding water. In general, valleys are
deep and narrow near their headwaters but gradually widen
downstream. Erosion caused by rivers constantly modifies
the land features of the earth. Given sufficient time
and provided no additional uplift occurred, the land
would eventually erode to a level plane surface. This
means simply the ultimate base level is sea level. The
area in which a river drains as it runs off is called
a drainage basin. Drainage basins are normally rectangular,
ovoid, or pear-shaped. The channel networks that cut
through them are arranged in more or less distinctive
patterns which are controlled by the shape and structure
of the rocks in the basin.

Rivers have considerable influence on many phases of
human life. River valleys commonly exhibit dense popu-
lated areas (Figure 3). They hold fertile soil, a smooth
terrain, and an inherent capacity as a bowel for nature
to continue its ever ending cycle. On some rivers, such
as the Nile and Euphrates, the population pattern and
drainage pattern essentially coincide. The location of
many cities was originally determined by the economic
.advantages and physical limitations associated with
rivers. An example of this is Washington, D.C., and

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Figure 2 Columbia River at Portland, Oregon. C&GS Photo.

Figure 3 Mississippi River at New Orleans, Louisiana. C&GS Photo.

Philadelphia, which are both near flow centers on the
Potomac and Delaware Rivers, respectively. New York
City, one of the largest cities in the world, owes
much of its growth to the Hudson River. From its
beginning under Dutch control, New York City has grown
steadily due to its advantage with water,commerce.
Although their function as transportation arteries
has diminished in developed parts of the world, rivers
have become increasingly important to agriculture,
industry, defense, and urban concentrations.

RIVERS AS BOUNDARIES

Many rivers possess international stature because they
either flow through the sovereign territory of more
than one country or form boundaries between countries.
Since water runs the course of least resistance without
respect to mants civil domain, the hydrographic features
of continents cannot be expected to conform to political
patterns. Only when boundary markers take rivers or
watersheds into consideration in delimiting sovereignty,
can there be any positive correlation between the two
systems. One can see from a world map, rivers do act
as international boundaries. This function, however,
is a paradoxical one since rivers unite rather than
divide. A river's valley generally provides the easiest
transportation route from one point to another. As men-
tioned earlier, commerce is drawn to such locations; thus,
a river valley tends to be a homogeneous area in which
common regional interests seem to warrant unified
political control.

Of the 50 some rivers in the world that have a length
of 1,000 or more miles, 32 may be classed as international.
Many shorter streams also fall into thisIcategory in-
cluding such examples as the Yarmuk and the Niagara
which measure only 50 miles and 36 miles, respectively.
International rivers range in complexity from the Danube.,
which touches the territory of eight European states,
to streams like the Red River of the North which flows
from the United States into Canada.

CHARTING WATERWAYS

A vast amount of information is needed for the proper
evaluation of the development potential of rivers.
Surveys and charts of river systems are indispensable
in present and future planning.

With the explorat ion of outer space well on its way,
accurate geographic knowledge of the earth is still
largely in a data processing stage; much basic infor-
mation concerning rivers in certain parts of the world
is vague, sketchy, or even nonexistent. Contradictions
exist in the lengths of some of the major rivers, and
the precise area of their drainage basins is not always
certain.

The National Ocean Survey (formerly the U.S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey) has surveyed and accurately charted
the depths of the tidal portions of major rivers in-
cluding the Mississippi to New Orleans, the Hudson River
to Troy, New York, and the Columbia River to the Dalles.
Yet there is much to be learned about the great rivers
if they are to be used effectively.

The Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, has
determined the length, drainage area, and average flow
near the mouth of many major rivers in the United States
and the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, has determined
navigable depths of rivers included in their rivers
and harbors program.

Perhaps the most significant aspect of a river in a
highly productive country like the United States is its
flow, for this is what supplies the vast amount of water
needed by cities for industry and transportation, and
to aid in solving potential environmental problems
resulting from pollution. At present, the National
oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is concerned
with water circulatory problems as they relate to the
transport of pollutants of all types.

In addition to river flow, much remains to be learned
about the river stages from drought to flood, chemical
and salt content, and the movement of silt. Since the
topography and vegetation of all parts of a river's
basin affect the flow and general nature of the river,
these factors must be surveyed and mapped. In fact,
maps and charts of nearly every kind are important in
the study of rivers. Meteorological data showing cyclic
fluctuations are necessary, as well as other essential
data, to supplement surveys required in comprehensive
river studies.

Intensive research must continue as an integral part of
national concern with our environment to provide essen-
tial geographic data for future development of the nationts
waterways. The results are best portrayed in surveys,
maps, and charts.

. . . . . . . . . .

Hudson River at George Washington Bridge, New York

LAKES

Born from ice, shaped by the ages, and mellowed by the
elements for millenmiums are the lakes of the world.
They delight the eye, inspire the poet, and encourage
the soul with their magnificent beauty. A gift from
nature to be considered a treasured possession of our
environment are these basins of shimmering liquid.
Unfortunately, this has not entirely been the case.
Our lakes have become polluted to such dangerous pro-
portions that they pose a threat to mants health and
well being. An example of this pollution problem is
the Great Lakes which will be discussed a little later.
To say simply that the lakes of the world are magnifi-
cently beautiful, or to quote poetic phases, does not
explain the vital link the lakes forge between a source
of recreation and civilization's growing obligation to
preserve lakes as a natural resource.

ORIGIN

In order for one to enjoy a lake for its beauty and as
a national resource, we must first understand and appre-
ciate the origin and environmental affect it has on our
society. A lake may be defined as an inland body of
still water, either salt or fresh. Lakes are nearly
universally distributed over our planet but are most
abundant in high altitudes and in mountainous regions
of the globe.

Lakes may form in any undrained depression or in any
basin that has an outlet somewhat above the lowest part
of the depression where there is an adequate supply of
water to keep the basin filled. Lakes act as natural
reservoirs collecting water from river, snow, springs,
and other forms of surface runoff. In some cases a lake
develops from exposing the underground water table.

Natural lakes are associated with glacial action,
volcanic displacement, warping of the earth's crust,
or other phenomena. Unquestionably more of the world1s
.present lakes were produced by glacial action than
any other single agent. The glaciers that covered
the North American continent during the Ice Age gouged
out undrained depression* -in bedrock., thereby producing
tens of thousands of rook-shored lakes in Canada.,
northern United States, Finland, and parts of Sweden.

Glaciers also created lakes by depositing across pre-
existing drainage patterne rook debris that dam up the

streams, creeks, and thereby form lakes that develop
behind the natural dams. Oftentimes glacial debris,
spread indiscriminately over the landscape, leave
scattered small shallow swales or depressions, and
these would then slowly develop into lakes through
the runoff associated with the glacier.

There are some lakes which appear and disappear. This
phenomenon is mostly found in mountains that have been
formed by landslides or mud flows which block the drainage
pattern. They are short lived, however, because the
outlet at the lower end is quickly cut down through the
relatively unrestricted material which formed the blockage.
As a glacier melts, it sometimes leaves deep pits called
"Kettle Holes" which fill with water and in some instances
become lakes, depending on the drainage pattern and geo-
logic structure. Mountain glaciers also produce lakes
in valleys by the same processes of erosion and deposition.
Most, though not all, mountain lakes have had a glacial
beginning.

Lakes are constantly being subjected to destruction by
drainage, fill caused by sediment, or evaporation of
lake water. The very substance, that being precipita-
tion, which replenishes a lakets water supply eventually
will destroy it. In arid regions of the world where
precipitation is slight and evaporation great, lake
levels rise and fall with the seasons and sometimes
dry up completely for long periods. In lakes where
evaporation prevents the water from overflowing the basin
rime, substances dissolved in the water become concentrated
as more water enters the basin. The dissolved matter,.
brought into the lakes by tributary streams.,.varies in
composition with the nature of the rocks in the local
drainage system. The principal mineral constituent of
salt lakes is common.salt; bitter lakes contain sulfates;
alkali 1-a7es contain -c-ar-gonates; bo-r-a-R-lakes contain
Fo-rates; anff some lakes contain a combin-aTT-on of several
of-TRe-above minerals.

Lakes in the United States which are saline in nature
are normally found in the Great Basin that includes
nearly all of Nevada, the western half of Utah, and
parts of California, Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming. In
this region there are no outlets to the ocean. The
rivers and drainage patterns that originate in the Great
Basin eventually empty into lakes from which the water
has no escape except by evaporation.

FORMATION & SIZE

Lakes occur at all altitudes; an example would be the
Dead Sea at 1,292 feet below sea level in comparison
to the lakes of the Himalayan region at more than
16,000 feet,above sea level. In Appendix (B) we
provide a list of natural lakes of the world by con-
tinent and depth to illustrate the variety of locations
and size. The Great Lakes of the United States and
Canada constitute the world's greatest array of large
lakes. In fact, because of their enormous size, the
Great Lakes are tabulated separately. The Lakes ar6,
in effect, inland seas and cannot be compared with other
world lakes of similar overal3r, size. Lake Superior has
the greatest fresia-water surf,-_t:,..a area (31,820 sq. mi.),
but by volume it is not the largest lake in the world.
That honor goes to Lake Baikal in southern Siberia
which has a considerably smaller surface area (12,162
sq. mi.) but is so deep that its total volume is greater
than that of Lake Superior.

Spread across North America are at least eight lakes
with areas larger than 7,000 sq. mi.--Lakes Ontario,
Erie, Huron, Michigan, Superior, Winnipeg, Great Slave,
and Great Bear. Several hundred miles west of Lake
Baikal in southwestern Siberia there is located yet
another very large lake, Lake Balkhash.

In east Africa there is a group of large lakes, one
which has a surface area second only to Superior--Lake
Victoria. Others in the region include Rudolph and
Tanganyika. South America, too, contains large lakes.
Lake Titeaca, located on the Peru-Bolivian border, is
one of the largest in the world. Lake Maracaihos a
shallow arm of the sea in northern Venezuela, can be
considered second only to Lake Titeaca in South America.

GREAT LAKES

The Great Lakes have provided a means of water commerce
to the midsection of our nation and play an important
role in the industrial development of the United States.
The industrial centers which have sprung up along the
shoreline with the completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway
have afforded one of the greatest industrial concentra-
tions in our history. Seagoing vessels of up to 25,000
tons can sail between the Atlantic Ocean and Duluth,
Minnesota, a distance of around 2,300 miles.

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Figure 4 - Hoover Dam, Boulder Basin-Lake Mead. C&GS Photo.

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Figure 5 Hoover Dam, Arizona-Nevada. Courtesy: National Park Service.

This tremendous growth has brought to the Great Lakes
an environmental crisis. Pollution of various types
threaten to destroy the recreational and service abilities
of the lakes. However., in recent years the municipalities
and industrial interests,that utilize the lakes1waters
are making some effort to correct this danger before
it becomes a national dilemma.

GEOLOGIC FEATURES

Geologic factors associated with lakes are by far the
most important area one should consider while engaged
in lake study. Such geological features as craters of
extinct or dormant volcanoes commonly contain lakes.
Crater Lake in Oregon is one of the best known examples.
At various places the earthts crust has been moved or
broken into fallen sections which fill with water.
Lake Michigan may be attributable partly to this warp-
ing effect. Lake Superior may claim origin as well to
this seismological experience.

Viewed by a geological time scale, lakes are short-lived
features of the earthts crust. As we have already re-
viewed, lakes begin in several ways, but as soon as they
are formed, there are three processes which begin their
eventual destruction. First, as lakes fill with water,
the inflowing streams bring with it sediment, thereby
starting the process of filling the basin. Second, if
sufficient amounts of water fill the depression to over-
flowing, the water runoff will tend to erode a notch
through the lip of the basin and slowly enlarge it until
it is drained. Finally, the sediment deposits which
have steadily been flowing in may include vegetation
that would change small lakes into swamps and eventually
dry up.

Limnology is the science that deals with the physical,
chemical, and biological properties of lakes. Limnolo-
gists have found lakes to be prime factors in our
environment. Because lakes constitute the major areas
of fresh water found on the earth's surface, they afford
a highly specialized type of environment for both plants
and animals. Limnologists have noted.many world lakes
exhibit current flow. one particularly interesting type
of current allows some of the material brought into a
lake to be carried through the standing water and flow
directly back out its drainage pattern.

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Figure 6 -Lake Mead, Arizona-Nevada. Courtesy- National Park Service.

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Figure 7 Camp Evans located on Roosevelt Lake, Washington. Courtesy: Bureau of Recla

RECREATION

Lakes have for centuries provided vistas that enhance
man's environment and are among the most beautiful
natural features that man enjoys. It is not unusual
then that we find today lakes as a prime attraction
for summer and winter sports or for a Sunday outing.
The beauty and the recreational qualities of lake
regions attract sightseers as well as seasonal residents.

Lakes demonstrate ways in which the splendor of nature
is revealed through eons of geological change. But
in today's world, the appeal and attractiveness of lakes
in many cases may be degraded by the pollution of man.
Lake Powell, located in Glen Canyon, has in recent years
developed into a haven for recreational interests.
Though the region is still under development and for
the most part remote from large population centers,
nearly 360,000 people swarmed to its shores last year.
At the height of the season, 1,200 boats were launched
weekly. Visitors who are drawn to Lake Powell's crystal
waters may also see its multicolored, canyon-carved
walls, unrivaled by any other large lake in the world.

According to the Army Corps of Engineers, reservoir
basins alone last year registered over 250 million
visitors in the United States. The recreation boom
has developed areas in our country that previously
were isolated sections and now are major commercial
centers (Figure 6) for all types of outdoor activities.
Over 400 state, county, and municipal parks under the
Corps of Engineers reservoir program have a combined size
of more than a quarter million acres. The reverberations
of the recreation boom to lakes will grow as our popula-
tion grows and, with this moveincreased public interest
should go far to assure environmental protection to
these priceless gifts of nature.

19
APPENDDC (A)

List of Principal Rivers of the World

Drainage
Area Flow
Length (Thousands (Thousands
Name Continent (Miles) SQ.mi.) CFS)

(Major Rivers of the World)

Nile Africa 4,132 1,293 110

Amazon S. America 3,915 2,722 4,200

Mississippi-Missouri N. America 3,892 1,243.7 620

Yangtze Asia 3,434 756.5 770

Congo Africa 2,900 1,425 2,000

Amur Asia 2,900 711 390

Lena Asia 2,650 963 530

Yenisei Asia 2,566 1,003 614

La Plata-Parana S. America 2,450 1,198 2,800

Ob Asia 2,287 1,431 441

Amazon S. America 3,915 2,722 4,200

Amu Darya (Oxus) Asia 1,500 115

Amur Asia 2,900 711 390

Amur-Shilka-Onon Asia 2,700 711 390

Araguaia S. America 1,367

Arkansas N. America 1,450 157.9 45

Brahmaputra Asia 1,800 361 500

Churchill N. America 1,000 140

Colorado N. America 1,450 244 23

Columbia N. America 1,21-4 258 235

20
Drainage
Area Flow
Length (Thousands (Thousands
Name Continent (miles) Sq.Mi.) CFS)

Congo Africa 2,900 1,425 2,000

Danube Europe 1,760 347 200

Dnieper Europe 1,420 202 59

Don Europe 1,224 107.8 32

Euphrates Asia 1,700 295

Ganges Asia 1,540 188.8 470

Hwang Ho Asia 2,903 400 116

Indus Asia 1,800 377 300

Irrawaddy Asia 1,425 158

Irtysh-Black Irtysh Asia 2,640 616 106

Kasai Africa 1,338 350 380

Kolyma Asia 1,600 248.7 13

La Plata-Parana S. America 2,450 1,198 2,800

Lena Asia 2,650 936 530

Limpopo Africa 1,100 170

Mackenzie N.,-,'America 2,635 682 450

Madeira S. America 2,013 600

Mekong Asia 2,600 350 600

Mississippi-Missouri N. America 3,892 1,243.7 620
Mississippi N. America 2,3 .48 1,243.7 620

Missouri N. America 2,466 529.4 64

Murray Australia 1,609 414.2 14

Murray-Darling Australia 3,371 414.2 14

Niger Africa 2,600 584 250

Nile Africa 4,132 1,293 110

21.
Drainage
Area Flaw
Length (Thousands (Thousands
Name Continent (Miles) --Sq.Mi.) CFS)

Ob Asia 2,287 1,431 441

Ob-Irtysh-Black Irtysh Asia 3,416 959.5 441

Ohio N. America 976 203.9 231

Orange Africa 1,300 400 1-2.6

Orinoco S. America 1,700 350 600

Paraguay S. America 1,584 16o

Parana S. America 2,796 1,198 550

Purus S. America 1,995

Rhine Europe 820 85 78

Rio Grande N. America 1,885 172 2.7

Salween Asia 1,770 62.7

Sao Francisco S. America 1,811 252 120

Saskatchewan N. America 1,66o 360

St. Lawrence-Great Lakes N. America 2,100 565 360

Syr Darlya-Naryn Asia 1,66o 84 15.2

Tigris Asia 1,181 145

Tocantins S. America 1,677

Ural Europe 1,575 84 13
Volga Europe 2,292 532.8 286

Volta Africa 710 139

Yangtze Asia 3,434 756.5 770

Yellow Asia 21901 486 116

Yenisei Asia 2,566 1,003 614

Yenisei-Angara Asia 3,100 1,003 61-4

Yukon N. America 1,979 334 216.5

Zambesi Africa 1,700 513.5 300

22
APPENDIX (B)

Natural Lakes of the World

Name Continent Depth-Feet Sq.Mile Area Length-Miles

Albert Africa 54 2,075 100

Aral Sea Asia 223 25,300 280

Athabasca N. America 407 3,120 208

Balkhash Asia 85 6,720 373

Baykal Asia 5,315 11,780 395
Caspian Sea Asia/Europe 3,264 143,550 760

Chad Africa 24 5,300 175

Dubawnt N. America (N.A.) .1,600 69

Erie N. America 210 9,910 241

Eyre Australia 4 2,970 go

Gairdner Australia (N.A.) 1,840 go

Great Bear N. America 1,356 12,275 192

Great Slave N. America 2,015 10,980 298

Great Salt Lake N. America 48 1,500 75

Huron N. America 750 23,000 206

Issyk Kul Asia 2,303 2,355 115

Kariba Africa 390 2,050 175

Khanka Asia 33 1,700 55

Koko (TSing) Asia 125 1,625 68

Kyoga Africa 25 1,710 50

Ladago Europe 738 6,835 120

Lake of the Woods N. America, 69 1,695 72

Manitoba N. America 12 1,817 140

Maracibo S. America 115 5,127 96

Name Continent Depth-Feet Sct.Mile Area Length-Miles

Michigan N. America 923 22,400 307

Mweru Africa t54 1,770 76

Nettilling N. America. N.A.) 1, 670 72

Nicaragua N. America 230 3,100 102

NiDigon N. America 540 1,@370 72

Nyasa Africa 2,226 11,430 360

Omega Europe 361 3,710 145

Ontario N. America, 902 7,600 193

Pend Oreille N. America .1,200 148 (N.A.)

Reindeer N. America (N.A.) 2,467 143

Rudolf Africa 200 2,473 154

Su-oerior N. America 1,333 31,800 350

Tahoe N. America 1,645 193 (N.A.)

Tanganuika Africa 4,710 12,700 420

Titicaca S. America 922 3,200 122

Torrens Australia (N.A.) 2,230 130

Tungting Asia (N.A.) 1,430 75

Urmia Asia 49 1, k'15 90

Vanern Euroj)e 328 .2,156 91

Van Golu Asia 82 1,419 80

Victoria Africa 265 26,828 250

Volta Africa (N.A.) 3,276 250

Winnipeg N. America 60 9,464 266

Winnipegosis N. America 36 2,103 141

APPENDIX (C)

MAP AND CHART PUBLISHING AGENCIES

Information on maps and navigational charts of lakes and rivers some

illustrating water depths, navigation aids, and related publications

are listed below and may be obtained from the agencies indicated:

Agenc Lakes Rivers

National Ocean Survey Franklin D. Roosevelt Caloosahatchee
Washington Science Center Mead Columbia
Rockville, Maryland 20852 Nitinat Connecticut
Okeechobee Delaware
Pend Oreille Hudson
Tahoe James
Kennebec
Neuse
New
Pamlico
Penobscot
Potomac
Rappahannock
Savannah
St. Johns
York
and others

National Ocean Survey Cayuga St. Lawrence to
Lake Survey Center Champlain Cornwall
630 Federal Building Great Lakes New York State
Detroit, Michigan 48226 Minnesota-Ontario Barge Canal
border lakes
Oneida
Seneca

Corps of Engineer Ohio and tributaries
315 Main Street
P. 0. Box 1159
Cincinnati, Ohio 45201

Corps of Engineers Middle and upper
536 South Clark Street Mississippi River
Chicago, Illinois 60605 and Illinois Waterway
to Lake Michigan

Agenc Lakes Rivers

Corps of Engineers Atchafalaya
P.O. Box 80 Big Sunflower
Vicksburg, Mississippi 39181 Calcasieu
Lower Mississippi River
from Cairo, Illinois
to Gulf of Mexico

Corps of Engineers Missouri
P. 0. Box 1216
Downtown Station
Omaha, Nebraska 68101

Tennessee Valley Authority Cherokee-Douglas Tennessee and tributaries
110 Pound Building Nolichucky
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401 Chickamauga
Fontana
Guntersville-Hales
Bar
Hiwassee
Kentucky
Norris
Pickwick Landing
Upper Holston
Watts Bar-Fort Laudoun
Melton Hill
Wheeler-Wilson

Chart Distribution Canadian Great Lakes Coastal waters
Office, Canadian
Hydrographic Service
615 Booth Street
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Defense Mapping Agency (Foreign waters)
Hydrographic Center
Washington, D. C. 20390

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COASTAL ZONE
INFORMATION CENTER

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