    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                                       Coastal Zone                                             COASTAL ZoNt
                                        information
                                           Center
                                                                                                                       CENTER

                                                                                                   SEP 1        7
                                                                                                                    1974

                                                          NOTE.S ON THE TEXAS GULF COAST

                                                         A S A T 0 U R I S M - R E C R E A T 10 N R E G 1 0 N

                                                                                  Prepared by

                                                                                Dr. Clare Gunn

                                                                         PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT

                                                                            TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY

                                                                                 October 1970

                                                                                      for

                                                                     COASTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

                                                                      INTERAGENCY NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL
                                       0                               DIVISION OF PLANNING COORDINATION

                                                                            OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR

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                                               1970

                                                   N 0 T E S 0 N T H E. T E X A S 6 U L F C 0 A S T

                                                  A S A T 0 U R I S M - R E C R E A T 1 0 N R E G 1 0 N

                                                  INTRODUCTION

                                                        The purpose of this paper is to provide a cursory assessment
                                                  of the present resource management of the Texas Gulf coast for
                                                  tourism and recreation. Although tourism and recreation are not
                                                  synonymous, both involve many of the same land resources, manage-
                                                  ment systems, and groups of users. Both arise from similar factors
                                                  of human behavior - the desire to carry on pleasurable non-work
                                                  activities near and away from home. For purposes here, the binomial
                                                  tourism-recreation is construed to include the full range of activity
                                                  from the most active to the most passive, from the lowest-priced
                                                  to the most costly, from those heavily natural resource-based to
                                                  those mostly man-contrived, from indoor to outdoor, and from park
                                                  and resource "conservation" to exploitation for profit.

                                                        Society now demands management of all coastal land for both
                                                  short and long-range protection of the resource base at the same
                                                  time it expects greater and greater opportunity for leisure use of
                                                  the resources. It is no longer willing to accept the role of the
                                                  terrestrial-marine interface as one great waste system that precludes
                                                  many uses equally as vital to human life as industrialization.

                                                        In the pastj tourism and recreation - just as was true of
                                                  forestry and mining - were assumed to be "free goods," placed at
                                                  our disposal by Nature for the taking. Items such as scenery, water,
                                                  fish, mountains, and clean air were gifts and if an area had them
                                                  it was blessed with opportunities to enjoy them; if not, it had no
                                                  tourism or recreation.

                                                        Now we are recognizing that water, of and by itself, does not
                                                  create recreation even though it may provide a base for recreation
                                                  activities. Having a resource asset does not automatically provide
                                                  for recreation any more than iron ore produces automobiles. Modern
                                                  tourism and recreation are dependent upon the technology and managerial
                                                  principles that will create the complexes that provide for the human
                                                  experience sought by people at leisure. Thus, if the resources of
                                                  a region, such as the Texas Gulf coast are to be husbanded adequately,
                                                  sound policies of resource evaluation, protection and development
                                                  must be formulated.

                                                        Nationally, there is nothing to suggest a lessening or even
                                                  leveling of pressure for use of ocean coasts for recreation and tourism.
                                                  One nationwide study projects an increase of "direct" ocean recreation

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                                                   activity occasions (swimming, fishing, boating, water skiing, surfing,
                                                   skin diving) from 689 million in 1965 to 1,121 million in 1980.
                                                   Many forces now contribute to the desire to make greater use of the
                                                   Texas Gulf coast in the immediate and long-range future.

                                                   USER PRESSURE ON COASTAL RESOURCES

                                                        There are several reasons to believe that the coast will continue
                                                   to be a population growth region. This trendis already clear for all
                                                   coastal regions of the United States. The total population of the
                                                   18 counties along the Texas Gulf coast grew by 549,869 between 1960
                                                   and 1970, an increase of 23.6%. Increases in development of manu-
                                                   facturing, shipping, mining and tourism hold promise of continued
                                                   growth of population. Others point to great growth due to processing
                                                   imported ores.

                                                        The development of more tourism and recreation attractions
                                                   is increasing the lure of the region. Already complexes of vacation
                                                   homes, theme parks, and public parks are being added to the volume
                                                   of recreational opportunity. Future plans for the region include the
                                                   installation of several new reservoirs. These will increase the
                                                   attractiveness of the coast for recreational use, particularly for
                                                   freshwater activities not now available.

                                                        The influential activities of promotion@ advertising and publicity
                                                   continue to increase. The Texas Tourist Development Agency has stepped
                                                   up its national advertising; a new organization of attractions, The
                                                   Discover Texas Association, has been formed; and the several coastal
                                                   cities are increasing their promotional efforts. The publicity
                                                   accompanying the formation of Padre Island National Seashore has already
                                                   heightened the public's stepped up awareness of this national attraction.

                                                        Recently, there has been a slight increase in the use of spring
                                                   and fall periods for recreational purposes. This may be a clue to
                                                   greater use in the future as more people in less favorable climates
                                                   learn of the generally pleasurable weather during these periods.
                                                   As these vacation times are promoted, there may be even greater in
                                                   interest in the coast of Texas.

                                                        The image and acceptability of the South as a destination tourism-
                                                   recreation region is improving, largely due to more widespread instal-
                                                   lation of air conditioning and the development of new lures, such
                                                   as Astrodomain. As the interstate highway system is completed, access
                                                   from populous regions beyond the coastal region will be made easier.
                                                   In spite of the recent damaging effects of hurricanes, the attitude
                                                   toward such natural hazards on the coast does not appear to be negative,
                                                   as evidenced by the amount of reconstruction and continued growth.

                                                        It should be emphasized that these growth pressures are concen-
                                                   trated in specific locales rather than widely or evenly dispersed over
                                                   the Texas Gulf coast. Geographically, recreational growth pressures
                                                   appear to be following industrial and settlement growth - primarily
                                                   at two focal points; the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria area and the

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                                                         OPPORTUNITIES FOR TOURISTS ALONG            THE     ASTAL ,   'ONE.

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                                                    Corpus Christi area. Other nodes are located at Brownsville, Port
                                                    Lavaca, and Beaumont. Vast stretches of the Texas Gulf coast are
                                                    yet "undeveloped" in the sense that few permanent structures or land
                                                    improvements have been installed. Many of these counties actually
                                                    lost population in the last decade.

                                                    A REGION IN TR4NSITION

                                                         Following a long period of relative stagnation or even reduction
                                                    in tourism-recreation development, several shifts are now appearing.

                                                         Both Corpus Christi and Galveston had at one time a number of
                                                    large hotels catering primarily to resort destination use. This
                                                    was comparable to the steamboat-railroad era of resorting in America
                                                    popular in New York and the Great Lakes region. Although some of
                                                    these remain, a new resorting expression is appearing as motel,
                                                    motor inn, and vacation home developments along the coast.

                                                         Traditionally, the prime lure of the coast for recreation has
                                                    been fishing. Although this continues to be the greatest use, there
                                                    is a growing response from non-fishing activities: surfing, beach
                                                    lounging, camping, picnicking,,shelling, and wildZife appreciation.

                                                         As water pollution, oil production, shell dredging and shipping
                                                    increase, certain locations are experiencing drastic reduction in
                                                    quality of resource and therefore quality of recreational experience,
                                                    Some tocaZities are now denied any recreationaZ experience at a1Z.

                                                         Gradually, there appears to be increased interest in clustered
                                                    or packaged types of recreational developments. For example, the
                                                    county parks, the National Seashore, the theme parks, and historic
                                                    clusters are becoming more important offerings in the total supply
                                                    of attractions. In fact, there is growing interest in man-organized
                                                    and created attraction complexes (either natural resource-based or
                                                    not) rather than undeveloped raw resources for recreation. For example,
                                                    the Padre Island natural resources.have been there a long time but did
                                                    not have great visitation until the National Seashore was identified,
                                                    publicized, managed, and provided with auto access, trails, services
                                                    and facilities, even though they are now only a fraction of the total
                                                    planned development.

                                                         InternaZ coastaZ sociaZ changes m.u8t be recognized. As minority
                                                    groups (particularly Latin and Negro) gain status, they become greater
                                                    participants of recreational areas. This results in some shifts and
                                                    stratification of use in some of the established recreational areas,
                                                    especially in city parks.

                                                    THE NATURE OF COASTAL RECREATION

                                                         If coastal recreation is to be understood, two questions must
                                                    be dealt with:

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                                                             What is unique about coastal recreation generally?

                                                             How does the Texas Gulf coast compare with others?

                                                        Coastal recreation may be classified three ways: (1) exclusively
                                                   coastal, (2) general water-oriented, and (3) other. Coastal recreation
                                                   is like none other by virtue of the land-sea amalgam. The land
                                                   edge against a major water body represents a special leisure activity
                                                   base. Here one can participate in such exclusively seacoast activities
                                                   as surfing, skin diving, underwater exploration, spearfishing, beach-
                                                   c?mbing, coastal lounging and swimming, coastal hunting, coastal
                                                   fishing, and general coastal aesthetic appreciation.

                                                        Although it has not been documented, it would appear that the
                                                   latter is a maJor reason fop seeking out coastal areas for recreation.
                                                   Obtaining the long vistas, watching for ocean-going vessels, feeling
                                                   the ocean breezes, contemplating the historic past and legends of the
                                                   sea, and possibly seeing porpoises or whales on the horizon are some
                                                   of the lures of seacoast recreation. These are not possible along
                                                   inland waters.

                                                        In addition, coastal waters (including the bays and estuaries)
                                                   frequently provide many of the same recreational opportunities as do
                                                   other water bodies: swimming, boating, motor-boating, sailing, canoeing,
                                                   waterskiing, and fishing. Because these are not exclusively coastal,
                                                   they can take place on waters near or somewhat distant from the sea-
                                                   shore. For example, wherever a new reservoir is built, it may provide
                                                   these activities as well as (or better than) the seashore.

                                                        It must also be recognized that a coastal region can and often
                                                   does support many of the same kinds of recreational activity as
                                                   elsewhere, such as hiking, sunning, bird watching, horseback riding,
                                                   picnicking, camping photography, sketching, painting, sightseeing
                                                   (scenic, scientific: historical), and nature study (biological, geolog-
                                                   ical, botanical) as well as many indoor activities, such as nightlife,
                                                   conventioneering, visiting friends and relatives, vacation home use,
                                                   indoor sports, theater and many other urban-oriented leisure activities.

                                                   THE TEXAS GULF COAST

                                                        The basic natural resource characteristics for exclusive coastal
                                                   recreational activities are abundant along the Gulf Coast of Texas.
                                                   Waterfront resources generally are of a quality that would support
                                                   lounging, beachcombing, and general aesthetic appreciation. Although
                                                   the topographic, vegetative, aquatic, climatic, and wildlife factors
                                                   are not spectacular (as compared to other U. S. or world coasts)
                                                   they are of sufficient quality to offer a reasonable degree of
                                                   recreational satisfactions when so developed. For populations within
                                                   Texas and nearby states who are unable to travel to exotic coasts,
                                                   the Texas Gulf coast represents the only seacoast available to them.

                                                      DUCK HUNTERS NORMALLY GET THEIR LIMIT THROUGHOUT THE O)ASTAL    E.

                                                             PHOTO COURTESY OP TRXW PARKS & WILDLIP9 DEPARTANYT

                                                         Hunting, fishing and contact marine recreation activities, such
                                                    as skin diving, underwater exploration, spearfishing and swimming
                                                    would be possible along much of the coast, bays and estuaries with
                                                    some notable exceptions. In portions of Galveston Bay, for example,
                                                    the water quality is so poor that none of these recreational activities
                                                    can take place.

                                                         Extensive stretches of the seacoast consist of such gradual
                                                    changes in elevation and such finely divided soils that they are mud
                                                    flats or wetlands for most of the year. These regions are poorly
                                                    suited to many recreational developments but are well adapted to wild-
                                                    life types of recreation. Those recreational activities not demanding
                                                    shoreline resource assets are supported by much of the coastal lands
                                                    and are already developed to some extent.

                                                         On the whole, one can engage in several types of recreational
                                                    activity if he seeks it out. The total economic significance of
                                                    investments, trade, and employment oriented to recreational coastal
                                                    activities is substantial when one considers the public lands,
                                                    recreation-oriented roads, vacation homes, motels, hotels, restau-
                                                    rants, and marine facilities.

                                                         Actually, the unifying characteristics.of the Texas Gulf coast
                                                    as an overall region are weak compared to the strength of subregional
                                                    entities. The dominant characteristic of the sea provides linkage
                                                    throughout but historically, economically, and socially, this soon
                                                    breaks down into segments, generally oriented along river watersheds.
                                                    The linkage between ocean, bay,.estuary, port, port city, river system,
                                                    and the watershed with its special topographic, climatic, and vege-
                                                    tative characteristics is stronger than is the lateral linkage,paral-
                                                    lel,ing the coast. Therefore, any assessment of the Gulf Coast of
                                                    Texas must recognize the strength of water-basedfingers reaching
                                                    from the coast into the hinterland.

                                                    RECREATION AND TOURISM PROBLEMS

                                                         Because no major objective study of the Texas Gulf coast has
                                                    been made to properly assess the limitations or problems of tourism
                                                    or recreation to date, the following is subject to revision and-
                                                    correction as new information is found. There appears to be a number
                                                    of situations today that suggest the need for detailed scrutiny of the
                                                    region to ameliorate or eliminate*some of its tourism-recreation
                                                    difficulties. It is obvious that much is needed to guide the
                                                    onslaught of-growth in this field.

                                                         1.  The variety of activities-now available appears to be
                                                             extremely low. The simpler and more natural-resource
                                                             oriented activities such as:sports, fishing and boating have
                                                             dominated to date. At many coasta1areas it is difficult
                                                             to find development that allows nature interpretation,
                                                             industrial tours, recreation vehicle camps, resorts, water-
                                                             -oriented tours, scenic drives, trails, visiting historic
                                                             sites, obtaining entertainment, and high quality food service
                                                             and lodging.-

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                                                         2.   Generally. wher6 the resource quality has degenerated the
                                                              most, the deman@ for recreation-tourism activity is greatest.
                                                              The demand is concentrated in the very place where other
                                                              demands - manufacturing, shipping, oil drilling, dredging -
                                                              are increasing@pollution both of water and of air. And
                                                              resource degredation is increasing. In other words, one
                                                              cannot assume that the great length of the coast and the
                                                              abundance of shoreline resources are necessarily of equal
                                                              strength in supporting development and use.

                                                         3.   Because there has been-no concerted effort toward relating
                                                              population centers (either coastal or outside) with the
                                                              coastal resources for tourism-recreation, transportation
                                                              and access are difficult. The relatively few public parks
                                                              and commerc iallfacilities (resorts, motels, marinas) make
                                                              it difficult for a person to find access to the basic natural
                                                              resources, particularly the waterfront. One assumption has
                                                              been misleading - that of "open beach." Prevalent is the
                                                              fallacy that allowing promiscuous driving and multiple use
                                                              along the beach is solving access. In affect, the develop-
                                                              ment of a shoreline thoroughfare creates serious internal
                                                              conflict among those who wish,to enjoy the waterfront.

                                                         4.   There is little evidence that plans for development have
                                                              been integrated between separate decision-makers. There-
                                                              fore, the juxtaposition of development tends to be chaotic,
                                                              lacking in functional relationship, and aesthetically cluttered,
                                                              This characteristic of course, occurs dominantly in those
                                                              areas of the more intense-development. But, even in some of
                                                              the more sparsely developed locations,this lack of functional
                                                              interrelationship is also true. The application of good
                                                              planning, goodi,site design, good structural design and
                                                              good management is limited rather than,widespread.

                                                         5.   There is evidence that no overall guidelines are available
                                                              to accept the new growth which is inevitably on its way.
                                                              If the difficulties of resource erosion and lack of tourism-
                                                              recreation functionalism are to be corrected and if the
                                                              opportunities.offered by the remaining undeveloped resource
                                                              base are to be tapped, some overall direction,and order
                                                              must be developed. This is no criticism of present planning
                                                              forces or those who have already declared an interest in
                                                              better development of the coast. It is merely a statement
                                                              of need above and beyond the present effort, particularly
                                                              directed toward tourism-and recreation interests.

                                                    SPECIAL STUDY NEEDS

                                                         The above review of the situation reveals need for certain
                                                    special information andinsight in order to protect the future
                                                    valuable resource assets of the unique Texas Gulf coast and assure
                                                    their wise management for tburism,and recreational uses. At least
                                                    the following four are importani,atIthis time.

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                                                   1.   Assessment of Tourism-Recreation Management Roles

                                                        Today, a multiplicity of owners-managers-developers control
                                                        the use of lands throughout the Texas Gulf coast region.
                                                        Little is known about their policies and practices. Needed
                                                        is a cataloging and critical review of the many private,
                                                        public, and non-profit organizations and their management
                                                        of the present lands and physical plant for leisure use.
                                                        Only with such data can any overall plans be laid for improve-
                                                        ment of the present management. Only with such data can the
                                                        voids, overlapping, and duplication of management be under-
                                                        stood. Only with this information can long-range policies
                                                        toward resource conservation and protection be developed.

                                                   2.   Evaluation of the Potential of the Resource Base

                                                        Needed is an evaluation of the natural and cultural resource
                                                        base of the Texas Gulf coast for tourism-recreation purposes.
                                                        A great variety of environmental factors are important to
                                                        recreation activity. The extent to which these exist on the
                                                        Texas Gulf Coast has not been determined.

                                                        Such a study would provide the foundation for future planning,
                                                        both by public agencies and by private enterprise. It would
                                                        not produce a plan but the basis for'planning. Such a founda-
                                                        tion would identify locations where resource assets clustering,
                                                        according to tourism-recreation purpose, might suggest strong
                                                        or weak support. Following this, it would be possible for
                                                        owner-developers (public as well as private) to prepare
                                                        individual project feasibilities.

                                                   3.   Location of Areas of Critical Need: Protection, Redevelopment

                                                        Because present development of the resource base is not
                                                        homogeneous, there now exist two types of areas in most
                                                        critical need for action; those that have not yet been
                                                        developed and may be of critical value in the future and
                                                        those that already have reached crisis proportions of
                                                        resource abuse.

                                                        No critical review of the coast has been made to identify
                                                        those lands that now need to be held from scattered and
                                                        intensive development in order for them to be available
                                                        in the future or to maintain a reasonable balance with
                                                        intensive development. Whether or not such lands are now
                                                        in public or private hands and the nature of slated develop-
                                                        ment should be determined.

                                                        More than emotion is needed to identify clearly those lands
                                                        (defined to include air, water and land resources) that now

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                                                                  DEGENERATIVE COMITIONS FOR RECREATION-TOURISM ACTIVITY

                                                                     PH020 COURTESY OP TEXAS PARX5 & WILDLrFE Dl,,TARTWNT

                                                            have reached crisis proportions of resource degradation.
                                                            A qualitative measure should be applied to rank and locate
                                                            the most critical areas so that this evaluation can be
                                                            placed against others for future management planning.

                                                        4.  Intervelationships and SociaZ Costs of AZternatives

                                                            Just now we are beginning to recognize the social costs
                                                            of specific investment and utilization of resources. It
                                                            is now becoming clear that the disposition of waste products
                                                            of manufacturing, for example, is a soical cost above and
                                                            beyond that now included in the balance sheets of manu-
                                                            facturing accouting.

                                                            Proposed is the examination of pilot sites and locations
                                                            and the development of models that identify the external
                                                            as well as internal costs of several likely alternative and
                                                            interrelated land uses. This type of calculation can be
                                                            applied to recreational and touristic uses as well as to
                                                            agriculture or manufacturing. This device can then be used
                                                            to evaluate alternative sites for alternative uses as well
                                                            as alternative uses of the same site.

                                                            From such a study could be derived an economic base for making
                                                            changes in controls and management of land uses along the
                                                            Texas Gulf coast.

                                                   CONCLUSIONS

                                                        This brief examination of recreation and tourism along the Texas
                                                   Gulf coast indicates that these uses are tightly intermixed with
                                                   other uses of the basic resource assets of the region. There is some
                                                   homogeneity along the coast because of its relationship with the sea.
                                                   Other factors, however, support development and management policies
                                                   that are along subregional watershed lines, running perpendicularly
                                                   to the coast.

                                                        The present level of investment in facilities and services along
                                                   the coast for tourism and recreation indicate that there is still a
                                                   chance of redevelopment and restoration as well as new planning that
                                                   can increase greatly both the quantity and the quality of human
                                                   experience at leisure. This involves a dedication to reconstruction
                                                   and guided growth that may not yet exist in the region or at the state
                                                   level. As a beginning step toward gaining greater foundations and
                                                   understandings, a minimum of four studies are recommended at the
                                                   present time: assessment of present management roles; evaluation
                                                   of the potential of resource base; identification of locations of
                                                   critical need; and an assessment of land use alternatives as related
                                                   to social costs.

                                                        It should be clear that resource abuse is no longer tolerable
                                                   and that this coastal region has long ago reached the turning point.
                                                   If quality settlement for local residents is to continue and if quality
                                                   experience for visitors is to be attained, new management policies
                                                   for tourism and recreation must be exercised and soon.

                                          CORSTRI ZONE
                                           INFORUTION CENTER

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