South Florida oil spill response handbook

[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

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.N856
S681 2
1984

To prepare for the growing threat to South Florida's
coastal environmental, recreational, and economic
resources from a major oil spill, the South Florida
Regional Planning Council has developed an Oil Spill
Shoreline Priority Protection Response Strategy to
supplement the resources of federal and state agencies
responsible for oil spill response. Three documents
comprise this Strategy:

* Environmental Sensitivity Atlas

The Atlas profiles, on 23 color plates,
geomorphic, biological, and socioeconomic
characteristics of the South Florida coast. Based
on the effects of oil and the relative cost of
cleanup, shoreline protection priorities are
established. The color-coding of shoreline types,
from least to most sensitive to spilled oil,
provides ease of reference for contingency
planning and field efforts in the event of a
spill.

* Technical Report

The Technical Report, designed to supplement the
information in the Atlas, provides detailed
information on shoreline types, affected flora and
fauna, and protection and cleanup measures.

* Oil Spill Response Handbook

The Handbook assists local governments In
responding effectively, within established legal
constraints, to an oil spill along South Florida's
coast. While designed to be used in conjunction
with the Atlas and Report, the Handbook's size and
water resistant paper allow it to be carried to an
oil spill site for reference throughout the
containment and cleanup effort.

This project was funded in part through a Coastal Energy
Impact Program Grant through the Florida Department of
Veteran and Community Affairs, Division of Local Resource
Management, Office of Federal Coastal Programs, with funds
from the United States Department of Commerce, under the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (PL-92-583) as
amended.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABBREVIATIONS .....................

OIL SPILL EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.............2
Local Government Preparation for an Oil Spill ... 3
Procedures to follow when a Spill Occurs ......4
Oil Types and Characteristics........... 5
Reporting an Oil Spill............... 7
Jurisdictional Boundary Map............ 9
Priority Contacts..................10
Secondary Contacts .................13
Reimbursement for Oil Spill Response ........15
Local Government or Citizen Damage Claims......19

SHORELINE PROTECTION..................20
Shoreline Protection Lines of Defense........21
Decision Key to Determine Protection Measures. ...22
Shoreline Protection Priorities...........23
Shoreline Types and Cleanup Recommendations.....24
South Florida Shoreline Protection Summary.......35

OIL CLEANUP MEASURES..................36
Effects of Cleanup Methods on South Florida
Shorel ines ....................37
Decision Key for Cleanup of Different Substrates ..47
Rate of Cleanup by Method..............48
Key to Wildlife Markers...............49
Wildlife Oil Sensitivity, Prevention,
and Cleanup....................50
Less Sensitive Habitats and Animals..........i

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES.................52
Federali.......................53
USCG Spill Response Phases .............59
State of Florida ..................60
Spiller.......................65

DIRECTORY .......................66
Federal Regional Response Team ...........67
State of Florida Response Team ...........70
County Contacts...................74
* City Contacts....................78
State and National Parks ..............83
Local Marine Resourcese...............84
Oiled Wildlife Cleanup ...............86
Private Oil Cleanup Organizations..........88
* Oil Disposal Sites .................90
Oil Spill Contingency Plans.............91

NOTES .........................92

ABBREVIATIONS

The following abbreviations are used throughout this
Handbook:

CFR Code of Federal Regulations
COPM Captain of the Port of Miami
CWA Clean Water Act
FAC Florida Administrative Code
FDER Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
FDNR Florida Department of Natural Resources
FS Florida Statutes
FWPCA Federal Water Pollution Control Act
NCP National Contingency Plan
NRC National Response Center
NRT National Response Team
OSC On-Scene Coordinator
RRT Regional Response Team
SAC State Agency Coordinator
SRT State Response Team
SSC State Spill Coordinator
USC United States Code
USCG United States Coast Guard

LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

LOCAL GOVERNMENT PREPARATION FOR AN OIL SPILL

1. One department should be the lead agency for
coordinating local response and one person designated
as the local coordinator. Staff members In the
appropriate department should be designated as
members in the local oil spill response team.
Departments that should be represented include:

Public Utilities
Parks and Recreation
Planning
Police
Fire
Environmental Regulation
Emergency Preparedness
Transportation
County or City Manager's Office

2. Oil Spill Coordinators should be familiar with:
e Federal (national, regional, and local) and State
(FDNR) contingency plans,
* the Oil Spill Atlas and Report prepared by the
South Florida Regional Planning Council (SFRPC)
that Identify shoreline priorities for oil spill
protection, containment, and cleanup methods; and
* reporting and record-keeping requirements for
reimbursement of expenses.

The local coordinator should establish contact with
the U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office (MSO) (page
10) and the State Bureau of Emergency Management
(page 11) and develop agreements to ensure
coordination of efforts in notification, containment,
cleanup, restoration, and cost recovery.

4. Local governments should examine the USCG SKIM system
(pages 57-58) to
* ensure that all local cleanup resources are
listed;
* consider stockpiling containment and cleanup
equipment In locations where there are Inadequate
resources; and
* work with the USCG to obtain and stockpile
additional resources.

5. Forms for oil spill reports and records for
reimbursement, based on the Federal and State
requirements, should be prepared and made available
to oil spill coordinators prior to an emergency.

PROCEDURES TO FOLLOW WHEN A SPILL OCCURS

1. Note spill characteristics (pages 7-8).

2. Notify priority contacts (pages 10-12) and provide
them with spill characteristics Information.

3. If, within 1 hour of notification, representatives of
the USCG or FDNR have not appeared at the site of the
spill, notify the secondary contacts (pages 13-14).

4. State law maintains the right of any person to render
assistance In containing or removing a pollutant.
However, TO QUALIFY FOR REIMBURSEMENT OF EXPENSES and
to coordinate with State and Federal authorities:

GET APPROVAL FROM STATE AND FEDERAL AUTHORITIES
BEFORE ATTEMPTING ANY CLEANUP ACTION.

5. Keep Itemized records of all expenses and report to
FDNR and USCG (see reimbursement procedures, pages
15-18).

6. Be sure all actions taken are with approval from or
at the request of the OCS and SAC and are In keeping
with State and Federal legal responsibilities and
policies (see pages 53-64).

7. Be sure that the person In charge of any local oil
spill response action is fully acquainted with:

* the Federal (national, regional, and local) and
State (FDNR) contingency plans,

* oil spill response techniques,

* procedure for coordination with the OCS and SAC
prior to the spill, and

* the reporting and record keeping requirements for
reimbursement of expenses.

OIL TYPES AND

Oil Type Examples Physical/Chemical Properties

(1) Distillate fuels - Spread rapidly
Light, such as gasoline, - High evaporation and solu-
volatile diesel, No. 2 bility rates
oils fuel oil - Tend to form unstable
emulsions
- Very toxic to biota when
fresh
- May penetrate substrate
- Can be removed from sur-
faces by simple agitation
and low pressure flushing

121 Medium to heavy - Moderate to high viscosity
Moderate paraffin-based - Toxicity variable depend-
to heavy refined oils ing on light fraction
oils and crude oils composition
- In tropical climates, rapid
evaporation and solution
form less toxic weathered
residue with toxicity due
more to smothering
- Light fractions may contam-
inate interstitial water
- Tend to form stable emul-
sions under high physical
energy conditions
- Variable penetration, a
function of substrate
grain size
- High potential for sinking
after weathering and uptake
of sediment
- Generally removable from
water surface when fresh
- Weather to tar balls and
tarry residue

131 Asphalt, Bunker - Form tarry lumps at ambi-
C, No. 6 fuel e nt temperatures
oil, waste fuel - Non-spreading
- Relatively non-toxic due
to substrate
- May soften and flow when
exposed to the sun
- Cannot be recovered from
water surface with most
cleanup equipment
- Easily removed manually
5 from beaches

CHARACTERISTICS

Toxicological Properties

- Acute toxicity is related to the content and
concentration of the aromatic fractions
- Aromatic fractions are very toxic due to the presence
primarily of napthalene compounds and, to a lesser
extent, benzene compounds
- Heavy molecular weight compounds are Immediately less
toxic, but may be chronically toxic since many are
either known or potential carcinogens
- Acute toxicity of individual aromatic fractions will
vary among species due to differences in the rate of
uptake and rate of release of these compounds
- Mangroves and marsh plants may be chronically affected
due to penetration and persistence of aromatic com-
pounds in sediments

- Acute and chronic toxicity in marine organisms is like-
ly to result from:
1) Mechanical or physical coverage- oil completely
smothering organisms causing death
2) Chemical toxicity - results from the exposure of
very toxic aromatic fractions of the oil to marine
organisms
3) A combination of mechanical or physical Coverage
and chemical toxicity.
- Mechanical or physical smothering causes acute toxici-
ty in many marine organisms and chronic toxicity In
many marine plants (especially mangroves)

- Acute and chronic toxicity occurs more from smothering
effects than from chemical toxicity, due to the smaJll
prbportion of toxic aromatic fractions found in heavy,
residual oils
- Toxicity is more common in marine plants (especially
mangroves) and sedentary organisms than In mobile
organisms
- Acute and chronic toxicity also results from thermal
stress, due to the elevation of temperature in oiled
habitats

REPORTING AN OIL SPILL

This information should be provided as completely as
possible, to assure that responsible agencies can take
Immediate, effective action. DO NOT DELAY, however, in
notifying priority contacts even If you are unable to
provide all information.

Date and Time

Type of Oil (see page 5 for descriptions):

Light, volatile oils

Moderate to heavy oils

Asphalt, Bunker C, No. 6
fuel oil, waste fuel l

Other (not oil, specify)

Location
Longitude and latitude if possible; also landmarks.

Source of Spill (if known)

If a vessel is the source

Name

Approximate Size

Port of Registry

Spill due to (if known):

Collision B

Grounding []

Other (i.e., leak, spilled container)

Injuries

REPORTING AN OIL SPILL (Cont'd.)

Volume of Spill (Check One)

Gallons Oil/
Standard Term Square Mile Appearance

barely visible .25 barely visible under
favorable light

silvery 50 silvery sheen on
surface water []

slightly colored 100 trace of color

brightly colored 200 bright color bands
visible []

dull 666 colors turn ddll brown E1]

dark 1,332 much darker brown

Note: A one-Inch thickness of oil equals 5.61 gallons per
square yard or 17,378,709 gallons per square mile.

Water depth __

Tide

Weather Conditions

Wind Speed and Direction

Current Speed and Dlrectlon

Wave Height and Direction

Action Taken to Clean Up Oil Spill

FEDERAL AND STATE OIL SPILL RESPONSE JURISDICTION

State Coastal Jurisdiction (including all
of Monroe County and the Dry Tortugas):
- Florida Department of Natural
Resources
State Inland Jurisdiction:
- Florida Department of Environmental
Regulation
From the north 8roward County border
south along the Florida Turnpike to
State#826. West then south on State
#826 to State#27, then north on State
#27 to US#41, then west an US#41 to
the Dade County border.

Federal Jurisdiction:
Coastal - U.S. Coast Guard
Inland - U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Call the Miami Marine Safety Office
(pg. 10) for boundary clarification.

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PRIORITY CONTACTS TO NOTIFY CONCERNING SPILL

Upon completion of the form on pages 7 and 8, immediately
notify all federal and state contacts specified below, if
this is a coastal spill (see map on page 9). If the spill
Is inland, notify priority contacts on page 1?. In both
Instances, also notify the appropriate county and
municipal contacts. Note time of contact and keep this
list as a record of notification. (A column has been
provided to allow you to update this contact list, should
changes occur).

Date/Time New Contact/
Current Contact of Contact Date of Change

FEDERAL

U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)

National Response Center
Day or Night: 800-424-5802

Marine Safety Office
(MSO) Miami
Day or Night: 305-350-5691
(This office notifies the OSC)

7th Coast Guard District
Oil Spill Reporting Office
Day: 305-350-5276
Night: 305-350-5611

STATE OF FLORIDA

Dept. of Natural Resources (FDNR)

State Agency Coordinator
Carolann DeFord Bowen
Day: 904-488-1992
Night: 904-488-5757
1-800-342-1829

Florida Marine Patrol
Broward & Dade counties
Day or Night: 305-325-3346
1-800-342-1829

Florida Marine Patrol
Monroe County
Day or 305-743-6542
Night: 904-488-5757
1-800-342-1829 10

PRIORITY CONTACTS (Cont'd.)

Date/Time New Contact/
Current Contact of Contact Date of Change

Dept. of Environmental
Regulation (FDER)

State Spill Coordinator
Greg Lee
Day: 904-488-0190
Night: 904-224-3772
904-997-8435

Alternate: Jeff Taylor
Day: 904-488-0190
Night: 904-224-4310

Dept. of Veteran and
Community Affairs (FDVCA)

Bureau of Emergency Management
Bill Lee
Day or Night: 904-488-1320

Alternate: George Guthrie
Day or Night: 904-488-1320

LOCAL - Counties

Broward County

Env. Control Enforcement
Bill Metzger
Day or Night: 305-765-5881

Emergency Preparedness
Arthur St. Amand
Day: 305-765-5026
Night: 305-523-2192

Dade County

Dept. of Environmental
Resource Management
Pollution Control
Day or Night: 305-638-6088

Emergency Preparedness
Martin Bishop
Day: 305-596-8700
Night: 305-661-2919
11

PRIORITY CONTACTS (Cont'd.)

Date/Time New Contact/
Current Contact of Contact Date of Change

Monroe County

Civil Defense
Bill Wagner
Day: 305-294-9581
305-294-4641 (Ext. 566)
305-296-2424
Night: 305-289-1789
305-296-2424

IF THE SPILL LOCATION IS INLAND', IMMEDIATELY CONTACT THE
FOLLOWING AGENCIES:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Primary: Mr. Al Smith, Chief
Emergency and Remedial
Response Branch
Day: 404-881-3931
Night: 404-881-4062

Alternate: Mr. George Moein, Chief
Emergency Response & Control Div.
Day: 404-881-n931
Night: 404-881-4062

Florida Dept. of Environmental
Regulation (FDER)

State Spill Coordinator:
Greg Lee
Day: 904-488-0190
Night: 904-997-8435

Alternate: Jeff Taylor
Day: 904-488-0190
Night: 904-224-3772
904-576-4801

SECONDARY CONTACTS TO NOTIFY CONCERNING SPILL

If no state or federal personnel have appeared on site
within I hour of notification, and the spill is still
visible, then call:

Date/Time New Contact/
Current Contact of Contact Date of Change

FEDERAL

On Scene Coordinator (OSC)
Capt. of the Port of Miami (COPM)
Commander R. N. Roussel
Day or Night: 305-350-5691

Regional Response Team
Chairman
Coast Guard 7th District
Captain Tanos
Day: 305-350-5651
Night: 305-350-5611

STATE OF FLORIDA

State Response Team (SRT) Chairman
Secretary Elton Gissendanner
Day or Night: 904-488-5757
1-800-342-1829

LOCAL - COUNTIES

Broward County
Administrator
F. T. Johnson
Day: 305-765-5140
Night: 305-467-1150

Dade County
Manager
Merritt Stierhelm
Day: 305-579-5311
Night: 305-274-9683

SECONDARY CONTACTS (Cont'd.)

Date/Tlme New Contact/
Current Contact of Contact Date of Change

Monroe County
Administrator
Kermit Lewin
Day: 305-294-4641
Night: 305-296-6455

MUNICIPAL

See pages 78-82, for municipal contacts.

REIMBURSEMENT FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE

STATE LAW MAINTAINS THE RIGHT OF ANY PERSON TO RENDER
ASSISTANCE IN CONTAINING OR REMOVING A POLLUTANT.
HOWEVER, TO QUALIFY FOR REIMBURSEMENT OF EXPENSES YOU MUST
FIRST GET APPROVAL FROM STATE OR FEDERAL AUTHORITIES.

Federal Funding

The Federal Pollution Revolving Fund is administered by
the Coast Guard with expenditures authorized by the On
Scene Coordinator (OSC).

Can be used when the discharger Is unknown, does not act
promptly, does not act appropriately, or if the discharge
results from acts of God or acts.of war.

CONTRACTORS:

* Informal Commitment.

In an emergency situation when cleanup must begin
immediately:

- a verbal commitment to a contractor can be made by
the OSC.

- this Is to be promptly followed by a written
Authorization to Proceed and assignment of a
project number within 24 hours.

- can not exceed $50,000 without Coast Guard
District 7 approval.

* Formal Contracts.

Within 24 hours after making an Informal commitment
exceeding $10,000, the OSC will notify Coast Guard
District 7 so that formal contract(s) may be
negotiated.

* Invoice Certification.

All invoices forwarded to Coast Guard District 7 for
payment must be certified by the OSC daily.

STATE OF FLORIDA: ;

The State may undertake removal actions and may be
reimbursed when the Federal OSC determines that the
discharger does not effect removal properly or is unknown
and that -

* Federal response cannot adequately minimize or
mitigate significant damage to public health or
welfare, or

* State response will cost less or not significantly
more than Federal response,

* When the above conditions are met for State cleanup
actions, the OSC advises the State of the assigned
Pollution Revolving Fund project number, which must
be used for all records and correspondence.

* As soon as possible, but not more than 60 days after
completion of cleanup, the State representative will
submit a letter requesting reimbursement) via the
Captain of the Port of Miami, to:

Commander
Seventh Coast Guard District
Federal Building
51 S.W. 1st Avenue
Miami, Florida 33130

The following information is necessary:

- itemized costs for which reimbursement is being
sought; copies of paid invoices, when applicable,
are preferred.

- documentation of all reported costs must be
retained and made available to the OSC upon
request.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTS:

* The National Contingency Plan treats local
governments as a-subcomponent of State response (see
next page for State fund procedures).

* Can be reimbursed by the Federal government if the
OSC officially contracts for assistance.

REIMBURSEMENT (Cont'd.)

State of Florida Funding

The Florida Coastal Protection Trust Fund Is administered
by Florida Department of Natural Resources (FDNR) with
expenditures authorized by the State Agency Coordinator
(SAC).

Can be used when federal funds have been used to the
maximum extent possible or when federal authorities have
declined to expend federal funds In a cleanup effort.

APPROVAL PROCEDURE:

* Approval must be received from FDNR prior to
commencement of cleanup activities.

* Two of the following three Individuals within FDNR
must approve proposed cleanup actions:

- Executive Director
- Assistant Executive Director
- State Agency (Oil Spill) Coordinator (SAC)

* When cleanup must begin immediately:

- approval may be by telephone, but written
verification of the verbal agreement must be sent
promptly.

* Invoices submitted for reimbursement will be verified
by the SAC, and must reconcile with the Oil Spill
Investigative Reports compiled by the Florida Marine
Patrol.

* Invoices will be dispersed for payment after approval
by the SAC and Executive Director, FDNR.

COMMERCIAL CLEANUP CONTRACTORS:

* Prior consideration will be given to certified
cleanup organizations by FONR for spiii containment
and cleanup contracts.

REIMBURSEMENT (Cont'd.)

� Certification can be received by application to FDNR
on a form supplied by the department (information
available from SAC).

� Prior to commencing State funded cleanup activities,
an agreement must be executed and signed by a
representative of the cleanup organization.

A sample of the agreement is In the Florida Coastal
Pollutant Spill Contingency Plan, which Is available
from the State Agency Coordinator (see page 10 for
telephone number).

LOCAL GOVERNMENTS:

� Prior approval of any expenditures must be received
from the State as described in Approval Procedure,
above.

* Careful records must be kept including:

- itemization of all costs for which reimbursement
Is sought,

- documentation of all reported costs for
verification upon State request.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT OR CITIZEN DAMAGE CLAIMS

Florida Coastal Protection Trust Fund

* Claims can be made for damages sustained as the
direct result of a coastal pollutant spill.

� The claimant should contact the nearest Florida
Marine Patrol District office within 180 days of the
date of the spill (see page 10).

� Within 5 days of notification, the Marine Patrol
District will send a written acknowledgement to the
claimant, indicating that the following information
should be submitted within 30 days to that office:

- A completed Reimbursement for Damage Claim Form.
The form will be provided with the claim
acknowledgement by the Marine Patrol.

- Three estimates for repair of damage to property.
These estimates should be on letterhead stationery
from three repair facilities and pertain
specifically to the property damaged directly by
the spill.

- Three photographs of the damage, with at least one
including the registration number of the damaged
property, If applicable.

* An investigation of the claim will be made by the
Florida Marine Patrol.

* The Executive Director of FDNR will establish the
amount to be awarded by the Department of Banking and
Finance for payment by the Treasurer.

* If either the claimant or the person determined by
the Executive Director to be responsible for the
discharge disagrees with the damage award, a hearing
may be requested (120.57, F.S.).

SHORELINE PROTECTION

SHORELINE PROTECTION LINES OF DEFENSE

First line of defense:

Containment at the spill site, whether offshore or Inside
an embayment, and pickup with skimmers.

Second line of defense:

Exclusion and diversion boom deployment to protect
sensitive areas and allow oil recovery by skimmers (for
appropriate locations for boom deployment, refer to South
Florida Oil Spill Atlas).

Third line of defense:

Boom deployment at secondary Inlets, canals and creeks
connected to In lets and bays, when currents and winds
cause first and second lines of defense to be breached
(for appropriate locations for boom deployment, refer to
South Florida Oil Spill Atlas).

DECISION KEY TO DETERMINE PROTECTION MEASURES

Inlet
Deflection Booming and Land-Based
YES
Skimmers on Least Sensitive Shore
Depth of
More Than
Inlet Less

Than 7 Ft 100m Less Than
Booming With
NO Water
(300 Ft) 1 kt Absorption or

Harbor Boom
Current

Depth of Inlet I Deflection
D Width Speed More Than Booming and Land-
Inlet More More Than NO Based Skimmers

Than7Pt / 7 0m 1 kt On Least
Sensitive Shore

Less Than Deflection Booming To
Water Position of Skimmer On To
1 kt Least Sensitive Shore
Current

Speed More Than Sea-going Skimmer Deployment
I kt

Water MLess Than Exclusion Booming With

CCurrent kt Absorption or Harbor Boom

/ Speed More Than Deflection to Land-based Skimmers
1 kt On Least Sensitive Shore

SHORELINE PROTECTION PRIORITIES

The South Florida Regional Planning Council has prepared
an Environmental Sensitivity Atlas and accompanying
Technical Report which provide priority protection
information for spill response coordinators. The
information, based on physical; biological, and
socioeconomic vulnerability to an oil spill, along with
the Information presented on relative costs and problems
associated with different cleanup techniques, provides a
basis for decisions on the most effective prevention and
cleanup actions.

The shoreline of South Florida is divided into 11 types,
and each Is assigned an Environmental Sensitivity Index
(ESI) number ranging from 1 to 10b, with sensitivity to
spilled oil increasing with Increasing numbers:

ESI # Shoreline Type

1 Exposed, vertical rocky shores and seawalls
2 Exposed rocky platforms
3 Fine-grained sand beaches
4 Coarse-grained sand beaches
5 Mixed sand and gravel beaches and fill
6 Gravel beaches and riprap
7 Exposed tidal flats
8 Sheltered rocky shores and seawalls
9 Sheltered tidal flats
l0a Mangroves
10b Sheltered mangroves

Thus, when equipment or manpower available during a spill
is inadequate to protect the entire coastline, resources
should be deployed to ensure that oil does not reach those
areas with the highest ESI numbers, and recommended
cleanup techniques for other areas should be followed.

Information in the Atlas also Includes distribution,
abundance and seasonality of occurrence of wildlife;
coastal commercial and recreational resources; and access
and deployment locations for first, second, and third line
defense measures.

Summaries of the information In the Atlas and Report are
Included in the Handbook for easy reference at a spill
site.

SUMMARY OF SOUTH FLORIDA SHORELINE
TYPES AND CLEANUP RECOMMENDATIONS

EXPOSED, VERTICAL ROCKY SHORES AND SEAWALLS (ESI=I)

Physical Description

* Steep scarps in limestone bedrock:
- Little or no sediments In Intertidal zone
- Exposed to high wave energy
* Man-made, concrete or tightly cemented seawalls:
- Generally extend below low-tide mark
- Located on shorelines facing open ocean or open
fetch areas exposed to high waves or strong
currents
- Usually found with other types of man-made
structures designed for shoreline protection
(riprap, fill)
- Subtidal sediments natural or dredged bedrock,
sand to boulder-sized fill, or natural sand with
seagrass beds
- Usually backed by low, sandy fill or concrete
structures

Recommendations for Cleanup

* On general exposed shores, no cleanup is necessary
* On less exposed shores:
- High-pressure spraying may be effective while oil
is still liquid
- Manual scraping of seawalls may be necessary for
removal of tarry deposits
* Cleanup recommended only for aesthetic rather than
environmental reasons
* Cleanup should not remove attached algae if possible

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE TYPES (Cont'd.)

EXPOSED ROCKY PLATFORMS (ESI=2)

Physical Description

* Intertidal areas of rocky beach cut into limestone
platforms, with widths from 15 to 500 feet
* Platform surfaces Irregular, and abundant tide pools
common
* Sharp drop-off at seaward edges of platforms
* Platforms often covered by a thin veneer of sediment
(mud to cobble sized)
* Large accumulations of seagrass wrack often along
high-tide line
* Located on bay- and ocean-facing shores exposed to
direct wave attack
* Narrow, sand and gravel beaches common
* Back beach vegetation controlled by slope:
- Low-relief shores with mangroves
- Higher-relief shores with terrestrial vegetation
* Access to shore in unpopulated areas very difficult

Recommendations for Cleanup Activity

* Oiled wrack should be removed where present
* Within high-use recreational areas:
- High-pressure spraying of rocks may be effective
with recovery of released oil
- Scraping of rocks impossible due to irregular
surface
- No further cleanup is recommended
* Cleanup efforts should not remove attached plants and
animals unnecessarily

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE TYPES (Cont'd.)

FINE-GRAINED SAND BEACHES (ESI=3)

Physical Description

* Short stretches of beach, with very low volumes of
sand in the Florida Keys
* Located on ocean side of the Florida Keys, Virginia
Key, and Key Biscayne
* Moderate to high wave activity
* Heavy wrack accumulations along high-tide line
* In the Florida Keys:
- Offshore areas generally shallow
- Subtidal grass flats overlying bedrock
* Usually high-use recreational areas with good access.

Recommendations for Cleanup

* Cleanup should commence only after majority of oil
has accumulated so sand removal is minimized
* Cleanup should concentrate on removal of oil and
oiled wrack accumulated on upper swash zone
* Manual labor most desirable since these beaches are
small In area and highly accessible
* Oiled sediment and beach wrack should be removed
carefully from upper intertidal zones, preferably by
shovels although mechanical methods may be used with
caution
* No attempts should be made to remove buried oil
* In areas where heavy accumulations of beached oil
occur, bird hazing techniques should be employed to
prevent oiling of shorebirds
* Cleanup activities should avoid physical contact with
natural dune vegetation

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE TYPES (Cont'd.)

COARSE-GRAINED SAND BEACHES (ESI=4)

Physical Description

* Beaches north of Virginia Key:
- Mostly renourlshed; composed of quartz and shell
fragments
- Characterized by narrow, steep beach faces with
wide, high back beaches
* Beaches south of Virginia Key:
- Mostly natural; composed of locally-produced
carbonate sediment
- Very narrow; usually less than 10 m wide between
dune and low water
- Heavy accumulations of wrack common
* Low to moderate wave activity under fair weather
conditions; high wave activity during storms
* Very high-use recreational areas
* Most common beach type In South Florida

Recommendations for Cleanup

* Cleanup should commence only after majority of oil
has accumulated so sand removal Is minimized
* Cleanup should concentrate on removal of oil and
oiled wrack on upper swash zone
* Mechanical methods should be used cautiously and only
on nourished beaches
* Beaches of natural sand accumulation (south of
Virginia Key) should be cleaned manually to minimize
sand removal
* Sand removal should be closely monitored on all
beaches
* Rapid removal of beached oil prevents subsurface
burial and reduce duration of oil exposure
* Oiled sediments and beach wrack should be removed
carefully from the upper Intertidal zones, preferably
by shovels although mechanical methods may be used
cautiously
* No attempt should be made to remove buried oil
* In areas of heavy beached oil accumulations, bird
hazing techniques should be employed to prevent
oiling of shorebirds

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE TYPES (Cont'd.)

MIXED SAND AND GRAVEL BEACHES AND FILL (ESI=5)

Physical Descrlptlon

� Natural send and gravel beaches:
- Coarse material composed of shell and coral
fragments
- Located in areas of high wave activity
� Sand and gravel fill:
- Composed of very poorly-sorted mixture of mud to
cobble sediments
- Can be very hard packed with mobile surface
sediment
- Beach sediment grain size and sorting not always
related to wave conditions, thus high or low wave
activity present
- Profile generally artificially steepened
- Usually easily accessible
- Back beach characteristically steeply sloping
* Toe of beach face generally composed of coarser,
better sorted sediment
* Wrack accumulations can be heavy in the Florida Keys

Recommendations for Cleanup

* Cleanup should commence only after majority of oil
has reached the beach
� Oiled wrack and debris deposits should be removed
* Low- and high-pressure spraying may be used
effectively
* Mechanical scraping and/or reworking of sediment Is
not recommended nor effective
* Cleanup by mechanical means should be used with
extreme care to avoid excessive sediment removal

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE TYPES (Cont'd.)

GRAVEL BEACHES AND RIPRAP (ESI=6)

Physical Description

* Predominantly gravel- to boulder-sized riprap
revetments
* Riprap generally composed of local limestone;
boulders very irregular in size and shape
* Moderate to high wave activity, but sporadic In
frequency
* Large accumulations of wrack south of Miami
* On riprap shores, little or no beach exposed at low
tide
� Subtidal sediments adjacent to riprap structures tend
to be finer grained, better sorted, and naturally
occurring

Recommendations for Cleanup

* On gravel beaches, heavily oiled wrack and debris
should be removed
* Sediment removal should be minimized
* High-pressure spraying of oiled riprap may help In
cleaning exposed surfaces, but would have little
effect on oil penetrated deeply into the rock
* Removal of riprap Is not recommended

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE TYPES (Cont'd.)

EXPOSED TIDAL FLATS (ESI=7)

Physical Description

* Vary in width up to tens of meters
* Sediment composition dominated by sand with minor
amounts of mud
* Moderate to high wave activity and tidal currents
* Migrating sand bars often present on seaward limit of
flats
* Located in open bays, in the lee of offshore islands,
or near tidal inlets
* Generally fringed by mangroves
* Can be sparsely to heavily vegetated by sea grasses
* Uncommon in South Florida due to small tidal range

Recommendations for Cleanup

* Cleanup Impossible in most areas due to soft,
water-saturated sediments and inaccessibility
* Cleanup should concentrate on oil and oiled debris
removal from high-tide line
* Heavy machinery should not be used in order to avoid
mixing oil into sediments

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

30.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE TYPES (Cont'd.)

SHELTERED ROCKY SHORES AND SEAWALLS (ESI=8)

Physical Description

a Rocky shores composed of limestone bedrock:
- Very narrow beaches with vertical scarps and no
sediment
- Pitted and irregular surfaces
- Low-energy wave and current environments
Man-made concrete seawalls:
- Dominate shorelines along interior and sheltered
areas In populated areas
- Structures extend beneath low-water level
- Generally vertical or nearly so, with smooth
regular surfaces
* Very common in South Florida

Recommendations for Cleanup

* Low- and high-pressure spraying may be effective with
recovery of oil released during cleanup operations
* Large accumulations warrant the use of booms and
skimmers

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE TYPES (Cont'd.)

SHELTERED TIDAL FLATS (ESI=9)

Physical Description

* Composed of soft mud
* Sheltered from waves and/or strong tidal currents
* Very shallow, even at high tide
* Very inaccessible
* Frlnged by dwarf mangroves
* Uncommon in South Florlda

Recommendations for Cleanup

* No cleanup is recommended since such operations are
likely to be more harmful than oil impact
* Under heavy accumulations, when cleanup is deemed
necessary to prevent chronic oil pollution, sorbent
boom may be deployed above low-tide line to absorb
oil as It Is slowly released, but it must be replaced
frequently to be effective

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE TYPES (Cont'd.)

MANGROVES (ESI=10A)

Physical Description

* Possibility of exposure to relatively high wave
activity and currents
* Heavy wrack deposits in storm swash lines throughout
forests
* Sediment ranges from thin layers of sand and mud to
muddy peat on bedrock
* Topographic profile generally flat
Exposed, fringing forests on windward side of Florida
Keys often have a low sand ridge adjacent to shore
* Forests can range in width from 6 to 600 feet
* Rendered inaccessible by density, width, elevation,
and sediment type
* Very common shoreline type in South Florida

Recommendations for Cleanup

* No cleanup recommended
* Recovery would be natural (though slow) with regular
and storm-generated flushing
* Placement of sorbent boom along the mangrove fringe
can significantly reduce quantity of oil penetrating
the forest
* With heavy accumulations, when cleanup Is deemed
necessary to prevent chronic pollution of surrounding
areas, low-pressure flushing (used in conjunction
with sorbent boom) may be effective in cleaning oil
from prop roots of fringing mangroves (only during
periods of ebbing tides)
* No attempts should be made to clean interior
mangroves

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

SUMMARY OF SHORELINE TYPES (Contrd.)

SHELTERED MANGROVES (ESI=lOb)

Physical Description

* Located in bays and basins well-sheltered from waves
and tidal currents
* Sediments composed of thin to thick deposits of mud
or irregular rock surface
* Very flat topographic profiles

Recommendations for Cleanup

* No cleanup of light to moderate accumulations Is
recommended
* With heavy accumulations, to prevent chronic oil
pollution of surrounding areas, placement of sorbent
along fringe mangrove forests (to absorb oil as it is
slowly released) may be effective under close
scientific supervision
* No attempt should be made to clean Interior mangroves
* Proper strategic boom placement In sheltered lagoonal
areas can be highly effective in trapping large
quantities of oil, thus reducing the amount of oil
reaching interior mangrove forests

See pages 37-46 for specific cleanup techniques.

SUMMARY OF SOUTH FLORIDA SHORELINE
SENSITIVITY AND PROTECTION

Area Resource Potential Impact Priority Response

Boca Raton * Beaches � Tourism - * First I Ine of
Inlet to height in winter defense
Virginia Key * Manual and natural
cleanup to avoid
Increased beach
erosion
a Nesting turtles * Transplant eggs
Loggerheads: (appropriate wild-
May-Sept. life agency)
Leatherbacks:
April I-July
* Offshore reefs * Toxic effects * Avoid cleanup that
of light, vola- pushes oil Into
tile petroleum surf
products
* Lagoonal * Damage to man- * Secondary line of
systems: groves, bird defense at inlets:
- sheltered rookeries, and - Port Everglades
sensitive manatee winter- - Government Cut
habitats Ing areas - Boca Raton
- sheltered * Oiled structures - Norris Cut
manmade require extensive
structures cleanup

Key Biscayne * Beaches * Tourism * Same as above
to Key Largo a Turtles
* National parks * Interrupt re- * First line of
creatlonal use defense
* Very sensitive * Second line of
and valuable defense at major
natural Inlets.
resources * Third line of de-
fense - sorbent
and deflection
boom near shel-
tered mangroves

Rodriquez Key * Exposed shore * Minor, short- * Natural cleanup
to Marathon term damage should be rela-
tively rapid
* Sheltered * Impacts on wild- � Secondary line
sensitive areas life habitat, of defense at
fisheries, and - Plantation Key
manmade structures - Matecumbe Keys

Ohio Key to * Sheltered * Impacts on wild- * First line of
Dry Tortugas sensitive areas life habitat, defense
fisheries, and * Reflection and
manmade struc- sorbent booming
tures of mangroves (3rd
line of defense)

OIL CLEANUP MEASURES

THE EFFECTS OF CLEANUP METHODS

Conditions and
Cleanup Method Description Requirements

1. Removal Methods

Motor grader/ Motor grader Area open to traf-
elevating scraper forms windrows fic. Heavy equip-
for pickup by ment access.
scraper. ESI=3, 4.

Elevating Elevating Area open to traf-
scraper scraper picks up fic. Heavy equip-
contaminated ment access.
material direct- ESI=3, 4.
ly off beach.

Motor grader/ Motor grader Area open to traf-
front-end forms windrows fic. Heavy equip-
loader for pickup by ment access. Slow-
front-end er than above
loader. methods.
ESI=3, 4.

Front-end Front-end loader Area open to rub-
loader; rubber- picks up eateri- ber-tired traffic.
tired or tracked al directly off Heavy equipment
beach and hauls it access. Accumula-
to unloading area. tions moderate.
Preferred for
gravel.
ESI=3, 4, 5.

Bulldozer; Bulldozer pushes Where penetration is
rubber-tired contaminated sub- deep, oil accumula-
front-end strate Into piles tions heavy, and
loader for pickup by area will support
front-end loader. limited traffic.
Heavy equipment
access.
ESI=3, 4, 5, 6.

ON SOUTH FLORIDA SHORELINES

Physical Effect
of Use Biological Effect of Use

Removes only upper Removes shallow burrowing poly-
3 cm bf beach. chaetes, bivalves, and amphi-
pods. Recolonization likely to
rapidly follow natural replen-
ishment of the substrate.

Removes upper 3 to Removes shallow and deeper bur-
10 cm of beach. rowing polychaetes, bivalves,
Minor reduction of and amphipods. Restabilization
beach stability. of substrate possibly slow; re-
Erosion and beach colonization likely to follow
retreat unlikely. natural replenishment of sub-
strate; reestablishment of long-
lived indigenous fauna may take
several years.

Removes only upper Removes shallow burrowing poly-
3 cm of beach. chaetes, bivalves, and amphi-
pods. Recolonization likely to
rapidly follow natural replen-
ishment of the substrate.

Removes 10 to 25 cm Removes almost all shallow and
of beach. Reduction deep burrowing organisms. Re-
of beach stability stabilization of the physical
may result in some environment slow; new faunal
erosion and beach community could develop In the
retreat. Interim.

Removes 15 to 50 cm Removes all organisms. Resta-
of beach. Reduction bilization of substrate and re-
of beach stability, population of Indigenous fauna
may result in cliff is extremely slow; new faunal
retreat or inunda- community could develop in the
tion of backshores. interim.

THE EFFECTS OF CLEANUP METHODS

Conditions and
Cleanup Method Description Requirements

Removal Methods (Cont'd.)

Sump and pump/ Oil collects in To remove surface,
vacuum sump as it moves fluid oil on firm
down the beach substrate, in con-
and is removed junction with di-
by pump or version booms with
vacuum truck. long-shore current.
Heavy equipment
access.
ESI=1-5, 8.

Manual removal Oiled sediments To remove scattered
of oiled and debris are oily debris on
materials removed by hand, shores with no
shovels, rakes, equipment access.
wheelbarrows, Least environmental
etc. damage. Scraping
tools, disposal
containers, foot
access. ESI=2-6.

Manual Oil Is scraped To remove light oil
scraping from substrate residue from sea-
manually using walls. Difficult
hand tools. on irregular sur-
faces common in
South Florida.
Foot or light ve-
hicular access.
ESI=I, 8.

Beach cleaner Commercial beach To pick up hard
cleaning machine patties or tar
Is pulled across balls on large
beach. beaches open to
traffic.
ESI=3, 4.

Manual Hand scattering To remove pooled or
sorbent of sorbent mat- small amounts of
application erial with raking floating, light
up and disposal nonsticky oil.
when oil is Needs foot or boat
soaked. access and dispos-
al containers.
Labor intensive.
ESI=1-6, 8.

ON SOUTH FLORIDA SHORELINES (Cont'd.)

Physical Effect
of Use Biological Effect of Use

Requires excavation Removes organisms at sump Ioca-
of a sump 60 to 120 tion. Potentially toxic effects
cm deep on shoreline. from oil left on the shoreline.
Some oil will proba- Recovery depends on persistence
bly remain on beach. of oil at the sump.

Removes 3 cm or less Removes and disturbs shallow
of beach. Selective burrowing organisms. Rapid
removal of material. recovery.
Sediment disturbance
minimal.

Selective removal of Removes some organisms from the
material. Labor- substrate, crushes others. Oil
intensive activity not removed or recovered can be
can disturb sediments. toxic to organisms repopulating
the rocky substrate or inhabit-
Ing shore-zone downslope of
cleanup activities.

Disturbs upper 5 to Disturbs shallow burrowing
10 cm of beach. organisms.

Selective removal of Foot traffic may crush some
material. Labor- organisms.
Intensive activity
can disturb sediments.

THE EFFECTS OF CLEANUP METHODS

Conditions and
Cleanup Method Description Requirements

Removal Methods (Cont'd.)

Sorbent booms Deployment of Most useful In
sorbent booms small, heavily
near shore to oiled, sheltered
absorb oil as areas to minimize
It is released. recontamination as
oil is naturally
removed.
ESI=9, 10.

Manual cutting To remove oiled
of vegetation vegetation, ex-
cluding mangroves,
subject to scien-
tific consultation.

2. Mechanical Dispersal

High pressure High-pressure Preferred to remove
flushing (hydro- water streams oil from rocky
blasting), low remove oil from scarps, platforms,
temperature substrate where riprap and seawalls.
it is channeled Light vehicular
to recovery area. access. Recovery
equipment.
ESI=I, 2, 6, 8.

Steam-cleaning Steam removes oil To remove sticky
from substrate oil from rocky
where it Is chan- scarps, platforms,
neled to recovery riprap and seawalls.
area. Light vehicular
access. Recovery
equipment. Fresh
water supply.
Generally not
recommended.
ESI=I, 2, 6, 8.

ON SOUTH FLORIDA SHORELINES (Cont'd.)

Physical Effect
of Use Biological Effect of Use

Some disruption of Foot and boat traffic may disrupt
sediments during fre- organisms.
quent changes of sor-
bent. Labor-intensive.

Disturbs sediments Removes and crushes some organ-
because of extensive Isms. Rapid recovery. Heavy
use of labor; can foot traffic can cause root
cause erosion. damage and subsequent slow
recovery.

Can disturb surface Removes some organisms and shells
of substrate. from the substrate, damage to
remaining organisms variable.
Oil not recovered can be toxic to
organisms downslope of cleanup
activities.

Adds heat ( > 100�C) Removes some organisms from sub-
to surface. strate but mortality due to the
heat is more likely. Empty
shells remaining may enhance re-
population. Oil not recovered
can be toxic to organisms down-
slope of cleanup activities.

THE EFFECTS OF CLEANUP METHODS

Conditions and
Cleanup Method Description Requirements

Mechanical Dispersal (Cont'd.)

Sandblasting Sand moving at Last resort to re-
high velocity move thin tarry
removes oil from oil residue from
substrate. seawalls for aes-
thetic reasons.
Light vehicular
access. Oil must
be semi-solid.
Supply of clean
sand. Generally
not recommended.
ESI=i, 8.

Low-pressure Low-pressure To remove scatter-
flushing water spray ed or light oil and
flushes oil from oil debris on
substrate where shores with no
It Is channeled heavy equipment
to recovery access. Recovery
points. equipment. Light
vehicular access.
Least environmen-
tally damaging
method.
ES1=2-6.

3. Mixing

Push contaminat- Bulldozer pushes To speed natural
ed substrate Into contaminated sub- cleaning of gravel
surf strate Into surf beaches in high
zone to accelerate wave energy condi-
natural cleaning. tions where sedi-
ment removal is not
available. Heavy
equipment access.
Generally not
applicable to South
Florida.
ESI=5, 6 (limited
use).

ON SOUTH FLORIDA SHORELINES (Cont'd.)

Physical Effect
of Use Biological Effect of Use

Adds material to the Removes all organisms and shells
environment. Poten- from the substrate. Oil not
tlal recontamination, recovered can be toxic to organ-
erosion, and deeper Isms downslope of cleanup activi-
penetration into sub- ties.
strate.

Does not disturb Leaves most organisms alive and
surface to any great In place. Oil not recovered can
extent. Potential be toxic to organisms downslope
for recontamination. of cleanup.

Disruption of top layer Kills most of the organisms in-
of substrate; leaves hablting the uncontaminated sub-
some oil In intertidal strate. Recovery of organisms
area. Potential recon- usually more rapid than with
tamination both on- and removal of substrate.
off-shore.

THE EFFECTS OF CLEANUP METHODS

Conditions and
Cleanup Method Description Requirements

Mixing (Cont'd.)

Break up Tractor fitted Used in high wave
pavement with a ripper is energy areas where
operated up and heavy oils and
down beach. residues have
created a pavement
on coarse-grained
beach sediments.
Heavy equipment
access. Generally
not applicable to
South Florida.
ESI=5, 6 (limited
use).

4. Natural Recovery

No cleanup No action taken. Used for light
Oil left to de- accumulation on
grade naturally. low priority
shores or areas
with difficult
accessibility.
Recommended for
sheltered tidal
flats and most
mangrove-dominat-
ed shorelines.
ESI=1-10.

NOTE: See pp. 56-57 for Federal cleanup techniques and
policies; p. 64 for State.

ON SOUTH FLORIDA SHORELINES (Cont'd.)

Physical Effect
of Use Biological Effect of Use

Disruption of sedi- Disturbs shallow and deep
ments. Leaves oil burrowing organisms.
on beach.

Some oil may remain Potential toxicity effects and
on beach and could smothering by the oil. Poten-
contaminate clean tlal Incorporation of oil into
areas. the food web. Potential elimina-
tion of habitat if organisms will
not settle on residual oil.

DECISION KEY FOR CLEANUP OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES

I Substrate Amount Cleanup
Type o Technique

Can YES 1
Can YES ) Motor Grader
Fine Shoreline Elevating
Sand Medium Sediment Scraping
Be Removed L Front-End Loader
TO w/ o Causing
Erosion of YES Bulldozer
Coars High Beaches? N
Sand High Can _------
Sediment Be
I Replaced Sump and Pump
If Removed? Vacuum Truck
Mixed NO Beach Cleaner
GSand and Manual Removal
Gravel
Fill Light or Natural Recovery
Tar Balls Low Pressure
On Beach Flushing
Sorbents

Low Temperature
Hydroblasting
Ex~~~~~~~~~posed~~ ^ Manual Scraping
Rocky Shore w/Removal
or Platform High Temperature
Hydroblasting
Sandblasting
Seawalls / Vacuum Truck
Sorbents
~~~~~~~~~~Rip Rap It Low Pressure
Flushing
Natural Recovery

Mangroves \ Manual Cutting
nSheltered Natural Recovery
Mangrovesl
Beach Sorbent Boom
Vegetation/

THE RATE OF CLEANUP (HOURS PER ACRE) BY METHOD

ROUGH ESTIMATE OF
RELATIVE CLEANING RATE* IN
RANK CLEANUP METHOD HOURS PER ACRE

1) Steam cleaning 67.5

2) Manual cutting 62.3

3) Sandblasting 54.0

4) High-pressure flushing 45.0
(hydroblasting)

5) Combination bulldozer/ 10.0
front-end loader

6) Front-end loader (rubber- 6.6
tired), tracked

7) Combination motor grader/ 2.4
front-end loader (rubber-
tired), tracked

8) Push contaminated 2.0
substrate into surf

9) Combination motor grader/ 1.0
elevating scraper

10) Elevating scraper 1.0

11) Breaking up pavement 0.6

12) Beach cleaner 0.5

* These rates are based on 100 foot hauling distance.

KEY TO WILDLIFE MARKERS

The Environmental Sensitivity Atlas and Technical Report
(refer page 23) contain extensive information on the
location, range, seasonality and species of South Florida
coastal wildlife. The symbols below are used throughout
the Atlas to identify wildlife considerations that must be
taken Into account in oil spill prevention and cleanup
decision making.

KEY TO WILDLIFE MARKERS

SUMMER
DOT: SEASONS (JJA)
COLOR =TYPE OF ORGANISM SPRING FALL
\ .7_..SYMBOL ECOLOGICAL TYPE (MAM) (SON)
\'~ ~ NUMBER SPECIES WINTERDJF

- POINT LOCALITY
I RANGE
AREA

Familiarity with these symbols should aid prompt action to
protect wildlife In the event of a spill.

SUMMARY OF WILDLIFE OIL SENSITIVITY,
PREVENTION, AND CLEANUP

Animal Type Sensitivity Prevention Cleanup

Resident Mammals: � Possible respira- * Hazing or � Clear or
Manatee or tory stress due scaring of remove oiled
Sea Cow to Inhaling oil animals from vegetation
or fumes oiled areas*
* Poisoning due to * Rooming of vega-
Ingestion of oil tated areas In
on vegetation manatee habitat
to prevent oiling

Key Oeer *� Possible contaml- * Booming of man- * Clean oiled
nation of food grdve areas vegetation
* Possible oiling of � Hazing animals * No methods for
animals if swimming from oiled animal cleanup
areas* have been
developed

Coastal Birds � Oiling and altera- e Hazing of birds � Clean oiled
tion of feeding away from oiled habitat
habitat areas - avoid * Clean oiled
*Oiling of birds and near rookeriesx birds**
subsequent loss of * Greatest efforts
Insulation and should be made
waterproofing during breeding
* Ingestion of oil from season when most
preening feathers may Impact would
result In internal occur.
organ degeneration
and hemorrhaging of
digestive tract

Reptiles: � Nest on beaches - a Divert oil from * Transplant
Sea Turtles oiling of adults nesting areas eggs from
and young * Hazing animals oiled to un-
Loggerhead: from oiled areasa oiled areas*
May-Sept. * Clean oil
Leatherback: from animal
April-July and deliver
* Offshore oiling to wildlife
Inhibits respire- agency for
tion and swimming safe release

Crocodiles � Oiling of habitat * Divert oil from . Transplant
aEspecially sensl- habitat eggs*
tive during nest-
Ing: April-August

Only appropriate wildlife authorities should do this.

�a Should only be done under direction of trained personnel
(see Directory, pages 86-87, for contacts).

SUMMARY OF LESS SENSITIVE HABITATS AND
ANIMALS IN SOUTH FLORIDA

Habitat/Animal Sensitivity Actions

Coral Reefs . If submerged, oil can . If equipment Is available,
float over oil should be diverted
* If oiling does occur, a Long-term monitoring after
long-term effects may a spill necessary to detect
result most coral responses

Seagrasses * If submerged, oil can * If equipment Is available,
float over oil should be diverted
* Grasses smothered in * Long-term monitoring
Puerto Rilco showed no
significant damage
* In temperate areas,
acutely toxic effects
have been seen, but
few chronic effects

Whales and * Eye irritation and * Hazing by appropriate wild-
Dolphins respiratory stress life authorities may pre-
may result vent animals from entering
oiled areas

Marine Fisheries * No Impacts have been * Long-term monitoring should
observed during or after be conducted
other spills * No prevention or cleanup
methods have been
developed

Inshore Fishes * Acutely toxic effects on * Long-term monitoring should
and Shellfish larval fishes can occur be conducted
* Actual (or perceived) * No prevention or cleanup
tainting of flesh has methods have been
been claimed developed

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES

FEDERAL LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Federal oil spill response authority is divided between:

The U.S. Coast Guard - Coastal areas

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Inland
areas

On-Scene Coordinator (OSC)

* Captain of the Port of Miami (COPM)

- The first federal official from an agency with
responsibility under the National Contingency Plan
(NCP) will coordinate activities until the arrival
of the OSC.

* Primary responsibilities

- collect all pertinent facts about the discharge.

- direct response operations in Federal fund-financed
efforts and coordinates all other Federal efforts.

- consult regularly with Regional Response Team (RRT)
and Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC).

- advise the appropriate state agency of all reported
discharges.

- Immediately advise Federal Emergency Management
Agency of potential major disaster situations.

develop and maintain a contingency plan.

provide documentation necessary for cost recovery.

* Actions when spill occurs

Notify responsible party of liability for spill and
determine if party is taking proper removal action.

- If so, monitor actions.

If not, or If responsible party Is not known,
initiate Federal response action, including
contracting with cleanup firm(s) and coordinating
State and local agency action.

Federal Regional Response Team (RRT)

The RRT is responsible for planning and preparedness for
oil and hazardous substances spills. During actual
spills, RRT members are called as necessary to assist the
OSC.

Federal Agency RRT Membership:

Department of Transportation - Commander, Coast Guard
District in which spill
incident occurs

Environmental Protection Agency - EPA Region IV, Atlanta, GA

Department of Commerce - NOAA Ocean Assessment Dlv.
Rockvillle, MD

Department of Interior - Fish & Wildlife Service
Atlanta, GA

Department of Defense - Sixth Naval District
Charleston, S.C.
First U.S. Army
Fort Meade, MD.
Corps of Engineers
South Atlantic Division
Atlanta, GA

Department of Agriculture - Southern Region
U.S. Forest Service
Atlanta, GA

Department of State - Department of State
Washington, DC

Department of Justice - U.S. Attorney for area
In which spill occurs

Department of Energy - Savannah River Operations
Office, Aiken, SC

Department of Labor - OSHA Technical Support
Atlanta, GA

Department of Health and - Public Health Service
Human Services Atlanta, GA

Federal Emergency - Atlanta, GA
Management Agency

See pages 67-69 for telephone numbers.

FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITIES (Cont'd.)

Florida Membership on RRT:

Department of Natural Resources
Department of Environmental Regulation
Bureau of Emergency Management

See pages 70-71 for telephone numbers.

National Response Team (NRT)

The NRT, located at Washington, D.C., U.S. Coast Guard
Headquarters, also called the National Response Center
(NRC), is responsible for national planning and
coordination.

Federal Legal Authority

Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1977 (FWPCA) as
amended.

* Prohibition

33 USC 1321(b)(3) prohibits the discharge of a harmful
quantity of oil or hazardous substances Into or upon
navigable waters of the United States.

- Navigable waters extend to a distance of 12 miles
offshore.

- A "harmful quantity" of oil is defined as any
quantity discharged which causes "a film or sheen
upon or discoloration of the surface of the water or
adjoining shorelines... or causes a sludge or
emulsion to be deposited beneath the surface of the
water or upon adjoining shorelines" (40 CFR
110.3(d).

* Reporting

33 USC 1321(b)(S) requires the person In charge of any
vessel or facility from which a discharge in violation
of the Act occurs to notify the Coast Guard or EPA
immediately (See page 65 for information required).

* Penalties

- A criminal penalty of not more than $10,000 or
Imprisonment for not more than one year, or both,
will be assessed against the responsible party for
failure to report a spill.

FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITIES (Cont'd.)

- A penalty of not more than $5,000 will be assessed
against the owner or operator of the facility or
vessel from which the discharge occurs (33 CFR
1321(d)(c)).

* Responsibility for Containment and Removal

Section 311(c)(1) of the Clean Water Act requires the
Federal government to remove or arrange for the removal
of oil or hazardous substances, if such removal Is not
being properly done by the discharger.

- Cleanup Is considered necessary when It will limit
environmental damage caused by the spill.

* Recovery of Costs

Under 33 CFR 1321(f)(I), the discharger is liable to
the U.S. Government for actual costs Incurred in the
removal of oil unless he can prove that the discharge
was solely a result of:

- an act of God,
- an act of war,
- negligence on part of the U.S. Government,
or
- an act of omission by a third party.

Federal Cleanup Techniques and Policy

* First, limit spread of oil to smallest possible area.

* Coast Guard response is limited to control, removal,
and disposal of spilled oil, and does not include
restoration.

- Removal is defined by the Fish and Wildlife
Protection and Conservation Act (FWPCA) as "the
taking of such actions as may be necessary to
minimize or mitigate damage to the public health or
welfare including, but not limited to, fish,
shellfish, wildlife, and public and private
property, shorelines, and beaches."

- Coast Guard policy includes, as part of removal,
repairing unavoidable damages due to removal
actions, such as replacement of sand and shoreline
vegetation; however, if the damage to the

FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITIES (Cont'd.)

vegetation or beach is a result of the pollution only, the
replacement of these resources Is a restoration activity.
Restoration activities are the responsibility and
financial burden of the appropriate government agencies.

* Removal Techniques

Mechanical Methods:

- First priority because no secondary
pollution results.

- Consolidation of oil with booms, then
removal with mechanical skimming devices or
other appropriate recovery devices.

- Care should be taken to minimize
environmental damage during removal.

Manual Methods:

- Sorbent material is used, either broadcast
or in boom form, and collected by hand as it
becomes saturated.

Chemicals and Other Additives

- The OSC, with concurrence of the EPA
representative to the RRT and in
consultation with the State, may authorize
the use of dispersants and other chemicals
on oil spills, provided however that 'such
dispersants and other chemicals must be on
the list of accepted dispersants prepared by
EPA.

- For detailed restrictions and guidelines
see: National Oil and Hazardous Substances,
Pollution Contingency Plan; Final Revision,
40 CFR Part 30 (47FR31180). (Ref: page
91).

Federal Information Sources

* Spill Cleanup Inventory System (SKIM)

- Computerized system provides the OSC with location,
type, and source of containment and cleanup
equipment.

FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITIES (Cont'd.)

- The SKIM system presently stores Information on the
availability of the following types of equipment:

Containment Boom Dispersants
Sorbents Biological Agents
Surface Collecting Agents Vacuum Trucks
Pumping Systems Floating Storage Equipment
Beach Cleanup Equipment Aircraft
Boats Special Clothing/Safety
Communications Equipment Equipment
Generators Disposal Facilities
Skimmers

- SKIM data is available at each Marine Safety Office
and office of the Captain of the Port.

* Pollutant Spill Trajectory Forecasting

- The National Response Center (1-800-424-8802) can
forecast the path of spills in both high seas and
coastal areas for which sea currents are known.

- The OSC can get trajectory forecasts from the NRC,
or from the SSC working for NOAA.

* Sample Analysis Laboratories

- The Central 011 Identification Laboratory In
Washington, D.C., is available to the Coast Guard
OSC for matching oil samples.

- Commercial Sampling Laboratories may be used when
rapid analysis Is needed, as long as methods are
compatible with Coast Guard methods.

U.S. Coast Guard Operational Response Phases

Phase I : Discovery and Notification
Phase 11 : Preliminary Assessment and Initiation of Action
Phase 111 : Containment, Countermeasures, Cleanup,
and Disposal
Phase IV : Documentation and Cost Recovery

U.S. COAST GUARD SPILL RESPONSE PHASES

PHASE
I SPILL DISCOVERY
Note Characteristics (pp 7-8)

1
~~~~~11 ~ ~NOTIFICATION
Appropriate Contacts (pp 10-12)

1
SPILL ASSESSMENT
Federal and State Authority (pp 53 & 60)

MINORSPILLS MODERATE AND MAJORSPILLS
'I
Is Outside Assistance Needed?

NO I YES

Is Spiller's Response Adequate? OSC Notifies RRC and SSC -
Gives All Information On Spill
YES NO
~~~YE~~SL ~ ~ NO R~FIRT is Activated

Does Spill Require On-Scene Assessment?

NO YES
I IJ
RRT Advises RRT Convenes Near Spill
By Phone -
Is Further Assistance Needed?

NO YES
I
NRT and Any Other
Assistance is Brought In

OSC or Delegate CONTAINMENT AND CLEANUP PROCEEDS (pp 3548)
Monitors Spiller's
Response Actions

K ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,
IV DOCUMENTATION AND COST RECOVERY (pp 56 & 63)

STATE OF FLORIDA LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES

Spill Response Activity and Coordination - General

State response to oil spills in coastal waters is
coordinated by the State Agency Coordinator (SAC), a staff
member of the Department of Natural Resources. The SAC
will provide all information to the State Response Team
(SRT) and will work with the Federal OSC to ensure
coordination between State and Federal cleanup action.

State Agency Coordinator (SAC)

* A member of the Department of Natural Resources staff
designated by Its Executive Director.

* Primary Responsibilities of the SAC

- responsible to the Chairman of the State Response
Team (SRT) for coordination of the team during a
coastal spill.

- coordinate with the Federal OSC.

- collect all Information concerning the spill and
transmit to the SRT.

- collect and verify all support documentation for
cost recovery and expenditure reimbursement.

- develop and maintain the State Contingency Plan.

- approve all disbursements for cleanup.

State Response Team Chairman

* The Executive Director of FDNR

* Primary Responsibilities

- overall management and direction of SRT, Including
authorization to activate, direct, and deactivate.

- principal public spokesman for SRT, including
authorization of information for the press.

- advises the Governor regarding the need for a
Declaration of Emergency Proclamation.

STATE RESPONSIBILITIES (Cont'd.)

State Response Team (SRT)

* The SRT Is the State body responsible for preparing for
coastal oil spills, acting separately from but in
coordination with the Federal RRT. During spills,
members of the SRT are activated as necessary to assist
and advise the SRT Chairman and SAC.

* State Agency SRT Membership

Department of Natural Resources
Department of Environmental Regulation
Department of Veteran & Community Affairs
Department of Commerce
Department of Highway Safety & Motor Vehicles
Department of Law Enforcement
Department of Legal Affairs
Department of Military Affairs
Department of Transportation
Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
Governor's Office
Department of Health & Rehabilitative Services

See pages 70-73 for telephone numbers.

State Legal Authority

Pollution Spill Prevention and Control Act, 1979, Chapter
376, F.S.

* Chapter 376 supports and complements the Federal Clean
Water Act.

* Discharge of pollutants into or on any coastal waters,
estuaries, tidal flats, beaches, or lands adjoining the
seacoast of the State in any manner defined by
Subsection 376.011-376.21, FlorIda Statutes, Is
prohibited by 376.051, Florida Statutes.

* Lead State Agency

- For coastal spills, Department of Natural Resources

- For Inland spills, Department of Environmental
Regulation

See page 9 for jurisdictional boundaries.

STATE RESPONSIBILITIES (Cont'd.)

* Reporting

- Chapter 16N-16.22, F.A.C., requires the pilot or
master of any vessel or the person in charge of any
terminal facility that has a pollutant discharge to
notify the Florida Marine Patrol or the U.S. Coast
Guard within one hour of discovery. (See page 65
for Information required).

* Penalties

- Suspension of state registration of a vessel or
facility may be imposed if FDNR determines that
unsatisfactory preventive measures or containment
and cleanup capacities were the reason for a
discharge of pollutants.

- Violation of the Act Is punishable by a civil
penalty of up to $50,000 per violation per day, to
be assessed by FDNR; each day during any portion of
which the violation occurs constitutes a separate
offense.

* Responsibility for Cleanup and Removal

376.09(1), Florida Statutes:

- requires the person responsible for a discharge
prohibited by the Act to contain, remove, and abate
the discharge to the satisfaction of FDNR.

- authorizes FDNR to remove or contract for the
removal of a spill regardless of performance by the
person responsible for the spill.

376.09(5) and (6), Florida Statutes:

- maintains the right of any person to render
assistance in containing or removing a pollutant.

- requires prior approval by FDNR for State
reimbursement of costs incurred in dealing with a
spill.

STATE RESPONSIBILITIES (Cont'd.)

* Recovery of Costs

Under 376.12(1) and (2), Florida Statutes, a discharger
is liable to the State of Florida for all costs of
cleanup or abatement, with an unlimited ceiling if the
spill was the result of willful or gross negligence or
misconduct.

- Any person claimlng to have suffered damage as a
result of a prohibited discharge of pollutants can
apply to the State for compensation (see page 19 for
procedure).

State Spill Response Organization

* Notification (see pages 10-14)

* Verification

- The Florida Marine Patrol district office will send
personnel to the spill site.

- Within 2 hours of the spill, a Preliminary Oil or
Hazardous Pollutant Spill Report is made,
determining the severity of the discharge: minor,
moderate, or major.

* Response

- Regardless of spill size, the Florida Marine Patrol
will

a) conduct an investigation of the spill to
substantiate the State's subsequent billing to
the spiller,

b) provide traffic supervision and control for
water transportation routes affected by the
spill, and

c) conduct on-scene monitoring of all cleanup
activities by commercial contractors and others.

- The degree of State Involvement In response will
increase as the severity of the spill Increases.

- Members of the State Response Team will be involved
and the entire team activated as characteristics of
the spill warrant.

STATE RESPONSIBILITIES (Cont'd.)

State Cleanup Techniques and Policies

* Priorities and procedures are in accordance with those
of the Federal government (see pages 56-57) with the
following additional restrictions:

- Use of motorized equipment on beaches or shores
requires prior approval of FDNR (Chapter 16B-33,
Florida Administrative Code).

- Emergency coastal control line permits are required
from FDNR when cleanup could alter the physical
characteristics of beaches of shores (Chapter
168-33, Florida Administrative Code).

- Use of chemical dispersants is prohibited without
prior written consent of FDER (memorandum of
understanding between FDNR and FDER).

SPILLER LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES

A spiller Is required to provide the following information
to the Florida Marine Patrol and the U.S. Coast Guard:

(a) Name, occupation, title and telephone number of
person making notification.
(b) Type of pollutant spilled.
(c) Location of spill (nearest city, river, bay, miles,
etc.)
(d) Type of installation or carrier Involved in the
spill.
(e) Estimated amount of pollutant spilled.
(f) Date and time (local) of spill.
(g) Persons and agencies already contacted.
(h) Size and characteristics of area. already affected by
the spill.
(1) Containment and cleanup efforts to date.
(j) Cause of spill If known.
(k) Person or firm In charge of source.

Make this report by phone within 1 hour of the spill to:

Miami Marine Safety Office
111 S.W. 3rd Street
Miami, Florida
Day or Night: (305) 350-5691

Florida Marine Patrol:

Dade or Broward counties
District 6
P. O. Box 381196-1196
1275 N.E. 79th Street
Miami, Florida 33138
Day or Night: 305-325-3346
1-800-342-1829

Monroe County
District 9
2835 Overseas Highway
Marathon, Florida 33050
Day: 305-743-6542
Night: 904-488-5757
1-800-342-1829

Send a written report to these offices immediately.

03)