[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

            NOAA Technical Memorandum


            NOS SRD 26                                              







            APALACHICOLA BAY
            NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE


            ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT SIX SITES IN THE
            APALACHICOLA RIVER VALLEY, NORTHWEST FLORIDA






            Washington, D.C.
            June 1994












            U.S. Department of   National Oceanic and     Sanctuaries and
            Commerce             Atmospheric Administration Reserves Division
                                                                





























































   74
   .F6
   W55
   1994










                      NOAA Technical Memorandum


                      NOS SRD 26













                      APALACHICOLA BAY
                      NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESEARCH RESERVE


                      ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT SIX SITES IN THE
                      APALACHICOLA RIVER VALLEY, NORTHWEST FLORIDA



                      Nancy Marie White

                      Department of Anthropology
                      Tamp, Florida 33620                      U . S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NOAA
                                                               COASTAL SERVICES CENTER
                                                               2234 SOUTH HOBSON AVENUE
                      Washington, D.C.                         CHARLESTON , SC 29405-2418
                      June1994




                                                                 PrOPOrtY of C8C Llbr"T

             o'

                      U.S. Department of      National Oceanic and              National Ocean
          7=          Commerce                Atmospheric Administration        Service
                                                                                                        L
                                                                                                        MOW










                                  National Estuarine Research Reserve System

                                        Sanctuaries and Reserves Division

                               Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management

                                              National Ocean Service

                                National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

                                          U.S. Department of Commerce

































              NOTICE



              This report has been approved by the National Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and
              Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and approved for publication. Such approval does not
              signify that the contents of this report necessarily represent the official position of NOAA or of
              the Government of the United States, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
              constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.












                                       REPORT TO
                 NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
                             U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE


                     NOAA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM SERIES NOS/SRD






                 Archaeological Investigations at Six Sites in the Apalachicola River Valley,
                                     Northwest Florida









                                                    Yh





                                     Nancy Marie White



                                        June 1994















           U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
           NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
           NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE
           OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
           SANCTUARIES AND RESERVES DIVISION
           WASHINGTON, D.C.











                                                                        REPORT TO
                               NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
                                                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE




                                     NOAA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM SERIES NOS/SRD





                                                    Archaeological Investigations at Six Sites
                                                           in the Apalachicola River Valley
                                                                     Northwest Florida





                                                                    Nancy Marie White



                                                                 Department of Anthropology
                                                       University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
















                                       This work is the result of research sponsored by the U.S. Department of Commerce,
                                       National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Office
                                       of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division
                                                                Under Contract NA87AA-D-CZ006







                     Cover Illustration:  Ceramic human head from the Clark Creek shell mound, 8Gu60. Drawing by Maggie Council













                                                   ABSTRACT


                         Test excavations conducted in 1987-1988 at six prehistoric
                   archaeological sites in the Apalachicola River Valley, northwest
                   Florida, by the University of South Florida aimed to recover controlled
                   data from this archaeologically rich, little known region of the
                   Southeast.
                         Four sites are Rangia shell mounds deep in the river swamp. Depot
                   Creek shell mound (8Gu56) contains extensive Early Woodland occupation
                   radiocarbon dated to 60 B.C., underlain by Late Archaic deposits with
                   simple-stamped fiber-tempered pottery, dated to 1020 B.C. Yellow
                   Houseboat shell mound (8Gu55), has mixed Early Archaic (possibly), Late
                   Archaic, Woodland, and Fort Walton deposits and a flexed human burial of
                   unknown age. Clark Creek shell mound (8Gu6O) has Early Woodland deposits
                   and a Late Archaic component dated to 2020 B.C. Van Horn Creek shell
                   mound (8Fr744) contains Fort Walton cultural materials overlying
                   possible Woodland and Late Archaic components. A stone microtool
                   industry and other artifacts link the last to the Elliott's Point
                   Complex and other Poverty Point-related Late Archaic manifestations.
                   Further, the deep Late Archaic stratum was associated with oyster
                   shells, in contrast with the upper clamshell layers, suggesting a
                   different environmental setting in the last millennium or two B.C. on
                   the east side of the Apalachicola delta.
                         Also tested were the Overgrown Road site (8Gu38), a Middle
                   Woodland camp dated to A.D. 300, and the Corbin-Tucker site (8CaI42), a
                   Fort Walton village and cemetery dated to the ninth century A.D.(?),
                   with high status multiple human burials.
                         The scientific data recovered show a rich and diverse record of
                   past human utilization of different valley environments. They are useful
                   for addressing questions of culture chronology, subsistence change in
                   response to ecological change, large scale economic interactions and
                   even social organization. The archaeological information is also used to
                   enhance the educational programs of the Apalachicola National Estuarine
                   Research Reserve. Recommendations are made to incorporate cultural
                   resources into the Reserve management plan, as all are endangered by
                   natural and human action.









                   Key words: prehistoric archaeology, shell mounds, Native Americans

                                                      ii















                                                       CONTENTS






                      LIST OF TABLES   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  vi


                      LIST OF FIGURES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  ix


                      LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  Xi


                      PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    1


                      RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
                            Archaeological Background  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    5
                            Environmental Setting  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
                            Research Plan and General Methods  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17


                      THE DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND (8Gu56)
                            Site Description   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
                            Fieldwork  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
                            Ceramics   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
                            Lithic Materials   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
                            Other Materials: Shell, Bone,  Tooth  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
                            Faunal Remains   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
                            Botanical Remains  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
                            Summary and Interpretation of  Components   . . . . . . . . . . . 51


                      THE VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND (8Fr744)
                            Site Description   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
                            Fieldwork  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
                            Ceramics   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
                            Lithic Materials   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
                            Other Artifacts: Shell and Bone  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
                            Faunal Remains   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
                            Botanical Remains  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
                            Summary and Interpretation of Components    . . . . . . . . . . . 85


                      THE YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND (8Gu55)
                            Site Description   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
                            Fieldwork  . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
                            Ceramics   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
                            Lithic Materials   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   107
                            Other Artifacts: Shell and Bone  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   log
                            Human Skeletal Remains   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
                            Faunal Remains   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   ill
                            Botanical Remains  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   112
                            Summary and Interpretation   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   113













           THE CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND  (8Gu6O)
                 Site Description   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    115
                 Fieldwork  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    118
                 ceramics   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    122
                 Lithic Materials   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    133
                 Shell Artifacts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    137
                 Human Remains  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    138
                 Faunal Remains   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    138
                 Botanical Remains  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    139
                 Summary and Interpretation of  Components   . . . . . . . . . .   140



           THE OVERGROWN ROAD SITE  (8Gu38)
                 Site Description   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    142
                 Fieldwork  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    144
                 Features   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    147
                 Ceramics   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    152
                 Lithic Materials   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    156
                 Biotic Remains: Ethnobotanical Materials    . . . . . . . . . .   159
                 Summary and Interpretation   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    160



           THE CORBIN-TUCKER SITE (8Cal42)
                 Site Description   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    163
                 Fieldwork  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    166
                 Ceramics   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    171
                 Lithic Materials   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    186
                 Copper Artifact  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    188
                 Human Skeletal Remains   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    191
                 Faunal Remains   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    193
                 Botanical Remains  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    194
                 Summary and Interpretation   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    194



           SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

              FOR FUTURE WORK
                 Apalachicola Delta Shell Mounds: Summary    . . . . . . .  . . .  197
                 New Insights into Apalachicola Valley Prehistory:
                 Summary of Sites/Components  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    213


           PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY: EDUCATION AND CULTURAL
              RESOURCES MANAGEMENT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    217




           REFERENCES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     219







                                               iv
















                       APPENDICES:


                          1. FAUNAL REMAINS FROM FIVE APALACHICOLA RIVER SITES


                             A.  Depot Creek and Van Horn Creek Shell Mounds,
                                 (8Gu56, 8Fr744) by Karen Jo Walker   . . . . . . . . . . .   227


                             B.  Yellow Houseboat (SGu55) and Clark Creek (BGu60)
                                 Shell Mounds and the Corbin-Tucker Site (8Ca142)
                                 by Judith'E. Fandrich  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   233


                          2. CATALOG OF HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM YELLOW
                             HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, by Laura Clifford    . . . . . . . . . .  257


                          3. REPORT ON COPPER DISC FROM THE CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, (SCal42)


                             A. Analysis and Conservation by John Maseman    . . . . . . . .  262


                             B. Lead Analysis by David Scott    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   264


                             C. Analysis of a Fragment by Jay Palmer     . . . . . . . . . .  265


                          4. CATALOG OF HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE CORBIN-TUCKER
                             SITE, by Sylvia M. Layman  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   266


                          5. FLORAL REMAINS FROM THE CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Ca142
                             by Michelle Alexander  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   268



























                                                           v












                                                         LIST OF TABLES


                         1.    Ceramics from Depot Creek shell mound, 8Gu56,
                               by general provenience      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       31

                         2.    Ceramics from Depot Creek     shell  mound, 8Gu56,   Test Unit A   . . .  33

                         3.    ceramics from Depot Creek     shell  mound, 8Gu56,   Test Unit B   . . .  35

                         4.    Ceramics from Depot Creek     shell  mound, 8Gu56,   Test Unit C   . . .  36

                         5.    Ceramics from Depot Creek     shell  mound, 8Gu56,   Test Unit D   . . .  37

                         6.    Possible daub fragments from Depot Creek shell mound, 8Gu56           . . 38

                         7.    Lithic materials from Depot Creek shell mound, 8Gu56           . . . . .  39

                         8.    Shell artifacts from Depot Creek shell mound, 8Gu56         . . . . . .   41

                         9.    Botanical remains from Depot Creek shell mound, 8Gu56          . . . . .  50

                        10.    Ceramics from Van Horn    Creek shell mound, 8Fr744,
                               by general provenience      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       60

                        11.    Ceramics from Van Horn    Creek  shell mound,    8Fr744, Test Unit 1 .    62

                        12.    Ceramics from Van Horn    Creek  shell mound,    8Fr744, Test Unit 2 .    64

                        13.    Ceramics from Van Horn    Creek  shell mound,    8Fr744, Test Unit 3 .    65

                        14.    Ceramics from Van Horn    Creek  shell mound,    8Fr744, Test Unit 4 .    66

                        15.    Non-vessel clay remains from     Van Horn Creek shell    mound, SFr744    74

                        16.    Lithic materials from Van Horn Creek shell mound,        8Fr744    . . .  76

                        17.    Shell artifacts from Van Horn Creek shell mound, SFr744          . . . .  80

                        18.    Botanical remains from Van Horn Creek shell mound, 8Fr744          . . .  84

                        19.    Ceramics from Yellow Houseboat shell mound,       8Gu55,
                               by general provenience      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       97

                        20.    Ceramics from Yellow Houseboat shell mound,       8Gu55, Test Unit 1 99

                        21.    Ceramics from Yellow Houseboat shell mound,       8Gu55, Test    Unit 2 101

                        22.    Ceramics from Yellow Houseboat shell mound,       8Gu55, Test    Unit 3 102

                        23.    Ceramics from Yellow Houseboat shell mound,       8Gu55, Test    Unit 4 103

                        24.    Non-vessel clay remains from Yellow Houseboat
                               shell mound, 8Gu55     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .        107

                        25.    Lithic materials from Yellow Houseboat shell mound, 8Gu55               108

                        26.    Botanical remains from Yellow Houseboat shell mound, 8Gu55              113

                        27.    Ceramics from Clark Creek shell mound, 8Gu6O,
                               by general provenience      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       123

                        28.    Ceramics from Clark Creek shell mound, 8Gu60, Test Unit A               125



                                                                vi










                                     LIST OF TABI, S (Continued)

            29.   Ceramics from Clark Creek shell mound, SGu60, Test Unit B . .          127

            30.   Ceramics from Clark Creek shell mound, SGu60, Test Unit C .         .  129

            31.   Non-vessel clay remains from Clark Creek shell mound, 8Gu6O         .  132

            32.   Lithic materials from Clark Creek shell mound, 8Gu6O         . . . .   134

            33.   Shell artifacts from Clark Creek shell mound, 8Gu60       . . . . .    137

            34.   Botanical remains from Clark Creek shell mound, SGu60        . . . .   140

            35.   Excavated features at the Overgrown Road site, SGu3S         . . . .   148

            36.   Ceramics from the Overgrown Road site, SGu38,
                  by general provenience     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       153

            37.   Ceramics from the Overgrown    Road  site,  8Gu38, Test Unit   1 .  .  153

            38.   Ceramics  from  the Overgrown  Road  site,  8Gu38, Test  Unit  1A   .  154

            39.   Ceramics  from  the Overgrown  Road  site,  8Gu38, Test  Unit  2 .  .  154

            40.   Ceramics  from  the Overgrown  Road  site,  8Gu38, Test  Unit  3  . .  154

            41.   Ceramics  from  the Overgrown  Road  site,  SGu3S, Test  Unit  5  . .  155

            42.   Ceramics  from  the Overgrown  Road  site,  8Gu38, Test  Unit  6  . .  155

            43.   Lithic materials from the Overgrown Road site, SGu38         . . . .   157

            44.   Botanical remains from the Overgrown Road site, 8Gu38        . . . .   161

            45.   Ceramics from the Corbin-Tucker site, 8Cal42,
                  by general provenience     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       174

            46.   Ceramics from   the Corbin-Tucker   site,  8Cal42, Test Unit   A       175

            47.   Ceramics from   the Corbin-Tucker   site,  8Ca142, Test Unit   B       176

            48.   Ceramics from   the Corbin-Tucker   site,  8CaI42, Test Unit   C       177

            49.   Ceramics from   the Corbin-Tucker   site,  8Ca142, Test Unit   D       178

            50.   Ceramics from   the Corbin-Tucker   site,  8Cal42, Test Unit   E       179

            51.   Ceramics from   the Corbin-Tucker   site,  SCa142, Test Unit   F       ISO

            52.   Non-vessel clay remains from the Corbin-Tucker site, SCa142            186

            53.   Lithic materials from the Corbin-Tucker site, 8Ca142         . . . .   187

            54.   Radiocarbon dates from project sites/components       . . . . . . .    198

            55.   Summary of faunal evidence by component at
                  four Apalachicola delta shell mounds       . . . . . . . . . . . .     207

            A1.1  List of identified faunal species from five Apalachicola sites 238

            A1.2  Quantitative summary of sample faunal remains
                  from Van Horn Creek shell mound, 8Fr744      . . . . . . . . . . .     229



                                                   vii










                                                LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

                        Al-3  Quantitative summary of sample faunal    remains
                              from Depot Creek shell mound, 8Gu56     . . . . . . . . . . . . .   229

                        A1.4  Faunal remains from Depot Creek    shell mound, 8Gu56,
                              Test Unit C, Level 1 (Deptford)    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    239

                        A1.5  Faunal remains from Depot Creek    shell mound, 8Gu56,
                              Test Unit C, Level 3 (Deptford)    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    240

                        A1.6  Faunal remains from Depot Creek    shell mound, 8Gu56,
                              Test Unit C, Level 5 (Deptford)    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    241

                        A1.7  Faunal remains from Depot Creek    shell mound, SGu56,
                              Test Unit C, Level 7 (Late Archaic)     . . . . . . . . . . . . .   242

                        A1.8  Faunal remains from Depot Creek shell    mound, 8Gu56,
                              presence/absence by level   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     243

                        A1.9  Selected faunal specimens from the Depot Creek
                              shell mound, 8Gu56    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     243

                        A1.10 Faunal remains from Van Horn Creek shell mound,     8Fr744,
                              Test Unit 1, Level 2 (Ft. Walton & Woodland?)     . . . . . . . .   244

                        A1.11 Faunal remains from Van Horn Creek shell mound,     8Fr744,
                              Test Unit 1, Level 4 (Ft. Walton & Woodland?)     . . . . . . . .   245

                        A1.12 Faunal remains from Van Horn Creek shell mound,     8Fr744,
                              Test Unit 1, Level 6 (Early Woodland & L. Archaic)      . . . . .   246

                        A1.13 Faunal remains from Van Horn Creek shell mound,     SFr744,
                              Test Unit 1, Level 8 (Late Archaic)     . . . . . . . . . . . . .   247

                        A1.14 Faunal remains from Van Horn Creek shell mound,     SFr744,
                              Test Unit 1, Level 10 (Late Archaic)     . . . . . . . . . . . .    248

                        A1.15 Faunal remains from Van Horn Creek shell mound,     8Fr744:
                              presence/absence by level   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     249

                        A1.16 Selected faunal remains from Van Horn Creek
                              shell mound, 8Fr755   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     250

                        A1.17 Faunal remains from Yellow Houseboat shell mound, 8Gu55,
                              Test Unit 2, Level 5 (Early Woodland & Ft. Walton)      . . . . .   251

                        A1.18 Faunal remains from Yellow Houseboat shell mound, 8Gu55,
                              Test Unit 2, Level 6 (Early Woodland & Ft. Walton)                  252

                        A1.19 Faunal remains from Clark Creek shell mound, 8Gu6O,
                              Test Unit B, Level 6 (Early Woodland)    . . . . . . . . . . . .    253

                        A1.20 Faunal remains from Clark Creek shell mound, 8Gu60,
                              Test Unit B, Level 11 (Late Archaic)     . . . . . . . . .. . . .   254

                        A1.21 Faunal remains from Yellow Houseboat and Clark Creek shell
                              mounds: presence/absence by provenience    . . . . . . . . . . .    255

                        A1.22 Faunal remains from Feature 1 (refuse pit) Corbin-Tucker
                              site, 8Cal42 (early? Fort Walton)    . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    256

                        A5.   Floral remains from the Corbin-Tucker site, 8Ca142      . . . . .   270



                                                             viii












                                                        LIST OF FIGURES


                         1.    Map of the Apalachicola Valley, showing sites investigated               11

                         2.    Natural environment of shell mounds: Van Horn Creek;
                               excavation at Depot Creek shell mound      . . . . . . . . . . . . .     13

                         3.    Map of the Depot Creek shell mound, showing excavation units           . 22

                         4.    Depot Creek shell mound, Test Unit A, two views        . . . . . . . .   25

                         5.    Graph of ceramic type relative frequencies from
                               Depot Creek shell mound    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       28

                         6.    Stamped pottery from Depot Creek shell mound        . . . . . . . . .    30

                         7.    Worked shell from Depot Creek shell mound       . . . . . . . . . . .    42

                         8.    Bone points from Depot Creek shell mound        . . . . . . . . . . .    45

                         9.    Bone tools from shell mounds: Fishhook from Depot Creek
                               and engraved pin from Van Horn Creek       . . . . . . . . . . ... .     46

                        10.    Map of Van Horn Creek shell mound showing excavation units               54

                        11.    Graph of ceramic type relative frequencies from
                               Van Horn Creek shell mound      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      67


                        12.    Artifacts from Van Horn Creek shell mound: ceramic and chert           . 69


                        13.    Chert cores and tools from Van Horn Creek shell mound        . . . . .   77

                        14.    Map of Yellow Houseboat'shell mound, showing test units         . . . .  89

                        15.    Two views of Yellow Houseboat shell mound       . . . . . . . . . . .    90

                        16.    Exposed burial at Yellow Houseboat shell mound        . . . . . . . .    95

                        17.    Ceramics from Yellow Houseboat shell mound        . . . . . . . . .    104


                        18.    Artifacts from Yellow Houseboat shell mound:
                               projectile point and beads      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      106

                        19.    Map of Clark Creek shell mound, showing test units         . . . . .   116

                        20.    Path through thick swamps to Clark Creek shell mound         . . . .   117

                        21.    Excavations at Clark Creek shell mound       . . . . . . ... . . .     120


                        22.    Graph of ceramic type relative frequencies at
                               Clark Creek shell mound    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       130


                        23.    Artifacts from Clark Creek shell mound       . . . . . . . . . . .     135

                        24.    Map of the Overgrown Road site, showing excavation units               143









                                                                ix











                                     LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)


            25.        Feature 4 cross-section and ceramics from
                       the Overgrown Road site     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       150

            26.        Map of the Corbin-Tucker site, showing test units         . . . .   164

            27.        View of Corbin-Tucker site; Fort Walton sherds from        surface 165

            28.        Feature I at Corbin-Tucker site      . . . . . . . . . . . . .      168

            29.        Burial at the Corbin-Tucker site       . . . . . . . . . . . .      172

            30.        Graph of ceramic type relative frequencies at
                       the Corbin-Tucker site      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       173

            31.        Fort Walton partial vessels from Corbin-Tucker site         . . .   183

            32.        Greenstone celt and ceramic owl effigy from
                       the Corbin-Tucker site      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       185

            33.        copper disc from the Corbin-Tucker site       . . . . . . . . .     189




            A1.1       Bar graph showing relative amounts of Rangia and Oyster
                       shell by level in Test Unit 1, Van Horn Creek shell mound 231

            A1.2       Graph of relative frequencies of Rangia and Oyster shell
                       by level in Test Unit 1, Van Horn Creek shell mound . . .           232



































                                                     x











                                        LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT


                       General


                       TU                  test unit, as TUA, TU2
                       L                   (arbitrary) level, as Level 1
                       ANERR               Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve
                       USF                 University of South Florida
                       NOAA                National oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                       frag(s)             fragment(s)
                       poss                possible
                       FMNH                Florida Museum of Natural History
                       MNI                 minimum numbers of individuals (individual animals in
                                           each species as reconstructed by zooarchaeologist for
                                           a particular provenience)
                       diam                diameter
                       N                   north
                       S                   south
                       E                   east
                       W                   west
                       unident             unidentified



                       Ceramic  Types

                       check-stamp         check-stamped
                       comp-stamp          complicated-stamped
                       cord-mark           cord-marked
                       fiber-temp          fiber-tempered plain
                       grit-temp           grit-tempered
                       grog-temp           grog-tempered
                       pl                  plain (smooth surface)
                       sand-temp           sand-tempered
                       simple-stamp        simple-stamped (grit, sand or grog temper)
                       s-st fiber-temp     simple-stamped fiber-tempered



                       Lithic Artifact Terms


                       decort              decortication flake (removal of cortex from chert
                                           nodule)
                       prim                primary flake, first steps in artifact productions
                       2nd                 secondary flake, next steps in artifact productions
                       prim  decort        primary decortication flake (has > 50% cortex)
                       2nd decort          secondary dedortication flake (has < 50% cortex)


                       Skeletal Terms


                       Ml                  first molar
                       M2                  second molar
                       M3                  third molar ("wisdom tooth")
                       PM1                 first premolar
                       PM2                 second premolar
                       I                   incisor
                       L                   left
                       R                   right








                                                             xi













                                            PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


                           This work is a report on the archaeological test excavations
                     conducted in the Apalachicola River valley of northwest Florida in 1987
                     and 1988 by the University of South Florida (USF) Anthropology
                     Department. For several years USF has conducted survey to locate
                     prehistoric sites along the Apalachicola. Some test excavations have
                     been done along the upper river, but few sites were even known from the
                     lower valley until recently, because of the remoteness of the area. A
                     1985 survey recorded the presence of shell mounds and other sites, many
                     deep in the riverine wetlands and estuary. But survey involved only
                     locating sites and collecting surface cultural remains.
                           The major goal of this project was to gather controlled, excavated
                     data and materials from several different prehistoric time periods from
                     a variety of sites in this little known but archaeologically rich area.
                     The kinds of research questions addressed had by necessity to be basic,
                     to establish a data base for the region and to begin a program with a
                     manageable project. So initial aims were to identify cultural components
                     in some of the shell mounds, establish cultural chronologies, and obtain
                     subsistence remains from as many different time periods as possible.
                     Longer-term objectives were to investigate connections of cultural
                     manifestations from different time periods with others along the greater
                     region of the northern Gulf Coast, and to compare Apalachicola delta
                     estuarine/coastal adaptations through time with the better known
                     archaeological record of interior riverine cultures in this valley. As
                     usual, methods and goals are dynamic throughout a project. Much of the
                     investigation was structured also by the logistics of just getting to
                     some of the sites. In addition we encountered some unexpected materials
                     in the form of human burials. Ultimately, social and economic issues can
                     be examined with these data to some extent, and there is great future
                     research potential.
                           This monograph is submitted as the final report to the granting
                     agency. It was originally submitted in July 1989 and unfortunately held
                     up in bureaucracy for over two years before it was peer-reviewed and
                     returned for revision. Meanwhile some of the information was published
                     in archaeological journals (White, 1991a, 1992, 1993) and related work
                     continues (White and Estabrook 1994). Also during this time study of the
                     data and materials continued and the volume of published literature on
                     shell mound archaeology, especially, increased considerably. The
                     archaeology students and I became a great deal more knowledgeable than
                     when we first laid out a I x I meter unit on top a shell midden in the
                     late 1980s and expected one could dig it just like any other.prehistoric

                                                         I












          site in Florida. We also had time to finish all the flotation and
          sorting in the lab; thus the artifact tables in this report also include
          materials recovered in flotation and are more complete than some
          published earlier (in White 1992, 1993).
                This monograph is primarily descriptive in nature and covers only
          the test excavations done in 1987-88. It explains field operations at
          each site, materials recovered, analyses performed so far, and
          interpretations of components at each site. Where possible, social and
          economic systems are discussed and related to wider systems across space
          and time. Also included are a description of the public archaeology
          conducted in conjunction with the scientific investigations, and summary
          recommendations for the Apalachicola National Estuarine Research
          Reserve's management of these valuable prehistoric cultural resources.
                Since 1988, 1 have directed further work at prehistoric sites in
          this region to continue exploring existing research issues and
          unearthing new ones (e.g., White and Estabrook 1994). During another
         .project in 1990 a brief return visit was made to the Corbin-Tucker site
          in an effort to get a better charcoal sample for dating the Fort Walton
          cemetery. In 1993 we returned to Van Horn Creek shell mound to attempt
          excavation below the water table for more Late Archaic evidence,
          supported by a historic preservation grant from the Florida Division of
          Historical Resources. Analyses of data from these two return trips is
          still in progress, though preliminary findings have been incorporated
          into this report in the summary chapter.
                Clearly, the project reported here has been a first big step.
          Many, many thanks are due several individuals and institutions who made
          it possible. The fieldwork and analyses were funded by the National
          Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Estuarine Sanctuary
          programs division, who provided a total of $22,774 for two seasons of
          fieldwork and analyses. Additional assistance was provided by the
          University of South Florida College of social and Behavioral Sciences
          (now College of Arts and Sciences), the President's Council, and the
          Anthropology Department. I thank NOAA archaeologist Ervan Garrison and
          other reviewers for extremely useful critiques of this report.
                Excavations were carried out by two crews of USF field school
          students, whose bravery and good humor in the face of rough, sometimes
          dangerous, and often ridiculous field conditions were noteworthy. The
          1987 crew were Phil Gerrell, Jennifer Giesler, Jerry Hren, Heather
          Mahan, Doug Potter, Cindy Jo Rossiter, and Annette Snapp. The 1988 crew
          were Steve Beckwith, John Darsey, Charles Furmeister, Maggie Goetze,
          John Kato, Jimmy Stark, and supervisor Fred Steube, who also visited  in
          1987 to lead us back to the nearly invisible overgrown Road site. I

                                              2









                     especially thank the 1988 crew for taking good care of their pregnant
                     director in the field. Field volunteers were Susan Henefield-Herring,
                     Bill Herring, Maggie Council, Art Lee, Lynn Lee, Yoko Rothe, Terry
                     Simpson, Jeannie Potter, Dorothy Ward, and state archaeologist Louis
                     Tesar, on a "busman's holiday.,,
                           Laboratory work, report editing,  and fact checking were done by
                     many loyal students and volunteers: Sharon Boese, Tara Boyce, Heather
                     Clagett, John Darsey, Crete Fisher, Charles Fuhrmeister, Art Lee, Lynn
                     Lee, Brian Parker, Doug Potter, Anne Reed, Carlene Shapiro, Terry
                     Simpson, Paula Stewart, and Fred Steube, under the direction of tireless
                     lab supervisor Maggie Goetze.
                           Field quarters for the crew were generously provided by many
                     individuals. For our work at the Overgrown Road Site, Panama City
                     businessman Max Fleming donated his hunting camp house at Howard Creek,
                     where caretakers Eletha and Arthur Nixon were like adoptive godparents

                     to the crew.
                           While we dug at the Corbin-Tucker site Suella McMillan, director
                     of the W. T. Neal Civic Center in Blountstown, provided not only camping
                     space and lab facilities, but also other help, including cases of
                     research supplies. Finlay and Donna Corbin and their children graciously
                     aided the fieldwork in many ways, and Finlay added his expertise as a
                     dentist to identification of the teeth from the site.
                           The late John Meyer, City Manager of Apalachicola, provided
                     assistance in securing crew quarters while we worked on the shell
                     mounds; he got us an abandoned convent one year and renovated public
                     housing the next. Residents of Howard Creek, Blountstown, and
                     Apalachicola welcomed us warmly and often shared their site information
                     and brought us their collections to see.
                           Special studies were conducted by many skilled individuals, who
                     are all contributors to this report (as indicated in appropriate
                     sections). Under the supervision of Elizabeth Wing of the Florida Museum
                     of Natural History in Gainesville, faunal analyses were done by Karen Jo
                     Walker and Judith E. Fandrich, who also reviewed the original
                     manuscript. I have combined their reports into Appendix 1, which I
                     edited for consistency but otherwise left intact. Ethnobotanical
                     analyses were done by Elisabeth Sheldon of SITE, Inc., in Montgomery,
                     Alabama, and Michelle Alexander of Rollins College and the orange County
                     Historical Museum in Orlando. Their data are incorporated into tables
                     within the text, and Alexander's short report on Corbin-Tucker site
                     flora is included as Appendix 5, with my edited version of her tabulated

                     data.





                                                         3













                Soil scientists Joe Schuster and Leland Sasser and Florida State
          University geologist Joe Donoghue provided great assistance in
          interpreting soils and geomorphology. Archaeologist Rich Estabrook of
          Tampa did the lithic analysis of the microtool industries. Judy Bense at
          the University of West Florida loaned us her waterscreening equipment in
          1988. Tampa dentist Julio Maya examined the deciduous tooth from Depot
          Creek shell mound. Frankie Snow, of South Georgia College in Douglas,
          helped evaluate designs of the complicated-stamped pottery from the
          Overgrown Road site and pointed out a reference for the herringbone
          complicated-stamped pattern at the shell mounds.
                John Maseman donated his skills at the South Florida Conservation
          Center in Pompano Beach toward the analysis and reconstruction of the
          copper disc from the Corbin-Tucker site burial. Sally Williams of USF1s
          Medical Center donated an X-ray of the disk, and David Scott of the
          Getty Conservation Institute in Marina del Ray, California, examined its
          lead coating. USF chemist Jay Palmer, a specialist in archaeological
          metals, provided additional analyses from a fragment of the disc. I have
          combined all these experts' reports into Appendix 3.
                Graduate students Laura Clifford and Sylvia Layman analyzed the
          human skeletal remains from Yellow Houseboat shell mound and the
          Corbin-Tucker site, respectively (Appendices 2 and 4). Charles
          Fuhrmeister studied the high status burial at the latter site for his
          senior honors thesis at USF, and drafted the site maps for Corbin-Tucker
          site and Clark Creek shell mound. Grad student Terry Simpson produced
          many drafts of tables and graphs of ceramic frequencies for each site. I
          also thank Marianne Bell, who typed this entire final manuscript and
          provided the first instance in my ten years at USF that I ever had my
          professional writing typed for me.
                Director Woody Miley, former Education Coordinator Bonnie Holub,
          and their staff at the Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve
          aided the project every step of the way, including loaning us boats and
          other equipment and collaborating on archaeology day programs for the
          community. Reserve staff members Joseph Thompson, Jimmy Moses, and Pat
          Millender should especially be mentioned for their help in pushing
          through the swamps with us, setting up fieldwork, and keeping the crew
          alive (and laughing).










                                              4













                                                RESEARCH FRAMEWORK



                      ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
                           Since the turn of the century the rich prehistoric archaeological
                      record of the Apalachicola Valley in northwest Florida has been
                      documented. Clarence Bloomfield Moore was the first to excavate mounds
                      along this and other Southeastern rivers and publish descriptions of his
                      work and findings and illustrations of interesting artifacts (Moore
                      1903, 1918). Though Moore's methods were crude compared with the way we
                      do archaeology today (as our methods will be considered at some future
                      time), he established the presence of sophisticated arts and crafts and
                      elaborate mortuary ceremonialism among prehistoric peoples in the
                      Apalachicola valley. Complex, beautiful and finely made pottery and
                      other artifacts of exotic materials were interred with apparently
                      important people in the mounds he explored.
                           One of the first regional overviews of modern archaeology in the
                      eastern U.S. was done for the northwest Florida coast by Willey and
                      Woodbury (1942) and later expanded by Gordon Willey into a major
                      synthetic work (1949). Primarily by the use of distinctive ceramic
                      types, Willey organized the data into a chronological framework. Though
                      radiocarbon dating had not yet been invented, his relative chronology
                      has withstood the test of time, even when adjusted to include absolute
                      dates. Much of Willey's information for northwest Florida was drawn.from
                      the Apalachicola Valley.
                           Since the 1940s there has been exploration of this valley by
                      archaeologists and students from Florida State University, Case Western
                      Reserve University, and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Several
                      sites have been located through survey and some have been subjected to
                      various amounts of test excavation. The emphasis was upon locating sites
                      in the upper and middle portions of the valley and testing later
                      prehistoric (last millennium) sites such as Middle and Late Woodland
                      (early to late Weedon Island) middens and Mississippian (Fort Walton)
                      mound/village sites (e.g., Percy 1972, Brose et al. 1976, White 1982).
                      Synthetic studies analyzing weeden Island and Fort Walton settlement and
                      social systems resulted from this work (Brose and Percy 1974, 1978;
                      Percy and Brose 1974).
                           Between the middle of the valley at the town of Blountstown and
                      the river mouth area and bay shore on the coast, however, few sites were
                      recorded until the middle 1980s, when the University of South Florida
                      began a field program there (e.g., Henefield and White 1986). We found
                      the old meander banks in the river swamps and estuary to be rich with
                      prehistoric occupational debris. Any area even a few cm higher than the


                                                         5











          surrounding wetlands was likely to be a prehistoric site. Shell mounds,
          in particular, were known from the bay shore, where they have often been
          exposed by development; we found more of them deep in the estuarine
          wetlands and river swamp.
                Because of the remoteness of the lower delta region, little
          archaeology has been done here. The logistics of even finding sites in
          such dense, low forests, not to mention spending time excavating, are
          somewhat daunting. Yet the potential for recovering undisturbed data and
          materials is enormous. Thus we embarked on a limited test excavation
          program in 1987 and 1988 as a first step. The amount of information
          gained from a total of 12 weeks of digging has been staggering. This
          report is by no means a complete analysis of it, but we have indeed made

          a start.



          CULTURE HISTORY
                The prehistoric culture chronology of this region has been
          described elsewhere (e.g., Willey 1949, White 1981, 1986), and need only
          be summarized here. Much of it is reasonable speculation based on
          general cultural sequences for the eastern U.S. (e.g., Fagan 1991).
                Paleo-Indian diagnostic artifacts (or any earlier cultural
          remains) have not been found so far in the Apalachicola Valley proper.
          The earliest cultural evidence consists of Clovis and other Paleo-Indian
          points from the Chipola River valley, the largest tributary of the
          Apalachicola, on its west side. Such clustering of the evidence as well
          as geological information indicate that the main river channel may have
          flowed through the present-day channel of the Chipola during the
          Pleistocene, providing an attractive environment for the earliest human
          settlement (White and Trauner 1987). Later fluvial shifts continually
          brought the river channel eastward, but the timing of this movement is

          not clear.
                It is also quite likely that most of the earliest archaeological
          sites are invisible today for several reasons. Even if the Apalachicola
          was flowing farther to the west, its present valley area was probably
          not uninhabited. Evidence of such human presence is probably buried
          beneath several meters of sand, however, as the process of delta
          formation involved deposition of tons of alluvium. Furthermore,
          settlement of the Pleistocene coastline, which was probably extensive
          given the rich resource base there, would today be not only covered with
          many meters of alluvium but also submerged in Apalachicola Bay, which is
          rapidly filling in, and in the Gulf of Mexico, due to sea level rise
          after about 10,000 years ago (Donoghue 1993).



                                              6










                            The first inhabitants doubtless came to this region as early as
                      they did in the rest of North America, by at least 12,000 years ago. So
                      far we can only describe their cultural adaptations with reference to
                      what is known elsewhere in the Southeast. Fossil mammoth and mastodon
                      teeth and other signs of Ice Age megafauna. have been collected from the
                      upper portions of the Apalachicola Valley, but it remains to be
                      demonstrated whether the first people here were hunting these animals.
                      They could just as easily (more easily, actually) have fished, collected
                      wild plants and shellfish, and hunted small game as well.
                            There are similar difficulties with locating Early and Middle
                      Archaic sites in the Apalachicola Valley. The period from about 9000 to
                      4500 years ago is well represented by thousands of diagnostic stemmed
                      and notched projectile points in many collections. But there are few
                      sites that have produced these materials in undisturbed context, and
                      none that have been investigated beyond the survey level (Henefield and
                      White 1986). Again it can be assumed, for now, that the Early and Middle
                      Archaic and preceramic Late Archaic adaptations were similar to those in
                      better documented regions of the Southeast. Post-Pleistocene fauna, fish
                      and shellfish, and a diverse array of plant species doubtless formed a
                      good subsistence base for small groups of seasonally mobile people.
                            It is only later in the Late Archaic stage, when the first pottery
                      was made, that we have better information, and this report contributes
                      new findings on the ceramic Late Archaic and subsequent time periods.
                      When people started to make fiber-tempered pottery sometime before 2000
                      B.C., it probably did not change their way of life much but it certainly
                      made their sites more visible archaeologically. Fiber-tempered pottery
                      is found with lithic material and occasionally other artifacts
                      throughout the valley, at riverbank sites and at locations along smaller
                      streams. In the lower valley it is diagnostic of the Late Archaic
                      adaptation to bayshore, estuarine, and river swamp environments and a
                      material culture system clearly related to the Elliott's Point/Poverty
                      Point cultural complexes that range from extreme northwest Florida to
                      coastal Louisiana and up the Mississippi Valley. Such sites also produce
                      characteristic microlithic tools and cores, and clay balls or "objects"
                      that may have been for dry roasting of food. Similar remains are
                      reported herein for some Apalachicola shell mounds. This research
                      includes definitive identification of the plant fibers mixed with the
                      clay as Spanish moss, and characterization of the microlithic industry
                      in comparison with that of Poverty Point and related adaptations.
                      Connecting these artifacts and settlement data with living socioeconomic
                      systems is more problematic, though this report makes some attempt. The
                      presence of the Late Archaic components at and mostly below the present-

                                                          7











          day water table and with biotic remains indicating differing
          environments also provides exciting new information about the timing and
          nature of sea level change and fluvial shifts during the late Holecene
          (Donoghue and White 1993).
                By the last centuries before the Christian era the material
          evidence changes in character, marking the beginning of the Woodland
          cultural stage. Early Woodland ceramics were now made with sand, grog,
          and grit temper. While plain surfaces were still common, designs stamped
          with a paddle into the wet clay were as well, especially simple
          (parallel lines) and check stamping. In the upper valley there was some
          stamping with woven fabric, but none of this has yet been found in the
          lower valley. Vessel shapes include another diagnostic indicator: podal
          supports on vessel bottoms. These ceramics (and unfortunately no other
          kinds of artifacts as yet) are indicative of the Early Woodland Deptford
          period. Elsewhere in the eastern U.S. Early Woodland populations are
          building burial mounds and beginning to cultivate wild plants. So far no
          evidence for these activities this early is known within the
          Apalachicola Valley. A research question recognized herein, though
          perhaps not able to be addressed well with the data from this project,
          is whether or not lower valley inhabitants ever cultivated plants, given
          their already rich wetland environments. The thick Early Woodland
          deposits at several shell mounds did allow for good control of ceramic
          stratigraphy; this rep ort contributes a couple good dates and a
          controlled look at Deptford ceramic sequences, including data to address
          the question of the degree to which check-stamped ceramics are
          diagnostic of anything.
                By the Middle Woodland (traditionally dated from A.D. I to perhaps
          600), people along the Apalachicola are heavily involved in burial mound
          construction and ceremonialism, like the rest of the eastern U.S.,
          though there is still little evidence for plant cultivation or
          seasonality systems. In the lower valley many burial mounds were
          explored by Moore and Willey, who described their aesthetically fine
          artifacts and exotic raw materials. The puzzle of the overlapping
          temporal and geographic distributions of two ceramic complexes during
          this time period remains. From major mound complexes to small campsites
          there is Swift Creek pottery, stamped in interesting complex designs,
          and early Weeden Island pottery, incised and punctated in an equally
          fascinating variety of motifs and/or shaped into human or animal
          effigies or other unusual forms. The two ceramic series sometimes occur
          together and other times not, though complicated-stamped sherds do often
          show up earlier, in the company of later Deptford pottery. Results
          reported here from multicomponent shell mounds and a small Swift Creek

                                              8










                      camp help document the chronological positioning of these ceramics and
                      the place of short-term occupation sites within the settlement system.
                           After the height of Middle Woodland ceremonialism, the Late
                      Woodland (late Weeden Island) period in northwest Florida is
                      characterized by a near disappearance of burial mound construction and
                      presumably important though as yet unclear shifts in sociopolitical
                      organization. At least one site of this period has produced good
                      evidence for maize agriculture within a seasonal settlement system
                      (Milanich 1974) in the upper Apalachicola Valley. The lower delta has
                      many sites appearing to be of this time period, especially some
                      documented on the bayshores of the mainland and barrier islands. But all
                      appear to be shellfish collecting stations, and none has been
                      investigated beyond surface collection. In the river swamp/estuarine
                      area none of the shell mounds has produced clear evidence for any
                      occupation during this time period, though it is difficult to do so
                      without good radiocarbon dates as the most common evidence is check-
                      stamped and plain pottery, which everyone earlier and later was
                      manufacturing also.
                            By A.D. 1000 some kind of internal sociopolitical reorganization,
                      apparently influenced to some degree by similar processes all over the
                      Southeast, resulted in the development of native chiefdoms based on
                      intensive maize agriculture in the riverine interior of this valley
                      (White 1982). There is clear evidence of flat-topped temple mounds and
                      large villages during this time, called the Fort Walton period, the
                      variant of the Mississippian cultural stage in northwest Florida. it is
                      curious that Fort Walton groups made pottery tempered with heavy grit or
                      sand or grog; only rarely does the shell-tempered pottery characteristic
                      of all other Mississippian societies throughout the Southeast appear at
                      Fort Walton sites. In the lower Apalachicola Valley Fort Walton
                      components have been known from several shell mounds and midden sites,
                      and one was investigated as part of this work. We still do not have
                      enough data to determine whether coastal wetlands populations practiced
                      any agriculture, or traded with interior folks to get maize, or did not
                      need or use cultigens at all given their abundance of other resources. A
                      middle valley Fort Walton settlement and cemetery site tested during
                      this project produced interesting if confusing social data, however, for
                      looking again at questions of chronology, stratification, and resources.
                           Aboriginal societies with Mississippian cultural adaptations were
                      the first encountered and the first destroyed in the early sixteenth
                      century with the European entries into Florida and elsewhere in the
                      Southeast. No early contacts are recorded in the Apalachicola valley,
                      though evidence of European artifacts is known from a few Fort Walton

                                                         9










          sites (Moore 1903). Seventeenth century mission activity took place in
          the upper valley, but the names and identities of the peoples living
          along most of the river are still unknown, and they disappeared quickly,
          to be replaced later in the early historic period by incoming lower
          Creek/Seminole groups from the north who claimed then uninhabited lands.
          Many sites producing the diagnostic Seminole brushed pottery are known
          from the upper and middle valley, but the lower Apalachicola delta has
          little material from this time period. The Indians were removed by the
          middle nineteenth century, and European and later American groups
          filtered in to exploit the forest, swampland, and coastal resources.
          Backswamp areas such as at the Corbin-Tucker and Overgrown Road sites
          were mostly utilized for tree farming, and remote wetlands in the lowest
          delta river swamp were and are still mostly inhabited seasonally by
          hunters, fishers, and beekeepers. Coastal development continues at an
          accelerating pace in places such as the town of Apalachicola. Until the
          late twentieth century tourism boom, however, most of it has been
          dependent upon harvesting of aquatic resources, the activity that
          supported the prehistoric peoples so well.


          ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
                The watery wilderness of the Apalachicola delta (B. Watts 1975) is
          characterized by resource abundance and diversity (Edmiston and Tuck
          1987). Located about 50 miles west of Tallahassee, Florida, the
          Apalachicola River is actually the lowest portion of the great
          Chattahoochee River system, which originates in the Blue Ridge
          Mountains. It flows from the confluence of the Chattahoochee and the
          Flint Rivers, right at the modern Florida-Georgia border, 107 miles
          southward into the Gulf of Mexico (Figure 1).
                The Apalachicola is the largest river in terms of flow in Florida,
          with the most fish and shellfish species, the highest densities of
          amphibians and reptiles north of Mexico, and a large number of unique
          endemic flora and fauna (Livingston 1984: 26-27).
                The upper and middle portions of the valley consist mostly of
          broad alluvial bottomlands with hardwood and mixed forests, good land
          for agriculture. The unusual Torreya Ravines in the middle east side of
          the valley are steep hills with seeping springs where rare plant and
          animal species are found. In the upper valley there are outcrops of
          chert suitable for stone tool manufacture. The richness of the ecosystem
          and mild climate undoubtedly permitted support of large prehistoric
          human populations. The vast drainage network would have been'a major
          settlement area and also transportation and communication system.



                                             10














                                                                                                          N
                                                                                                            . .. ....                                   -CRGIA
                                                                                                 DA AVER                                         G
                                                                                                                                     Lake
                                                                             marlan
                                                                                                                                      semi@

                                                                                                                 ran
                                                                                                                    a
                                                                                                                                           jIM WOODRUFF DAM
                                                     !4,3.

                                                                                                                                                                         lea
                                                                                                                                  Bona

                                                                                                                                                           --k


                                                                                                                                              2
                                                                7:
                                                                                                                                                                                         C
                                                                                                                                  ORREYA








                                                                                                                                  t
                                                                                                                                  Ol
                                                                                    Clarks.,
                                                          R,









                                                                                                                                7:Z
                                                                                                                                                                                           m

                                                                                                                                                             -7


                                                                                                                                                                           AL

                                                                                                                                              _R@
                                                                                                                                                               =19' A

                                                                                         ON



                                                                                                                                                            .1 P4
                                                                                  Xj


                                                                                                                                                                                        EEI
                                                                                               -A


                                                  Mexico Beac
                                                                         @44t;;   @4
                                                                                   U
                                                          Beacon Hill  Z;'Tr

                                                                                                                                              'c                                     anark V

                                          ST. JOSEPH PENINSULA                                                                                                                   belle

                                                                                                                                                                                       DOG I
                                                               In.
                                                                      t. Joseph
                                                                c6   St. Joseph

                                                                        Bay
                                                                                                                                              Eastpoint                         10mi
                                                                                                        *=4                        L

                                                                                                                                  alachicola
                                                                                                                                                                                     2 km
                                                                                  30                                 ESTUARINE
                                                                                                                     A; a I 0:C   k i.c*o* I a
                                                                                                                     S
                                                           CAPE SAN BLAS                    ISLA                        NCTUAR
                                                                                                                          B a y         Ik

                                                                                                    West


                                          FIGURE 1. The Apalachicola                              Valley         in northwest Florida, showing the six
                                          sites test excavated (adapted from                                     Northwest Florida Water Management
                                          District map).











                The lowest segment of the valley is a great delta comprising a
          vast estuary and bay system. On the outer edge, barrier islands front
          upon the Gulf of Mexico. In the interior the river and its
          manytributaries and distributaries flow through huge tracts of forested
          wetlands (Figure 2) and empty into the bays. One great lake, Lake
          Wimico, on the west side of the delta, is part of the former river
          channel system.
                The Apalachicola River and Bay National Estuarine Research
          Reserve, (formerly National Estuarine Sanctuary) has been labeled "some
          of the wildest land left in Florida--a pristine (area) of immense and
          relatively inaccessible wet hammocks and stream-veined marshlands that
          sustain one of the nation's most productive fisheries and shelter a
          plethora of species" (Byers and Willson 1988:22).
                Since the end of the Pleistocene, the postglacial rise in sea
          level has inundated the lower portion of this drainage and contributed
          toward the dynamism of the estuarine environment. In this constantly
          changing, biotically rich ecosystem prehistoric aboriginals could easily
          exploit a great range of terrestrial and aquatic species and make a good
          living over many millennia, possibly without any food production.
                However, the relationships of sea level rise, climatic regimes,
          and cultural adaptations at various times in the prehistoric past are
          difficult to characterize with any specificity given the present state
          of our knowledge. During the late Quaternary, presumably the time when
          the first people arrived, the river was much bigger, and sea level up to
          90 meters lower than at present. Paleo-channels are present up to 100 km
          south of the present river mouth and up to 30 m underwater out in the
          Gulf of Mexico (Donoghue 1993). New pollen data from Camel Lake, some 90
          km inland on the east side of the river, indicate late Wisconsinan-age
          forests (14,000-12,000 B.P.) had abundant hickory, other deciduous
          trees, and spruce, indicating a cold climate similar to that of Quebec
          today. This is unusual at this time of transition into the Holocene,
          when there was rapid warming and melting of the ice sheet, and it
          contrasts with pollen data from northeast and south (peninsular) Florida
          and elsewhere at this time (Watts et al. 1992, Watts 1980, 1975). One
          explanation is that the influx of cold glacial meltwater down the
          Mississippi and into the Gulf cooled adjacent coastal areas at a time of
          otherwise continental warming (Watts et al. 1992:1065).
                As the Wisconsinan glaciers began to retreat up north, sea level
          rise in the Gulf is seen to have been episodic, rather than regular. The
          river's course lay farther to the west of its present location, and did
          not shift to the east side of the present city of Apalachicola until
          some time close to 10,000 years ago. As earlier coastal and estuarine

                                             12









                                                                    41
                                                      AN







                                                                                      A


                                               4W


                                                                                  %
                                                                           44
                                        j_-
                                                          4W


                                              41





                            de-


                                                  _ftA

















                                       4rl




















                      FIGURE 2. Natural environment of the lower Apalachicola Valley shell
                      mounds: Top, Van Horn Creek, on way upstream (south) toward shell mound
                      (8Fr744). Bottom, beginning excavation of Test Unit A at Depot Creek
                      shell mound (8Gu56), fieldworkers J. Geisler and D. Potter, 1987. View
                      facing west. This unit was at west edge of mound summit that had been
                      cleared for beekeeping.


                                                         13










          areas became submerged, the river continued to build up its delta. The
          process continues today; the river is underfit for its valley and
          carries so much sediment that the estuary is presently in the final
          stages of infilling (Schnable 1966, Donoghue 1993). The cold wet climate
          gradually ameliorated (except for a dry hiatus from about 10,000 - 7700
          B.P.) until about 6000 years B.P., when it reached approximately modern
          conditions; the forests shifted to oak-deciduous hardwoods with much
          less pine after 12,000 B.P. (Watts et al. 1992).
                Sea level continued to rise, of course, though not at a regular
          rate. Clearly many coastal/estuarine sites are now inundated; sites on
          the surface of extant coastal landforms can be no more than 4000-6000
          years old (Waters 1992:262). It is Possible that the lower portions of
          the shell mounds we investigated were submerged not only due to higher
          sea levels but also due to land subsidence and sinking under the weight
          of the midden (e.g., Upchurch et al. 1992). Lazarus (1965) described a
          mound that is probably up to 2000 years old submerged in the Gulf two
          meters deep, a half mile offshore from New Port Richey (220 km around
          the big bend to the southeast from the Apalachicola). The work of Jim
          Dunbar and others (1987) in Apalachee Say, the next drainage to the east
          of the Apalachicola, has documented the presence of drowned springs 19
          km offshore out in the Gulf, with evidence of human activity in the form
          of chert flakes. But the enormo us deposition in the Apalachicola delta
          probably makes it unlikely that any similar early coastal sites would
          ever be located here. Work off the Louisiana coast prior to oil drilling
          has located deeply submerged Rangia shell middens through coring and
          other bottom sampling techniques (Gagliano et al. 1982, Waters 1992).
                However, sites of later time periods have produced some evidence
          for sea level fluctuations in the Apalachicola region. on the barrier
          island of St. Vincent, earlier and later archaeological occupations
          during the Woodland, separated by sediment indicating inundation, are
          taken as evidence of different sea level reversals and still stands
          (Stapor and Tanner 1977, Braley 1982, Donoghue and White 1993).
                Relating the locations of the sites described in this report to
          sea levels is problematic. It is extremely difficult to reconstruct the
          marine environment adjacent to a specific archaeological site and at a
          specific time in the past, given the many and varied problems with
          details of the data (Kellogg 1988:93). Nonetheless it would be Useful to
          know the past configurations of such microenvironments to relate
          evidence at each site with resources most easily available nearby,
          including biotic species, rocks and clays, and even navigable streams.
          It is known that the present barrier islands developed between 3000-4000
          years ago and increasingly restricted the flow of more saline Gulf water

                                             14









                      into Apalachicola Bay during the late Holocene; however there is some
                      evidence of earlier barrier islands seaward of the present islands
                      (Otvos 1985). Whether the closest stream channel to a particular site
                      was actually inhabited by a flowing stream or whether the closest
                      environments were more or less saline is not determinable without more
                      extensive geological work. This project has produced archaeological
                      evidence, however, in the form of faunal species from different site
                      components, that can be used to infer ecosystem types during the human
                      occupation. This evidence has been used already to support
                      geomorphological conclusions concerning continual eastward fluvial
                      shifts that are associated with the effects Of Bea level fluctuations
                      upon delta lobes (Donoghue and White 1993). Further discussion of these
                      issues is found with each site description in this report.
                            While it is too early to be able to describe specific details of
                      the sites, environments, the volume and diversity of their biotic
                      remains attest to the great range of wetland and terrestrial species
                      utilized. All the shell mounds seem to have been occupied repeatedly by
                      many different cultural groups through time. People in the lower delta
                      would probably have had to go upriver perhaps 150 km to obtain suitable
                      chert for chipped stone tools, if they did not use the agatized coral
                      sometimes available as beach rock on the barrier islands. They probably
                      would have had to go upriver to grow corn if they did practice
                      agriculture later in time, as fertile riverine bottomlands are more
                      suitable for such crops than estuarine marshes. otherwise the general
                      environments utilized seem so far to be similar to river swamps and
                      bayshores of today, just perhaps located in slightly different places in
                      the past.
                            One of the ultimate goals of my continuing investigations in the
                      Apalachicola region is to compare interior riverine, coastal, and
                      estuarine adaptations through time. Standard settlement models in the
                      Southeast (e.g., Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:19, Fagan 1991) begin with
                      the earliest populations wandering around interior upland areas hunting
                      big game, then changing after the Pleistocene to less nomadic collectors
                      more intensively exploiting smaller resources during the Archaic, with
                      an emphasis in coastal areas upon shellfish collection by the Late
                      Archaic. The problems with this scenario are many: remains of Paleo-
                      Indian fishers/shellfish collectors may well exist, but under water or
                      tens of meters of sediment. Archaic shell mounds are the most
                      archaeologically visible in the eastern forests, so it is no surprise
                      that so many are recorded, perhaps at the expense of other kinds Of
                      sites. The research reported here cannot address these issues, though



                                                         15










          there may be cultural deposits of suitable antiquity to do so at greater
          depths in the Apalachicola shell mounds below the water table.
                With the first pottery in the Late Archaic, increasing sedentism
          is inferred, and soon after, the beginning of plant cultivation. Early
          Woodland Deptford and Swift Creek sites are seen as more numerous in the
          rich coastal environments (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). Again, this may
          be because their shell middens are more visible, and also because more
          archaeology has been done in coastal areas, and more development and
          disturbance of the land has taken place there, exposing more sites. By
          the time of burial mound construction in the Middle Woodland it is
          generally agreed that major ceremonial centers can be coastal or
          interior; these are highly visible. With incipient agriculture in the
          Late Woodland interior bottomlands are assumed to be most desirable for
          major settlement, though late Weeden Island sites are actually
          distributed over the widest range of environments for any time period
          (White 1981). There is a clear emphasis upon riverbank location for
          major population centers during late prehistory, with most Fort Walton
          temple mounds and villages so situated, though small camps or "hamlets"
          are seen on smaller streams and coastal areas (Brose and Percy 1978,
          White 1982).
               .Data from this project can shed light upon some of these
          hypothesized settlement systems from the Late Archaic onward. As with
          much research, more questions are raised than answered. The Apalachicola
          shell mounds investigated during this project indicated the same kinds
          of short term settlement and resource use from Late Archaic through Fort
          Walton times in the lower delta region, for example. Thus whether or not
          later peoples were agricultural, they were still apparently collecting
          an enormous amount of wild resources. There is a suggestion (though far
          less suppportable by hard data) that social groupings as well as
          subsistence methods are similar through time in this area, though
          clearly by the Fort Walton period at least ranked societies are burying
          important individuals with important artifacts upriver, where they are
          building large villages, while they may still be aggregating in small
          fishing camps in the lower valley wetlands and coast.
                Models of settlement, subsistence, and society in the northwest
          Florida have been evaluated fairly recently (White 1985, Brose 1985,
          Willey 1985) and found to be lacking in enough hard data and too
          dependent upon the taxonomic trivia of ceramics (Milanich 1985). The
          first hope with this modest work in the lower Apalachicola is that it
          can contribute information for comparison with the much better known
          cultural record in the interior, to get beyond details of culture
          history so we can examine change and process. The ways in which

                                             16









                      societies and cultures change or remain stable throughout prehistory and
                      their relationships with each other and with various different
                      environments have a lot to tell us for understanding human behavior and

                      our modern use of environments.


                      RESEARCH PLAN AND GENERAL METHODS
                            To begin the research plan in the lower part of the Apalachicola
                      Valley some fundamentals first had to be addressed, to amass-a data base
                      for comparison with established chronologies. The first questions were
                      basic: What cultural components were represented at sites here and what
                      time spans did they encompass? It was hypothesized that artifact
                      assemblages should be similar to those in the interior but biotic
                      remains different. What were different subsistence systems in different
                      microenvironments? Were all sites seasonal in the estuarine area as
                      compared with the interior valley? If so, this might show up in the

                      biotic remains as well.
                            Another set of questions was developed for longer range research:
                      How did the overall adaptation of estuarine dwellers compare with those
                      of interior riverine peoples through time, especially later in
                      prehistory when the most complex societies developed? There are large
                      Middle Woodland burial mounds along the upper Apalachicola, and evidence
                      of incipient maize horticulture from the Late Woodland. Was there ever
                      horticulture in the estuarine environment, today so difficult to farm
                      (Clewell 1986:30), or did the abundance of wild foods that were easy to
                      obtain make it unnecessary?
                            One issue currently of interest in studying shell mounds of
                      southern peninsular Florida concerns the development of cultural
                      complexity based only on a wild resource economy (Marquardt 1986, 1992;
                      Widmer 1988). This is pertinent in northwest Florida as well. Did any
                      shell mounds, for instance, have late prehistoric occupation
                      contemporaneous with the Fort Walton farmers of the last millennium in
                      the riverine interior? In other words, were there Fort Walton people
                      living exclusively off wild resources at the lower end of the valley,
                      interacting, perhaps, with agricultural chiefdoms upriver who had a
                      similar material culture? If this were the case, Fort Walton shell
                      middens should contain no domesticated plants, unless they were traded
                      in.
                            The list of questions continues, but it was clear that we needed
                      to begin with chronological and subsistence data, at least. Since so
                      little was known of any sites, however, often choosing which to test had
                      less to do with detailed research issues and more to do with field
                      logistics. The program was thus also structured by variables such as


                                                         17










          time, money, equipment available, and accessibility of sites. Two weeks
          were allotted for testing at each of the six sites.
                Establishing the test excavation strategies was a continuous
          process of trial and improvement, but a general plan was followed for
          all the sites. The number of excavation units opened was of course
          smaller at the shell mounds, where digging was much more difficult than
          in the soft sand of the rest of the valley. Locations and sizes of units
          depended on the layout of the site, and were determined purely
          judgementally, as opposed to by random or systematic designs. At each of
          the four shell mounds two units were opened on the summit (Figure 2) and
          two into the side slopes. At the other two sites the area of greatest or
          most interesting surface artifact concentration was where excavation
          began; subsequent units were placed so as to locate site boundaries and
          possible activity areas.
                Site maps were made with a transit and stadia rod. All units were
          oriented to the cardinal directions and dug in arbitrary levels because
          of the lack of cultural or natural stratigraphy. All soils were screened
          (wet or dry) except those taken for flotation. Field logistics always
          played a part. The sand sites needed only a dry screen for efficient
          recovery of cultural materials. For the shell mounds only dry screening
          was possible (Figure 2) until we figured out a way to borrow water
          screening equipment and, more important, to get it to these inaccessible
          sites and operate it.
                Excavation proceeded according to standard professional procedure
          (specifically, according to guidelines of the Florida Department of
          State, Division of Historical Resources). All units were backfilled.
          Details of the fieldwork at each site, such as flotation sample size or
          arbitrary level thickness appear in the individual site descriptions, as
          do explanations of the choices made based on the expected cultural
          record and the field situation management.
                Analyses of recovered data and materials took place in-the USF
          archaeology lab and by outside experts as noted in the acknowledgment
          section. Flotation of soil samples, begun in the field, was continued on
          campus. A standard barrel flotation tank with an internal shower head
          and graduated screen sizes was used. Several times we included 100
          charred poppyseeds in flotation samples as a standard blind test of
          reliability. The recovered count of poppyseeds after flotation, drying,
          and sorting averaged in the high 80s. This is not the greatest
          reliability, but considering especially the destructiveness of shells
          smashing around fragile botanical remains, it is not bad.
                Materials were recovered from flotation in three size fractions:
          A=1/411 (6.35 mm) screen, B=#20 geological screen or .034" (.86 mm),

                                             is










                      C=050 geological screen or .011611 (.29 mm). They were sorted-under the
                      microscope, and selected samples were Bent for analysis.
                           Students and volunteers sorted and classified artifacts in the
                      lab; I checked all identifications and provenience summary counts.
                      Special analyStB used standard methods; as noted in Alexander's report
                      (Appendix 5), for example, the small size of the floral remains called
                      for each fragment of charcoal large enough to be handled to be tested
                      for identification by snapping it in two to expose a fresh crOBS
                      section.
                           I have included as much of the raw information as possible in this
                      report so that it can be available for future work. Some is in the
                      appendices but a large amount of data is included in tables in the body
                      of the report to support the interpretation given in each site analysis.
                      occasionally column or row numbers on tables may not add up perfectly
                      because of rounding off to whole gram weights. I wish I could have
                      included more photos in this monograph. The appropriate photos were not
                      always taken in the field; future articles will include more artifact
                      photos.
                           All materials, notes, field forms, maps, and other data recovered,
                      including botanical and faunal remains already analyzed, are curated at
                      the USF Department of Anthropology archaeology lab, where research on
                      the record from these sites continues.






































                                                        19












                            THE DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56


          SITE DESCRIPTION
                This large shell mound sits on the south side of Depot Creek, a
          long winding tributary emptying into Lake Wimico from the southwest.
          Lake Wimico is a large elongated lake considered to be a former main
          channel of the Apalachicola. It now flows into the river from the west
          via the Jackson River (see Figure 1). The site was recorded in 1985 when
          a local informant called the survey crew with information on its
          location (Henefield and White 1986:66-68). It appears clearly on aerial
          photOB as a cleared white elongated shape in the midst of the thick
          forest. Part of the mound summit had been cleared for beekeeping earlier
          this century. Even the USGS quadrangle map, though not showing any
          elevated ground, notes the site by labeling it "apiary."
                The site sits some 200 m south of the immediate creek bank but is
          aligned roughly parallel with it. At the entrance point from the bank
          are the ruins of a small wooden dock built to facilitate access for the
          beekeepers, who would come only a small part of the year when the
          tupelos were in bloom. The Apalachicola region has reportedly the
          largest stand of tupelo trees in the world, and tupelo honey is highly
          prized for its unusually light color and its quality to remain liquid
          and never crystallize. This is not the only shell mound chosen for an
          apiary because of its elevation-in the swamp; Clark Creek shell mound,
          reported later herein, was also an apiary. Both seem to have been
          utilized at least up to the 1930s or 1940s.
                At the boat docking spot on Depot Creek are the ruins of a wooden
          walkway to the mound, not usable today except to fill in extremely low
          spots in the long walk through the ankle deep muck. The mound summit has
          planted fig trees among the native hardwoods and palms, scatters of
          bricks, metal and glass artifacts, and other signs of early twentieth
          century utilization. There is even a ruin of a small brick structure,
          perhaps some kind of platform.
                When visited in 1985, the mound was seen to be composed of Rangia
          freshwater clam shells and occasional oysters. It produced plain,
          check-stamped and complicated-stamped pottery, including a tetrapodal
          vessel base, some lithic debitage, a Busycon shell tool fragment, and a
          large amount of animal bone.
                This site was chosen for testing because of its potential for
          exploring questions concerning Woodland subsistence and questions of
          ceramic type frequencies from Early to Middle Woodland or within Early
          Woodland. Numerous potholes were evident on the mound, and many local



                                             20









                        collectors reported knowing of it. It was also thought that we could
                        obtain some intact information before the site came to further harm.
                              This midden mound may have been occupied when Depot Creek was a
                        major tributary just a few hundred meters off the main river, in a time
                        of lower sea levels. There is no way of proving this as yet. Probably
                        the mound was on the bank of the creek, which has now shifted northward
                        (thereby mak ing the trip into the site every day rather laborious).
                        Since the water level, both in the creek and the general water table, is
                        tidally influenced, and there is often more than one tidal shift per day
                        in this region, the depth of excavation possible and the difficulty of
                        slogging through the mud to the site varied not only daily but hourly on
                        an unpredictable basis.
                              The Depot Creek shell mound is 130 m long and 40 m wide at its
                        widest point with a long axis at 1150 or just south of due east-west.
                        The main body of the mound runs 100 m east-west, with a smaller
                        projection to the southeast for another 30+ m averaging 16 m wide. The
                        mound rises at the highest point 1.8 m above the surrounding wetland
                        (Figures 2, 3). It is likely that the midden deposits extend wider and
                        deeper than the extent of the visible shell, as our excavations were
                        halted at the water table, but the culturally deposited shell matrix

                        extended well below this.



                        FIELDWORK

                        Excavations
                              Fieldwork at Depot Creek was carried out during a two-
                        week period from 11-25 June 1987, with a crew of eight plus occasional
                        volunteers. As with all the four shell mounds tested, the strategy was
                        to open at least one or two test squares on the summit and the same
                        number on the slope (Figures 2. 3). The site was mapped with a transit
                        and stadia rod and four units were excavated, two on the high western
                        summit, one on the steep southern slope, and one on the lowe r eastern
                        projection. Unit placement was judgmental, based on absence of obvious
                        disturbances and trees that might have thick roots.
                              All units were I x 1 meter squares oriented to the cardinal
                        directions. They were dug in 15 cm arbitrary levels because there was no
                        discernible cultural stratigraphy in the matrix. Furthermore, as with
                        all the shell mounds, since we wanted good control but found it hard to
                        excavate cleanly in thin levels, and since we knew we would probably
                        excavate quite deeply, the figure of 15 cm was settled on as a good
                        compromise. Thinner levels would have taken more time; thicker levels
                        would give less control. The total of four square meters opened, when



                                                            21







                DEPOT CREEK
                SHELL MOUND
                8 Gu 56

                                                                                         80
                8 test unit


                contour interval 20cm

                0   6    10

                                                                                  TUD
                          M


                                                                                                    edge of
                lootees pothole                                                                     standing
                                                                                                    water/swamp


                                                                                             edge of visible
                                                                                             shell








                                                                                                    N



                                                                ISO




                                                               TU B








                                                                            U C





                                                     TU










             Figure 3


                                                             22










                      calculated with the different unit depths, gives a figure of nearly 4.6
                      cubic meters of excavation, estimated to be less than .1% of the site.
                            All soils except those saved for flotation or future research were
                      dry screened through 1/4" (6.35 mm) mesh, but the inability of the
                      sticky, clayey soil to pass through the screen meant that we used it
                      essentially as a sorting board and picked out even the tiniest remains,
                      probably missing only some covered with too much soil. This made
                      screening a tedious process, but we learned quickly and made better time
                      in the later days of the work here. In a primitive effort at
                      waterscreening, a few buckets of water were hauled from the creek and
                      poured over the screen to see if there was a major difference in
                      recovery. Besides being enormously laborious this was time-consuming,
                      and the process seemed to have no better results. What was needed was a
                      powerful spray to waterscreen, which we did not have in 1987.
                            From each level of each unit a four-liter soil sample was taken
                      for flotation, and a one-liter sample for permanent storage and future
                      research. This resulted in complete recovery of at least a small sample
                      of the site's tiny fauna and artifacts.


                      Stratiaraphy
                            There was no way to define individual cultural strata of any kind
                      in this shell mound, except generally by ceramic content. Under a
                      continuous and thick Early Woodland stratum was situated a Late Archaic
                      stratum of unknown thickness.
                            Soils in the unit walls displayed no discernible layering,
                      however. Here and there were concentrations of more crushed or more
                      whole shell, or more or less animal bone, or even browner soil within
                      the black matrix. Since this was the first shell mound to be dug in the
                      project, we initially tried treating such phenomena as archaeological
                      features or strata, for example trying to isolate shapes and disrupting
                      the 15 cm arbitrary level goal to level off at a slight change in the
                      soil color or texture. There were never discrete shapes, however, or
                      definable lenses or strata, and we later abandoned any hope of
                      categorizing them as units representing some individual cultural

                      behavior.
                            The soil matrix was a blackish sand packed with clamshells and a
                      small proportion of oysters (perhaps one or two shells per level),
                      animal bone and artifacts. The low amount of sand and high proportion of
                      cultural items, especially shell, were factors making isolation of
                      features impossible. This matrix continued all the way down to the water
                      table as such. Clamshells were packed with tiny bone bits.



                                                         23











                After a maximum of 30 cm excavation, shallower in most cases,
          modern intrusions and materials such as glass and iron disappeared and
          prehistoric potsherds became larger, suggesting little disturbance after
          the original deposition.
                The matrix was often loosely consolidated. Wall cave-ins took
          place regularly, and materials from them were given a separate
          provenience ("mixed levels"), as shown on the artifact tables.   Units
          could not be perfectly squared in the vertical dimension because of this
          loose matrix (Figure 4). Walls sloped inward from the top; thus the
          deeper levels were not a complete meter by meter but slightly smaller
          horizontally. In addition, it was very difficult to maintain flat floors
          and perfect 15 cm level thicknesses with the loose shell popping out as
          we dug. (Dimensions of each level are given in ceramic tables so any
          future quantitative studies can correct for differences).


          Excavation Units
                Test Unit A was a 1 x I m unit (Figure 4) located on the west side
          of the summit near the edge of the cleared zone. High up in the tall
          hardwoods nearby was a continually buzzing nest of wild bees
          providing an eerie atmosphere for the excavators here.
                originally several feature-like areas were noticed during
          excavation of this unit; they may have been pits or lenses of more or
          less blackened soil from charcoal or lighter soil from ash, but they
          were extremely vague. It is hard to recognize discrete piles of trash in
          a giant trash pile. Though we labeled and numbered some and tried
          pedestaling and cross-sectioning, these areas never had discrete

          boundaries and were later not considered true features.
                For example, one area that looked like a concentration of ash may
          indeed have been such, discarded here from a fire elsewhere. An oval
          roughly 18 cm by 15 cm, it disappeared within a less than 5 cm depth and
          had no different contents or texture than the rest of the unit, only a
          lighter color. In addition, we could not even draw or photograph it
          because the edges were so indistinct.
                other areas initially labeled features were a concentration of
          turtle bone and pottery, including a tetrapodal base, and a
          concentration of large check-stamped sherds apparently from a single
          pot. These items extended into the walls and when the few protruding
          were recovered, the walls collapsed and other items and soil poured out.
          This is one explanation for the high artifact counts from Test Unit A on
          the tables presented later in this section. There were fewer artifacts
          beyond Level 10 (below the collapse), and none in Level 14.



                                              24


















































                                       Lit i














                                                     7@ -W.
                                                 @4;





                                             W'A-




                                             Ile% -



                      FIGURE 4. Depot Creek  shell mound, 8GU56, Test Unit A: Top, nearing
                      bottom of Level 1 (15 cm). Bottom, at end of excavation after wall cave-
                      ins, reaching water table at 170 cm below surface. Both views facing
                      north.


                                                         25











                At 168 cm below the surface, in Level 15, an area of more whole
          shell within a patch of crushed shell was found to contain a long deer
          bone point. This possible feature could have been a pit dug into the
          shell but there were no recognizable boundaries.
                At 170 cm the water table was reached and excavation halted, at
          the bottom of Level 15. Levels 5, 6, 7, 11, and 12 had been under 15 cm
          in thickness to try to isolate different strata of crushed shell or
          different soils. By the time the unit reached water it had become
          difficult to get into and out of anyway (the typical "telephone booth"),
          and we learned to aim for 1 x 2 m units at the next shell mound so that
          this problem would be alleviated (which it was, at Van Horn Creek, only
          to be replaced by a different problem: inability to finish the larger
          units in the two weeks allotted for testing each site).
                Test Unit B was a 1 x 1 m unit on the east central side of the
          cleared portion of the summit. It was placed near enough to two large
          palms to try to be in undisturbed ground and far enough away to avoid
          having to dig through roots.
                Level 3 was halted at 7 cm thickness as the matrix changed to
          include many more tiny animal bones, mostly fish. A deposit inside many
          shells resembling wet brown tobacco leaves began appearing but could not
          be identified except as decaying organic material. Level 5 was also
          stopped before 15 cm were reached to record an apparent soil change that
          soon proved impossible to see.
                At 155 cm depth, Level 11, the east wall caved in. An attempt was
          made to excavate just a portion of the square a little deeper, but the
          matrix was too collapsible. The water table was not really reached in
          this unit though the soils at bottom were very wet.
                Test Unit C was a I x I m square into the "back" slope of the
          mound, the south side opposite the creek. It was placed here in an
          attempt to get to the basal cultural deposits more quickly than going
          down from the high summit, and it succeeded, producing fiber-tempered
          pottery by Level 7, at 106 cm depth. A human tooth, a deciduous molar
          was recovered just above this in Level 6, which produced no artifacts.
          The water table was reached at about 110 cm depth, and excavation
          halted. Stratigraphy had been similar to that of the other units:
          various amorphous areas, vertical and horizontal, of more whole or more
          crushed shell in black soil.
                Test Unit D was a 1 x 1 m unit placed on the lower east side of
          the mound on the summit of the southeasterly projection edge (see Figure
          3). This area was not cleared and mapping here was much more difficult,
          especially because the palm thickets were encased in greenbriar vine and



                                             26










                      poison ivy canopies, and the whole area was guarded by nests of ornery

                      wasps.
                            This unit contained relatively fewer artifacts than the other
                      three. By Level 4, 61 cm maximum depth, the soil matrix became slightly
                      browner than the upper blackish levels. By Level 5, truncated at 69 cm,
                      the matrix was solid clamshell with no oyster and with an orange color
                      possibly imparted by some mineral element. Level 5 produced no artifacts
                      in its .06 m. Level 6, also 6 cm thick,, produced only two Deptford
                      sherds. By this depth, 74 cm below the surface, the water table was
                      reached and excavation halted.



                      CERAMICS

                      Pottery
                            Nearly 10 kilograms of ceramic sherds, numbering 1643, were
                      recovered from the Depot Creek shell mound. They demonstrate the
                      presence of a long Early Woodland occupation and a Late Archaic
                      component of unknown size and duration.
                            Ceramic types recovered are tabulated by gross provenience in
                      Table I (for abbreviations on tables see list of abbreviations on p.
                      xi), and Tables 2 through 5 show totals for each unit by level (missing
                      levels produced no sherds, often no artifacts at all, as noted in the
                      previous section). It was not possible to tabulate sherds by any
                      cultural stratum, or useful to do so by arbitrary level across the site,
                      since the relative elevations of levels in summit and slope units
                      differed so much as to make such an exercise meaningless.
                            Figure 5 graphs the gross relative frequencies by count and weight
                      for all ceramics by type. Such a graph is also not very meaningful
                      culturally, since it combines materials from the two components. But if
                      the Late Archaic is able to be isolated by fiber-tempered ce   ramics
                      alone, then the graph shows well the frequencies of different types in
                      the general Woodland component. It also shows how important it is to
                      tabulate both by sherd count and by weight. Plain sherds are much
                      smaller than check-stamped and other Woodland types. Perhaps plain
                      vessels were less important and handled less carefully or discarded
                      where people walked more and crushed them. Another factor is that tiny
                      crumbs may have been from other kinds of vessels but their small size
                      obscured any other surface treatment so they were lumped into the plain
                      categories by temper. Finally, any sherds with eroded or missing
                      surfaces were also classed in the plain categories.
                            Similarly, the type labeled indeterminate stamped was by
                      definition too worn or eroded to classify as to surface treatment,
                      though something had been impressed there. Most of the indeterminate


                                                          27








                                                           Percent of total ceramics


                      70



                      60


                      so                                                                               Count

                      40                                                                               Wt(g)


                      30




                      20




                      10



                           Sand-      Grit-     Grog-     Check-     Indet-    Comp-     Cord-     Simple-     S-st
                          temp P1    temp P1   temp P1    stamp      stamp     stamp     marked     stamp    f iber-temp


           FIGURE S.   Graph of relative type frequencies of all ceramics from Depot Creek shell mound, SGuS6
                                                                   L










                      stamped probably are check-stamped; this type is more abundant, and also
                      is less well executed and possibly its surfaces are obscured more
                      easily.
                            At Depot Creek all the fiber-tempered ceramics were simple-Btamped
                      (as opposed to plain surfaced as at other sites). Thus the last set of
                      bars on the right of this graph (Figure 5) may actually show the older
                      component, with all the rest comprising the younger.
                            Early Woodland (Deptford and early Swift Creek?) When first
                      located, the Depot Creek site had produced check-stamped sherds with
                      some linearity in the stamping; that is, lands (or raised parts of the
                      design) of one direction were more pronounced than those of the other
                      direction. This is characteristic of the Deptford.period, the earliest
                      cultural division of the Early Woodland Stage (Willey 1949). Deptford in
                      Florida dates to about 1000 B.C. until perhaps a couple centuries A.D.
                      The site also produced complicated-stamped pottery of the Swift Creek
                      period, thought to date from about A.D. 1 to 600 or so. There was even a
                      sherd of the type New River Complicated-Stamped, which combines checks
                      and complicated curvilinear designs in the stamp that was applied to the
                      wet clay before firing. Some think this type to be transitional between
                      the two cultural periods.
                            Selected stamped sherds from this site are shown in Figure 6.
                      (Check-stamped sherds were very similar in range of variation to those
                      from the other shell mounds; see Figures 12, 17.)
                         @ Eight basal sherds (both plain and check-stamped) with tetrapods
                      (four little conical feet) were recovered from the surface and upper
                      levels of units. These could be characteristic of both Deptford and
                      Swift Creek.
                            Swift Creek ceramics occur supposedly in the later part of Early
                      Woodland and in the Middle Woodland. Many archaeologists think that
                      there is no pure Deptford without some complicated-stamped ceramics
                      (e.g., Brose 1985). The results from Depot Creek shell mound offer
                      interesting insights into this question.
                            Since all the units at Depot Creek appeared undisturbed below
                      about Level 2, where the last modern items such as glass and metal nails
                      were found, it is instructive to look at the tabulated ceramic
                      frequencies from all units to see horizontal and stratigraphic trends in
                      the ceramic distribution.
                            Table 1, summarizing all ceramics recovered, shows that
                      complicated-stamped sherds came from only the two units (A and B) on the
                      summit of the main mound, not from the back slope or the southeasterly
                      projection (except for a single sherd very shallow in Test Unit C on the



                                                          29

































                                             M
























































                                  Al



          FIGURE 6.  Stamped pottery from Depot Creek  shell mound. Top: two rows
          of three varieties of simple-stamped,  showing the range of variation;
          third row, linear check stamping; left two sherds  are clearly Deptford;
          sherd on right has barely linear checks, is not temporally diagnostic by
                   0



                                            C,











































          itself; bottom row left, New River Complicated-Stamped; right, Swift
          Creek Complicated-Stamped. All from surface.


                                              30
















                             TABLE 1.                    CERAMICS FROM DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56, BY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                                                                SURFACE Wr                     MDIED LEVELS        I         L  TUA                           Tu B                           TUC                            TU D                          TOTAL
                                                                                                                                             _r             Wr    I         Cr            Wr              L
                                     TYPE                                       Cr                             Cr             wr                                                                          _r              Wr             Cr              Wr              Cr             wr
                                SAND-TEMP PL                                    108             323            67             55             45             68              40            131             121             164            41              106             422            946
                                GRIT-TEMP PL                                    14              56                                                                                                                                       5               13              19             69
                                GROG-TEMP PL                                    15              106                                          9              17              15            13              1               3                                              40             138
                                CHECK-STAMP                                     204             1109           267            3313           184            1122            88            510             41              229            15              71              799            6353
                                INDET-STAMP                                     54              206            45             122            28             49              46            140             5               40             16              75              194            631
                                COMP-STAMP                                      13              89             4              136            8              53              8             29              1               3                                              34             310
                                CORD@MARK                                       1               5                                            1              2               4             15                                                                             6              22
                                SIMPLE-STAMP                                    3               23             30             329            43             2(12            Is            57              11              77             6               18              108            706
                                S-ST FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                                           21              871                                            21             871
                                     TOTAL                                      412             1915           413            3956           318            1511            216           995             201             1387           93              282             1643           9946
                                     S BY PROVIENCE
                                SAND-TEMP PL                                    26              17             16             1              14             4               19            15              60              12             49              38              26             9
                                GRIT-TEMP PL                                    3               3                                                                                                                                        6               5               1              1
                                GROG-TEMP PL                                    4               6                                            3              1               7             1                                                                              2              1
                                CHECK-STAMP                                     so              58             65             84             58             74              41            57              2D              16             18              25              49             64
                                INDET-STAMP                                     13              11             11             3              9              3               21            16              2               3              19              26              12             6
                                COMP-STAMP                                      3               5              1              3              3              3               4             3                                                                              2              3
                                CORD-MARK                                                                                                                                   2             2
                                SIMPLE-STAMP                                    1               1              7              8              14             13              7             6               5               6              7               6               7              7
                                S-ST FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                                           10              63                                             1              9
                                     TOTAL                                      100             100            100            100            too            100             100           100             10D             too            100             100             too            100
                                     % WITHIN TYPE
                                SAND-TEMP Pl,                                   26              39             16             7              11             8               9             15              29              19             10              13              100            too
                                GRIT-TEMP PL                                    74              st                                                                                                                                       26              19              100            too
                                GROG-TEMP PL                                    39              77                                           23             12              38            9               3               2                                              100            100
                                CHECK-STAMP                                     26              17             33             52             23             18              11            9               5               4              2               1               100            100
                                INDET-STAMP                                     28              33             23             19             14             8               24            22              3               6              8               12              100            100
                                COMP-STAMP                                      39              29             12             44             24             17              24            9               3               1                                              100            too
                                CORD-MARK                                       17              22                                           17             8               67            68                                                                             10D            too
                                SIMPLE-STAMP                                    3               3              29             47             40             29              14            8               10              11             6               2               100            100
                                S47 FLBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                                            100             too                                            100            100
                                     % OF TOTAL
                                SAND-TEMP PL                                    7               3              4              1              3              1               2             1               7               2              2               1               26             9
                                GRIT-TEMP PL                                    I               I                                                                                                                                                                        I              I
                                GROG-TFMP PL                                    I               I                                            1                              1                                                                                            2              1
                                CHECK-STAMP                                     12              11             16             33             11             11              5             5               2               2              1               1               9              64
                                INDET-STAMP                                     3               2              3              1              2                              3.            1                                              1               1               12             6
                                COMP-                                           I               I                             1                             1                                                                                                            2              3
                                CORD6MARK
                                SIMPLE-STAMP                                                                   2              3              3              2               1             1               1               1                                              7              7
                                S-ST FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                                           1               9                                              1              9
                                       OF TOTAL                                 25              19             25             40             19             15              13            9               12              14             5               3               100            100











         backslope). we might hypothesize a much briefer (and last) occupation on
         only the highest ground during the later portion of the Early Woodland.
         The few cord-marked sherds, also probably later than Deptford, also came
         from summit units.

               Test Unit A, the deepest excavated, shows (Table 2)
         complicated-stamped occurring from Level 3 upward. The one cord-marked
         sherd is also in Level 3 and none deeper. However, a single complicated-
         stamped sherd was recovered from Level 13 (142 to 154 cm below surface).
         It could be easily associated with all the Deptford pottery there; I
         could just as easily explain it away as the result of a wall cave-in and
         maintain that Swift Creek is later.
               Check-stamped predominates in nearly all levels of Test Unit A,
         comprising roughly 50% to 100% by weight of the ceramics. Sand-tempered
         plain averages 4% for each level. Simple-stamped sherds (with sand
         temper, usually), while present in upper levels, do not occur again
         until Levels 9, 10, 12, and 13, where they make up between 9% and 66% of
         the level by weight.
               A few points need to be stressed about these ceramic types. After
         the first appearance of pottery some 4000 years ago (see later
         discussion in this report and radiocarbon date for Clark Creek shell
         mound), in the form of fiber-tempered vessels of the Late Archaic, the
         sand- and grit- and grog-tempered Early Woodland ceramics appeared, in
         the form of plain and simple- and check-stamped wares. While simple
         stamping, impressing straight parallel lines in the wet clay with a
         paddle or dowel, is unquestionably diagnostic of Deptford in northwest
         Florida, check stamping is not very diagnostic because it was done
         apparently continuously until after European contact.
               Typically a site producing check-stamped sherds is considered
         Deptford only when accompanied by other diagnostics such as tetrapodal
         vessel shapes, simple-stamped and fine fabric-marked pottery. A few
         characteristics seem to be emerging as more typical of Deptford check
         stamping lately: sherds broken on the coil marks, a high percentage of
         linearity of the checks, and a sloppy execution of the stamping (White
         1985). All these are present at Depot Creek.
               Some check-stamped pottery from Depot Creek also has another, more
         unusual characteristic: very fine parallel lines impressed on the
         interior surfaces. This attribute has not been recorded elsewhere in the
         region, but on this project has been observed for check-stamped sherds
         at other Apalachicola shell mounds. The impressions are clear enough but
         of unknown origin. Perhaps the smoothing tool used to obliterate the
         coil marks and bumps on the inner surface was something with a raised
         fine grain such as wood or a fine stiff brush.

                                            32















                                 TABLE 2.                               CERAMICS BY LEVEL FROM TEST UNIT A, DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.


                                                                        EVEL I            LEVEL2            LEVEL3             LEVEL4            LEVEL5             LEVEL 11           LEVEL7             LEVEL9             LEVEL9              LEVEL 10            LEVEL 11            LEVEL 12            LEVEL 13            TOTAL
                                         TYPE                           (.I&r?)           (.14a)            (.14ri?)           (.16,r?)          (.07n@)            (.04a)             Cow)               (.14a)             (.15a)              (.15a)                                  (.12m?)             (.12ir?)
                                                                        CT       wr       CT        %vr     CT        mrr      CT       %vr      CT        wr       Cr        %T    cr           wr Cr              wr Cr              lArr      CT        wr        Cr    wr CT                   wr CT               wr        CT        wr
                                    SAND-TEMP PL                        3        3        6         8       2         4        20       24       3         9        1         2                           1         < 1      3         7         4         7         1       2                               1         2         45        69
                                    GROG-TEMP PL                                                            3         4        6        13                                                                                                                                                                                       9         17
                                    CHECK-STAMP                         4        27       7         30      36        M6       54       363      22        161      26        18D      4         24       1         10       20        68        6         34                            2         5         2         14        184       1122
                                    INDET-STAMP                         3        4        4         11      10        10       5        7        1         2        1         3                                              1         1         1         5                                                 2         7         28        so
                                    COMP-STAMP                          1        6                          6         39                                                                                                                                                                                     1         8         8         53
                                    CORD-MARK                                                               1         2                                                                                                                                                                                                          1         2
                                    SIMPLE-STAMP                                          1         25      5         42                                                                                                     9         37        25        92                            2         3         1         3         43        202
                                         TOTAL                          11       40       18        74      63        3D6      85       408      26        172      28        185      4         24       2         10       33        112       36        138       1       2           4         9         7         33        318       1514

                                         % BY PROVIENCE
                                    SAND-TEMP Pl,                       27       8        33        10      3         1        24       6        12        5        4         1                           30        4        9         6         11        5         too   100                               14        6         14        4
                                    GROG-TEMP PL                                                            5         1        7        3                                                                                                                                                                                        3         1
                                    CHECK-SrAMP                         36       68       39        41      57        67       64       89       85        94       93        97    100          100      50        96       61        60        17        25                            50        63        29        42        58        74
                                    INDET-STAMP                         27       10       22        15      16        3        6        2        4         1        4         2                                              3         1         3         3                                                 29        2D        9         3
                                    CO                  P               9        15                         10        13                                                                                                                                                                                     14        23        3         3
                                    CORD-MARK                                                               2         1
                                    SIMPLE-STAMP                                          6         33      8         14                                                                                                     27        33        69        66                            50        37        14        9         14        13
                                                                        100      100      100       100     100       100      100      IOD      100       IOD      100       IOD   IOD          100   too          100      IOD       100       100       too       100   100           100       too       100       100       IOD       100

                                         % WITHIN TYPE
                                    SAND-TEMP PL                        7        4        13        11      4         6        44       36       7         13       2         3                           2         1        7         10        9         11        2     3                                 2         3         IOD       IOD
                                    GROG-TEMP PL                                                            33        21       67       79                                                                                                                                                                                       100       too
                                    CHECK-SrAMP                         2        2        4         3       2D        18       29       32       12        14       14        16       2         2        1         1        11        6         3         3                             1                   1         1         100       100
                                    INDET-STAMP                         I 1      8        14        23      36        20       is       15       4         4        4         6                                              4         2         4         10                                                7         14        100       IOD
                                                                        13       11                         75        74                                                                                                                                                                                     13        14        100       100
                                    CORD-MARK                                                               IOD       100                                                                                                                                                                                                        IOD       100
                                    SIMPLE-STAMP                                          2         12      12        21                                                                                                     21        19        59        46                            5         2         2         2         too       IOD

                                         % OF TOTAL TU
                                    SAND-TEMP Pl.                       1                 2         1       1                  6        2        1         1                                                                 1                   1                                                                               14        4
                                    GROG-TEMP PL                                                            1                  2        1                                                                                                                                                                                        3         1
                                    CHECK-STAMP                         1        2        2         2       11        14       17       24       7         11       8         12       1         2                  1        6         4         2         2                             1                   1         1         se        74
                                    INDET-STAMP                         I                 1         1       3         1        2                                                                                                                                                                             1                   9         3
                                    COMP-STAMP                                                              2         3                                                                                                                                                                                                          3         3
                                    CORD-MARK                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0
                                    SIMPLE-STAMP                                                    2       2         3                                                                                                      3         2         8         6                             1                                       14        13
                                         % OF TOTAL                     3        3        6         5       2D        20       27       27       8         11       9         12       1         2        1         1        10        7         11        9                             1         1         2         2         IOD       100











                There is a type called Gulf Check-Stamped (Willey 1949) that is
          supposed to accompany Swift Creek pottery of the Middle Woodland. Its
          only distinguishing characteristic is a scalloped rim, which does not
          occur at Depot Creek.
                Unusual attributes of the simple-stamped sherds from Depot Creek
          must also be noted. The typical surface of this pottery has lands and
          grooves of roughly equal width stamped in parallel and sometimes
          criss-cross fashion (Figure 6, top row). While there is plenty of this
          typical sort, there are two other varieties as well. One is stamped with
          well executed thin and very widely spaced lands (Figure 6, second row,
          right). The other presents an almost brushed appearance, with very fine
          line stamping and not exactly parallel (Figure 6, second row, left and
          center). All three varieties are lumped in the ceramic frequency tables,
          but are in need of future study.
                The rough pattern extractable from the Test Unit A ceramic
          distributions is that the earlier part of the Early Woodland is pure
          Deptford, with simple- and check-stamped pottery, and the later portion
          introduces complicated-stamped wares and more Middle Woodland types such
          as cord-marked. The flaw in this stratigraphic analysis is the one sherd
          of complicated-stamped from Level 13, noted above.
                This general trend is well supported by the frequencies from the
          other units (Tables 3, 4, 5), where complicated-stamped and cord-marked,
          always in small numbers, are later, and simple-stamped always earlier.
          In fact, the other three units, and to some extent Test Unit A too, show
          the check-stamped rather tapering off to none by the lowest levels,
          where simple-stamped occurs.
                A radiocarbon date of 2010 +100 years B.P. (before the present;
          actually before 1950) or 60 B.C. (uncorrected; Beta-26898) was obtained
          for the Depot Creek shell mound from .9 g of carbon extracted from 7 g
          of charcoal from Test Unit C, Level 3. The sample's small size made
          regular radiocarbon dating possible only with an extended counting time.
                By Level 3 the complicated-stamped in this unit had disappeared;
          of the six sherds four were check-stamped, one indeterminate, and one
          large one simple-stamped. Because of the compressed nature of the
          stratigraphy in this unit on the back slope of the mound, and according
          to the interpretation of the ceramics just presented, this ought to be
          an earlier Deptford level. The date is thus a little too late, but not
          bad. Perhaps it is attributable to disturbance by later Depford people.
                Late Archaic: In Level 7 of Test Unit C, after a hiatus in
          occurrence of any ceramics in Level 6 and only two sand-tempered plain
          and one check-stamped sherd in Level 5, fiber-tempered sherds appeared.



                                             34

















                              TABLE 3.                       CERAMICS BY LEVEL FROM TEST UNIT B, DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.


                                                                     LEVEL I               LEVEL2                  LEVEL3                LEVEL4                LEVEL5                LEVEL 6                           7           LEVEL8               LEVEL9                LEVEL to             TOTAL
                                     TYPE                            (.15d)                (.15&)                  (.07m?)               (.15.?)     Wr        Cr (.oqn@)            Pft?)                  L( 714.e)              (md)                 (.I&X?)               (.13d)
                                                                     cr       wr           c7r         wr     cr              wr         CT                               wr         CT        wr           Cr         wr          CT       wr          cr         wr         cr        wr         CT        WT_
                                SAND-TEMP Pl.                        17       90           7           3           2          3          5           8         4          3          1         7            1          2                                1          1          2         14         40        131
                                GROG-TEMP PL                         15       13                                                                                                                                                                                                                   15        13
                                CHECK-STAMP                          44       228          21          128         3          23         15          90        2          21         1         16           1          3           1        2                                                      88        510
                                INDEr-STAMP                          27       73           10          42          1          1          4           19                                                     2          3           1        2           1          1                               46        140
                                COMP-STAMP                           5        14           2           13                                1           2                                                                                                                                             8         29
                                CORD-MARK                            4        is                                                                                                                                                                                                                   4         15
                                SIMPLE-STAMP                         4        7                                                                                                                             1          7           5        37          4          4          1         3          15        57
                                     TOTAL                           116      440          40          186         6          26         25          Its       6          24         2         23           5          14          7        41          6          6          3         16         216       895


                                     % BY PROVIENCE
                                SAND-TEMP Pl.                        15       2D           is          2           33         11         20          7         67         14         50        31           2D         11                               17         15         67        85         19        15
                                GROG-TEMP PL                         13       3                                                                                                                                                                                                                    7         1
                                CHECK-STAMP                          38       52           53          69          50         86         60          76        33         86         50        69           2D         21          14       5                                                      41        57
                                INDET-STAMP                          23       17           25          23          17         3          16          16                                                     4D         21          14       4           17         12                              21        16
                        Li      COMP-                                4        3            5           7                                 4           1                                                                                                                                             4         3
                        Ul      CORD-MARK                            3        3                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2         2
                                SIMPLE-STAMP                         3        2                                                                                                                             2D         47          71       91          67         73         33        15         7         6
                                                                     100      too          100         too         100        too        100         100       100        100        100       too          too        too         too      100         100        100        100       too        too       100


                                     % WITHIN TYPE
                                SAND-TEMP PL                         43       69           18          2           5          2          13          6         10         3          3         5            3          1                                3          1          5         10         too       too
                                GROG-TEMP PL                         100      100                                                                                                                                                                                                                  100       100
                                CHECK-STAMP                          50       45           24          25          3          4          17          18        2          4          1         3            1          1           1                                                               100       100
                                INDEr-STAMP                          59       52           22          30          2          1          9           13                                                     4          2           2        1           2                                          101)      too
                                COMP-STAMP                           63       49           25          45                                13          6                                                                                                                                             too       100
                                CORD-MARK                            100      100                                                                                                                                                                                                                  100       100
                                SIMPLE-STAMP                         21       12                                                                                                                            7          12          33       65          27         9          7         4          too       100


                                     % OF TOTAL TU
                                SAND-TEMP PL                         8        10           3                       1                     2           1         2                               1                                                                              1         2          19        15
                                GROG-TEMP Pl.                        7        1                                                                                                                                                                                                                    7         1
                                CHECK-STAMP                          20       26           10          14          1          3          7           10        1          2                    2                                                                                                   41        57
                                INDET-STAMP                          13       8            5           5                                 2           2                                                      1                                                                                      21        16
                                COMP-STAMP                           2        2            1           1                                                                                                                                                                                           4         3
                                CORD-MARK                            2        2                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2         2
                                SIMPLE-STAMP                         2        1                                                                                                                                        1           2        4           2                                          7         6
                                     % OF TOTAL                      54       49           19          21          3          3          12          13        3          3          1         3            2          2           3        5           3          1          1         2          100       100









                    TABLE 4.              CERAMICS BY LEVEL FROM TEST UNIT C, DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.


                                                                 LEVEL I                LEVEL 2                 LEVEL3                LEVEL4                 LEVEL5                LEVEL 7                TOTAL
                          TYPE                                                                                  (.14n@)                (.13&)                 (.15d)
                                                                Cr          wr          Cr                     Cr          wr        CT          wr          CT         wr       Cr          wr           cr        WT

                      SAND-TEMP PL                              114         148         7          14                                1           1           2          1                                 124       164
                      GROG-TEMP PL                                                      1          3                                                                                                      1         3
                      CHECK-STAMP                               17          91          is         60          4           62        1           21          1          4                                 41        228
                      INDET-STAMP                                                       4          9           1           31                                                                             5         40
                      COMP-STAMP                                1           3                                                                                                                             1         3
                      SIMPLE-STAMP                              7           30                                 3           42        1           5                                                        11        77
                      S-ST FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                            21          871          21        971
                          TOTAL                                 139         263         30         85          8           136       3           27          3          5        21          871          2D4       1387


                          % BY PROVIENCE
                      SAND-TEMP Pl,                             92          56          23         16                                33          5           67         16                                61        12
                      GROG-TEMP Pl.                                                     3          3
                      CHECK-STAMP                               12          31          6D         70          so          46        33          77          33         84                                2D        16
                      INDEr-STAMP                                                       13         to          13          23                                                                             2         3
                Li    COMP-STAMP                                I           I
                      SIMPLE-STAMP                              5           12                                 39          31        33          18                                                       5         6
                      S-ST FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                            100         100          10        63
                                                                100         100         too        100         too         100       too         100         100        too      too         too          100       100


                          % WITHIN TYPE
                      SAND-TEMP PL                              92          90          6          9                                 1           1           2                                            100       too
                      GROG-TEMP Pl.                                                     100        too                                                                                                    100       too
                      CHECK-STAMP                               41          m           44         26          10          27        2           9           2          2                                 too       too
                      INDET-STAMP                                                       So         22          2D          79                                                                             100       100
                      COMP-STAMP                                100         100                                                                                                                           too       100
                      SIMPLF-STAMP                              64          39                                 27          55        9           6                                                        100       100
                      S-ST FEBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                            100         too          too       too


                          % OF TOTAL TU
                      SAND-TEMP PL                              56          11          3          1                                                         1                                            61        12
                      GROG-TEMP PL
                      CHECK-STAMP                               8           6           9          4           2           4                     2                                                        2D        16
                      INDET-STAMP                                                       2          1                       2                                                                              2         3
                      COMP-STAMP
                      SIMPLE-STAMP                              3           2                                  1           3                                                                              5         6
                      S-ST FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                            10          63           10        63
                          % OF TOTAL                            68          19          15         6           4           10        1           2           1                   10          63           100       too















                                                  TABLE 5.                          CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT D, DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56, BY COUNTS AND %TIGHTS IN GRAMS
                                                                                                                LEVE                                LEVEL 2                             LEVEL3                             LEVEL 4                               LEVEL5                               TOTAL Wr
                                                            TYPE                                               CT (.,, b)l       wr    I           Cr (.19 tie,      wr               Cr (.12 rie)       wr               Cr (.15 n3?)       WrT           cr    (.06 va?)        Wr            'r
                                                      SAND-TEMP Pl.                                            26                59                11                37               1                  1                3                  9                                                      41                105
                                                      GRIT-TEMP PL                                             2                 11                                                                                                                                                                 2                 11
                                                      GROG-TEMP Pl,                                                                                2                 1                                                    1                  1                                                      3                 2
                                                      CHFCK-STAMP                                              9                 49                5                 21               1                  1                                                                                          15                71
                                                      INDEr-STAMP                                              14                54                                                                                       1                  6                   1                15                16                75
                                                      SIMPLE-STAMP                                             2                 6                 3                 6                                                                                           1                6                 6                 Is
                                                            TOTAL                                              53                179               21                65               2                  2                5                  16                  2                21                93                291


                                                            % BY PROVIENCE
                                                      SAND-TEMP PL                                             49                33                52                57               50                 35               60                 57                                                     49                37
                                                      GRIT-TEMP PL                                             4                 6                                                                                                                                                                  2                 4
                                                      GROG-TEMP PL                                                                                 10                1                                                    20                 7                                                      4                 1
                                                      CHECK-STAMP                                              17                27                24                32               50                 65                                                                                         19                25
                                                      INDEr-STAMP                                              26                30                                                                                       20                 36                  50               73                19                26
                                                      SIMPLE-STAMP                                             4                 3                 14                10                                                                                          50               27                7                 6
                                                            TOTAL                                              100               100               100               100              too                IOD              100                IOD                 100              100               IOD               100


                                                            % WITI-EN TYPE
                                                      SAND-TEMP PL                                             63                56                27                35               2                  1                7                  9                                                      IOD               too
                                                      GRIT-TEMP Pl.                                            100               100                                                                                                                                                                10D               IOD
                                                      GROG-TEMP Pl.                                                                                67                42                                                   33                 59                                                     IOD               10D
                                                      CHECK-STAMP                                              6D                69                33                30               7                  2                                                                                          100               100
                                                      INDET-STAMP                                              88                'n                                                                                       6                  9                   6                2D                100               100
                                                      SIMPLE-STAMP                                             33                33                50                35                                                                                          17               31                100               10D


                                                            % OF TOTAL
                                                      SAND-TEMP Pl.                                            31                21                13                13               1                                   4                  3                                                      49                37
                                                      GRIT.TEMP PL                                             2                 4                                                                                                                                                                  2                 4
                                                      GROG-TEMP Pl.                                                                                2                                                                      1                                                                         4                 1
                                                      CHECK-STAMP                                              11                17                6                 7                1                                                                                                             18                25
                                                      INDET-STAMP                                              17                19                                                                                       1                  2                   1                5                 19                26
                                                      SIMPLE-STAMP                                             2                 2                 4                 2                                                                                           1                2                 7                 6
                                                            % OF TOTAL                                         .64               63                25                23               2                  1                6                  6                   2                7                 100               100











                   Large and thick, surprisingly they were not smooth surfaced but
                   simple-stamped. Large sherds we inadvertently broke open displayed
                   unburned, undecayed fibers; these were definitively identified as
                   Spanish moss by ethnobotanist Sheldon.
                              Most of the fiber-tempered sherds in the Apalachicola Valley have
                   plain surfaces. A good case can be made for the transitional nature of
                   this simple-stamped fiber-tempered pottery leading to the Deptford
                   simple-stamped, placing this component at the site within the later part
                   of the Late Archaic. Fiber-tempered sherds found at the other
                   Apalachicola shell mounds were all plain except for a few similarly
                   simple-Btamped at Clark Creek shell mound.
                              Less than a gram of charcoal was present among the recovered
                   materials from this level containing the fiber-tempered sherds, but it
                   was submitted for radiocarbon dating through the AMS (accelerator mass
                   spectrometry) process, which is capable of dating very tiny samples. The
                   date returned was 2970 + 80 years B.P. or 1020 B.C. (uncorrected; Beta
                   26899), a good date for the later part of the Late Archaic.


                   Other Ceramic Materials
                              Non-vessel ceramic remains, clay lumps or chunks, from Depot Creek
                   shell mound are listed in Table 6. Only six items were recovered. A
                   possible burned clay piece of unknown function from the surface may be
                   modern. The other fragments were possibly daub from house or other
                   construction, and occurred in upper levels, so are plausibly part of the
                   Early Woodland component. Some may be associated with pottery making or
                   other activity. It might be unlikely that more permanent housing of
                   wattle and daub construction would have been erected here if occupation
                   was seasonal and short-term. Furthermore there is no clay source known
                   nearby. Shelters used prehistorically may have been lean-tos of poles
                   and palm thatch or some other quickly constructed type.




                   TABLE 6.               POSSIBLE DAUB FRAGMENTS FROM DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, SGU56.


                   Provenience                          Number/Wt in grams                                     Comments


                   Surface                                       3/8,8                             one is possibly just burned clay lump

                   TU A L 2                                      1/0.2


                   TU B Mixed                                    1/2.1                             from wall cave-in


                   TU C L 3                                      1/5.5







                                                                                      38













                                     LITHIC MATERIALS

                                     Chipped Stone
                                                Only 17 chipped stone artifacts were recovered from the test
                                     excavations and surface of the Depot Creek shell mound. All were pieces
                                     of lithic debitage, about equally divided between primary and secondary
                                     flaking products (as defined in standard typologies such as White,
                                     Binford and Papworth 1963). All are of whitish, low quality chert that
                                     can be procured upriver in various outcrops. All were recovered from
                                     surface or upper levels of units (Table 7).
                                                There may be such a paltry lithic industry here because there is
                                     no nearby source of chert raw materials; there is no need for stone
                                     artifacts if wooden or other non-preservable materials can be Used;
                                     there are no subsistence tasks in this environment requiring stone
                                     tools; the few stone tools used were well curated and seldom lost or
                                     broken; or any combination of these reasons. Our sample from four small
                                     units may be biased also, if lithic production was carried out somewhere
                                     else on the mound than where we excavated.





                                     TABLE 7. LITHIC MATERIALS FROM DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56.

                                     Chipped Stone (counts/weights in grallas)


                                                           Prim      2nd                  2nd
                                     Provenience           Decort Decort       Shatter    Flaes                    Comments


                                     Surface               5139.6    2/17.8    2/46.3     11<0.05 some flakes very poor quality fossiliferous chert

                                     TUAL2                                                1/0.8


                                     TU B L 1                        1/9       1/2.7      2/16.9


                                     TU C L 4                                             1/3.4


                                     TU D L 2                                             1/2.1


                                     Other Stone


                                     Provenience                   Material                                        Comments


                                     Surface               I sandstone piece (27.3 g)
                                                           2 limestone frags (6.9 g)
                                                           7 quartz pebbles and frags (155.2)      one is possibly worked

                                     TU A L 10             tiny mica flake (8 nun long)            unknown if naturally occurring or not (probably not)

                                     TU B L 2              possible limestone frag (.2 g)

                                     TU C L 4              small red quartz pebble (1.5 g)






                                                                                                  39











                At other shell mounds there is sometimes a similar lack of many
          lithic remains, but at Van Horn Creek there was an extensive microtool
          industry that left many small cores and debitage, as described in the
          next chapter.
                The debitage at Depot Creek suggests there were a few tools and
          they were mostly sharpened or maintained or altered at the site, then
          taken along to the next habitation spot. Perhaps the most frequent tools
          used here were nets and other things that would leave no traces, but
          some cutting would certainly have to be necessary anywhere. No use wear
          was seen on any of the 17 flakes.


          Other Stone

                As listed on Table 7, other stone materials recovered at Depot
          Creek were even more scant than the chipped stone, consisting of a few
          pebbles and fragments, only one with a possibility of use wear (a quartz
          pebble with some grinding on one surface). They were saved because stone
          is so rare here that they may be cultural in origin.
                Deep in Test Unit A a tiny (8 mm long), fragile flake of mica was
          recovered. This mineral occurs, even in flakes a few cm long, in the
          alluvial sands along the banks of the Apalachicola upriver; it is
          unknown if it could be naturally occurring here in the sand. Since the
          mound is almost all composed of cultural sediments with very little
          natural sand and humus, however, it is possible that the mica was
          brought in.


          OTHER MATERIALS: SHELL, BONE, TOOTH

          Shell Artifacts
                The abundant clam and oyster shells at this site were apparently
          not used for toolmaking. A few of them have holes, though none clearly
          looks drilled, and all may be natural. Perhaps these shells are too thin
          to be suitable raw materials or, as food refuse, did not fit'the
          cultural category of raw material for artifact manufacture.
                As listed in Table 8, the Depot Creek shell mound produced a fair.
          number of artifacts of other shell types, all apparently associated with
          the Early Woodland component. They include gouges and columellae from
          whelks, cut shells and cut fragments in irregular and square shapes
          (Figure 7). Often the cut edges show signs of having been cut part way
          then broken the rest of the way. The functions of the larger pieces are
          probably multipurpose cutting, hammering, and so on, as well as scooping
          or dipping. Several show wear on the tips, perhaps from using as picks.
          The smaller pieces may be debitage or tools of unknown function.




                                              40











                                          TABLE&                  SHELL ARTIFACTS FROM DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND 8Gu56 (Common names for species
                                                                  given in Table AIJ).

                                          Provenience                                                      Description                                             Wt (2)


                                          Surface                                         Busycon contrarium:
                                                                                            4 cut fragments                                                        261.3
                                                                                            I small scoop                                                          23.2
                                                                                          Melongena corona:
                                                                                            I perforated shell                                                     50.1
                                                                                            1 fragment                                                             59.8


                                          TU A L 3                                        Mercenaria:
                                                                                            I out fragment                                                         88.0
                                                                                          Bwycon:
                                                                                            I small columella 6 cm long                                            4.1
                                                                                            1 cut and broken frag                                                  30.8

                                          TU A L 4                                        Busycon contrarium:
                                                                                            I columella with sharpened point with use wear                         15.0
                                                                                            2 gouges (or celts)                                                    178.2
                                                                                          Busycon spiratum:
                                                                                            I columella point, sharp                                               1.8
                                                                                            1 shell with cut side out, wom tip                                     8.7
                                                                                            1 shell with cut aperture, worn tip                                    19.2
                                                                                          Fasciolafia tulipa:
                                                                                            I shell with cut side, cut tip                                         18.2
                                                                                            1 cut frag                                                             2.1

                                          TU A L 5                                        Unidentified large gastropod:
                                                                                            2 small burned frags                                                   7.1


                                                                                          Busycon:
                                                                                            1 small shell, partly cut side                                         12.5


                                          TU A L 6                                        Busycon contrarif"m:
                                                                                            2 cut fragments                                                        47.1


                                          TU A L 10                                       Fasciolaria tulipa:
                                                                                            I nearly whole shell                                                   30.6

                                          TU B L 6                                        Busycon:
                                                                                            I large fragment                                                       46.7


                                          TU D L I                                        Busycon:
                                                                                            I cut fragment                                                         7.8


                                          TU D L 2                                        Busycon:
                                                                                            I columella frag                                                       4.7


                                          TU D L 4                                        Busycon contratium:
                                                                                            I cut fragment                                                         7.0



                                                      Project zooarcheologists advise that the Busycon spiratum (pear.
                                          whelk) and Fasciolaria tulipa (tulip) shells are generally too thin
                                          walled to have been useful, and these shells, though cut, may not have
                                          been artifacts. There are so few examples of these, however, that it




                                                                                                               41




















                              FWW7_715'







                                      Z.



                                     314
                                IEJ
                                   `5t









                                       q_W















                                                              4K














                                                        OM


                                           NO










                                                    LZ







          FIGURE 7. Varieties of worked shell from Depot Creek shell mound,
          SGuS6. All from Test Unit A, Level 4. Top, two Busycon contrarium
          gouges; center, two Busycon spiratum; center-lower right, Pasciolaria
          tulipa; bottom left, Busycon contrarium columella; bottom center,
          Busycon spiratum columella tip; bottom right, Fasciolaria cut fragment.


                                             42









                       seems more likely they were brought to the site for some use beyond just
                       a special and very light snack.
                             Most shell identifications of worked specimens were made by less
                       trained individuals in the USF lab instead of project zooarchaeologists.
                       Thus not all specimens can be classified down to the species level.
                       However, some general statements about diversity of shells other than
                       Rangia and oyster can be made. Most shells that are not Rangia or oyster
                       appear to be worked. Most are of Busycon, whelks, with a few of
                       Nelongena corona, the Florida crown conch, and Fasciolaria, tulip. There
                       is also a Kercenaria or quahog (venus) clamshell fragment, the only one
                       identified in any of our shell mound excavations. Mercenaria, the
                       largest,  heaviest bivalve in Florida (Luer 1986) is ideal for a strong
                       tool, weight, or other artifact. All these shellfish live today in the
                       bays and saltier waters around the barrier islands. If the inhabitants
                       of Depot Creek lived closer to fresh water, as suggested by the nearly
                       100% Rangia composition of this midden, they had to travel possibly 10
                       to 30 km by water to get to the sources of Mercenaria.
                             Though there is more worked shell recovered from Depot Creek than
                       from any of the other shell mounds tested, the 26 specimens from this
                       site are really not many compared to the abundance of such items at
                       other sites in estuarine settings, such as in south peninsular Florida.
                       While these shells may have originally been gathered for food, too,
                       there seem to be too f ew of them not to have been chosen for artifact
                       manufacture. Furthermore, the worked shell is concentrated in the upper
                       part of Test Unit A, suggesting a specific activity area. The Busycon
                       contrarium, lightning whelk, was clearly worked there or worked and left
                       there, making it more likely that the other gastropods were also.
                             As work on the evidence from these sites continues, one goal is to
                       look further into the nature of shell tool manufacture and compare the
                       assemblages from the Apalachicola Valley with the large amounts of data
                       on the subject from elsewhere in Florida (notably Marquardt 1992) and
                       along the Gulf and other coasts. I know of no work on shell tools in the
                       Apalachicola region. Perhaps the rarity of shell tools here is connected
                       with the (relatively) easier access to stone tool raw material compared
                       with South Florida. However, stone artifacts are just as scarce at Depot
                       Creek as shell artifacts.


                       Bone Artifacts

                             Three bone implements were recovered from the Depot Creek shell
                       mound, two fragments of bone points and a fishhook (Figures 8, 9). The
                       U-shaped fishhook is probably of deer bone, and was recovered from Test
                       Unit A, Level 9. It is broken at both ends and measures 3.5 cm, long.


                                                            43











               The longer point, of deer metapodial, came from Test Unit A, Level
          15, just at the water table. It is 12 cm long, tapered at the unbroken
          end, and I cm thick, with a groove running down the middle. The other
          point fragment is similar in appearance, 6.4 cm long, .9 cm thick. It
          was recovered from Test Unit B, Level 11. Both have several small cut
          marks, apparently from working the material. The photos in Figure 8 are
          enlarged to show these marks better. As both points came from very deep
          levels, they could be from the earlier part of the Early Woodland. Their
          function is unknown.
               The bone fishhook is a rare find, even in Florida archaeology,
          according to project zooarchaeologist Karen Walker. Most fishhooks are
          not round (U-shaped) and cut from a single bone, but V-shaped and made
          as composite tools. It may also be an unfounded assumption that this
          hook is a fishing implement. It could have hooked or hung anything.
                Bone points are fairly common in Florida shell mounds. Walker
          (1992: 232) and Waller and Dunbar (1993:5) illustrate some very similar
          to those from Depot Creek, and the rounded type Dunbar states is
          probably Deptford in age. Usually in Florida rapid decomposition and
          acidic soils mean that items of organic raw materials such as wood and
          bone perish fast (compare the human skeletal remains from 8Ca142
          reported in a later chapter, which were almost decayed away, and the
          near lack of any animal bone from both that site and 8Gu38, both in sand
          deposits). The preservative powers of shell mounds, with the basic
          shells neutralizing the effects of naturally acid soils, are clearly
          seen at Depot Creek and the other shell mounds investigated, where large
          amounts of bone, teeth, scale, and so on, are preserved.
               Thus the real question becomes, why are there not more bone
          artifacts? They certainly would have been preserved if they were there.
          There is no answer to this at present except to say either it is
          sampling error or it is the adaptation of the people who lived here that
          did not require such implements.


          Human Remains: Deciduous Tooth

               A single small deciduous human molar was recovered from Test Unit
          C Level 6 at Depot Creek shell mound. In this level there were no
          ceramics; the last check-stamped sherd was about 20 cm above it and the
          fiber-tempered simple-stamped pottery about 10 cm below.
               The tooth was examined and x-rayed by Tampa dentist Julio Maya,
          who provided the following comments: It has a complete root attached,
          and therefore cannot have fallen out to make way for a permanent tooth
          during the person's childhood. Rather, it was more likely to have been



                                             44
























                                                                                 CM











                                                                        '05







                                                 POP"










                     FIGURE  8.  Bone points from Depot Creek shell mound; top, from Test Unit
                     B, Level 11; bottom, from Test Unit A, Level 15.


                                                         45














                                                            4'



                                                                            Zc















                                                             W
                                                                 77
                                                                MW





         FIGURE 9.  Bone tools from shell mounds. Top, fishhook  from Depot Creek
         shell mound, Test Unit A, Level 9; bottom, engraved pin proximal
         fragment from Van Horn Creek shell mound, Test Unit 3, below water table
         (equivalent of Level 11).


                                            46









                        pulled or knocked out or else to have come out of the skeleton after the
                        child was dead. There are no marks on the tooth of any implements that
                        might have pulled on it. There is moderate wear.
                              The tooth is from a person probably 4 to 9 years of age. The wear
                        tends to suggest an older child by modern but not necessarily
                        prehistoric standards. Retraction of the pulp chamber also supports the
                        characterization as an older child. However, retraction of the pulp
                        could also have occurred earlier in prehistoric children from
                        mastication of more raw and hard foods. If the tooth was removed
                        deliberately or by accident from a live person, the child was probably
                        8-9 years old. By age 10-11 the roots of these teeth are resorbed by the
                        permanent tooth. on the other hand, this tooth could be from a young
                        adult (age 23-26) who had a missing, impacted., or misplaced permanent

                        tooth.
                              It is unknown what this tooth was doing here or with which
                        component it is associated. A comparison can be made with the Clark
                        Creek shell mound, where several adult teeth were found similarly loose
                        in the shell matrix. They might be from corpses/skeletons buried or left
                        elsewhere. On the other hand, writing as the parent of a 4-year-old who
                        bashed out his own incisor, root and all, in an indoor, supervised play
                        situation, I can only imagine how prehistoric accidents or deliberate
                        use of teeth as tools might have effected the same result.


                        FAUNAL REMAINS
                              Faunal remains were well preserved at the Depot Creek shell mound;
                        indeed this was one reason for choosing it for test excavation, because
                        much could be learned about prehistoric subsistence. The entire mound
                        was composed of predominantly Rangia clams, with very little soil, and a
                        few oysters. As we dug, we often saved shells packed with tiny fish
                        vertebrae, otoliths, or scales, small animal teeth or turtle carapace
                        fragments or alligator dermal scales. A few of these shells were packed
                        in tinfoil and saved just as they came from the ground. Otherwise the
                        recovery strategy involved saving a few sample Rangia shells, all other
                        shell and bone from the dry screen, and sorting all faunal remains out
                        of the 4-liter samples subjected to flotation.
                              Systematic zooarchaeological analysis is a specialized study
                        requiring much time and money. This project was fortunate to be able to
                        get samples analyzed at the Florida Museum of Natural History (FMNH),
                        where curator Elizabeth Wing has the largest comparative skeletal
                        collection in the state, and has established a reputation for such
                        special study in the eastern U.S. and elsewhere in the world. There
                        Karen Jo Walker conducted analysis of selected samples recovered from


                                                            47











          Depot creek (and also from the Van Horn Creek shell mound). Her
          tabulated identifications and analytical summary are presented in
          Appendix 1A and summarized here.
                since only a small sample of the recovered remains could be
          identified and analyzed, these results impose an additional set of
          sampling biases upon the already existing biases of our unit placement
          on the mound and small amount of the total excavated.
                Project constraints allowed for detailed identification and
          analysis of the flotation recovery and dry screened materials from every
          other level of one excavation unit, plus identification of a few
          interesting, unusual, or highly diagnostic looking specimens from the
          dry screen from various other proveniences. Thus, for Depot Creek, all
          fauna from Test Unit C, Levels 1, 3, 5, and 7, totaling 11.7 kg, and
          recovered from a total of 13.9 liters (14.3 kg) of soil samples floated,
          were submitted for this advanced study. These are tabulated by Walker in
          Tables A 1.3 through A 1.9 in Appendix 1. Test Unit C was chosen for
          this analysis (and also ethnobotanical analysis) because it produced not
          only the Deptford ceramics but also the fiber-tempered sherds.
          Furthermore, charcoal from Levels 3 and 7 was radiocarbon dated (see
          ceramics discussion).
                To permit further evaluation of the results, the volumes of
          flotation samples and total level volumes are given in the tables in
          Appendix 1. These numbers show first the difficulty of taking a perfect
          471iter sample, as described in the research plan section (first
          chapter), and second, the truly small sample of materials analyzed
          compared to the enormous volume of the whole site. Walker's study
          provides a good first analysis, however, and she recognizes introduced
          biases. For example, as she notes, despite our picking even tiny remains
          out of the sticky matrix that did not go through the 1/4" dry screen,
          KNI counts or minimum numbers of individual animals were much greater in
          the flotation recovery, where much finer screens were used. on the other
          hand, she notes that some species, such as deer, mouse, alligator,
          seatrout, and lightning whelk were only represented in the larger screen
          recovery for these levels. Much more work, such as identification of the
          remaining majority of specimens, needs to be done to get a better
          picture of subsistence at this site.
                However even these preliminary results give some interesting
          insights. Twenty-four taxa of animals were identified in the apparent
          food refuse at Depot Creek (Table A1.8). They include freshwater fish
          such as gar and more saltwater estuarine fishes such as seatrouts,
          seacatfish, croaker, and sheepshead; reptiles such as alligator,
          turtles, and snakes; and mammals such as deer, mice, and rabbits. Though

                                             48










                        no birds were found in the materials sent for analysis, other
                        proveniences produced many fragments grossly identifiable in our lab as
                        bird bone, distinctive because of its thin-walled, hollow form.
                              The majority of the midden is composed of Rangia clamshells, with
                        one or two oyster shells in the upper levels, and occasional nerites and
                        scallops. There are also land snails, which still appear in modern form
                        today on the mound (modern shells being easily distinguished from
                        archaeological ones by the weathering and gray patina on the latter).
                              As Walker states, some of these species may be commensals. That
                        is, barnacles and land snails are probably present not becau se people
                        deliberately obtained them but because they just showed up around other
                        things people were doing (though they could also have been food).
                        Barnacles were attached to other shells; snails were attracted to the
                        organic deposits. Similarly, other animals might simply have wandered in
                        and died, to be incorporated into the midden of the shell mound. During
                        our work we collected from the mound summit the skeleton of a modern and
                        recently deceased (and slightly malodorous) turtle to bring back to our
                        lab for comparative purposes. But it is probable that the overwhelming
                        majority of specimens were those targeted by the prehistoric
                        aboriginals.
                              Thus, the interpretation here is that the residents at Depot Creek
                        procured a wide range of freshwater, saltwater, and terrestrial species.
                        This is not surprising in such a rich environment. In her comparison
                        with the data from Van Horn Creek, Walker shows the higher number of
                        taxa represented at that site, mostly due to the greater amount of
                        saltwater forms in earlier Late Archaic levels. In later levels at Van
                        Horn there is a switch to an assemblage more similar to that of Depot
                        Creek during the Woodland and later times.
                              At Depot Creek the emphasis was upon freshwater estuarine animals.
                        Furthermore, little change from the Late Archaic level to the Early
                        Woodland deposits is seen. A way of life that was probably none too
                        difficult and a diet that was quite rich persisted for at least a
                        millennium.



                        BOTANICAL REMAINS
                              As with the faunal analysis, identification and study of
                        paleoethnobotanical remains is a time-consuming and expensive process.
                        only flora from Test Unit C, all levels, flotation samples and dry
                        screened material, were sent off for this specialized study, for
                        interpretation in light of the results of the zooarchaeological and
                        radiocarbon studies.





                                                            49











                      There were not many plant remains preserved (only charred items
              would have escaped decay; modern specimens identified by Sheldon are not
              pertinent to the archaeological record). The few materials present
              amidst the packed shell and animal bone were bits of pine charcoal, with
              tiny amounts of hardwood, and very small fragments of acorn and hickory
              shell (Table 9).
                      This paltry assemblage does not provide much to interpret. The
              scarcity of charcoal may mean that few fires were made, and those that
              were used pine wood. Pine burns fast and not as well as hardwoods, but
              it may have been more abundant. Today the area is freshwater swamp, vast
              hardwood forests dominated by oaks, gums including tupelo, and
              cypresses, with only a few pines. The relative predominance of pine in
              the archaeological samples may indicate a cultural preference, but it
              may also mean that the area was dryer and pine was more abundant in both
              Late Archaic and Deptford times.
                      Acorn and hickory are certainly foods known to have been utilized
              by aboriginal Americans, but the shells were also saved and used for




              TABLE 9.        BOTANICAL REMAINS FROM DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8GU56.


              Provenience                               Materials


              TU C LI                  WOOD:          ca. 0.5 g pine, ca. 0.5 g pine bark
                                       SEEDS:         I oblong (.002" long)

              TU C L2                  WOOD:          13.3 g pine, 1.7 g pine & ring-porous hardwood
                                       SEEDS:         2 spherical (.006" diam)
                                       NUTS:          I frag acorn husk

              TU C L3                  WOOD:          2.9 g pine, 4.7 g pine wood and bark
                                       NUTS:          0. 1 g hickory shell (all remains from this level sent for radiocarbon dating)

              TU C L4                  WOOD:          1.7 g pine, 0.2 g pine and resin, 6.0 g pine and ring-porous hardwood

              TU C L5                  WOOD:          1.1 g pine

              TU C L6                  WOOD:          ca. 2.4 g pine

              TU C L7                  WOOD:          1.9 g pine (all sent for radiocarbon dating)
                                       FIBER IN
                                       SHERD:         Spanish moss, TlUardsia umeoides





              fuel. Thus we cannot establish seasonality of the Bite based on the time
              these are ready to harvest. The nutshell fragments occur in upper levels
              and do suggest a Deptford affiliation. otherwise the list of specimens
              on Table 9 indicates little change through time from the Late Archaic,


                                                              50









                         deeper levels to the later Early Woodland adaptation, much like with the
                         faunal record shown in Appendix 1.
                               A final botanical revelation was the identification of the fiber
                         in the fiber-tempered Late Archaic  pottery from Level 7 as definitely
                         Spanish moss, Tillandsia usneoides. To my knowledge this is the first
                         identification of unaltered Late Archaic ceramic fibers themselves while
                         they were present intact in a Florida specimen. A previous
                         identification of fiber in orange ware from the Florida Atlantic coast
                         noted Spanish moss but the results were not conclusive enough for "a
                         full assessment of the tempering agent or agents" (Simpkins and Allard
                         1986: 115).


                         SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF COMPONENTS
                         Early Woodland: Deptford and Early Swift Creek M
                               Early Woodland cultural deposits at Depot Creek shell mound are at
                         least 2 m thick on the mound summit, though more compressed on the
                         slopes. There seems to be an earlier pure Deptford characterized by
                         simple-stamped, plain and some check-stamped ceramics, especially
                         extremely linear check-stamped (Figure 6, third row left and center).
                         Later there are Swift Creek Complicated-Stamped and cord-marked Bherds
                         suggesting a more evolved Early Woodland. A radiocarbon date on the
                         earlier Deptford of 60 B.C. seems late but may be correct, necessitating
                         some adjustment of this interpretation.
                               Whatever the ceramic change through time, there is little
                         difference in the subsistence remains or sparse lithic assemblage
                         throughout the Woodland deposits. Stone tool production at the site was
                         apparently limited to maintenance of the very few items brought along.
                         Shell tools and worked shell are relatively abundant compared with other
                         Apalachicola shell mounds, but not when compared with shell mounds in
                         other estuarine and coastal locales in Florida. Shell tool use and/or
                         manufacture is most emphasized in the later Deptford levels of Test Unit
                         A, almost the direct center of the mound summit.
                               Animal species exploited were a wide range of fish, some     reptiles,
                         some mammals, and shellfish, especially freshwater Rangia clams. No
                         features or indications of structures, cooking pits or other daily
                         activities were encountered. The total of three bone tools found in a
                         mound with so much good bone preservation suggests little need for these
                         sorts of implements as well. Walker (1992) suggests the bone points may
                         have been gouges for catching fish. The bone hook is also implicated in
                         fishing, though it could have hung other things. Perhaps these artifacts
                         were far better curated; certainly they are less breakable than pottery,



                                                              51










          another factor accounting for their relative scarcity compared with
          sherd counts.
                Reconstruction of the Early Woodland lifestyle here is not easy,
          even with the large amount of information derived from the testing.
          Perhaps simple methods of harvesting aquatic resources, such as netting
          fish or spearing them with wooden lances, and hand-collecting of
          shellfish, were the dominant subsistence activities.


          Late Archaic
                Only a few Late Archaic remains were recovered from the Depot
          Creek site, in Level 7 of Test Unit A. The large fiber-tempered ceramic
          sherds there were simple-stamped, perhaps representing a transition to
          the type of surface treatment done on the later Deptford ceramics. This
          level was radiocarbon dated to 1020 B.C., late in the Late Archaic but
          quite suitable for a date for this material. The fiber in the sherds is
          definitely Spanish moss, an epiphyte available hanging from most trees
          in the river swamp today.
                Biotic evidence suggests the same sort of estuarine subsistence,
          emphasizing freshwater species, as was practiced during the next
          millennium or so by Early Woodland peoples. No lithic or other artifacts
          accompanied the ceramics and faunal and floral materials, though the
          sample of this component was so small as to make statements about their
          absence inappropriate.






























                                             52











                                      THE VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, SFr744


                     SITE DESCRIPTION
                           This moderate size shell mound sits on the present bank of Van
                     Horn Creek, a tributary of the East River, which is a major distributary
                     of the Apalachicola on the east side of the lower valley (Figures 1 and
                     2). The site was recorded in 1983 during a small survey sponsored by the
                     University.of West Florida. Local (animal and artifact) hunters Ken and
                     Mark Elliott brought me and survey archaeologist Mike Burt to this
                     remote area. At that time only plain and check-stamped pottery was
                     collected, but one of the former was a limestone-tempered sherd. Animal
                     bone was noted, and a utilized piece of chert block shatter, unusual for
                     the lower Apalachicola shell mounds, which usually have few lithic
                     remains.
                           The site was chosen for test excavations because of the
                     possibility that the limestone-tempered ware was late prehistoric Fort
                     Walton in cultural affiliation. Components of this time period are, so
                     far, rare at lower valley shell mounds. Especially for comparison with
                     inland Fort Walton adaptations, it was thought that data from this site
                     would be extremely'interesting.
                           The shell mound is over a mile up Van Horn Creek (as it was named
                     by our local informants, though not on the USGS quadrangle map). The
                     route to the site was rather difficult in 1983, as this little creek is
                     in places no wider than a dining room table and only a few centimeters
                     dieep, as well as heavily overgrown (Figure 2). Considerable effort was
                     required in 1987 to relocate it, as the two 1985 hurricanes and apparent
                     lack of collectors' interest caused the creek to be impassable. With the
                     help of Joseph Thompson of the Apalachicola Estuarine Reserve, the
                     fallen trees and other barriers were cleared enough to permit passage of
                     our small boats, though the trip just from the creek mouth took 45
                     minutes.
                           Because this creek is heavily tidally influenced (though it is
                     fresh water), the water level varied hourly throughout the day.
                     Presumably aboriginal inhabitants could take advantage of the tides to
                     aid navigation one way or the other. We noted a considerable hastening
                     of our journey if we were going the same way the tide was, in or out.
                     The trip was much more arduous if we traveled opposite the flow,
                     requiring pushing the boats off logs and sandy bottoms.
                           The shell mound is narrow and roughly oval, with the long axis
                     oriented about 135 degrees or due southeast. It is 30 m wide and 90 m
                     long; this is the extent of the visible shell, at any rate, as shown on
                     Figure 10. The entire shell midden deposit extends much wider and


                                                         53


























                                                                                                                                              4


                                                                                         VAN HORN CREEK

                                                                                           SHELL MOUND

                                                                                             8 Fir 744



                                                                                         contour interval 20cm

                                                                                                 test units

                                               TU4
                                                                                         - - - edge of visible
                                                                                                       shell

                                                                                                  swampy area



                                               TU1





                                                              T1.12


                                                  Too



                                            60



                                                                        T1.13












                                                                       CORE











                                                             VAN   HORN CREEK
                                                                                                        43@                                   Al







                                                            FIGURE 10.



                                                                  54










                     deeper, horizontally beyond the 20 cm contour line on the map. A core
                     hole taken by visiting soil scientist Joe Schuster off the southeast
                     edge of the mound close to the edge of the standing water showed crushed
                     shell up to 2 m below the surface, which was itself only at a relative
                     elevation of 20 cm above the creek. Clearly the midden deposits extend
                     far below the water table. Thus, though the mound today rises about
                     1.5 m above the surrounding swamp, it is really much higher. Rising
                     water levels and swamp deposits have covered perhaps 50% of it. Most of
                     the visible shell is of Rangia, the freshwater clam.
                           The site sits inside a meander loop of the creek, but does not
                     conform to its orientation, suggesting that at one time the creek flowed
                     along side it, but now the stream channel has shifted. In the
                     surrounding swamp there is standing water for much of the year. The
                     mound is quite visible from the creek, as the only elevation for miles,
                     and also because the white shells stand out even in the summer when the
                     vegetation is thick. In addition, it has some palms and hardwoods like
                     the rest of the swamp forest, but also some unusual vegetation, a tall
                     weed called bear's foot or yellow leafcup (Polymnia uvedalia L.) that
                     does not occur on lower ground.
                           Remoteness and inaccessibility have not prevented people from
                     getting to this mound to dig potholes. Furthermore, as conscious of our
                     own environmental impact as we tried to be, the clearing of the creek
                     unfortunately made it possible for looters to reach the mound after we
                     left for the summer.


                     FIELDWORK

                     Excavations

                           As with the other shell mounds, the strategy for test
                     investigations was to excavate at least one or two units into the summit
                     and one or two into the slope. Because the site was so difficult to
                     reach, it was the third and last to be tested in the 1987 season, when
                     the crew were more experienced and able to deal with the rigors of a
                     difficult site. Because it took so long to reach, we often had only a 6
                     hour work day there for the two-week testing period.
                           Fieldwork was carried out at the Van Horn Creek shell mound from
                     26 June to 7 July 1988, with a crew of eight, and additional work on
                     Test Unit 4 on 14 December, with a crew of five. The site was mapped
                     with a transit and four excavation units were dug, two on the summit and
                     two on the slopes. Some units were bigger than at Depot Creek because we
                     expected to go deep and wanted to be able to get in and out of them more
                     easily. With nearly double the amount of excavation area, however, we



                                                        55










           were unable to go as deep, and some units did not even reach the water
           table.

                 Two I x 2 meter units, a I x 1.5 m unit, and a 1 x I m unit were
           excavated at the Van Horn Creek shell mound, for a total of 7 square
           meters. When the depths of excavation for each unit are calculated in,
           the total test excavations become about 6.4 cubic meters. As well as can
           be estimated, this represents perhaps a .1% sample of the site. All
           units were located judgementally.
                 Excavations were in arbitrary levels of 15 cm because of the
           absence of any clear stratigraphy permitting removal of matrix by
           cultural of natural strata. The unit of 15 cm was chosen, as with the
           other shell mounds, because of the difficulty of maintaining a flat
           floor and the knowledge that we would probably excavate quite deeply.
           Thinner levels would have taken longer.
                 All soils were dry screened through 6.35 mm (1/4") mesh. Often
           this means that many tiny materials, especially biotic remains, are lost
           through the large mesh opening. However this was less the case at Van
           Horn Creek, as also noted at Depot Creek, because the sticky, clayey
           soil would not even go through the mesh very well. Screeners picked
           materials out of the matrix, including tiny fish vertebrae and such.
           This made screening a long process, but did result in better recovery.
                 As a footnote on field method, it should be explained that, not
           only did we not have access to waterscreening equipment in 1987, but
           also we figured it would be impossible to haul it into so remote a
           location. Heavy pumps would make our boats impossible to push off the
           sandy bottom at low water. We did pour a few buckets of creek water over
           some screens but this process was more trouble than it was worth. The
           looters who visited between July and December, however, somehow made it
           work. While not bothering our still open Test Unit 4, which they could
           not have missed, they dug into the slope of the mound just west of that
           unit. Since their backdirt pile was essentially clean white shells, they
           must have waterscreened somehow, or washed the soil matrix. This is the
           best explanation for such a pile, as there was little rain during those
           dry months.


           StraticFraphy
                 Stratigraphy in this shell mound was extremely difficult to
           interpret. There were no visible strata at all except the two produced
           by the gross difference between the predominantly clam shell matrix
           changing to predominantly oysters with increasing depth.
                 The upper 30 to 40 cm of matrix was about 30% blackish sand
           (Munsell Colors 10YR2/1 and 2/2) full of clamshells with perhaps 10% to


                                               56









                     30% oysters. There were many ceramic and lithic artifacts and animal
                     bones. In every unit small areas or lenses of crushed shell appeared
                     here and there but were impossible to isolate perfectly because of the
                     collapsible nature of the matrix. We could not even treat them as
                     features since they seldom showed up in the floor very well and only
                     later became visible in the walls. Thus the few phenomena recorded at
                     the time as features ended up too unclear to be considered as such in
                     the final analysis.
                           The next 40 or so cm of matrix was similar but more brownish gray
                     and dark yellowish brown (10YR3/4), with a few artifacts and bones, and
                     predominantly oyster, fairly solidly packed. This was clearly a
                     transition zone between the top stratum and what was below.
                           By an average of 80 cm depth the matrix was loosely packed large
                     whole oysters with no artifacts and only an occasional animal bone. The
                     sandy soil had disappeared and the only thing resembling soil was an
                     orange (10YRS/4 to 5YR5/8) slimy clay coating on the oyster shells. This
                     orange slime was seen around the mound in areas of standing water and
                     open muck. Soil scientist Joe Schuster is of the opinion that it is a
                     mineral concentration (iron?).
                           The water table appeared soon after the orange slimy oyster matrix
                     was reached. The depth of the water varied daily and hourly from tidal
                     influence. When it was encountered, however, excavation was halted;
                     culturally sterile soils were not reached, and probably exist a good
                     meter or three deeper.
                           In terms of cultural strata, in the field it was clear that there
                     was a Fort Walton component possibly underlain by a generalized woodland
                     component, and under that the fiber-tempered ceramics showed a Late
                     Archaic occupation. Much surface disturbance by recent potholes, not to
                     mention by later prehistoric occupants, had mixed earlier and later
                     materials at least nearer the surface of the mound.
                           The horizontal and vertical distribution of clam versus oyster
                     shell suggests the earlier occupations harvested marine species and made
                     a longer, wider pile of their midden. Later peoples utilized more
                     freshwater clams and distributed them mostly on the BUMMit of the
                     existing oyster midden. (Analysis of other fauna supports this
                     interpretation, as discussed below).


                     Excavation Units

                           Test Unit 1 measured 1 x 1.5 m and was located on the   northwestern
                     end of the mound summit in an area between two potholes that was
                     undisturbed below the pothole backdirt. The whole and crushed clamshell
                     and black soil matrix with a few oysters contained a few patches of


                                                        57












           crushed shell. Animal bone, ceramics and chert were common. The shells
           gradually changed to solid oyster by 80 cm depth. The water table was
           encountered at 148 cm depth below surface, and excavation halted.
                 Test Unit 2 was I x 2 m, excavated into the "back" slope (side
           away from the creekside where we debarked onto the Bhell mound) on the
           center northeast side of the mound. It had more oyster in the upper
           levels, and more mixture of cultural components (as indicated by
           ceramics), unavoidable perhaps as materials fall or are thrown over the
           Bide. Horizontal levels were maintained for control, so the steepness of
           the slope resulted in upper levels being leBB than uniform thickness
           throughout. Areas of more or less crushed shell and grayer soil or shell
           were present but poorly defined. one such area, a vague oval Of POBsibly
           burned or more weathered shell, was initially labeled as a feature but
           in cross-section proved to be very shallow. It may have been a thin lens
           representing an incident of refuse disposal.
                 By 50 cm depth the brownish transitional level was reached, and at
           92 cm below the highest surface the water table was encountered and

           excavation halted.

                 Test Unit 3 was a I x 2 meter unit on the southeastern summit. It
           was away from obvious potholes but did show some disturbances in at
           least Level 1. By Level 3, 45 cm depth, the high number of clamshells in
           the matrix had diminished to about 5% and oysters had increased
           accordingly. At 75 cm depth fiber-tempered ceramics appeared and below
           that the matrix changed to the solidly packed whole oysters in orange
           slime, occasionally with some crushed shell.
                 Below 90 cm (beginning with Level 7) only the south half of the
           unit was continued deeper due to time considerations. The oysters
           continued, more loosely packed than in Test Unit 1, with a few barnacles
           and mussels probably brought in with the oysters. The water table was
           encountered at 137 cm and excavation halted.
                 Test Unit 4 was a 1 x I meter square dug at the north end of the
           mound on the lower slope close to where the shell met the creek, just a
           couple meters from where we tied up our boats and stepped onto the site.
           It was situated between obvious potholes, and probably had disturbed
           pothole backdirt in Level 1.
                 As with Test Unit 3 the excavation in horizontal levels on this
           sloping ground meant the level thickness was not uniform (level volumes
           are shown on ceramic and faunal tables). The low elevation on the slope
           also led to our encountering a rapid shift from mostly clam to
           predominantly oyster shells by Level 2 or 15 cm depth.
                 The water table appeared at 77 cm depth (Level 5) during our July
           excavations. It was decided to leave the unit open and return in the

                                              58










                     fall when the dry season meant that water levels all over the valley
                     would be lower. A crew of five returned in mid-December for one day and
                     was able to continue to 105 cm before encountering water again.
                           In the two additional levels excavated there was a concentration
                     of burned clay fragments. It was not discrete enough to be labeled a
                     feature, but may have represented either a loose hearth area or
                     redeposited hearth materials or else clay lumps or chunks associated
                     with Late Archaic Poverty-Point related complexes (see later
                     discussion). Shells around the chunks of clay were not burned. There was
                     a higher concentration of clams around them, however, and in these
                     levels in general, instead of the high frequency of oysters seen above
                     and in other units at this depth (both relative and absolute).


                     CERAMICS

                     Pottery

                           Ceramic sherds recovered from the Van Horn Creek shell mound
                     totaled 621, weighing over 3.6 kg. They are tabulated by gross
                     provenience in Table 10, and for each level of each unit in Tables 11
                     through 14. It was not possible to tabulate the ceramics by cultural
                     stratum or even arbitrary level across the site; such an exercise would
                     be meaningless given the differences in elevation from mound summit to
                     slopes and the fact that three of the four units had mixed components
                     probably due to prehistoric or recent disturbance. Figure 11 graphs the
                     gross relative frequencies of the different types for the entire site by
                     count and weight. It is not meaningful either in terms of isolating the
                     components, except for the Late Archaic diagnostic fiber-tempered
                     sherds. It does show how small the plain sherds are relative to others,
                     suggesting possibly their greater use as more utilitarian vessels or
                     different characteristics that make them more breakable. Many plain
                     sherds of course may be the plain-surfaced portions of vessels with
                     surface decoration or alteration elsewhere.
                           The presence of a Fort Walton component at this site was solidly
                     confirmed by the ceramics appearing in the upper levels of the units and
                     on the surface. This component appears to be underlain by a general
                     Woodland component dominated by check-stamped pottery, unless the check-
                     stamped sherds go with the Fort Walton occupation. All this, in turn,
                     was underlain by a Late Archaic component characterized by fiber-
                     tempered (plain) sherds.
                           The distributions by level for the four test units show some
                     degree of mixing of the components in all but Test Unit 1. This is
                     explainable for Units 2 and 4, which were on the mound slope, but not as



                                                        59









                         TABLE 10.                 CERAMICS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, gFr744, BY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                                                         SURFACE wT                  MI)CED LEVELS                      I       wr           CT TU 2 WT                   Cr TU 3                         TU 4 WT                     TOTAL
                                TYPE                                     cr                          cr            wr                                                                                    wr            Cr                           CT             Wr
                            SHELJ,TEMP Pl.                                                           1             2             1              9                                                                      1              2             3              13
                            GROGISHELUBONE-T                                                                                     I              I                                                                                                   I              I
                            PENS INC                                                                                             1              4                                                                                                   1              4
                            FT WALTON INC                                6             151                                       2              21           1              7             4              Is            2              43            15             237
                            PT WASH INC                                                                                          4              22                                                                                                  4              22
                            MARSH INC                                                                                                                                                     1              30                                         1              30
                            L JACKSON PL                                 1             14                                                                    1              3             1              3             3              20            6              39
                            INDEr INC                                                                                            3              19                                        1              3             1              6             5              27
                            INDET PUNC                                                                                           1              3                                                                      3              22            4              25
                            LIMEST-TEMP PL                               2             is            3             21            3              6                                                                      1              4             9              46
                            LIMEIGROG-TEMP PL                            1             13                                                                                                                                                           1              13
                            CHECK-STAMP                                  10            93            10            51            58             386          37             301           2              10            3              6D            12D            901
                            INDETSTAMP                                                                                           7              48                                                                                                  7              48
                            CORD OR FABRIC-MK                                                                                    6              33           1              33                                                                      7              65
                            GRIT-TEMP Pl,                                                            2             15            5              34           3              9             7              56            13             IOD           30             214
                            GROG-TEMP PL                                 1             13            13            54            76             455          13             65            1              5                                          104            593
                            SAND-TEMP PL                                 26            263           16            65            222            770          10             60            10             37            11             34            295            1229
                            FIBER-TEMP                                                                                           1              28           2              12            2              61            3              5             8              105
                   ON
                                TOTAL                                    47            562           45            ms            391            1939         68             490           29             219           41             2-95          621            3612


                                % BY PROVIENCE
                            SHELI,TEMP PL                                                            2             1                            1                                                                      2              1
                            GROG/SHELLIBONE-T
                            PENSINC
                            FT WALTON INC                                13            27                                        1              1            1              1             14             7             5              15            2              7
                            PT WASH INC                                                                                          I              I                                                                                                   I              I
                            MARSH INC                                                                                                                                                     3              14                                                        1
                            L JACKSON PL                                 2             2                                                                     1              1             3              1             7              7             1              1
                            INI)ErINC                                                                                            1              1                                         3              1             2              2             1              1
                            INDETPUNC                                                                                                                                                                                  7              8             1              1
                            LIMEST-TEMP PL                               4             3             7             10            1                                                                                     2              1             1              1
                            LIME/GROG-TEMP Pl.                           2             2
                            CHECK-STAMP                                  21            17            22            25            15             21           54             62            7              5             7              2D            19             25
                            INDET STAMP                                                                                          2              3                                                                                                   1              1
                            CORD OR FABRIC-UK                                                                                    2              2            1              7                                                                       1              2
                            GRIT-TEMP PL                                                             4             7             1              2            4              2             24             26            32             34            5              6
                            GROG-TEMP PL                                 2             2             29            26            19             25           19             13            3              2                                          17             16
                            SAND-TEMP PL                                 55            47            36            31            57             42           15             12            34             17            27             12            48             34
                            FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                          2            3              2             7              28            7              2             1              3
                                TOTAL                                    IOD           100           100           10()          100            100          100            100           IOD            100           100            100           10D            too

















                      TABLE 10. CERAMICS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, gFr744, IjY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS (CONTINMD).
                                                                SURFACE                 MIXED LEVELS -T          Cr TU I     WT       Cr TU2 WT                   L  TU3                      TU4                     TOTAL
                             TYPE                               CT           WT         cr         wr                                                             'T           WT.       Cr             WT          Cr           Wr

                             % WITHIN TYPE
                         SHELL,TEMP PL                                                  33           12          33          72                                                            33           16          100          IOD
                         GROG/SHELL./BONE-T                                                                      100         100                                                                                    100          100
                         PENS INC                                                                                100         100                                                                                    100          too
                         FT WALTON INC                          40           64                                  13          9           7            3           27           6           13           is          100          100
                         Fr WASH INC                                                                             100         too                                                                                    100          too
                         MARSH INC                                                                                                                                too          100                                  100          too
                         L JACKSON Pl.                          17           35                                                          17           8           17           6           5D           50          100          too
                         INDETINC                                                                                60          70                                   2D           10          20           20          100          too
                         INDET PUNC                                                                              25          12                                                            75           98          100          100
                         LIMEST-TEMP Pl.                        22           33         33           45          33          14                                                            11           8           too          100
                         LIME/GROG-TEMP Pl.                     100          100                                                                                                                                    too          too
                         CHECK-STAMP                            9            to         8            6           48          43          31           33          2            1           3            7           101)         100
                         INDETSTAMP                                                                              100         100                                                                                    100          100
                         CORD OR FABRIC-MK                                                                       86          50          14           so                                                            100          too
                         GRrr-TEMP PL                                                   7            7           17          16          10           4           23           26          43           47          100          100
                         GROG-TEMP Pl.                          1            2          13           9           73          77          13           11          1            1                                    100          100
                         SAND@TEMP Pl.                          9            21         5            5           75          63          3            5           3            3           4            3           100          100
                         FIBER-TEMP                                                                              13          27          25           11          25           57          38           5           too          too


                             % OF TOTAL
                         SHELL-TEMP I'L
                         GROG/SHEILLMONE-T
                         PENSINC
                         FT WALTON INC                          1            4                                               1                                    1                                     1           2            7
                         Irr WASH INC
                         MARSH INC
                         L JACKSON PL
                         INDEr INC
                         INDET PUNC
                         LIMEST-TEMP PL
                         LIMEtGROG-TEMP PL
                         CHECK-STAMP                            2            3          2            1           9           11          6            8                                                 2           19           25
                         INDETSTAMP                                                                              I           I                                                                                      I            I
                         CORD OR FABRIC-MK                                                                       I           I                        1                                                             1            2
                         GRIT-TEMP PL                                                                            I           1                                    1            2           2            3           5            6
                         GROG-TEMP PL                                                   2            2           12          13          2            2                                                             17           16
                         SAND-TEMP PL                           .4           7          3            2           36          21          2            2           2            1           2            1           48           34
                         FIBER-TEMP                                                                                          1                                                 2                                    1            3
                             % OF TOTAL                         8            16         7            6           63          51          11           14          5            6           7            9           too          too









                   TABLE 11.             CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 1, VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.

                                                                                                        IME                                                                                         TOTAL
                                                                                                                                    4

                                                                                                                                       Wr
                          TYPE                            Clr        wr         CT         wr          cr         wr         CT                     CT          wr         CT          Wr         CT          Wr

                      SHELI-TEMP PL                                             1          9                                                                                                      1           9
                      GROG/SHELL/BONE-T                                                                I          I                                                                               I           I
                      PENS INC                                                  1          4                                                                                                      1           4
                      IFT WALTON INC                      I          1          1          9                                                                                                      2           21
                      PT WASH INC                         2          8          2          14                                                                                                     4           22
                      INDET INC                                                 3          19                                                                                                     3           19
                      INDET PUNC                                                1          3                                                                                                      1           3
                      LIMEST-TEMP PL                      2          5          1          2                                                                                                      3           6
                      INDET STAMP                                               1          24                                4         13           2           12                                7           48
                      CORD OR FABRIC-MK                   2          5                                                       4         28                                                         6           33
                      CHECK-STAMP                         5          58         33         250         10         47         8         25           1           2          1           4          58          386
                      GRrr-TEMP PL                        4          19         1          15                                                                                                     5           34
                      GROG-TEMP PL                        7          61         25         151         34         219        10        23                                                         76          455
                      SAND-TEMP PL                        56         198        136        489         18         56         9         18           3           8                                 222         770
                      FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                           1           28         1           28
                          TOTAL                           79         365        206        989         63         324        35        107          6           22         2           32         391         1839

               ON         % BY PROVIENCE
               bi     SMELL-TEMP PL                                                        I                                                                                                      I           I
                      GROG/SHELIJBONE-T                                                                2                                                                                          1           1
                      PENS INC
                      IFT WALTON INC                      1          3                     1                                                                                                      1           1
                      PT WASH INC                         3          2          1          1
                      INDET INC                                                 1          2                                                                                                      2           2
                      INDET PUNC                                                                                                                                                                  Is          21
                      LIMEST-TEMP PL                      3          1                                                                                                                            2           3
                      INDET STAMP                                                          2                                 11        12           33          52                                57          42
                      CORD OR FABRIC-MK                   3          1                                                       It        26                                                         1           2
                      CHECK-STAMP                         6          16         16         25          16         14         23        23           17          11         so          12         19          25
                      GRIT-TEMP PL                        5          5                     1                                                                                                      1
                      GROG-TEM                            9          17         12         15          54         68         29        22
                      SAND-TEMP PL                        71         54         66         49          29         17         26        17           50          39
                      FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                           50          88
                          TOTAL                           IOD        IOD        100        too         10D        100        too       IOD          100         100        100         100        IOD         I
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1


                                                                                                                                                                                                              2
                                                                                                                                                                                                              OD

















                    TABLE 11.            CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 1, VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS (CONTINUED).
                                                           IME                              -F
                                                                                  W(Ek?                                      "'E4
                                                                                                                                                     jj5?                                        TOTAL
                          TYPE                          Cr           wr         CT          w1r       Cr          wr      Cr                     Cr          Wr         Cr         wr           Cr          wr

                          % WITHIN TYPE
                       SHELL,TEMP PL                                            100         100                                                                                                 too         10D
                       GROG/SHELUBONE-T                                                               100         100                                                                           10D         10D
                       PENS INC                                                 too         100                                                                                                 100         100
                       FT WALTON INC                     5D          55         50          45                                                                                                  100         10D
                       Pr WASH INC                       3D          36         50          64                                                                                                  too         10D
                       INDEr INC                                                100         100                                                                                                 too         100
                       INDETPUNC                                                100         10D                                                                                                 100         10D
                       LIMEST-TEMP PL                    67          77         33          23                                                                                                  too         10D
                       INDET STAMP                                              14          49                              57         26         29         24                                 100         100
                       CORD OR FABRIC-MK                 33          14                                                     67         86                                                       100         100
                       CHECK-STAMP                       9           15         57          65        17          12        14         7          2           1          2           1          100         too
                       GRIT-TEMP PL                      8D          57         2D          43                                                                                                  100         too
                       GROG-TEMP PL                      9           13         33          33        45          48        13         5                                                        100         100
                       SAND-TEMP PL                      25          26         61          64        8           7         4          2          1           1                                 100         100
                       FEBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                       100        100          101)        100


                          S OF TOTAL TU
                Li     SHELL-TEMP PL                                                        I                                                                                                               I
                       GROG/SHELIJBONE-T
                       PENSINC
                       FT WALTON INC                                 I                      I                                                                                                   I           I
                       PT WASH INC                       I                      I           I                                                                                                   I           I
                       INDErINC                                                 I           I                                                                                                   I           I
                       INDETPUNC
                       LIMEST-TEMP PL                    I                                                                                                                                      I
                       INDET STAMP                                                          I                               I          I          1           1                                 2           3
                       CORD OR FABRIC-MK                 1                                                                  1          2                                                        2           2
                       ClEECK-STAMP                      1           3          8           14        3           3         2          1                                                        15          21
                       GRIT-TEMP PL                      I           I                      1                                                                                                   1           2
                       GROG-TEMP PL                      2           3          6           9         9           12        3          1                                                        19          25
                       SAND-TEMP PL                      14          11         35          27        5           3         2          1          1                                             57          42
                       FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                                                                    2                      2
                            OF TOTAL                     m           2D         53          54        16          18        9          6          2           1          1           2          100         10D









                   TABLE 12.            CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 2, VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.

                                                                               YWE
                                                         %E                                                                                                              TOTAL
                         TYPE                           Cr          wr       cr          wr         Cr          Wr         Cr         wr       Cr          W,           cr         Wr
                      FT WALTON INC                                                                 1           7                                                       1          7
                      L JACKSON PL                                                                                         1          3                                 1          3
                      CORD OR FABRIC-MK                                                             1           33                                                      1          33
                      CRECK-STAMP                       2           9         1          10         29          258        3          19         2          6           37         301
                      GRIT-TEMP PL                                                                  3           9                                                       3          9
                      GROG-TEMPPL                       2           24                              to          39         1          2                                 13         65
                      SAND-TEMP PL                      2           2                               4           16         4          42                                10         60
                      FIBER-TEMP                                                                                           2          12                                2          12
                         TOTAL                          6           34        1          10         48          362        11         78         2          6           68         490


                         % BY PROVIENCE
                      FT WALTON INC                                                                 2           2                                                       1          1
                      L JACKSON PL                                                                                         9          4                                 1          1
                      CORD OR FABRIC-MK                                                             2           9                                                       1          7
                      CHECK-STAMP                       33          26       100         100        60          71         27         24       100         100          54         62
                      GRJT-TEMP PL                                                                  6           2                                                       4          2
                      GROG-T                            33          70                              21          11.        9          3                                 19
                      SAND-TEMP PL                      33          4                               8           5          36         54                                15         12
                      FIBER-TEMP                                                                                           18         15                                3          2
                         TOTAL                          too         too      too         100        100         too        too        100      100         100          100        00


                         % WITHIN TYPES
                      FT WALTON INC                                                                 too         too                                                     100        too
                      L JACKSON PL                                                                                         too        too                               too        100
                      CORD OR FABRIC-MK                                                             too         too                                                     too        too
                      CHECK-STAMP                       5           3         3          3          78          96         8          6          5          2           100        100
                      GRrr-TEMP PL                                                                  100         too                                                     too        100
                      GROG-TEMP PL                      15          37                              77          61)        8          4                                 too
                      SAND-TEMP PL                      2D          3                               40          27         40         70                                100        100
                      FMER-TEMP                                                                     too         too                                                     too        too

                         S OF TOTAL TU
                      FT WALTON INC                                                                 I           I                                                       I          I
                      L JACKSON PL                                                                                         I          I                                 I          I
                      CORD OR FABRIC-MK                                                             1           7                                                       1          7
                      CHECK-STAMP                       3           2         1          2          43          53         4          4          3          1           54         62
                      GRrr-TEMP PL                                                                  4           2                                                       4          2
                      GROG-T                            3           5                               15          8          1                                            19         1
                      SAND-TEMP PL                      3                                           6           3          6          9                                 15         12
                      FIBER-TEMP                                                                                           3          2                                 3          2
                         % OF TOTAL                     9           7         1          2          71          74         16         16         3          1           100        too
                                                                                                                                                                                   13
















                                 TABLE 13.              CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 3, VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, SFr744, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                         TYPE                            CT Yww       wr         Cr          WT       'r                        CT          WT        CT       10 Wr            Cr TOTAL     Wr
                                    FT WALTON INC                        4            15                                                                                                        4            15
                                    MARSH ISL INC                        1            30                                                                                                        1            30
                                    L JACKSON PL                         1            3                                                                                                         1            3
                                    INDEr INC                            1            3                                                                                                                      3
                                    CHECK-STAMP                          1            9                                                         1           1                                   2            10
                                    GRrr-TEMP PL                         7            56                                                                                                        7            56
                                    GROG-TEMP PL                                                 1           5                                                                                  1            5
                                    SAND-TEMP PL                         8            26         1           10         1                                                                       10           37
                                    FHIER-TEMP                                                                                                  1           53          1            7          2            61
                                         TOTAL                           23           140        2           15         1           1           2           54          1            7          29           218
                                         % BY PROVIENCE
                                    FT WALTON INC                        17           11                                                                                                        14           7
                                    MARSH ISL INC                        4            21                                                                                                        3            14
                                    L JACKSON PL                         4            2                                                                                                         3            1
                                    INDET INC                            4            2                                                                                                         3            1
                                    CHECK-STAMP                          4            6                                                         50          2                                   7            5
                                    15RIT-TEMP PL                        30           40                                                                                                        24           26
                                    GROG-TEMP PL                                                 50          33                                                                                 3            2
                 ul                 SAND-TEMP PL                         35           19         so          67        100         100                                                          34           17
                                    FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                  50          98         100           10D        7            29
                                         TOTAL                           100          100        100         10D       100         100          10D         too        too           10D        100          100
                                         % WITHIN TYPES
                                    FT WALTON INC                        100          100                                                                                                       10D          10D
                                    MARSH ISL INC                        100          100                                                                                                       100          10D
                                    L JACKSON PL                         100          100                                                                                                       10D          10D
                                    INDET INC                            100          100                                                                                                       100          10D
                                    CHECK-STAMP                          50           91                                                        5D          9                                   too          100
                                    GRIT-TEMP PL                         100          100                                                                                                       10D          10D
                                    GROG-TEMP Pl.                                                too         100                                                                                100          100
                                    SAND-TEMP PL                         go           70         10          27         10          3                                                           too          im
                                    FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                  30          88         so            12         100          10D
                                         % OF TOTAL TU
                                    FT WALTON INC                        14           7                                                                                                         14           7
                                    MARSH ISL INC                        3            14                                                                                                        3            14
                                    L JACKSON PL                         3            1                                                                                                         3            1
                                    INDET INC                            3            1                                                                                                         3            1
                                    CHFCK-STAMP                          3            4                                                         3                                               7            5
                                    G    -      L                        24           26                                                                                                        24           26
                                    GROG-TEMP Pl.                                                3           2                                                                                  3            2
                                    SAND-TEMP PL                         28           12         3           5          3           1                                                           34           17
                                    FIBER-TEMP                                                                                                  3           24          3            3          7            29
                                         % OF TOTAL                      79           65         7           7          3           1           7           25          3            3          100          100









                                  TABLE 14.              CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 4, VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.

                                                                                                                                                      IffiE                           "E                          TOTAL
                                         TYPE                                   CT    Jim -@-T CT                      M%?         WT                              wr              CT              Vrr            Cr        wr
                                     SHELL-TEMP PL                                 1                2                                                                                                             1            2
                                     MARSH ISL INC                                 1                41             1               3                                                                              2            43
                                     L JACKSON PL                                  2                11             1               9                                                                              3            2D
                                     INDET INC                                     1                6                                                                                                             1            6
                                     INDEr PUNC                                    2                16             1               6                                                                              3            22
                                     LIMEST-TEMP PL                                1                4                                                                                                             1            4
                                     CHECK-STAMP                                   1                54             1               5                                               1               1              3            6D
                                     GRIT-TEMP PL                                  11               87                                             2               13                                             13        100
                                     SAND-TEMP PL                                  6                29                                             4               4               1               1              11           34
                                     FMER-TEMP                                     1                3              1               1               1               1                                              3            5
                                         TOTAL                                     27               253            5               23              7               18              2               2              41        295
                                         % BY PROVIENCE
                                     SHRI I TEMP Pl,                               4                1                                                                                                             2            1
                                     MARSH ISL INC                                 4                16             20              11                                                                             5            15
                                     LK JACKSON Pl,                                7                4              20              37                                                                             7            7
                                     INDET INC                                     4                2                                                                                                             2            2
                                     INDET PUNC                                    7                6              2D              25                                                                             7            9
                                     L]MEST TEMP PL                                4                1                                                                                                             2            1
                                     CHECK-STAMP                                   4                21             2D              22                                              50              60             7            ID
                 ON                  GRIT-TEMP PL                                  41               35                                             29              72                                             32           34
                 ON                  SAND-TEMP PL                                  22               11                                             57              25              50              40             27           12
                                     FHIER-TEMP                                    4                1              2D              4               14              3                                              7            2
                                         TOTAL                                     100              100            100             10D             100             10D             100             100            100       100
                                         % WITHIN TYPE
                                     SHELL,TEMP Pl,                                100              100                                                                                                           100       too
                                     MARSH ISL INC                                 so               94             50              6                                                                              too       too
                                     L JACKSON PL                                  67               57             33              43                                                                             100       10D
                                     INDEr INC                                     100              10D                                                                                                           100       10D
                                     INDET PUNC                                    67               74             33              26                                                                             100       too
                                     LIMEST-TEMP PL                                10D              too                                                                                                           100       too
                                     CHECK-STAMP                                   33               9D             33              9                                               33              2              100       too
                                     GRIT-TEMP PL                                  85               97                                             15              13                                             100       too
                                     SAND-TEMP PL                                  55               95                                             m               13              9               2              100       100
                                     FIBER-TEMP                                    33               67             33              21              33              13                                             100       100
                                         S OF TOTAL Tu
                                     SHELL,TEMP Pl.                                2                1                                                                                                             2            1
                                     MARSH ISL INC                                 2                14             2               1                                                                              5            15
                                     L JACKSON PL                                  5                4              2               3                                                                              7            7
                                     INDET INC                                     2                2                                                                                                             2            2
                                     INDET PUNC                                    5                6              2               2                                                                              7            8
                                     L]MEST-TEMP PL                                2                1                                                                                                             2            1
                                                     p                             2                18             2               2                                               2                              7            20
                                     GRrr-TEMP PL                                  27               30                                             5               4                                              32           34
                                     SAND-TEMP PL                                  15               10                                             10              1               2                              27           12
                                     F]BER-TEMP                                    2                1              2                               2                                                              7            2
                                         % OF TOTAL                                66               86             12              8               17              6               5               1              100       10D















                        shell-temp pl
                  grog/shell/bone-temp
                            Pens inc
                        Ft Walton inc      .....                                           Wt(g)
                         Pt Wash inc
                         Marsh I inc                                                       count
                         L Jackson pl
                           indet inc
                          indet punc
                       limest-temp pl
                  limest/grog-temp p
                        check-stamp                                   +t+H+++"
                          indet-stamp
                    cord-or fabric-mk
                        grit-temp pl
                                                       ...........
                        grog-temp pl-                      I...    I                I       I       I       I
                                     ............................................................I .......... . ..........
                        sand-temp pl    ---------
                          fiber-temp

                                   0      5       10      is      20       25      30      35      40       45      50

                                                                         Percent




           FIGURE 11. Graph of ceramic type relative frequencies from Van Horn Creek shell mound, SFr744.










          much for Test Unit 3, on the southern end of the summit. Perhaps later
          peoples churned up earlier deposits more in their activities-there. Test
          Unit 1, however, is the best to examine for a good stratigraphic
          picture. In addition, it produced by far the most ceramics, and went
          deeper into the cultural deposits than any other unit. Thus it is
          emphasized in the following discussion of ceramic components.
                Fort Walton: As shown in Table 11, the Fort Walton ceramics
          (Willey 1949, White 1982), including Fort Walton Incised, Point
          Washington Incised (Figure 12), Marsh Island Incised and shell-tempered
          types (plain and Pensacola Incised), occur only in the top two levels
          (30 cm). When combined with the indeterminate incised and punctate
          sherds, other undoubtedly Fort Walton types, they make up about 6% by
          weight of the ceramics from these top levels. Sand-tempered plain
          comprises about 50% and grit-tempered plain 1% to 5%. Though there is
          usually more grit tempering in Fort Walton ceramics in this valley, sand
          tempering is more frequent in the Fort Walton assemblage at the Van Horn
          Creek shell mound. But all of the grit-tempered plain occurs in the
          latest two levels as well, and most of the sand-tempered, as shown on
          the third section of Table 11. Grog tempering may also characterize Fort
          Walton pottery, but it is common during the Woodland periods as well   *
                It is uncertain whether the check-stamped sherds are associated
          with the Fort Walton component. They are common in earlier and later
          levels, and do extend much deeper than any diagnostic Fort Walton types.
          Perhaps there is some mixing by the first Fort Walton folks to scuff up
          the surface of this shell mound after the Woodland materials were
          deposited. Fort Walton culture, the latest prehistoric manifestation in
          this valley, dating from about A.D.1000 to the time of Eu ropean contact,
          is known to have a large percentage of check-stamped pottery in the
          ceramic assemblage, especially earlier in the period (White 1982). So
          far no one has found a way to distinguish check-stamped from different
          time periods. It is also quite possible that both Woodland and Fort
          Walton peoples left check-stamped pottery here.
                Also uncertain is the cultural affiliation of the few cord- or
          fabric-marked sherds recovered, from Levels 1 and 4 in Test Unit 1
          (Table 11), and a single one from Level 3 of Test Unit 2 (Table 12).
          Their surfaces are too indistinct to be certain of the material used to
          impress them. They are not of the characteristic finely woven, fabric-
          marked, diagnostic Deptford type. Ceramics impressed with larger weave
          matting or fabric can occur in very small numbers with almost any
          cultural component. Cord marking is most characteristic of Middle or
          Late Woodland Weeden Island components, but could occur in Early

          Woodland.


                                              68


















                                          Ar










                                                               i@@



                                             g!










                                                                                      @k 4















                                                                             3-   4



                                                                                        CM



                     FIGURE 12. Artifacts from Van Horn Creek shell mound. Top, two Fort
                     Walton Incised rims, one body sherd; middle left, limestone-tempered
                     plain sherd; right, check-stamped sherd; bottom, two chert cores and
                     fiber-tempered sherd. All from surface except fiber-tempered sherd from
                     Test Unit 1, Level 6.


                                                        69










                An unusual sherd tempered with grog, crushed shell, and even a
          bone fragment occurred in Test Unit 1, Level 3. It is unknown whether
          the bone was deliberately added as an aplastic to the clay or just got
          in accidently, escaping the prehistoric quality control system.
                Three limestone-tempered sherds in Test Unit 1 are associated with
          the Fort Walton component. A surface find of this type (Figure 12)
          suggested the presence of Fort Walton materials in the first place, and
          was one of the reasons for choosing to test this site. However it is a
          small minority type; it also occurred on the surface and in Level 1 of
          Test Unit 4 (Table 14) making a total of nine sherds for the entire
          site. This temper is associated with Fort Walton in the uppermost
          portions of this valley as a small minority type, as well (White 1982).
          As noted elsewhere in this report, however, some limestone temper occurs
          at other sites which have no diagnostic Fort Walton materials. At Clark
          Creek shell mound, for example, it is associated with the Early Woodland
          component (see Tables 9 and 30).
                Shell-tempered wares are also a small minority, though usually
          present, in Fort Walton assemblages in the Apalachicola Valley (White
          1982). At Van Horn Creek only 5 sherds were recovered (Table 10),
          including plain and Pensacola incised, suggesting this temper to be even
          less important for Fort Walton in the lower Apalachicola. This statement
          is supported by their equally low frequencies from the other two sites
          tested with Fort Walton components (see Tables 19, 45). It is
          interesting that the presence of enormous amounts of shell at this shell
          mound was no incentive for the Fort Walton people here to use it as a
          tempering agent in their pottery clays.
                The classic Fort Walton types appearing at this site also include
          Lake Jackson Plain, only recognizable from the distinctive ticked or
          notched rims (White 1982). Only 6 sherds of this type were recovered
          (from surface and Test Units 2, 3, and 4). The main diagnostics are the
          incised and punctuated wares. Marsh Island Incised, poorly defined in
          the literature (Willey 1949: 466), is also recognizable only from rim
          sherds, with their distinctive vertical or diagonal incisions. Many of
          the sand- and grit-tempered plain sherds are doubtless undecorated
          portions of these Fort Walton type vessels.
                Woodland (Deptford?): It is probable that there is a Woodland
          component at the Van Horn Creek shell mound, perhaps characterized as
          being from the Deptford period (Early Woodland, about 1000 B.C. - ca.
         'A.D. 200), based mostly on the negative evidence of certain later
          ceramic types that are not present. There are no Swift Creek
          complicated-stamped sherds or Weeden Island types. Conspicuously absent,
          however, are the unquestionable Deptford types such as simple-stamped

                                             70










                      and fabric-marked. There is only one possible sherd with a tetrapod
                      (from Test Unit 2 Level 3), another diagnostic item of earlier Woodland.
                      The entire (tentatively established) Woodland component is composed of
                      check-stamped (Figure 12) and plain ceramics.
                           Check-stamped pottery first appears during Deptford times, perhaps
                      a few centuries B.C., and apparently people never quit making it until
                      after the Spanish arrived, at the end of the Mission period (very early
                      eighteenth century). Archaeologists have had a hard time distinguishing
                      the varieties associated with different cultural components in the
                      Apalachicola Valley and elsewhere, and usually consider this type not to
                      be culturally diagnostic (White 1982, 1985). A few attributes are
                      suggestive: sherds broken on the coils, which were imperfectly smoothed
                      during manufacture, seem to occur often among all Deptford types, for
                      example. Very sloppy application of the paddle impressing the checkered
                      pattern on the wet clay surface also seems characteristic. Both these
                      phenomena are seen often on the check-stamped pottery at Van Horn Creek.
                           A more positive aspect of these ceramics to suggest a Deptford
                      affiliation is the high proportion of sherds on which the check stamping
                      is very linear. This characteristic does not occur much on later Wakulla
                      Check-Stamped pottery and other types. During Deptford times the extreme
                      linearity of the check stamping often means that lands (raised portions)
                      of one direction are heavy parallel lines across the pot, while those of
                      the other direction'are like small teeth filling in the empty space.
                      Further work with these ceramics will involve quantifying the varieties
                      of check stamping, if possible.
                           Temper of the check-stamped pottery is usually not diagnostic,
                      including sand, grit, and grog for all time periods throughout this
                      valley. At Van Horn Creek, however, grog temper predominates. Since the
                      grog is made by presumably crushing used or broken pots, perhaps there
                      is more recycling during this period.
                           Another characteristic of the check-stamped sherds at Van Horn is
                      their often highly eroded surfaces. A type category used throughout this
                      report for indistinguishable stamped ceramics is "indeterminate
                      stamped." Usually a piece so classified can be one of any number of
                      types from different periods. In the absence of any other stamped types
                      from Van Horn, it is probably safe to say that all the indeterminate
                      stamped sherds were originally checked. This statement is supported by
                      the facts that most classified as indeterminate stamped are grog-
                      tempered, and that much of the classifiable check-stamped has part of
                      the surface eroded to near obscurity.
                           Returning to the stratigraphy of Test Unit I to characterize the
                      Woodland component (Table 11), it can be seen that check- and

                                                         71










          indeterminate stamped sherds occur in all levels, but comprise by weight
          27% of Level 2, 14% of Level 3, 35% of Level 4, 62% of Level 5, and 12%
          (half the sherds by count) of Level 6. Plain pottery comprises nearly
          all the rest, and much of this is grog-tempered, though more is sand-
          tempered. The only two types in Level 6 are check-stamped and fiber-
          tempered (one sherd of each). This is about 50 cm below the deepest Fort
          Walton sherds. The suggestion is that there is a separate Woodland
          component laid down over and slightly mixed with the Late Archaic. This
          could be either an Early Woodland Deptford component or, less likely, a
          late Woodland, late Weeden Island component, also characterized by
          check-stamped and plain ceramics.
                Late Archaic: Eight fiber-tempered pottery sherds (Figure 12)
          represent the earliest cultural component able to be isolated at Van
          Horn Creek shell mound. Though these occurred at shallow levels in Test
          Units 2 and 4 (Tables 12, 14), Test Unit 1 produced one sherd in what is
          probably the correct stratigraphic context, Level 6 or 81 to 91 cm depth
          below the surface, where the shell matrix was becoming all oyster with
          increasing depth. Test Unit 3 (Table 13) had two fiber-tempered sherds,
          one each in Level 5 and Level 10; at least the deeper was probably in
          undisturbed context. All the sherds were plain surfaced, eroded, and
          small. There was probably some mixing with the overlying Woodland
          cultural deposits.
                For comparison with the other shell mounds having Late Archaic
          components, and to investigate further the shift from a predominantly
          oyster shell matrix in what was considered the Late Archaic component to
          freshwater clams later in time, charcoal from Test Unit 1 Level 6 was
          sent for AMS radiocarbon dating. Unfortunately the date returned was
          1120 +/-75 years B.P. (Beta 26897) or A.D.830. This date simply cannot
          be correct; fiber-tempered ceramics date between 4000-2500 years old in
          the southeast (2970 years at the Depot Creek shell mound, as noted
          above).
                Consultation with personnel at Beta Analytic was helpful in trying
          to explain this date. The near absence of charcoal from good contexts
          for dating this site meant that we isolated tiny fragments totaling less
          than one gram from the flotation recovery and submitted them for the
          more expensive accelerator mass spectrometry dating. While this method
          is just as reliable as regular radiocarbon dating, it can be done on
          extremely tiny fragments of carbon. The small size of the charcoal is
          probably the key to explaining the anomalous date. At any site very
          small items, tiny chert flakes and other cultural materials, can travel
          downward. Especially in a shell mound, where there are spaces between
          the shells for tiny particles to move, it might be possible that such

                                              72










                     contamination of earlier levels occurred. Waselkov (1987:47) has
                     described this problem with poorly consolidated shell middens, in which
                     tiny items can fall through spaces between shells and end up far out of
                     original context. Furthermore, the level that produced this date, Level
                     6 of Test Unit 1, also produced a small check-stamped sherd in addition
                     to the fiber-tempered sherd. Perhaps this is also evidence of component
                     mixing by later prehistoric people or natural processes. Or perhaps the
                     middle component is indeed of Late Woodland affiliation, which would
                     make the date fit well.
                           Summary of Pottery: Van Horn Creek had the most complex and
                     deepest ceramic stratigraphy of any of the six sites tested. The mixing
                     of deposits by prehistoric people and modern pothunters, not.to mention
                     natural agents such as burrowing animals, roots, and gravity, made
                     establishing exact vertical boundaries between components impossible.
                     This is unfortunate since there was no interpretable cultural
                     stratigraphy in the shell deposits. Furthermore, the one radiocarbon
                     date obtained only confused matters more.
                           It is thus not possible at present to isolate ceramic assemblages
                     completely from each of the components, nor to correlate them with other
                     material remains such as the microlithic industry or shell tool
                     occurrences. It is even impossible to determine with total certainty if
                     a Woodland component is present between the Fort Walton and the Late
                     Archaic.
                           Nonetheless, I suggest the existence of three prehistoric ceramic
                     components here. Below Levels 5 to 6 in all units no ceramics were
                     recovered, except for one fiber-tempered sherd in Level 10 of Test Unit
                     3 (Table 13). This is an interesting stratigraphic situation. In Test
                     Unit 3 perhaps lower levels are less mixed, and Late Archaic peoples may
                     have returned many times and only deposited few artifacts, but lots of
                     bone and shell. If future funding becomes available we will consider
                     submitting charcoal from this Level 10 for what might be a better date
                     on the Late Archaic. Extensive deposits of bone and shell with no
                     ceramics below the ceramic levels may have been left by preceramic
                     Archaic or even earlier peoples.


                     Other Ceramic Materials
                           Other clay items recovered at Van Horn Creek are of three
                     categories: daub and possible daub fragments, burned clay pieces, and'
                     fragments of what must have been clay balls. These are summarized by
                     provenience on Table 15.
                           Twenty-one irregular clay fragments with no tempering and
                     occasional stick marks are interpreted as daub or possible daub, the


                                                        73










                 clay coating on the outside of wattle and daub houses used in the
                 aboriginal Southeast. Averaging less than 10 grams each, these fragments
                 do not suggest that there were many permanent structures atop the shell
                 mound, if any at all. As already noted, there were no features or post
                 molds indicating such structures. Some tiny fragments may not be daub
                 but clay bits left over from pottery making or some other activity.
                 There is no pattern to the distribution of these fragments.




                 TABLE IS: NON-VESSEL CLAY REMAINS FROM THE VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, gFr744

                 Counts of Pieces/Weights in Grams

                                        Daub &            Burned                clay
                   Provenience        (Poss. Daub)         Clay                Ball Frags                        Comments


                 Surface near N end                                            1/31.7


                 TU2LI                                                         1/22.0


                 TU21.3               5/45.8                                   2/24.7


                 TU21,4               6/71.7                                   1/21.2              1 daub frag has stick impressions


                 TU2L5                2/ 3.7


                 TU3LI                2120.1


                 TU 3 L 2             1/ .4


                 TV 3 L 3             1/ 2.5


                 TU 3 L4              2/12.1


                 TU41,3               1116.7


                 TU4L6                1/14.0                36/286.9                               the poss daub was inside a clamshell


                 TU 4 L 7                                   281219.0





                            Burned clay pieces totaling over half a kilogram were concentrated
                 in the lower levels of Test Unit 4, possibly associated with the Late
                 Archaic component. They were loosely grouped but may at one time have
                 been a disturbed hearth area or clay objects for roasting. .
                           Wedge-shaped fragments of clay balls were obtained from the
                 surface and from the upper levels of Test Unit 2. They were somewhat
                 irregular, but unmistakably sections of spheres, with smooth surfaces.
                 Clay balls and clay "objects" of many shapes in Florida have been
                 associated with the Elliott's Point Complex, a variety of the Late
                 Archaic Poverty Point Complex of Louisiana and elsewhere along the Gulf


                                                                             74










                     of Mexico (Lazarus 1958, Webb 1977). It has been speculated that the
                     balls and objects were used for cooking, either for stone boiling in a
                     non-fireproof container or for dry roasting in a pit (Hunter 1975).
                           It is usually assumed that these objects are Late Archaic in age
                     and utilitarian in function, appearing just before or with the invention
                     of pottery (Sassaman 1993). Some think that many of the objects,
                     especially the ones that depart from a ball shape and become interesting
                     geometric forms with incising or punctating, are too elaborate for such
                     a utilitarian purpose as cooking (those holding this opinion have
                     obviously never seen a modern gourmet cookware store). Investigations at
                     the Clark Creek site, reported later herein, did produce a more
                     elaborate, finger-grooved clay ball (see Figure 23).
                           Whatever the obscure purpose of these objects, they are likely
                     associated with the Late Archaic cultural component at Van Horn Creek.
                     They do occur in fairly close association with the microtools in Test
                     Unit 2 discussed in the next section. This is further evidence that they
                     are Late Archaic, as microlithic materials in northwest Florida seem
                     related to the Jaketown and other microliths of the Poverty Point
                     Complex (Morse and Tesar 1974:104; see discussion in summary chapter of
                     this report).


                     LITHIC MATERIALS

                     Chipped Stone
                           Lithic remains from the Van Horn Creek shell mound, numbering 155
                     specimens, were the most numerous and most interesting of any from the
                     shell mounds. The assemblage was examined by archaeologist Richard
                     Estabrook, who identified a true microtool industry that took place at
                     this site, and provided analytical comments given below.
                           All lithic remains are listed by provenience in Table 16. They are
                     of the whitish local chert, in this case silicified coral; the people
                     had to have gone some distance upriver for it or obtained it from the
                     barrier islands where it occurs as beach rock. There are few primary and
                     even secondary decortication flakes, suggesting they brought more
                     finished pieces to work on at the site, perhaps even prepared cores.
                     Thirty-eight small cores were recovered by our excavations, and 60
                     secondary flakes. Finished tools were few: 3 microtoolB, 1 possible
                     microtool, a borer, a uniface, 2 utilized cores and one utilized piece
                     of shatter.
                           The small cores (Figures 12, 13) are unusual in this valley and
                     are clearly for production of the microtools. They average 4 to 6 cm
                     long and 50 to 100 grams; all appear to be exhausted. The uniface is a



                                                        75













                      TABLE 16.               LITHIC MATERIALS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr7"

                      Chipped Stone (counts/weights in grarn )
                                                    Prim      2nd                   2nd
                      Prov              Cores       Decort    Decort                Flakes Tools            Comments


                      Surface           5/320.1               1/23.3     1/59.7                        two cores are thermally damaged; I shows use as
                                                                                                       hammerstone; shatter has some use wear
                      TU I L5           1/52.0                                                         has possible use wear
                      TU 2 L 1          5/270.3   2/12.1      1/38.2     5111.1
                      TU 2 L 2                                1/ 5.4                1/1.1 1/3          poss microtool
                      TU 2 L 3          3/99.0    2/12.0      6/143.1    7/22.0     15/20.9 4/12.3     1 decort flake is large (85 g); 3 tools are microliths C2
                                                                                                       side-scrapers and I needle); I tool is borer
                      TU 2 L 4          41152.1                          3/6.1      10/20.5            1 sec. flake is heat treated
                      TU 2 L 5          1/20.7                                      2/11.4
                      TU 2 L 6                      l/.l                            2/.2               one 2nd flake is heat treated
                      TU 3 L 1          5/240.4     3/24.6 4/12.2        1/3.7      5/6.0    1/47.3    tool is a small uniface
                      TU 3 L 2          3/210.2               5/14.9     2/18.4     4/5.0
                      TU 3 L3           5/259.1     1/3.6     6/30.7     10         9/18.4   11.5      tool is small broken blade
                      TU 3 L 4          2/67.3                                      216.1
                      TU 3 L 5          1/170.8



                      Chipped Stone (counts/weights in gram)


                      TU 3 L 7                                                      I/A
                      TU 4 L 1                                                      2110.1
                      TU 4 L 2                                           1/11.5     l/.6               flake is thermally altered
                      TU 4 L 3          1/13.1      1/13.7
                      TU 4 L 4          1/198.8


                      TOTALS            3812074 8/54          25/21S     17/124 60/160 7/63



                      Other Stone


                      Provenience                    Material                                                 Comments


                      TU 2 L 4          1 piece quartzite (15.9 g)                           unknown use
                      TU 3 L I          I sandstone with wom groove C20.9 g)                 probably abrading or sharpening tool
                      TU 4 L I          I frag steatite or soapstone (7.9 g)                 possible sherd of stone vessel, could even be rim




                      scraper,          and also fairly small (Figure 13, center left). one tool is a
                      borer on          a large chunky flake (Figure 13, bottom right).
                                   Of   the microtools, one is a needle and the others are sidescrapers
                      (Figure 13). All are made on small blades. Their edges clearly show
                      crushing damage. None are thermally altered. Such alteration would make
                      the chert easier to work but the resulting tool less durable. These
                      tools are similar to those of the microlithic industries described in
                      the Poverty Point Complex of Louisiana (Webb 1977, Byrd 1991) and along
                      a wider area of the Gulf coast, including Florida (Morse and Tesar 1974,
                      Thomas and Campbell 1991, Jones 1993), where the manifestation is called
                      the Elliott's Point Complex (Lazarus 1958).



                                                                                               76














                                                                                    -Woe.,.
                                                                           Ilk











                                                                                           ;kz





                                                                           -N




                                                   -%A

                                                                                                                                                QW;







                                                                                                                                                    ............


                                                                                                                                                                                                    mw@
                                                                                                                                                                    . . . . . . . . . .


                                                                                                                                                                                                        - - - - - - - - - - -























                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ty


                                                                                                                                                                       Q-
                                                                                                                                                               -zz












                                                       FIGURE 13.                   Chert          materials                 from Van               Horn        Creek shell                   mound. Top,
                                                       microcores                 and unifacial tool (lower                                         left) from Test Unit 3, Level 1.
                                                       Bottom, two side scrapers, one needle, and a small borer, from Test Unit
                                                       2, Level 3.


                                                                                                                                               77











                The tools from Van Horn are too few to make any metric analysis or
          detailed comparisons very meaningful at this point. They are discussed
          further in the summary chapter as Late Archaic diagnostic artifacts.
          Since we recovered similar specimens from Clark Creek and Yellow
          Houseboat shell mounds, also probably associated with fiber-tempered
          pottery and/or clay balls or "objects," it is probably safe to begin
          discussing a manifestation of Elliott's Point in the Apalachicola delta
          (White and Estabrook 1994). It may be an artifact assemblage specific to
          coastal or estuarine adaptation. So far no such phenomena have been
          reported from the interior of the Apalachicola Valley or elsewhere in
          interior northwest Florida.
                It is unclear what the function of this microtool industry was,
          but perhaps it had to do with a particular resource. Its identification
          with the Late Archaic component at the site is fairly certain. Fort
          Walton sites in this valley are known to have few, if any, lithic
          remains (for unknown reasons). Furthermore, the stratigraphic locations
          of these lithic materials are deeper than the Fort Walton pottery.
                It is also unclear why cores are so frequent and debitage and
          tools so rare. This may be a result of our sample size and scheme, of
          course, as four small units could hardly give a clear picture of tool
          distribution. But the suggestion is that these little tools were well
          curated by their owners. All th e tools recovered are either broken, as
          if they were manufacture failures or made on snapped blades, or
          exhausted. But there are not many tiny retouch flakes that would be
          expected from the final stage of manufacturing the microtools, though we
          searched the fine screen recovery from soil flotation for them. There is
          no pattern to the secondary flakes recovered, either, perhaps indicating
          that they are simply from sharpening other, also well curated tools or
          from core manufacture. The abundance of cores at Van Horn Creek may
          indicate that it is a manufacturing station for microtools that were
          used at many sites during the Late Archaic.
                The microtools could be for obtaining or processing some marine
          animal. In Test Unit 1, the least disturbed, the only stone artifact was
          one core, that appeared in Level 5, where the oysters began to
          predominate. In the other units stone tools and cores were shallower,
          but there was more disturbance. The microtools all appeared in Level 3
          of Test Unit 2. This unit was on the back slope of the mound and
          somewhat mixed in terms of visible stratigraphy in our horizontal
          arbitrary levels. However, just below Level 3 was recovered a fiber-
          tempered sherd and a possible bone tool, and a vague area of grayer
          shell, either from being burned or weathered unusually. Clay ball
          fragments came from above, in, and below this level. How this all

                                             78










                      relates to a microtool industry is unknown, but it does show closer
                      association of the presumed Late Archaic items.


                      Other Stone
                            Very little other stone was recovered, as shown on Table 16. There
                      are no grinding stones suggesting plant processing. The quartzite piece
                      may have been for chipping, like chert. The probable abrader may have
                      been for sharpening bone tools.
                            The steatite (soapstone) may be a vessel sherd. Though it was
                      stratigraphically very shallow, it may also relate to the Late Archaic
                      complex including the microtools, clay balls and fiber-tempe  -red pottery
                      at this site. Steatite is known for later cultural periods in this
                      region also. This raw material had to have come from the mountains of
                      Georgia. It is a soft stone, easy to carve with any hard implement.
                      Though it is rather rare it was found as well at the Thank You Ma'am
                      Creek shell mound (8Fr755), which has a Late Archaic component and was
                      also recorded in the Apalachicola delta during our 1985 survey. Steatite
                      is known from later prehistoric contexts at many places in this region
                      (such as the Weeden Island occupation at St. Vincent's Island beyond the
                      mouth of the Apalachicola).


                      OTHER ARTIFACTS: SHELL AND BONE

                      Shell Artifacts
                            There were 13 pieces of worked shell recovered from the Van Horn
                      Creek shell mound. Clam and oyster shells show no signs of working, or
                      even clear indications of the action of opening them to eat them.
                      Probably they were steamed or boiled or roasted to open easily by
                      themselves. Some in each unit had holes in them, but it is unknown if
                      they were made by people.
                            Most of the worked shell is whelk or conch; the species identified
                      are Bus_vcon (probably) contrarium and one example of Pleuroploca
                      gigantea (lightning whelk and Florida horse conch, respectively). There
                      was also a probable guahog (Veneridae) fragment. The artifacts.are
                      tabulated by provenience in Table 17. The horse conch is the specimen
                      from Test Unit 2 below Level 6, below the water table, probably
                      associated with the Late Archaic component.
                            There are two apparent tool types, the columella, perhaps used as
                      a pick, and two possible scooping implements. The other pieces are
                      either manufacturing debris or items of some unknown function. All show
                      signs of having been cut, often not cut clear through but enough to
                      score the area, then broken the rest of the way.




                                                          79













                  TABLE 17:             SHELL ARTIFACTS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744

                  Provenience                             Descrip6on                                                 Yeipht

                  Tu I L2                          Busycon columella with V-shaped cut                               46.1

                  Tu I L6                          Veneridae frag                                                    2.6

                  Tu I L 10                        Busycon small frag                                                5.0

                  Tu I mixed levels                Busycon pick (?)                                                  79.1

                  Tu 2 L 2                         Busycon columella                                                 300.0

                  Tu 2 L 3                         Busycon 2 cut frags, scoops?                                      46.7

                  Tu 2 L 4                         Busycon small squarish cut piece                                  31.5

                  Tu 2 below L 6                   Pleuroploca gigantea columella, from below water table            163.3

                  Tu 3 L 2                         Busycon 2 irregular frags, probably tools                         145.9

                  Tu 4 L 2                         Busycon small cut silver                                          2.1

                  Tu 4 L 7                         Busycon columella                                                 24.6




                             There is no discernible pattern to the distribution of these
                  pieces of worked shell, either horizontally or vertically. The biggest
                  columella and the scoops and a worked fragment came from the same
                  general provenience as the clay balls and microtools. This may be
                  significant for some reason. But if the microtools were used to drill
                  shell one would expect shell with lots of drilled holes, which we did
                  not find so far. other Busycon pieces came from both shallow and deep
                  levels, perhaps associated with all cultural components. Conchs and
                  whelks are available in Apalachicola Bay today and the shell probably
                  was a raw material throughout prehistory. A more uncertain question is
                  whether the meat was used as food here.


                  Bone Artifacts
                             Only two        examples of worked bone were found during the test
                  excavations at             Van Horn Creek shell mound. Since the bone preservation
                  was excellent,             this suggests either that there actually were few
                  artifacts of bone or that they were concentrated in areas where we did
                  not dig.
                             One of these artifacts was an irregular piece of probable mammal
                  bone that shows signs of being cut into a tapered shape, from Test Unit
                  2 Level 4, fairly close to the microtools and clay ball fragments.



                                                                                  80









                            The other artifact was a pin fragment, an unusual tiny bone
                      modified into a subconical shape with six engraved lines all the way
                      around (Figure 9). This was obtained from Test Unit 3 in a flotation
                      sample taken from below the water table (equivalent of Level 11). This
                      is a pure Late Archaic context (or earlier), as no ceramics were
                      produced for nearly a meter above this except for a single fiber-
                      tempered sherd in Level 10. The function of this unusual artifact is
                      unknown. It is not certain whether it is broken off a larger piece or
                      complete on its own. Perhaps some sort of peg or holding or marking
                      device, it may be similar to engraved pins described by Walker (1992)
                      for South Florida shell mounds. It is very small, however, and gives no
                      .clueS BO far if it related to subsistence or to totally different

                      activities.


                      FAUNAL REMAINS
                            As with the Depot Creek shell mound, though dry screening with
                      1/41, (6.35 mm) mesh, the field crew were able to recover even small
                      remains because the sticky shell matrix did not go through the screen
                      very well. Picking through the matrix we were able to recognize many
                      species in the enormous amounts of animal bones recovered: turtle, fish,
                      bird, deer and small mammals, alligator, and others.
                            Limited zooarchaeological analysis was possible with the amount of
                      funding for the project. Since Test Unit I went deepest and had the
                      least amount of disturbance according to the ceramic stratigraphy, all
                      the faunal remains from every other level, as well as a few unusual
                      pieces from other proveniences, were sent to the Florida Museum of
                      Natural History for special study. Identifications are presented in
                      Appendix 1, with a comparison of the findings from Depot Creek and Van
                      Horn Creek shell mounds. A summary is given here.
                            Remains submitted for analysis were f rom the flotation samples of
                      Levels 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, totaling 20.5 liters (18.6 kg). It should be
                      remembered that, for the deepest two levels, biotic remains are the only
                      cultural items present, as there were no artifacts except a cut whelk
                      fragment in Level 10 (Table 17). All remains recovered from the three
                      flotation fractions were submitted, including every shell and shell
                      fragment, as well as all from the 1/41' (6.35 mm) screen except the
                      shells. Shells were not saved from the 1/4" screen since they were the
                      primary component of the matrix, unless there were some unusual ones  '
                      such as very large, or small or with holes, or species other than Rangia
                      or oyster.
                            of the 32 taxa of animals identified for Van Horn Creek, six were
                      not present in the flotation samples but were additional bones from the


                                                          81










          quarter inch screen; the six included rabbit, alligator and mullet. This
          suggests that the (ideally) 4-liter samples, taken usually from the
          southwest corner, were so small as to be less than representative of
          even the unit level (not to mention the whole mound).
                Identifications of faunal remains by taxon and by level in Test
          Unit 1 are given in Tables A1.10 to A1.14 of Appendix 1, for both screen
          samples and flotation recovery, and summarized in Table A1.15. Unusual
          looking or large/unbroken bones and fragments from various proveniences
          are identified in Table A1.16.
                The most dramatic aspect of the Van Horn faunal assemb lage is the
          radical shift through time. From deeper to shallower levels there is a
          shift in the dominant shellfish species from oyster to freshwater clam.
          This is further supported by the shift from other more marine species to
          freshwater animals. These trends are illustrated in Walker's graphs in
          Appendix I (Figures A1.1, A1.2).
                By comparison with the patterns of faunal remains at Depot Creek
          shell mound, Van Horn Creek's inhabitants were essentially exploiting
          the same wide range of freshwater species in later times, including
          alligator, pond slider, softshell turtle, and sunfish, in addition to a
          small but significant number of oysters. It is not possible to say if
          this represents the Fort Walton diet only or a portion or all of the
          Early Woodland diet as well.
                However, back in the Late Archaic or earlier there is clearly a
          different environment, with Florida horse conch and scotch bonnet, two
          species requiring more saline conditions, accompanying the nearly
          exclusive collecting of oyster, although other animals such as deer are
          represented too.
                Faunal analysis is tricky because of basic assumptions made. For
          example, the role of cultural practices in diet and food processing and
          disposal of remains is difficult to study. We take it for granted that a
          bit of everything eaten was left in this midden mound. However, cultural
          practices may have involved different disposal methods for some species,
          or procurement of some species not for food but for other purposes. What
          if one type of animal was treated differently and the bones thrown back
          into the water after consumption of the meat, for instance? Perhaps the
          smelliest fish remains were so discarded, though subjective judgement of
          what is malodorous must have been different for peoples living on top
          fish and shellfish debris than what it is in modern western culture.
                Likewise, in terms of effort needed to obtain various resources
          (e.g., Crook 1992), we assume that culture is consistent and it is the
          environment that changes. In reality, people may have gone nearer or
          farther in search of their food in an unchanging environment if

                                              82









                     preferences changed. However, we usually think it more likely that they
                     would have obtained what was nearby and moved to be closer to more
                     distant species if they wanted them. As the zooarchaeologists remind us,
                     after all, shellfish are heavy!
                           The lower Apalachicola delta region is a dynamic fluvial system,
                     and a great deal of change in flow patterns of major and minor streams
                     has doubtless occurred with the rise of sea level since the end of the
                     Pleistocene and for other reasons. Geological evidence (Donoghue 1993)
                     suggests that earlier in its history the Apalachicola's main channel was
                     much farther to the west, going through Lake Wimico (see Figure 1). This
                     would have made the environment near Van Horn Creek, on the east side of
                     the delta, much more saline until later in time (perhaps the last 3000-
                     4000 years?). Then, when the river mouth moved farther east, closer to
                     Van Horn Creek, it brought an influx of fresh water and changed the
                     habitats for shellfish. Rangia clams would have become more abundant,
                     but apparently oysters were never very far away either, as they are
                     still present in small numbers even in the latest deposits (20-30%).


                     BOTANICAL REMAINS
                           Because of the complex stratigraphy, with diverse cultural remains
                     from possibly three different components, a greater number of floral
                     remains from the Van Horn Creek shell mound was submitted for analysis.
                     Materials recovered by 1/4" screen and flotation from all levels of Test
                     Unit 1, were identified by ethnobotanist Sheldon. In addition,
                     ethnobotanist Michelle Alexander offered to examine the materials from
                     all levels of Test Unit 3. Her particular interest is late prehistoric
                     Fort Walton culture, and this site offered the opportunity to look at
                     remains from this time period and compare them with earlier floral
                     utilization. Identifications provided by these scientists are given in
                     Table 18, and their reports are summarized here.
                           For both units, flora, the identifications are consistent. There
                     is a majority of pine charcoal, with a small amount of hardwoods, both
                     ring-porous and diffuse-porous. Identifiable occasional seeds and nuts
                     include fern spores, acorn and hickory nutshell, and possible seeds of
                     weedy species such as knotweed (Polygonum) or bedstraw (Galium).
                           To paraphrase and elaborate upon Alexander's summary report,
                     little can be said concerning the remains at this site. There is no
                     evidence of cultigens or of utilized wild plant foods. Acorn and hickory
                     nutshells could be naturally occurring, from animal activity. Much of
                     the wood could not be identified. Other than possible palm and cherry,,
                     all other wood is pine, though the total present is very small. As an
                     indication of how little botanical material was present, for the


                                                         83














                    TABLE 18.              BOTANICAL REMAINS FROM THE VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744


                    Provenience                          Materiali


                    TU  I L I              WOOD:       7.9 g pine, 1.1 g pine & ring-porous hardwood; SEEDS: 10 spherical (.006" diam), 46 spherical
                                                       (.002-3" diam)
                    TU I   L2              WOOD:       6.3 g pine, <.1 g pine bark; SEEDS: 2.5 (one is .018" long) maybe Rosaceae or Polygonaceae,
                                                       2 fem spoms
                    TU I L3                WOOD:       .8 g pine; SEEDS: 1 (.01' long)
                    TU I L4                WOOD:       1.9 g pine
                    TU 1 L5                WOOD:       1.25 g pine                                                                                                                              .4
                    TU I L6                WOOD:       < I g pine; SEEDS: maybe Galium or fern spores
                    TU I L7                WOOD:       .35 g pine; SEEDS: I fem spore
                    TU  I L 8              WOOD:       .4 g pine, .45 g pine; SEEDS: 2 Galium or fern spores
                    TU I L9                WOOD:       <.05 g, .1 g pine
                    TU I L 10              WOOD:       .2 g pine
                    TU I O-L 3             WOOD:       3.8 g pine
                    TU I O-L 9             WOOD:       .75 g pine
                    TU 3 L I               WOOD:       1.24 g (includes frag of monocot, possibly palm); . 15 g pine; .05 g oak; A g diffuse-porous
                                                       hardwood; .06 g ring-porous hardwood; SEEDS & NUTS: .01 g unident, .03 g acom shell (3
                                                       frags, partly carbonized), Phytolacca americana (pokeweed: modem)
                    TU 3 L 2               WOOD:       .045 g, .69 g pine, .02 g ring-porous hardwood; SEEDS: possible fem spores
                    TU 3 L 3               WOOD:       .06 g, .02 g pine, pitch present; SEEDS: frag, no coat
                    TU 3 L 4               WOOD:       .31 g, .01 g pine
                    TU 3 L 5               WOOD:       .14 g, A 8 g pine, pitch present
                    TU 3 L 6               WOOD:       .22 g, .07 g pine
                    TU 3 L 7               WOOD;       .07 g, .09 g diffuse-porous hardwood
                    TU 3 L 8               WOOD:       .43 g, .24 g pine, .04 g cherry or plum; NUTS: .01 g possible hickory nutshell
                    TU 3 L 9               WOOD:       .55 g, .24 g pine, pitch present
                    TU 3 L 10              WOOD:       .15 g, .01 g pine, pitch present
                    TU 3 L 11              WOOD:       .16 g, .08 g pine
                     (below water table)





                    (probably erroneous) radiocarbon date we were forced to submit the small
                    amount from Test Unit 1 Level 6 for AMS radiocarbon dating, since there
                    was not enough charcoal for a conventional date. Because it was so
                    small, instead of giving a reasonable date for the Late Archaic
                    component, it returned a date one or two millennia too young,
                    suggesting, as noted, that this tiny fragment fell through the shells to
                    a deeper level.
                                 There is very little pine at Van Horn Creek today. The site is
                    covered in hardwoods, mainly oak and tupelo, cabbage palm, and various
                    weeds as described above. Perhaps the pine is significant in indicating
                    there was a drier climate and higher elevations above water at this
                    midden mound throughout at least the latter 3000 years of its existence.
                    The lack of cultigens may indicate that even in a time period when we
                    know maize agriculture was taking place upriver, no domesticated plants
                    were utilized by estuarine peoples.




                                                                                        84









                           The sparse amount of botanical remains may also indicate that few
                     fires were built, perhaps because the site was inhabited in warmer
                     seasons (3/4 of the year). This is consistent with the lack of
                     featuressuch as fire pits. Even the concentration of fired clay
                     fragments in Test Unit 4 appears to have been redeposited hearth liner
                     from a very small fire.
                           Again, our sample of four small tests at the site could be
                     producing very biased information. The consistency from Test Unit I to
                     Test Unit 3, however, analyzed by different experts, supports the
                     interpretations given here.


                     SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF COMPONENTS

                     Fort Walton
                           The relatively thin Fort Walton occupation at Van Horn Creek seems
                     characterized by standard ceramic types from early to late. There are no
                     Lamar ceramics or other artifacts that would suggest a very late or
                     protohistoric occupation (White 1982). There are no cultigens, no
                     diagnostic lithic artifacts such as triangular points. Though there is
                     chipped stone, it is not clearly associated with the Fort Walton
                     component.
                           while some Mississippian cultural adaptations in the Southeast
                     include a microlithic industry (e.g., Yerkes 1983), none has ever been
                     associated with the Fort Walton regional variation of Mississippian,
                     which, in this valley, seldom has much chipped stone at all. The
                     microtools from Van Horn Creek might be interpreted as a first example
                     of this in Apalachicola Valley Mississippian. However, it is'much more
                     likely that they are late Archaic (as discussed below and in the summary
                     chapter).
                           Some of the shell artifacts and perhaps some daub fragments may be
                     associated with the Fort Walton component, but this is also uncertain.
                     Other than pottery, we do not know what these folks made implements out
                     of, but can only suggest that most were of more perishable materials
                     such as wood, or else were so carefully utilized as not to lose or break
                     them.

                           The general impression is that the Fort Walton materials are
                     thicker at the top/center of the shell mound and thinner on the sides.
                     The best that can be said is that these people inhabited this site for a
                     short time, probably seasonally, camping here to take advantage of
                     terrestrial and especially aquatic resources that earlier peoples had
                     also utilized. They collected freshwater clams and some oysters, and
                     probably more important, the fish inhabiting the same waters. Their



                                                        85










          relationship with contemporaneous agricultural peoples upriver in the
          interior remains unknown.


          Early M Woodland M
                The Early Woodland occupation is considered tentatively identified
          until more evidence is recovered. If it exists, it was either more
          intense or of longer duration than the Fort Walton use of the site, as
          the deposits are far deeper and wider spread. Why the ceramics are only
          check-stamped and plain is a mystery. At Depot Creek and Clark Creek
          shell mounds, for example, there were more Deptford types and other
          indicators such as tetrapodal vessel bases. Perhaps this means the
          Deptford at Van Horn Creek is earlier, though if so, it should have some
          other types considered earlier such as simple-stamped (see ceramic
          discussion for Depot Creek in previous chapter). The component is
          considered tentatively identified because check-stamped and plain
          pottery can just as easily be associated with the Fort Walton occupation
          or with Late Woodland (Late Weeden Island; White 1982).
                 There are only minor indications of a separate Early Woodland
          presence: First, the cord- or fabric-marked Bherds, while not a standard
          type and thus able to be associated with any component, are possibly
          more likely to be Early Woodland, during which time both standard
          fabric-marked and possibly cord-marked pottery appear in this valley.
          Second, a glance at the ceramic tables (11-14) shows that the diagnostic
          Fort Walton types cluster in the top two or three levels of every unit
          ,.4hile the plain and check-stamped pottery continued much deeper. While
          this suggests an earlier and separately identified cultural component,
          it does not guarantee that the component is Early Woodland. Late
          Woodland ceramic assemblages in this valley are also characterized by
          predominately check-stamped and plain sherds, though with occasional
          other types such as Keith Incised or Carrabelle Incised/Punctuate (White
          1981). So far no late Woodland components have been identified at any
          Apalachicola shell mounds, however, and the most numerous an  'd thickest
          cultural deposits at most of them have been Early Woodland (Deptford).
          The radiocarbon date of A.D. 830 reported for Test Unit 1 Level 6, which
          had one check-stamped and one fiber-tempered sherd in the oyster midden,
          would be a reasonable date for late Weeden Island and has to be dating
          something (though the charcoal could have been produced by a natural
          fire). The Possible tetrapodal sherd from Test Unit 2 Level 3 is too
          indistinct to be a clear diagnostic. If this lumpy ceramic fragment is
          indeed a podal support, then it is certainly Early Woodland.
                Whatever their precise cultural affiliation, these people
          exploited a range of resources similar to that at the other shell


                                              86









                      mounds: many fish, shellfish, mammals, amphibians, and birds of the
                      estuary. Freshwater clams apparently either predominate during this
                      .period in the deposits or come to predominate over oysters through time,
                      suggesting the changing of the environment from more to less saline,
                      possibly as the river shifts its flow more eastward.
                           Shell tools and daub fragments from the site may be associated
                      with this component, as might some of the lithic remains, though all of
                      this is speculation. Few botanical remains are preserved to suggest
                      anything other than occasional fires with pine wood.
                           Perhaps Deptford groups lived here seasonally, returning year
                      after year to do about the same things, including piling up the same
                      sorts of midden garbage, and perhaps salvaging some earlier materials
                      such as lithic items from the Late Archaic deposits.


                      Late Archaic
                           This component is very interesting due to the diversity of remains
                      and the change in animal species represented. The intensity/duration of
                      occupation and thickness of the Late Archaic cultural deposits are
                      unknown since the bottom was not reached in our brief tests due to time
                      constraints and encountering the water table. There are signs of the
                      kind of Late Archaic complex associated with Poverty Point and Elliott's
                      Point cultural remains widespread along the Gulf of Mexico: a
                      microlithic industry, clay balls or "objects," a little fiber-tempered
                      pottery, and perhaps some of the shell tools and the unusual engraved
                      bone artifact. When these people lived at Van Horn Creek they deposited
                      almost exclusively oyster shells in their midden and remains of many
                      marine animals. If they utilized the estuarine environment in the same
                      general way that later folks did and within the same distance from the
                      site, this suggests environmental differences. Saltwater would have been
                      closer than it is today, permitting procurement of more saltwater
                      species than freshwater. This is the same kind of general estuarine
                      adaptation as that of later groups but in a slightly different
                      environment.




















                                                         87











                          THE YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, 8GU55


          SITE DESCRIPTION
                The Yellow Houseboat shell mound, named after the craft docked
          there in 1985 when it was recorded by the USF survey (Henefield and
          White 1986:65-66), is a partially submerged mounded midden of Rangla
          shells on the northwest shore of Lake Wimico (Figures 1 and 14). The
          site sits on the east bank at the place where a branch of Searcy Creek
          empties into the lake. When the Apalachicola River's main channel was
          the center of Lake Wimico, at some time in the past few thousand years
          (Donoghue 1993), this site would have been either on or close to the
          riverbank.
                When first visited in 1985, the site yielded only check-stamped
          and plain ceramics, suggestive of a Deptford occupation, since the
          stamping was often linear. Though not originally chosen for test
          excavation, this site became the first shell mound to be tested in the
          1988 season for several reasons. Since 1985 other collections from it
          had produced complicated-stamped and incised ceramics indicating other
          components. Also a local collector had obtained a portion of a human
          cranium from the submerged edge of the site, as well as some unusual
          complicated-stamped sherds and a small bird head effigy. Another
          collector who went diving on the submerged southern slope recovered a
          broken bone pin or point, black either from burning or water patina
          (from tannic acid).
                This mound also was much more accessible than most other

          Apalachicola shell mounds, and provided an immediate water s ource for
          screening. It was not possible to waterscreen in 1987, but by 1988 we
          had borrowed the appropriate equipment.
                The Yellow Houseboat shell midden rises only .45 m above the
          surrounding (average) water level. In reality it is much higher but the
          submersion of the lower slopes (Figures 14 and 15) made calculations of
          its total size impossible. Even wading out to the edge of the visible
          shell did not work, since either it got too deep for non-marine
          archaeologists such as our crew, or else disturbance of the black bottom
          showed that the shell continued but was covered with organic debris.
                The section of mound above water is 60 m long and 30 m wide, at
          its widest point on the eastern end, tapering to 10 m wide at the west
          end, oriented with the longer axis to the northwest-southeast (Figure
          14). The south side is a cleared beach (Figure 15) now less accessible
          because of huge treefalls after the 1985 hurricanes. Boats dock on this
          small beach area at a slight inlet. There is also a cylindrical concrete



                                              88




























                                                                                                loll










                                              LAKE WIMICO                              0                      -sk,
                                              average shoreline                                                     ILI
                                              summer 1988
                                                                                                               5
                                                                                                               J
                                                                                                               M




                                                                                                contour interval 20cm


                                                                                                X burial
                                                                                                0 test unit


                                                                                                Yellow
                                                                                                Houseboat
                                                                                                Shell Mound
                                                                                                8 Gu-55










                           Figure 14


                                                                    89










                          LOMP AP"d- 0 1 a M D W.

                               7
















































                                                   W-   N.



                                          W


                                                     A

          FIGURE 15. Two views of Yellow Houseboat shell mound. Top, from Lake
          Wimico, facing north northeast toward cleared area where boats land and
          skeleton was exposed. Bottom, view facing northwest from south center
          edge of mound.


                                             90









                      and metal U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey marker post there, dated 1935,
                      protruding 50 cm above the shell at what was sometimes the water's edge.
                           The water level at the site changes constantly with the numerous
                      tides of the Apalachicola system. Thus more or less shell midden is
                      exposed depending of the time of day and season. The churning up of this
                      dynamic shoreline is constant, by wave action and even more by boat
                      traffic. The Intracoastal Waterway runs through the center of Lake
                      Wimico and giant barges pass by daily. Pleasure boats of all sizes often
                      dock here for fishing and, judging from the modern artifacts, camping.
                      There is some evidence that beekeeping such as at Depot Creek might also
                      have been practiced at this mound. Despite all the modern disturbance,
                      we hoped to find intact cultural deposits.


                      FIELDWORK

                      Excavations
                           The shell mound testing strategy for this project had to be
                      modified somewhat at Yellow Houseboat shell mound. Since it was so small
                      and narrow, units could not easily be dug on its slope. Heavily covered
                      with dense vegetation of weeds, cypress, and blooming wildflowers, the
                      mound offered few areas even big enough for a 1 x 1 meter unit without
                      running into massive cypress roots. Four units were placed along what
                      passed for a central spine of this site, totaling 4 square meters
                      opened; with depths-calculated in, the total becomes 1.9 cubic meters

                      excavated at the site.
                           Fieldwork was carried out between 20-29 June 1988 by a crew of
                      eight with occasional volunteers. In addition, a crew of six returned on
                      2 September to salvage the human burial. The site was mapped with a
                      transit, the stadia rod holder even wading as deep as possible to the
                      south-southwest to get more of an idea of the mound shape. Units were
                      dug in 10 cm arbitrary levels, because we knew we would probably hit the
                      water table soon and not be able to go as deep, so the time could be
                      taken for better control. All soils were waterBcreened through 1/4"
                      (6.35mm) or 1/81, (3.2mm) mesh. This procedure was time consuming, but
                      once the heavy pump and hoses were transported to the site in our small
                      boats, the work was well facilitated by the presence of plenty of water
                      (White 1991a: Figure 4).
                           Another change from the 1987 field methods was a larger sample
                      size for flotation samples from each level. At the suggestion of
                      zooarchaeologist Walker, instead of 4-liter samples we took 30 cm x 30
                      cm x 10 cm (9-liter) samples from each level of each unit. These were
                      over two times larger than our 1987 samples. Needless to say they
                      weighed a great deal, and made our boat rides home at the end of the day


                                                         91











          somewhat more precarious. The larger sample sizes must be kept in mind
          for comparisons with the two 1987 sites. For example, faunal assemblage
          samples are recovered from over twice as large a volume of soil that was
          floated (as indicated on Tables A1.17 and A1.18).


          Excavation Units and Stratigraphy
                Test Unit 1 was a I x I m square on the higher, more level ground
          adjacent to the south beach area. It was taken only to 60 cm or Level 6
          when the water began seeping in. Though we tried pumping it out with a
          small battery-operated bilge pump, this was not enough to permit further
          excavation. By this depth more oyster was present in the matrix and the
          color of the surrounding greasy sand was more orange, probably due to
          the same kind of mineral deposit as that seen deep in the other shell

          mounds.
                Only Level 6 did not contain modern glass, iron or other materials
          in this unit. Nonetheless there were many artifacts and animal bones,
          including a concentration of turtle carapace fragments, from the
          aboriginal component. It is uncertain how the modern materials got to
          those depths. If recent campers or others dug holes for trash disposal
          or latrines, for example, these may or may not have been evident. How
          does one recognize a hole dug into a pile of shell if it is filled in
          with the same shell?

                Test Unit 2 was a 1 x 1 located on what passed for the northeast
          summit of the midden. The area had no visible shell as it was covered
          with black humus, but the shell became apparent 10 cm into the
          excavation. By Level 5, at 50 cm depth, a dark greasy stain of
          apparently circular shape, 50 cm in radius, appeared in the northeast
          corner. This was the only real feature found at the site, and it could
          only be excavated in part as 75% of it was in the wall, on a horizontal
          plane, and vertically, an unknown amount below 63 cm depth was under the
          water table.

                General unit stratigraphy under the 10 cm of forest humus
          consisted of about 25 cm of dark grayish brown (Munsell color 10YR4/2)
          clayey soil with many unbroken clamshells, overlying a lens 5 to 7 cm
          thick, tapering to the east, of dark brown soil (10YR4/3) with crushed
          shell, overlying dark brown (10YR3/4 to 3/2) wet muck with little shell.
          The feature may have been cultural, perhaps a pit, though there were
          more sherds in the matrix around it than in it. It may also have been a
          natural disturbance.
                Test Unit 3 was a I x 1 placed at the edge of the site to the
          southeast, adjacent to the water. This was a grassy area not easily



                                             92










                       accessible by boat, where the west side of the mound dropped off rather
                       steeply into the water. Thick tree roots made excavation difficult.
                             By floor 3, at 25 cm depth below surface, different colored areas
                       of matrix surrounded the shell, from pale brown to brown to black. In
                       the final stratigraphic profile mapped in the.walls a few lenses of
                       possible ash were recognized. Though the different colored floor areas
                       were mapped and artifacts in them bagged separately, no significance
                       could be attached to them in terms of natural or cultural causes. Also
                       at this depth a hole appeared leading down to water (a former burrow?),
                       and water covered the entire floor by a depth of 31 cm.
                             Test Unit 4 was placed at the far west end of the beach on the
                       south side, in a spot where sufficient elevation was thought to be
                       present to produce some dry digging for a while. Roots were a problem
                       here too. At a depth of  only 23 cm the water table was reached. No
                       deposits without modern  materials were encountered in this short
                       excavation. However the  matrix did change to include fewer shells with
                       increasing depth. Among  the interesting items from this unit were some

                       human teeth.
                             StratigraphV: The  above descriptions show there was no clear or
                       uniform cultural stratigraphy in this shell mound, though our units did
                       not really get deep enough to say that this was the case throughout its
                       entirety. The shell midden matrix consisted of packed shells, ceramic
                       and lithic artifacts and animal bone with only a small amount of sandy
                       s.oil. Lenses of blacker or lighter color, due to more or less charcoal,
                       apparently, showed up here and there. Root stains and what were
                       apparently large (and weird looking) fungus growths appeared in some
                       units.
                             The only real break in this matrix was at about 40 cm below the
                       surface in Test Unit 2, situated on the highest spot, where there was a
                       change to a brownish black clayey swamp muck that still retained some
                       shell and artifacts. Perhaps the other units would have reached such a
                       stratum if excavation in them had not been halted by intrusion of the
                       shallow water table. A slight trend toward more orange soil and fewer
                       shells and perhaps a few oysters seemed to be present.
                             It is impossible to tell how the modern materials reached the
                       depths that they did in Test Units 1 and 4, but many may have filtered
                       down through the open spaces in the loosely packed shell. Others may
                       have been part of pit fill, as noted, though no pit outlines were ever
                       apparent. Wave action caused by barge traffic or storms might also have
                       effected redeposition of original cultural sediments mixed with modern
                       materials.




                                                            93












          Burial Excavation
                During the June fieldwork a human burial was observed eroding out
          of the south side of the mound at the water's edge. It was known that
          the human cranial fragment had been recovered here by a collector, and
          surface collection along the shore by our field party turned up a human
          mandible. During one low tide period, as another bone appeared, we were
          able to clean and expose an entire skeleton, which had been barely
          covered with shell midden matrix. It was undoubtedly a prehistoric
          interment because the adult skeleton lay flexed on the right side,  with
          the end where the head would have been pointing south (Figure 16).  A
          modern burial would have a coffin and probably more "Christian" type of
          positioning extended on the back with hands across the chest. An
          accidental or abandoned corpse would not be so tightly and carefully
          flexed. Except for the missing cranium, which was probably the one
          recovered by the collector, most of the skeleton was present, down to
          the toes.
                The tides did not cooperate during June; this burial was
          underwater during our working hours for most of our stay at the site.
          (Indeed, without the previous years' drought it probably would not have
          been exposed in the first place.) We left it covered carefully with
          black plastic over which screened shell matrix was piled, to prevent
          looting. Consultation with several experts, including those at the NOAA
          field office, on the predicted tides for later in the year indicated
          that the lowest daytime tides occurring next in the Apalachicola Bay
          area would be between 1-3 September, Labor Day weekend, a perfect time
          to return and salvage the skeleton.
                In consultation with the state archaeologist in the Division of
          Historical Resources in Tallahassee, it was decided the burial should be
          removed. Human remains not endangered should be preserved in the ground,
          according to current archaeological ethics and Florida law, unless there
          is good reason to remove them. However, at the Yellow Houseboat shell
          mound boats docked often, scraping bottom right over this skeleton.
          Collectors, even people sitting on the bank fishing, were likely to
          disturb it even more. Since it was on state land, the state was obliged
          to remove it if we did not.
                On the Wednesday of the week we were to arrive for the salvage
          operation, Apalachicola Reserve education coordinator Bonnie Holub
          checked the site and found the burial indeed high and dry and well
          protected. Unfortunately when we arrived on Friday unseasonal rains had
          made the water table higher than ever and the tide schedule had changed,
          necessitating a revised strategy.



                                              94































































                      FIGURE 16. Burial at Yellow Houseboat shell mound when first exposed
                      North is at top. Flexed skeleton has right leg well articulated at upper
                      right of photo (femur fits into hip in upper center, tibia and fibula
                      just above and parallel to it), left tibia broken in center of photo,
                      arms in lower left oriented diagonally with some ribs visible above them
                      oriented near horizontally (left center of photo). Head would have been
                      just to west or northwest of compass.


                                                         95










                With burlap bags filled with clay and sand (dug out from the
          opposite bank of the stream so as to avoid further disturbance to the
          site) and two bilge pumps we engineered a homemade cofferdam and pumped
          out the water from the area of the skeleton. This laborious exercise
          took many hours. It rained all day. By late afternoon the excavation
          could begin; it ended after dark by the light of large lanterns. The
          heroic crew and volunteers from the ANERR office navigated our way back
          to town, a two hour trip through pouring rain and darkness, with many
          yellow alligator eyes peering up at us from Lake Wimico.


          CERAMICS

          Pottery
                A total of 2145 ceramic sherds, weighing nearly six kilograms, was
          recovered from the Yellow Houseboat shell mound. These ceramics are
          tabulated by gross provenience in Table 19, and the excavated specimens
          by unit and level in Tables 20 - 23. Examples are shown in Figure 17.
          Types represented do indeed show at least three cultural components
          present. Unfortunately, there is no clear pattern to their distribution,
          horizontally or vertically. Diagnostic Fort Walton types occur in deeper
          levels of some units, along with earlier types. Components can only be
          isolated abstractly by discussing the diagnostics.
                Fort Walton: The presence of this late prehis toric cultural
          manifestation is well established by the types Fort Walton Incised and
          Lake Jackson Plain, as well as seven shell-tempered sherds. Perhaps more
          of the grit-tempered specimens belong here too, but there is no way to
          confirm this. Little else can be said of this component except that it
          is here. A ceramic bird head effigy from the collection of local
          resident Bill Herring may also belong to this component.
                Early Woodland: There are Deptford sherds of the simple-stamped
          and linear check-stamped types, indicating the earlier portion of the
          Early Woodland cultural stage. Much of this check-stamped is tempered
          with grog, as are the Deptford sherds reported herein for other shell
          mounds. There are Swift Creek Complicated-Stamped and three cord-marked
          sherds, suggesting the later portion of the Early Woodland. There are no
          other diagnostics such as tetrapodal vessel sherds.
                An unusual complicated-stamped variety was recovered by collector
          Bill Herring, who graciously shared his information. Its pattern is a
          large almost herringbone (!) shape, consisting of a vertical land
          (raised portion) and diagonals leading out from each side of it. This
          pattern was also seen on sherds recovered by our project at Clark Creek
          shell mound, beyond the opposite end of Lake Wimico (see next chapter).
          Not previously recorded in the Apalachicola Valley, the pattern on this


                                              96
















                           TABLE 19.                   CERAMICS FROM YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, 8Gu55, BY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                                                             'U'FACE Wr                  AROUND BURIAL                Cr TUI        Wr                TU 2 Wr                      TU3         Wr             CT TU 4 Wr                    Cr TOTAL       Wr
                                   TYPE                                      Cr                          CT           wr                                                                        cr
                               SHELL,TEMP PL                                 1             10                                                       4                                                                         2              2              7              16
                               FT WALTON INC                                 1             4                                                                                      6             1              3              1              1              4              14
                               L JACKSON Pl.                                 8             121                                        3             14                                          6              32                                           17             167
                               INDET INC                                     6             23                                         7             23             11             so            8              26             2              5              34             126
                               INDET PUNC                                    7             40                                         6             29             7              19            2              15             2              8              24             111
                               LIMEST-TEMP PL                                                                                                                                                   7              35             1              2              8              37
                               COMP-STAMP                                    5             45                                         4             2D                                                                                                      9              65
                               INDET STAMP                                   36            165           5            19              26            81             20             239           4              2D             29             75             119            597
                               CORD-MARK                                     3             12                                                                                                                                                               3              12
                               CHECK-STAMP                                   86            519           6            29              is            70             6D             515           Is             95             34             99             216            1317
                               SIMPLF,STAMP                                  1             6                                                                                                                                                                1              6
                               GRIT-TEEMP                                    56            353           4            6               20            77             14             33            16             Q              24             77             134            586
                               GRJT/GROG-TEMP PL                             2             16                                         2             3                                                                                                       4              19
                               GROG-TEMP PL                                  49            195                                        59            174            35             124           27             95             19             73             199            651
                               SAND-TEMP PL                                  172           599           22           46              393           490            278            463           219            324            292            320            1376           2231
                                   TOTAL                                     433           M89           37           99              539           994            426            1448          305            684            405            650            2145           5954

                     ko            S BY PROVIENCE
                               SHELL-TEMP Pl.                                                                                         I
                               FT WALTON INC
                               L JACKSON Pl.                                 2             6                                          1             1                                           2              5                                            1              3
                               INDETINC                                      I             1                                          1             2              3              3             3              4                             1              2              2
                               INDET PUNC                                    2             2                                          1             3              2              1             1              2                             1              1              2
                               LIMEST-TEMP Pl.                                                                                                                                                  2              5                                                           1
                               COMP-STAMP                                    1             2                                          1             2                                                                                                                      1
                               INDET STAMP                                   8             8             14           19              5             8              5              16            1              3              7              11             6              10
                               CORD-MARK                                     I             I
                               CHECK.STAMP                                   20            25            16           29              3             7              14             36            5              14             8              14             10             22
                               SIMPLE STAMP
                               GRIT-TEMP PL                                  13            17            11           6               4             8              3              2             5              6              6              12             6              to
                               GRITIGROr@          PL                                      I
                               GROG-TEMP PL                                  11            9                                          11            19             8              9             9              14             5              11             9              11
                               SAND-TEMP PL                                  40            29            59           46              73            so             65             32            72             47             72             49             64             37
                                   TOTAL                                     100           too           IOD          1w              100           100            101)           100           too            100            too            100            100            100











                      TABLE 19. CERAMICS FROM YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, 8Gu55, BY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS (CONTINUED).
                                                               SUP FACE WT          AROUND BURIALTer              TU I       Wr      CT TU 2 Wr                CT   TU I      Wr          L  TU4                     TOTAL      Wr
                            TYPE                               Cr                     CT          WT                                                                                      _r          WTT          CT
                            % WITHIN TYPE
                        SHELL-TEMP PL                          14           63                                 57            25                                                           29          12           100          100
                        FT WALTON INC                          25           28                                                          25           46          25           18          25          9            100          100
                        L JACKSON PL                           47           73                                 18            8                                   35           19                                   100          IOD
                        INDEr INC                              is           18                                 21            18         32           4D          24           20          6           4            100          100
                        INDEr PUNC                             29           37                                 25            26         29           17          8            13          8           7            10D          100
                        LIMEST-TEMP PL                                                                                                                           88           95          13          5            too          100
                        COMP-STAMP                             56           70                                 44            30                                                                                    too          10D
                        INDEr STAMP                            30           28         4            3          22            14         17           40          3            3           24          13           100          too
                        CORD-MARK                              100          10D                                                                                                                                    too          100
                        CHECK-STAMP                            40           39         3            2          7             5          28           39          1            7           16          7            too          100
                        SIMPLE-STAMP                           100          10D                                                                                                                                    100          too
                        GRIT-TEMP PL                           42           60         3            1          15            13         10           6           12           7           to          13           100          100
                        GRIT/GROG-TEMP PL                      50           84                                 so            16                                                                                    too          100
                        GROG-TEMP PL                           26           28                                 31            27         19           19          14           15          10          11           100          too
                        SAND-TEMP PL                           13           26         2            2          29            22         2D           21          16           15          21          14           too          100


                            S OF TOTAL
                 00     SHELL-TEMP PL
                        FT WALTON INC
                        L JACKSON PL                                        2                                                                                                 1                                    1            3
                        INDET INC                                                                                                       1            1                                                             2            2
                        INDETPUNC                                           1                                                                                                                                      1            2
                        LIMEST-TEMP PL                                                                                                                                        I                                                 I
                        COMP-STAMP                                          I                                                                                                                                                   I
                        INDET STAMP                            2            3                                  1             1          1            4                                    1           1            6            10
                        CORD-MARK
                        CHECK-STAMP                            4            9                                  1             1          3            9           1            2           2           1            10           22
                        SIMPLE-STAMP
                        GRIT-TEMP PL                           3            6                                  1             1          1            1           1            1           1           1            6            10
                        GROG-TEMP PL
                        GROG-TEMP PL                           2            3                                  3             3          2            2           1            2           1           1            9            11
                        SAND-TEMP PL                           8            10         1            1          18            8          13           8           10           5           14          5            64           37
                            % OF TOTAL                         20           35         2            2          25            17         20           24          14           11          19          11           101)         100

















                              TABLE 20. CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 1, YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, SGUSS, BY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.

                                                                                 LEVEL I                       LEVEL2                       LEVEL3                      LEVEL4                       LEVEL5                       LEVEL6                     LEVEL7                      TOTAL
                                                                                  (.12 m?)                     (.09                         (.09                                                    (.to                          (.10.)                     (.06 n?)
                                       TYPE                                     CT            WT             Cr            Wr            Cr            wr            cr            WT             CT            wr         er                  wr      cr              wr            CT                  wr

                                  SHELL-TFMP PL                                                                                          1             2             3             1                                                                                                     4               4
                                  L JACKSON PL                                                                                                                       1             6              2             8                                                                        3               14
                                  INDET INC                                     1             2              1             1                                                                      3             14                2            5                                         7               23
                                  INDET PUNC                                    2             5              1             to            1             5                                                                          2            8                                         6               29
                                  COMP-STAMP                                    1             3              2             7                                         1             11                                                                                                    4               20
                                  INDET STAMP                                   3             9              5             13            7             25            7             Is             3             15                2            5                                         26              81
                                  CHECK-STAMP                                   1             3              4             14            2             10            1             2              4             23                3            19                                        15              70
                                  GRIT-TEMP PL                                  1             5              9             42            4             12            2             5              3             12                1            2                                         20              77
                                  GRITIGROG-TEMP PL                             2             3                                                                                                                                                                                          2               3
                                                                                16            17             6             6             6             13                                         15            46                15           92            1             1             59              174
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                                  63            65             64            101           88            93            92            88             57            67                9            36            21            41            393             490
                                       TOTALP                                   90            109            92            193           109           161           107           127            87            195               32           167           22            42            539             984

                                       % BY PROVIENCE
                                  SHELL-TEMP PL                                                                                          1             1             3             1                                                                                                     1
                        W         L JACKSON PL                                                                                                                       1             4              2             4                                                                        1               1
                        kD        INDET INC                                     I             I              1             1                                                                      3             8                 6            3                                         1               2
                                  INDET PUNC                                    2             5              1             5             1             3                                                                          6            4                                         1               3
                                  COMP-STAMP                                    1             2              2             3                                         1             8                                                                                                     1               2
                                  INDEr STAMP                                   3             7              5             7             6             15            7             12             3             8                 3            3                                         5               a
                                  CHECK-STAMP                                   1             3              4             7             2             6             1             1              5             12                9            12                                        3               7
                                  GRIT-TEMP PL                                  1             4              10            22            4             8             2             4              3             6                 3            1                                         4               8
                                  GRTT/GROG TEMP-Pl-                            2             3
                                  GROG-TEMP PL                                  19            15             7             3             6             8                                          17            25                47           55            5             2             11              18
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                                  ?o            59             70            S2            81            58            86            69             66            36                25           21            95            99            73              so
                                       TOTAL                                    too           too            too           too           too           IOU           100           100            IOU           too               too          IOU           too           100           IOU             too








                          TABLE 20.                    EMMylubf!                            UNIT 1, YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, 8GU55, BY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN

                                                                          LEVEL I                    LEVEL2                    LEVEL3                    LEVEL4                    LEVELS                     LEVEL6                   LEVEL7                    TOTAL
                                                                          (.12 m')                  (.09 hf)                   (.09 M`)                  (.10 M)                   Oo m)                      (.10 Nv)                 (.06 he)
                                   TYPE                                 CT           wr           cr            wr        cr              wr        CT             wr         CT              Wr       CT               wr      cr               wr        cr              WT


                                   % WITHIN TYPE
                              SHELL-TEMP Pl.                                                                                 25           62          75           39                                                                                            too            100
                              L JACKSON PL                                                                                                            33           41            67           59                                                                 too            100
                              INDEr INC                                 14           7            14            6                                                                43           63              29          24                                     100            100
                              INDEr PUNC                                33           19           17            36           17           19                                                                  33          26                                     100            IOD
                              COMP-STAMP                                25           13           50            34                                    25           54                                                                                            too            100
                              INDET STAMP                               12           10           19            16           27           31          27           19            12           19              4           6                                      100            100
                              CHECK-STAMP                               7            4            27            2D           13           14          7            2             27           32              20          27                                     100            100
                              GRrr-TEMP Pl,                             5            6            45            54           20           16          10           6             15           15              5           3                                      IOD            100
                              GRITIGROG-TEMP Pl,                        too          100                                                                                                                                                                         IOD            too
                              GROG-TEMP PL                              27           10           10            3            10           1                                      25           16              25          53           2                         100            too
                              SAND-TEMP Pl.                             16           '3           16            21           22           'g                       IS            15           14              2           7            5           8             too            100


                                   % OF TOTAL
                     0        SHELL-TEMP PL                                                                                                                                                                                                                      I
                     0        1. JACKSON PL                                                                                                                                                                                                                      I              I
                              INDET INC                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1              2
                              INDETPUNC                                              I                          I                         I                                                                               1                                      1              3
                              COMNSTAMP                                                                         I                                                  1                                                                                             1              2
                              INDEr STAMP                               I            I            I             1            1            3           1            2             1            2                           1                                      5              8
                              CHECK-STAMP                                                         I             I                         1                                      1            2               1           2                                      3              7
                              GRIT-TEMP Pl,                                                       2             4            1            1                                      1            1                                                                  4              8
                              GRITIGROG-TEMP PL
                              GROG-TEMP PL                              3            2            1             1            1            1                                      3            5               3           9                                      11             18
                              SAND-TEMP Pl.                             12           7            12            to           16           9           17           9             11           7               1           4            4           4             73             50
                                   TOTAL                                17           It           17            20           20           16          20           13            16           19              6           17           4           4             100            100


















                                TABLE 21.                        CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 2, YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.


                                                                                      LEVEL I                         LEVEL2                        LEVEL3                        LEVEL4                        LEVEL5                         LEVEL6                    LEVEL7                           TOTAL
                                                                                       C 13 m)                        (.08                          (.to                          (.08 it?)                     (.15                           (.08 n?)                    (.08 m?)
                                          TYPE                                      CT              wr             CT             wr              CT             wr               CT          Wr             CT             wr         CT                     Wr    CT                 wr            cr                    wr


                                    ITT WALTON INC                                                                 1              6                                                                                                                                                                       1                6
                                    INDET INC                                                                                                     2              20               4           5              4              20                 1              6                                           11               so
                                    INDET PUNC                                      1               4                                             1              2                2           3                                                3              10                                          7                19
                                    INDEr STAMP                                     4               51             3              28              3              15               5           21             2              20                 3              101                                         20               238
                                    CHECK-STAMP                                                                    4              9               4              26               10          71             33             221                8              171         1             18                60               515
                                    GRIT-TEMP PL                                    2               4              1              10              4              5                7           14                                                                                                          14               33
                                    GROG-TEMP Pl.                                                                  1              4               13             44               it,         31             6              17                 4              27                                          35               124
                                    SAND-TEMP PL                                    1               1              14             45              57             92               69          84             96             161                41             so                                          279              463
                                          TOTAL                                     8               61             24             103             84             2D4              108         228            141            440                6D             395         1             is                426              1448

                                          % BY PROVIENCE
                                    FT WALTON INC                                                                  4              6
                                    INDET INC                                                                                                     2              10               4           2              3              5                  2              1                                           3                3
                                    INDET PUNC                                      13              7                                             1              1                2           1                                                5              3                                           2                1
                                    INDET STAMP                                     5D              85             13             28              4              8                5           9              1              5                  5              26                                          5                16
                                    CHECK-STAMP                                                                    17             9               5              13               9           31             23             So                 13             43         100            100               14               36
                                    GRIT-TEMP PL                                    25              7              4              9               5              2                6           6                                                                                                           3                2
                                    GROG-TEMP PL                                                                   4              4               is             22               10          3              4              4                  7              7                                           It               9
                                    SAND-TEMP PL                                    13              1              58             44              68             45               64          37             68             37                 69             2D                                          65               32
                                          TOTAL                                     too             1,             100            too             100            too              too         too            100            too                too            100        too            100               100              100

                                          % WITHIN TYPE
                                    FT WALTON INC                                                                  too            100                                                                                                                                                                     100              too
                                    INDET INC                                                                                                     is             39               36          10             36             40                 9              11                                          too              100
                                    INDET PUNC                                      14              22                                            14             11               29          15                                               43             52                                          100              too
                                    INDET STAMP                                     20              22             15             12              15             6                25          9              10             9                  15             43                                          100              100
                                    CHECK-STAMP                                                                    7              2               7              5                17          14             55             43                 13             33           2               4              100              100
                                    GRrr.TEMP P                                     14              14             7              29              29             15               5D          42                                                                                                          100
                                    GROG-TEMP PL                                                                   3              3               37             36               31          25             17             14                 11             22                                          100              100
                                    SAND-TEMP Pl,                                                                  5              10              21             20               25          18             35             35                 15             17                                          100              100

                                          % OF TOTAL TU
                                    Fr. WALTON INC
                                    INDET INC                                                                                                                    I                I                          1              1
                                    INDET PUNC                                                                                                                                                                                                 1              1                                           2
                                    INDET STAMP                                     1               4              1              2               1              1                1           1                             1                  1              7                                           5                16
                                    cHECK-STAMP                                                                                                                  2                2           5              8              15                 2              12                           1              14               36
                                    GRIT- EM                                                                                                                                      2           1                                                                                                           3
                                    GROG-TEMP PL                                                                                                  3              3                3           2              1              1                  1              2                                           8                9
                                    SAND-TEMP PL                                                                   3              3               13             6                16          6              23             11                 to             6                                           65               32
                                          % OF TOTAL                                2               4              6              7               2D             14               25          16             33             30                 14             27                           1              100              100









                    TABLE 22.              CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 3, YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, 8GU55, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                                                                                   JOE                            %E                                                            TOTAL
                                                                                                     . b?
                           TYPE                                CY                 Mrr            Cr              WT         cr                 WT          Cr                WT           CT                 WT
                       FT WALTON INC                                                                                                                          1              3               1               3
                       L JACKSON PL                               2               17             3               10            1               5                                             6               32
                       INDET INC                                  1               9              5               13            2               4                                             It              26
                       INDET PUNC                                                                I               1             1               14                                            2               15
                       INDEIr STAMP                                                              4               20                                                                          4               20
                       LIMEST-TEMP PL                                                            5               33                                           2              2               7               35
                       CHECK-STAMP                                3               17             7               63            5               15                                            15              95
                       GRIT-TEMP PL                               6               17             7               18            3               5                                             16              40
                       GROG-TEMP PL                               7               27             7               34            10              23             3              12              21              95
                       SAND-TEMP PL                               60              67             50              104           79              101            30             53              219             324
                           TOTAL                                  79              154            89              295           101             166            36             69              305             684
                           % BY PROVIENCE
                       FT WALTON INC                                                                                                                          3              4
                       L JACKSON PL                               3               11             3               3             1               3                                             2               5
                       INDEr INC                                  1               6              6               4             2               2                                             3               4
                       INDEr PUNC                                                                I                             1               8                                             1               2
                       INDET STAMP                                                               4               7                                                                           1               3
                       LIMEST-TEMP PL                                                            6               11                                           6              3               2               5
                       CHECK-STAMP                                4               11                             21            5               9                                             5               14
                       GRIT-TEMP PL                               8               11                             6             3               3                                             5               6
                       GROG-TEMP PL                               9               17             8               12            to              14             8              17              9               14
                       SAND-TEMP Pl.                              76              44             36              35            78              61             83             76              72              47
                           TOTAL                                  too             too            100             10D           100             100            too            100             too             100
                           % WITHIN TYPE
                       FT WALTON INC                                                                                                                          100            too             too             too
                       L JACKSON PL                               33              53             50              31            17              16                                            100             100
                       INDET INC                                  13              36             63              49            25              15                                            too             100
                       INDEr PUNC                                                                50              8             50              92                                            too             100
                       INI)Fr STAMP                                                              100             100                                                                         too             100
                       LIMEST-TEMP Pl,                                                           71              93                                           29             7               too             100
                       CHECK-STAMP                                20              18             47              66            33              16                                            too             too
                       GRIT-TEMP PL                               38              42             44              45            19              13                                            100             too
                       GROG-TEMP PL                               26              28             26              36            37              24             11             12              100             too
                       SAND-TEMP Pl.                              27              21             23              32            36              31             14             16              100             100
                           % OF TOTAL TU
                       FT WALTON INC
                       LK JACKSON PL                              1               2              1               1                             1                                             2               5
                       INDET INC                                                  1              2               2             1               1                                             3               4
                       INDET PUNC                                                                                                              2                                             1               2
                       INDET STAMP                                                               1               3                                                                           1               3
                       LIMEST-TEMP PL                                                            2               5                                            1                              2               5
                       CHECK-STAMP                                1               3              2               9             2               2                                             5               14
                       GRIT-TEMP Pl.                              2               2              2               3             1               1                                             5               6
                       GROG-TEMP Pl.                              2               4              2               5             3               3              1              2               9               14
                       SAND-TEMP Pl.                              20              10             16              15            26              15             10             8               72              47
                           % OF TOTAL                             26              23             29              43            33              24             12             10              too             100

















                                TABLE23.            CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 4, YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, 8GU55, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                     TYPE                                    Cr l(qE     wr                   L-r    F    wr                   CT                                TOTAL
                                                                                                                                                         wr                  Cr          wr
                                  SHELL-TEMP PL                              2                 2                                                                             2                2
                                  FT WALTON INC                              I                 I                                                                             I                I
                                  INDET INC                                  1                 3                              2                                              2                5
                                  INDETPUNC                                                                   2               8                                              2                8
                                  LIMEST-TEMP PL                             1                 2                                                                             1                2
                                  INDETSTAMP                                 17                35             9               21               2            2D               2R               75
                                  CHECK-STAMP                                14                35             19              47               1            7                34               89
                                  GRrr.TEMP PL                               6                 16             7               11               11           51               24               77
                                  GROHG-TEMP PL                              8                 10             8               14               3            49               19               73
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                               164               168            102             121              26           31               292              32D
                               I     TOTAL                                   214               271            149             222              43           157              405              650
                                     % BY PROVIENCE
                                  SHELI,TEMP PL                              I                 I
                                  FT WALTON INC PL
                                  INDETINC                                                     I              I               I                                                               I
                                  INDETPUNC                                                                   1               3                                                               1
                                  LIMEST-TEMP PL                                               I
                                  INDETSTAMP                                 8                 13             6               9                5            12               7                11
                                  CHECK-STAMP                                7                 13             13              21               2            4                9                14
                0                 GRIT-TEMP PL                               3                 6              5               5                26           33               6                12
                L'i               GROO-TEMP PL                               4                 4              5               6                7            31               5                11
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                               77                62             69              54               65D          20               72               49
                                     TOTAL                                   100               100            too             100              100          too              too              too
                                     % WTTHIN TYPE
                                  SHELt,TEMP PL                              too               too                                                                           too              too
                                  FT WALTON INC                              too               too                                                                           100              too
                                  INDETINC                                   50                61             so              39                                             100              10D
                                  INDETPUNC                                                                   100             100                                            too              100
                                  LTMEST-TEMP PL                             100               100                                                                           100              too
                                  INDET STAMP                                61                46             32              27               7            26               100              too
                                  CHECK-STAMP                                41                39             56              53               3            8                100              100
                                  GRIT-TEMP PL                               25                20             29              14               46           66               100              too
                                  GROG-TEMP PL                               42                14             42              20               16           66               100              100
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                               56                53             35              38               9            to               too              100
                                     % OF TOTAL TU
                                  SHELL,TEMP PL
                                  FT WALTON INC
                                  INDETINC                                                                                                                                                    I
                                  INDET PUNC                                                                                  I                                                               I
                                  LIMEST-TEMP PL
                                  INDET STAMP                                4                 5                2             3                             3                7                11
                                  CHECK-917AMP                               3                 5                5             7                             1                8                14
                                  GRIT-TEMP PL                               1                 2                2             2                3            8                6                12
                                  GROG-TEMP PL                               2                 2                2             2                1            7                5                11
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                               40                26             25              19               6            5                72               49
                                     % OF TOTAL                              53                42             37              34               11           24               too              100























                                                      4

                                                                74
















                                      P
                                        I tn
                                       k



                                _;@L '7












                       i 0   1    2   3   4   5



                                              CM












          FIGURE 17. Ceramics from Yellow Houseboat shell mound (surface). Top
          two Fort Walton rims; middle, various check-stamped sherds, including
          two linear; bottom right, cord-marked.


                                            104









                      sherd does appear identical to that on a sherd from Morgan County, north
                      Georgia, illustrated in Wauchope's (1966: Figure 208Z) classic report.
                            Much of the lithic assemblage may be associated with the Early
                      Woodland component since Fort Walton is known to produce few chert
                      remains in this valley, but this is at present another untestable

                      statement.
                            Summary of Pottery: Evidently the mixing of cultural deposits, due
                      to prehistoric or modern cultural activity or both, and perhaps natural
                      processes as well, has obscured ceramic stratigraphy at this site. After
                      isolating components by their diagnostic ceramics, it is unclear where
                      to place the non-diagnostic types, especially all the plain wares, which
                      comprise 59% by weight of all sherds. Sand tempering is the most common,
                      at 37% of the total by weight, 64% by count. One sand-tempered sherd
                      from Test Unit 2's deeper levels is a rough disc with a drilled hole in
                      the center, of unknown function.
                            Limestone tempering is represented by only eight sherds. Some of
                      them have crushed limestone mixed with grog and/or grit. Though this
                      type is probably Fort Walton in cultural affiliation, it really could be
                      associated with any component, as could other types.
                            Much of the pottery here, especially from the surface, is smoothed
                      by long years of exposure to water. This makes classifying it as to
                      temper and decoration, not to mention recognizing rim sherds, more
                      difficult. As with much Fort Walton pottery, for example, the outer
                      s.urfaces are smoothed so as to obscure the grit temper, which is more
                      visible in the broken edges. With the water worn sherds, however, that
                      surface is gone and the grit is obvious. This may result in lower counts
                      for grit elsewhere and higher ones here.
                            In the absence of any unquestionable Weeden Island type, the
                      indeterminate incised and punctated sherds can probably be labeled Fort
                      Walton. Most of the indeterminate stamped is probably check-stamped.
                      However, as already noted, this type could be associated with any
                      component after the Late Archaic in this valley. Only the heavily linear
                      specimens are likely to be Deptford in cultural affiliation.


                      Other Ceramic Materials

                            Other clay artifacts from the Yellow Houseboat shell mound are
                      listed in Table 24. They consist of nine possible tiny daub fragments
                      (or perhaps leftover bits from pottery making) and two beads (Figure
                      18).
                            The bead from Test Unit 4 Level 1 is thin, cylindrical, light
                      gray, 2.8 cm long and rather nondescript. It is apparently broken on one
                      end where the margin is irregular. The bead found in September 1988


                                                         105































                 'Ji                                     IL











                                                  1      2



                                                                              CM





















          FIGURE 18. Artifacts from Yellow Houseboat shell mound. Left, Bolen or
          Yarborough point, from surface; center, tubular clay bead from Test Unit
          4, Level 1; right, spherical clay bead with tick marks, from surface.


                                             106










                                  while waiting for the burial to dry out came from the surface
                                  northwestward along the south bank. It is dark brown, nearly spherical,
                                  2.9 cm long, fairly solid and heavy. The hole is not perfectly in the
                                  center and measures .9 mm in diameter. A pattern of tiny, shallow tick
                                  marks runs around the bead in two different lines. The clearest way to
                                  describe this pattern is that it is reminiscent of the stitches on a
                                  baseball, though not as regular and symmetrical.
                                          Association of any of these objects with a specific cultural
                                  component is presently impossible.




                                  TABLE24:         NON-VESSEL CLAY REMAINS FROM THE YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, 8Gu55

                                  Provenienc                                         Materials

                                  Surface                    I possible daub frag (2.9 g); I sub-spherical bead (2.9 cm long, .9 cm diam, with tick marks)

                                  TU I L6                    I possible daub frag (.3 g)

                                  TU 2 L 3                   4 possible daub frags (10.8 g)

                                  TU 4 L 1                   tublar clay bead, broken (.3 g)


                                  TU 4 L 2                   3 tiny possible daub frags (1.2 g)





                                  LITHIC MATERIALS

                                  Chipped Stone

                                          Lithic remains from Yellow Houseboat shell mound were few but
                                  fairly interesting (Table 25). Paramount among them is a well made
                                  projectile point that could fit into the Bolen Plain or Kirk-type
                                  corner-notched type diagnostic of the Early Archaic cultural stage, at
                                  least 7000-9000 years old (Bullen 1975, Cambron and Hulse 1986). This
                                  point (Figure 18) looks even more like the Yarbrough type illustrated by
                                  Ford and Webb (1956:61) and associated in Louisiana with the Late
                                  Archaic Poverty Point complex. It has an expanded base stem.and a
                                  straight, nearly horizontal shoulder on one side and something closer to
                                  a barb on the other Bide. It came from the surface of the southeast side
                                  of the mound, at the water's edge, thus it has no clear association with
                                  any other diagnostic materials. Whether or not this single artifact can
                                  establish the presence of an Early Archaic or Late Archaic component is
                                  problematic; it may have been picked up and brought here to be utilized
                                  by later peoples. However, the case is slightly better for a Late
                                  Archaic affiliation because of the presence at the site of microlithic
                                  tools also likely to be Late Archaic.



                                                                                      107














                   TABLE 25: LITHIC MATERIALS FROM YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, 8Gu744

                   Chipped Stone (counts/weights in grams)

                                  Prim 2nd                      2nd
                   Provenience Decort Decort Shatter Flakes               Cores       Tools                     Comments


                   Surface      2/143.5 3/ 3.9      5/458.9     12/84.1    1/51.7     5/3.4      1 pce shatter utilized; 3 2nd flakes utilized, I
                                                                                                 retouched, 2 thermally altered; 3 Jaketown
                                                                                                 perforators; I small biface frag, I Yarborough
                                                                                                 point

                   TU I L3                                      1/ .6                 1/1.2      tool is point tip, thermally altered


                   TU 2 L 3                                     1/ .4


                   TU 3 L 3                                     1/ .3                            thermally altered (red)

                   TU 4 L 1     3/6.0 4/2.9         29/8.1      42/5.7                l/.5       2nd flakes very tiny; tool is Jaketown perforator

                   TU 4 L 2                          3/1.8      5/3.6                 3/1.2      1 flake utilized; tools am Jaketown perforators

                   near burial            2/1.5                 1/ .3                 211.0      Tools am Jaketown perforators


                   Other Stone


                   Provenience                                                  Material


                   Surface                3 quartz cobble frags, I with use wear (52.6 g); 2 quartz chips (94.7 g); 2 pebbles, I quartzite, I
                                          limestone (14.1 g)

                   TU I L2                quartz pebble frag (I g), 2 quartzite chips (1.9 g), limestone concretion (.5 g), pc. sandstone (3.8 g)

                   TU 3 L 3               limestone frag (2.1 g)

                   TU 4 L 1               2 pebbles, I quartz, I chert Q); I quartz chip (.3 g)




                              These diagnostic microtools are nine Jaketown or blunt perforators
                   similar to those seen at Van Horn Creek and Clark Creek. Some have clear
                   signs of crushing along the edges. They may have been used for drilling,
                   piercing, grating or engraving. They are most likely associated here
                   with the Late Archaic microlithic Poverty Point-type tradition. Yet we
                   recovered no other material confirming this component, no fiber-tempered
                   pottery or clay balls.
                              Other tools recovered at Yellow Houseboat are a projectile point
                   tip and a small biface fragment, neither diagnostic of any age, though
                   they probably are not associated with the late prehistoric Fort Walton
                   materials. one core was picked up from the beach surface.
                              A fair amount of lithic debitage was recovered (114 pieces). Eight
                   flakes with cortex suggest some primary chipping. Most flakes were
                   secondary, some block shatter and many very tiny bifacial thinning


                                                                                   108









                        flakes, several red or pink from thermal alteration. At least six of
                        these show use wear, and one flake is deliberately retouched, possibly
                        to form a scraper edge. Thus there are a few expedient tools deposited
                        here. None can be associated with any time period.
                              Most of the debitage came from Test Unit 4 at the northwest end of
                        the site where the four excavated microtools occurred. Other microtools
                        were from the surface nearby, and from the soil around the burial
                        (subjected to flotation), also near Test Unit 4. This debitage could
                        therefore easily be from microtool manufacture.


                        Other Stone
                              Other stone items recovered, as listed in Table 25, are pebbles,
                        cobbles, and fragments and chips. All were saved based on the idea that
                        they were probably brought in and do not naturally occur in this region.
                        The only specimen of interest is one quartz cobble fragment with use
                        wear indicating grinding or hammering. None of these remains can be
                        associated with a cultural component.


                        OTHER ARTIFACTS: SHELL AND BONE
                              Only one shell tool and one possible bone artifact were recovered
                        from Yellow Houseboat shell mound. A small mammal long bone fragment
                        with a possibly drilled hole may or may not be cultural. A whelk shell
                        columella from Test.Unit I Level 5 is very small, 5 cm long, and weighs
                        5.4 g.


                        HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

                        Burial
                              The burial (Figure 16) already described (labeled Feature 1)
                        raised more questions after analysis than we could answer. There was no
                        sign of any burial pit or grave goods. Items collected from the surface
                        in its vicinity included everything from microtools, chert flakes and
                        check-stamped sherds (see Tables 19, 25) to turtle bone, lead shot, a
                        1967 penny and a dime, and modern olive nerite shells. The cultural
                        component this person is associated with is unknown. It is speculated
                        that he was interred during the Late Archaic based on similarities with
                        a known Late Archaic burial at Sam's Cutoff shell mound (8Fr754)
                        excavated in 1993, on the east side of the Apalachicola delta (White and
                        Estabrook 1994 report on the cultural affiliation and 1991 excavations
                        at this single component site; the 1993 data and materials are still
                        being analyzed in the USF lab). At Sam's Creek the burial was also
                        extremely shallow, flexed on the right side, with head to the southeast,
                        and no grave goods.



                                                             109











                As noted, the skeleton at Yellow Houseboat shell mound was flexed,
          lying on the right side. Had the head been present it would have been to
          the Bouth, facing east. Since the mound sloped downward the top of the
          body was lower than the legs and feet, which lay uphill on the slope. It
          is unknown if the topography was like this when the person was put here
          or if erosion at the water's edge and other later forces resulted in
          this orientation.
                The analysis of this skeleton is summarized here, and Clifford's
          catalogue of elements present and other data appears as Appendix 2.
                Age and Sex: The entire mandible is present, with some teeth still
          attached and others recovered loose in the field, including one possible
          maxillary second left molar. Attrition rates on all molars consistently
          suggest an age of between 35 and 45 years at death.
                The squareness of the chin is more characteristic of a male. This
          conclusion is further supported by the characteristic smooth slope of
          the sacroiliac joint, which is present most often in males.
                Osteometric Data: Measurements on the right femur were used to
          estimate the stature of this individual, in standard anthropological
          fashion. Though recently broken, the femur, when reconnected, measured
          39.6 cm long. Using a standard deviation of 3.8, the person was
          calculated to be approximately 157.7 cm in height, or 51 21' tall.
                Trauma: Indications of trauma were limited to a possible healed
          fracture of the left ulna. This bone is tumid midway up the shaft, which
          could be characteristic of a healed break. Disease cannot be completely
          ruled out (it may be a syphilis lesion), but the pitting cha  racteristic
          of disease on the bone was not present.
                Summary: This individual was deliberately buried here at an
          unknown time period and for unknown reasons. If the entire shell midden
          is a garbage pile that was also lived upon because of its elevation in
          the wetlands, it could be postulated that he was not of great
          importance, having been placed at the edge (if it was the edge then) of
          the refuse heap. or perhaps he was buried at the edge of the inhabited

          area.
                We do not know if he was interred with any grave goods because
          they could have washed or been picked away. If he was not, it could be
          that he was not of a social status necessitating any such burial
          treatment. He could also be from a time period (such as the Late
          Archaic) and/or society where no one was buried with any distinctive
          items, or grave goods may have been of perishable materials.
                Not enough grant funds were available to obtain a radiocarbon date
          on this skeleton, especially because an AMS date would be more suitable,
          destroying only a small rib fragment instead of a whole arm and a leg,

                                             110









                      but AMS dating is nearly three tines the cost of regular radiocarbon
                      dating. Since no artifacts were associated with the burial, such a date
                      would also be less valuable in terms of dating a component present at
                      the site. If future funds become available, however, it might be
                      interesting to ascertain its age. Further research will be done, at any
                      rate, to see if the flexed orientation of the skeleton might be
                      diagnostic of a particular culture. In addition, a small rib fragment
                      was sent to archaeologist Glen Doran of Florida State University in case
                      it can be further studied in his work on diet indicators and other
                      factors in prehistoric Florida skeletal populations.


                      Other Human Remains
                           Additional human remains in the form of teeth were unearthed in

                      Test Unit 4 at the Yellow Houseboat shell mound: from Level I of this
                      unit came two adult teeth. one is a lower premolar with little wear and
                      most of the root. The other is a lower right canine, also with little
                      wear. They do not seem related at all to the skeleton of the Feature 1
                      burial. They apparently came out after the death of the individual or
                      were knocked or pulled out during life.
                           This unit also produced the clay bead and much lithic debitage and
                      several microtools. Associations among these items are not known.
                      Apparently this is another case of some human remains put out with the
                      garbage, but this is sheer speculation. other human remains from this
                      site that I observed were from Bill Herring's collection, and consisted
                      of a left internal and external auditory meatus and fragment of a left
                      zygomatic arch. The latter was somewhere at the border between gracile
                      and robust, and could thus have been either male or female. The
                      individual was adult, however, and these pieces probably are from the
                      person in the burial, based on the collector's description of their

                      location.



                      FAUNAL REMAINS
                            Because of clear stratigraphic mixing in most levels of most
                      units, a relatively small sample of faunal materials from Yellow
                      Houseboat shell mound was sent for specialized analysis: all bone and
                      shell from flotation samples (12.5 liters) and waterscreen recovery from
                      Test Unit 2, Levels 5 and 6, the deepest (54-62 cm and 62-70 cm below
                      surface, respectively) and least disturbed proveniences. This sample
                      amounted to little more that 2 kg of faunal remains; SO it is between
                      15% and 30% of the size of the samples from the other shell mounds
                      investigated. As the only ceramics present in these levels are non-
                      diagnostic incised, punctated, plain and check-stamped, it is suggested










          that the faunal assemblage studied is from mixed Fort Walton and
          Woodland deposits.
                Appendix 1B presents the faunal analyses, and lists of specimens
          are given in Tables A1.17 and A1.18. Twenty-nine taxa were identified,
          including rabbit, raccoon, Florida panther, rodent, bird, turtles,
          lizard, garfish, catfish, seatrout, bowfin, freshwater Rangia clams (but
          no oyster at all in these samples) and terrestrial snails. Though these
          are more taxa than those identified at Depot Creek shell mound, many are
          larger scale taxa such as class or family level (e.g., mammalia); there
          are far fewer individual species identified. A few species are the only
          examples from Apalachicola shell mounds known so far, including Felis
          concolor, the (now severely endangered) Florida panther, represented by
          a tooth, and ducks, gafftopsail catfish, and bowfin.
                Given the number of components represented at Yellow Houseboat
          shell mound, representing occupation at various times during at least
          the last 3 millennia, it would be expected that far more types of
          animals would be present. Analysis of a larger sample of faunal remains
          in future work will likely yield such results. Indeed, during
          perfunctory examination of faunal fragments from other proveniences in
          the USF lab, I recognized additional species with distinctive features,
          such as softshell turtle carapace, pneumatized bones of the jack fish,
          and some characteristically fragile, shiny/pearly shells of Elliptio, a
          river mollusc usually characteristic of interior riverine shell middens
          on the Apalachicola. In addition, Herring's collection from the site
          includes more softshell turtle and a probable deer tooth.
                The general subsistence here is therefore characterized as
          exploitation of freshwater/estuarine aquatic and terrestrial
          environments for all time periods at this site, perhaps with greater
          emphasis upon more inland riverine resources.


          BOTANICAL REMAINS
                All macrofloral specimens from the same two proveniences as were
          chosen for faunal study were sent for analysis to the ethnobotanist. Her
          identifications appear in Table 26. They demonstrate a limited botanical
          record, including only pine, an acorn and a grape seed. Seeds
          tentatively identified in the USF lab by students using photos in the
          Seed Identification Manual (Martin and Barkley 1961) are Poxtulaca
          (purslane), Galium (bedstraw) and Carex (sedge) or Polygonum
          (smartweed). The general impression is that pine, oak, and weedy species
          sometimes characteristic of disturbed land were either present at the
          site or collected and brought there.



                                             112









                            The jumbled stratigraphy at the site, as well as the sample size,
                      makes any good interpretation of these remains impossible. For these
                      reasons also no charcoal specimens were sent for radiocarbon dating.




                      Table 26. Botanical Remains from Yellow Houseboat Shell Mound, 8GUSS


                      Provenience                  Materials


                      TU 2 L.5                Wood: 14g pine
                                              Seed: I Vids (grape)

                      TU 2 L6                 Wood: 12.4g pine, .2g resin
                                              Nuts: I acorn cap





                      SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION
                            The Yellow Houseboat shell mound was in some respects the least
                      productive of the shell mounds investigated. It had the thinnest
                      deposits above the water table and it did not have cultural components
                      that could be isolated. Even the human burial could not be assigned with
                      confidence to a time period. Such mixed deposits make archaeological
                      analysis less productive.
                            Interesting artifact remains, such as the only complete projectile
                      point recovered duringthe whole two-year project, the microtools (all
                      Jaketown or blunt perforators), the clay beads, and so forth., are not
                      enough to be able to say much about culture in general or specific
                      cultural adaptations.
                            In sum, there are definitely Fort Walton, Early Woodland, and Late
                      Archaic occupations represented here. Though the Late Archaic seems more
                      tenuous than the others, based only on the presence of a few microtools
                      and a possible Yarbrough point, supporting evidence was obtained from
                      another collector in Apalachicola in 1993. This individual had picked up
                      over 150 microtools from the site over the years, from the southwest
                      beach area. He said whenever a boat passes or a heavy wind blows in off
                      the water, more microtools appear on the surface. He also has two points
                      with small rounded stems, made of Tallahatta quartzite (from southeast
                      Alabama), a tubular clay bead, a shell bead, a bone fishhook and a bone
                      point from the same area. His microtools are among the smallest known
                      from the delta region and strongly suggest a Late Archaic presence
                      (White and Estabrook 1994).
                            Some but not much lithic production took place at this site,
                      tentatively associated with the manufacture of Late Archaic microtools.
                      There was hardly any shell toolutilization, based on our findings.


                                                         113










          Subsistence for the indeterminate amount of time represented in the
          sample deposits examined seems to be consistent through time and with
          that at other shell mounds throughout the Apalachicola delta: probably
          short-term, perhaps seasonal, repeated occupation of the site throughout
          a millennium (or three or more), by people who obtained diverse species
          from the rich fluvial and estuarine environment.
































































                                             114











                                        THE CLARK CREEK SHELT MOUND, SGU60


                     SITE DESCRIPTION
                           Clark Creek shell mound (Figure 19) is a large Rangia shell midden
                     pile on the west central side of the lower Apalachicola Valley delta. It
                     sits amid low wetlands some 800 m north of a tiny tributary stream
                     leading into Clark Creek (Figure 1). Clark Creek empties from the north
                     into the Jackson River, a major tributary of the Apalachicola and former
                     main river channel, which today flows eastward out of Lake Wimico. Thus
                     prehistoric inhabitants of the site may have had a trip of several miles
                     by water to reach the main river.
                           This mound is also a former apiary, and is labeled as such on the
                     1945 USGS quadrangle map. Its summit was cleared, so, like Depot Creek
                     shell mound, it shows up as a white streak amid the thick forest in
                     aerial photos.
                           The site is very difficult to reach as the tidally influenced tiny
                     creek is often barely big enough to navigate, even in small boats. It
                     was recorded during our 1985 survey (Henefield and White 1986:70-71). An
                     informant told us of the site and we visited in October of that year,
                     though we had to go in by another route and wade the small creek to find
                     it.

                           In 1988 we were able to relocate this shell mound and draw the
                     boats right up to the ruins of a wooden walkway made by the beekeepers.
                     It was unclear how this walkway helped access to the site, as traces of
                     it disappeared after about 20 meters. The rest of the long walk was
                     through thick swamp, some sections forested and some in 3 m high grasses
                     studded with treacherous cypress knees just waiting to trip a
                     fieldworker (Figure 20) carrying a heavy load of equipment or soil
                     samples.
                           This shell mound is 110 m long and 35 m wide, and rises about
                     1.75 m above the surrounding wetland (Figure 19). It probably extends
                     wider and deeper than the visible shell also, like the other shell
                     mounds investigated. Where not cleared the site is covered with palms,
                     some planted fig trees, and weeds. Its long axis is oriented at about
                     110 degrees, or east-southeast to west-northwest. It is slightly curved.
                     Probably when inhabited it was directly on a stream bank, but it is now
                     quite a distance away. If the latest occupation was in Early Woodland
                     times, this suggests the fluvial dynamics of the estuary moved the
                     stream some 800 m south over a millennium and a half, and changed its
                     orientation at this spot by a few degrees.





                                                        115









                   CLARK CREEK
                   SHELL MOUND


                            8Gu6O


                      contour interval 20 cm


                  scale:    I
                               5m








                                                                                       TUA



                                                                             2











                                                                    U 5

















                                                                                                       4-










                                                          140



                                                        120      TUC


                                                         %do   3




                                                                                     J,,
             FIGURE 19.                                   bo
                                                          .40

                                                           20

                                                             116






























                                                                               .4
                                                     'Z --@4'                     ,it

                                                                      IL
                                               W




                                                                                  M'






                                                                   -j4
                                                                     "Alf















                                 ALI


                                                              -fool





                               MW





                                                      L'j'-
                                                                        J












                      FIGURE 20. Path through thick grass and swamp to Clark Creek shell
                      mound; fieldworkers C. Fuhrmeister and S. Beckwith, 1988; view facing
                      south.




                                                          117











               When first recorded, the Clark Creek shell mound yielded Deptford
          simple-stamped and check-stamped pottery, worked Busycon shell fragments
          and a large amount of animal bone, both from the surface and from a
          small trowel test excavated to 50 cm depth. A few oysters were seen to
          accompany the clamshells in the matrix. There were signs of disturbance
          from the historic beekeeping activity. Metal and other modern artifacts
          were present, but there were only a few potholes in the surface.
               The site was chosen for test excavation based on its potential to
          produce well stratified and undisturbed Early Woodland evidence,
          including artifacts and subsistence remains, and because it was
          presumably remote enough not to have suffered much disturbance.


          FIELDWORK

          Excavations

               Because the Clark Creek shell mound was so difficult to reach it
          was the last site to be tested during the 1988 season. By this time the
          crew were seasoned and well able to handle the tricky logistics.
          Fieldwork took place from 3-14 July, with a crew of eight plus
          occasional volunteers, including a Florida State University video crew.
               The established shell mound test strategy was followed, to sample
          the cultural deposits from both summit and slope. After a stratified
          surface collection and site mapping, three I x 2 m units were excavated,
          one each into the northwest slope, southeast slope, and central summit,
          for a total of 6 square meters. In order to go as deep as possible in
          the allotted time, below certain depths excavation was limited to a I x
          I m portion of two units. The volume excavated is estimated to be 5.6
          cubic m. perhaps a .1% sample of the site.
               As usual, units were located judgementally and dug in 15 cm
          arbitrary levels. Soils could be waterscreened because of crew heroics.
          Even with the borrowed pump and fire hoses, we were afraid it would not
          be feasible because the site was so far from the small stream, the
          nearest known water source, and we had only 5 or 6 m of hose. Trying to
          make a wheelbarrow path through the swamp and sawgrass, to set up a
          screening station right at the creek, proved to be a ridiculous
          exercise.
               Crew members searching the surrounding swamp for a closer water
          source located a treefall that had exposed a deep hole now filled with
          water just off the northeast end of the mound. The screen station was
          set up here. Near the bottom of this pool the swampwater became rather
          sulfurous, a good warning sign to stop screening for a while when it
          started smelling bad, so the pool could fill up again as water seeped
          in. Though this method was laborious, including carrying the pump and


                                            118










                      other heavy equipment (loading down our small boats, and then by hand on
                      the long difficult walk to the site), the results were worthwhile since
                      a great deal more small material was recovered.


                      Stratiaraphy
                            As with the other shell mounds investigated, Btratigraphy at Clark
                      Creek was not apparent beyond general increase or decrease in
                      consolidation of clamshells and occasional poorly defined lenses of more
                      or less crushed shell. The soil matrix was the typical thin coating of
                      black sand around the Rangla clamshells, with an occasional oyster, and
                      much animal bone.
                            The two slope units, A and C, had some mixing, but Test Unit B on
                      the summit presents a fairly good stratigraphic picture, as follows:
                      Under about 40 cm of packed shell with little black sand was a general
                      region of about 30 cm with slightly more sand, which faded out with
                      increasing depth. By the time the water table was approached, the soil
                      was still black, what little there was of it, but a few more oysters
                      occurred. A few features also occurred in this unit, as noted below. In
                      addition, lenses of crushed shell appeared at many depths.


                      Excavation Units
                            Test unit A was a 1 x 2 m unit placed on the northwest slope of
                      the mound, with the long axis north-south across the slope ' Its upper
                      levels were therefore wedge-shaped and of greater volume (see Table 28)
                      to maintain a level floor. This unfortunate situation was called for
                      only because no visible stratigraphy was present to guide digging in
                      cultural strata. A fiber-tempered sherd in a shallow level indicated
                      mixing of Early Woodland and Late Archaic components.
                            Some of this unit was dry screened to save time, as it was so far
                      from the screening station and the screening could not keep up with the
                      digging. oyster shells increased with depth here. Tiny disk shell beads
                      were recovered (in the dry screen, even though they were <8 mm wide),
                      and a lot of lithic debitage, in addition to the usual artifacts and
                      bone bits.
                            Beginning with Level 6, only the southern I x 1 m half of the unit
                      was dug to get deeper in the short field time allotted. With increasing
                      depth the soil matrix surrounding the shells tapered off. At 118 cm the
                      water table was reached and excavation halted.
                            Test Unit B was a 1 x 2 unit on the mound summit, with the long
                      axis running north-south (Figure 21). It went the deepest and afforded
                      the best stratigraphy, as already described. It contained four features,
                      described below. This was the only unit in which the Late Archaic


                                                         119















                           1_0
                         7, '77",

                                                AM





                                                                   -Z_-.22-

                          .75k r





                  ILI



                                      -ME
                                                    n


                                                             _a,
                                                X-










                                                                  _21
                                                                          @W, J@-ef,- 741@
























          FIGURE 21. Excavations at Clark Creek shell mound, 8Gu6O, 1988. Top, T.
          Simpson and J. Darsey in Test Unit B, on cleared summit; view facing
          northwest. Bottom, Feature I pedestaled in northwest corner of Test Unit
          B, 75 cm below the surface; it was an area of packed yellow silt,
          possibly the corner of a prepared floor (rest of unit floor is obscured
          from trampling).




                                             120









                        component appeared to be more or less in proper stratigraphic sequence.
                        On the last day of excavation, staying out until dark attempting at
                        least to reach the water table in this unit, the crew recovered
                        fiber-tempered sherds in Levels 9 and 10 at minimum 135 cm deep. The
                        water table was encountered at 174 cm. some disturbance was indicated,
                        however, because a simple fiber-tempered sherd also came from Level 3,
                        and a simple sand-tempered plain sherd from Level 10.
                              Test Unit C was a 1 x 2 m unit on the east slope of the mound,
                        long axis running north-south. It was close to a concentration of modern
                        artifacts left from the time of the apiary. Therefore it was no surprise
                        that the first three levels contained modern items such as glass and
                        nails mixed in with sherds from both prehistoric components. An increase
                        in the still small proportion of oyster shell occurred with greater
                        depth in one area of the unit, possibly a single deposit. Small lenses
                        of burnt or crushed shell were apparent in vague outline. only the
                        southern half was excavated past Floor 5. The water table was
                        encountered at 115 cm depth and excavation halted at Level 8, although a
                        flotation sample and permanent storage soil sample were taken from below
                        the water table and labeled Level 9. This unit produced a few unusual
                        items: a greenstone pendant and four human teeth in Level 2.


                        Features
                              Feature 1 was a 'small (38 cm NE-SW, 16 cm NW-SE) area of light
                        yellow clayey silt in the northwest corner of Test Unit B, encountered
                        at a depth of 75 cm, (Figure 21). It was free of any cultural materials.
                        Ranging from 2 to 5 cm thick in cross section, it appeared to be a
                        segment of a prepared floor. This feature was cross sectioned along two
                        angles to permit better examination, which was already difficult because
                        it went into the corner balk. In the wall profile after the portion of
                        it in the unit was removed the feature appeared as a thin slanted yellow
                        lense.
                              This bright yellowish brown (10YR5/4) soft silty area was quite
                        distinctive within the black sand and shell matrix. Perhaps it was the
                        edge of a structure floor caught in the corner of our unit. It was
                        clearly some kind of special purpose construction. it was not flat but
                        convoluted, possibly because of the weight of the shell crushing down on
                        it.

                              Feature 2 was a small near-circular black stain, 15 cm in
                        diameter, roughly tapered in cross section and extending at least 15 cm
                        deep, originating at the bottom of Feature 1. It may have been a post
                        mold beneath that feature.





                                                             121










                Feature 3 was a 10 cm near-circular black stain that appeared in
          Test Unit B at a depth of about 139 cm in the southeast corner of Floor
          9. It was 6 cm deep and basin-shaped in cross section, and connected
          with a concretion of shell matrix consisting of light gray soil stuck to
          many shells, all impossible to separate. This may have been the bottom
          of a small post mold, or a natural feature.
                Feature 4 was a dark oval stain, tapered in cross section, also
          appearing in Test Unit B in Floor 9 at 139 cm depth, along the west wall
          (most of the oval went into the wall). It may have been the edge of a
          pit estimated to be 40 cm diameter, but did not display any depth in
          cross section.
                Summary of Features: These four small areas were the closest thing
          to real features encountered in shell mound excavations on this project.
          They were all in Test Unit B, and had no definable cultural materials
          and no interpretable function, but at least Feature 1 was clearly
          cultural in origin, made of unusual soil brought in from elsewhere.


          CERAMICS

          Pottery
                The 3328 ceramic sherds (13.7 kg) recovered from Clark Creek
          indicate a major Early Woodland component mixed with and underlain by a
          Late Archaic component, just as at the other shell mounds. Check-stamped
          ceramics dominate the assemblage. There are smaller numbers of other
          early Swift Creek and Deptford types.
                Table 27 summarizes all sherds by type from gross proveniences
          including surface, test units, and mixed levels from unit wall cave-ins.
          Figure 22 graphs relative frequencies of each type in the total site
          assemblage. Neither of these data presentations isolate stratigraphic
          change, but they do show the two major components at the site. They also
          show the larger size of the check-stamped sherds relative to that of the
          other types. This may mean check-stamped vessels were larger or more
          cared for than other vessels, or used less often, so broken less and
          therefore less likely to leave sherds to kick around and break up
          further.
                Tables 28, 29, and 30 give ceramic distributions by level at the
          three units. The vertical record at Test Unit B is least mixed and most
          instructive. Located on the mound summit, this unit went the deepest
          into the deposits, finally hitting what is considered undisturbed Late
          Archaic near the water table.
                Early Woodland: Table 29 shows the occurrence of check-stamped
          and indeterminate stamped (most of which are probably checked) sherds
          averaging roughly over half the pottery for most levels until


                                             122


















                                        TABLE 27.                 CERAMICS FROM CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu60, BY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.


                                                                                        SURFACE                     MIXED LEVELS                TEST UNIT A                  TEST UNIT B                  TEST UNIT C                  TOTALS
                                               TYPE                                     Cr                          Cr            wr            cl                           cr                           CT_           'T             Cr             wr
                                           INDET INC                                    2             54                                        4              30            1             3                                           7              86
                                           INDEr PUNC                                                                                                                        2             7                                           2              7
                                           LIMEST-TEMP PL                               3             6                                                                      5             25             4             17             12             48
                                           COMP-STAMP                                   22            20D                                       3              32            9             65                                          34             299
                                           ROCKER-STAMP                                                                                         1              2             2             2              1             2              4              6
                                           INDET STAMP                                  103           729           9             21            247            639           196           6D4            86            360            641            2352
                                           CORD-MARK                                    6             Q                                                                                                                                6              4D
                                           CHECK-STAMP                                  189           1692          37            285           266            2105          630           2628           131           6D6            1253           7307
                                           FABRIC-MARK                                                                                          61             39            1             10                                          7              48
                                           SIMPLE-STAMP                                 12            114                                       3              12            8             41             9             48             32             215
                                           GRIT-TEMP PL                                 21            124                                       9              21            31            101            9             20             69             266
                                           GRIT/GROG-TEMP PL                            4             24                                        1              10                                                                      5              34
                                           GROG-TEMP PL                                 72            437                                       40             60            6D            138            131           222            303            836
                                           SAND-TEMP Pl.                                106           583           19            37            243            314           367           597            147           253            891            1785
                                           FIBER-TEMP S-ST                                                                                                                   4             45                                          4              45
                                           FIBER-TEMP Pl.                               3             24            3             23            1              2             7             8              34            n8             68             284
                                                TOTAL                                   543           4017          67            366           924            3266          1323          4274           571           1755           3329           13677

                                                  BY PROVIENCE
                                           INDET INC                                                  I                                                        I                                                                                      I
                                           INDEr PUNC
                                           LIMEST-TEMP PL                               I                                                                                                  I              I             I
                                           COMP-STAMP                                   4             5                                                        1             1             2                                           1              2
                                           ROCKER-STAMP
                                           INDETSTAMP                                   19            is            13            6             30             2D            15            14             15            21             19             17
                                           CORD-MARK                                    I             I
                                           CHECK-STAMP                                  35            42            55            79            32             64            48            61             23            35             38             53
                                           FABRIC-MARK                                                                                          I              I
                                           SIMPLE-STAMP                                 2             3                                                                      1             1              2             3              1              2
                                           GRIT-TEMP PL                                 4             3                                         1              1             2             2              1             1              2              2
                                           GRIT/GROG-TEMP Pl.                           I             I
                                           GROG-TEMP PL                                 13            11                                        5              2             5             3              23            13             9              6
                                           SAND-TEMP PL                                 20            Is            27            10            29             10            28            14             26            14             26             13
                                           FIBER-TEMP S-ST                                                                                                                                 I
                                           FIBER-TEMP Pl.                               1             1             4             6                                          1                            9             13             2              2
                                                TOTAL                                   100           100           100           too           10D            100           100           100            too           100            IOD            100











                                TABLE 27. CERAMICS FROM CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu60, BY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS (coNnNrum).
                                                                                                  ED LEVELS            CT                                                TEST        C            T
                                                                                                 Cr        wr                                                          CT            W-1
                                                                         SURFACE                 MDc                    TEST UNIT A             TEST UNIT @T                'UNIT                   OTAIS
                                       TYPE                              Cr          wr                                             ViT TCT                                       7@T            CT           wr
                                       % WITMN TYPE
                                   INDE17INC                             29          62                                 57          34          14           3                                   100          100
                                   INDEr PI.NC                                                                                                  too          100                                 100          too
                                   LIMEST-TEMP PL                        25          13                                                         42           52          31          36          too          100
                                   COMP-STAMP                            65          67                                 9           11          26           22                                  too          too
                                   ROCKER-STAMP                                                                         25          33          50           39          25          29          100          100
                                   INDEr STAMP                           16          31          1           1          39          27          31           26          13          15          IOD          100
                                   CORD-MARK                             too         100                                                                                                         10D          100
                                   CHECK-STAMP                           15          23          3           4          21          29          50           36          10          9           too          10D
                                   FABRIC-MARK                                                                          86          80          14           20                                  100          100
                                   SIMPLE-STAMP                          38          53                                 9           6           25           19          28          22          10D          100
                                   GRIT-TEMP Pl.                         30          47                                 13          8           45           38          12          9           100          100
                                   GRfrIGROG-TEMP PL                     so          71                                 20          29                                                           too          too
                                   GROG-TEMP Pl.                         24          51                                 13          7           20           16          43          26          100          100
                                   SAND-TEMP PL                          12          33          2           2          28          18          42           33          17          14          10D          100
                                   FIBER-TEMP S-ST                                                                                              too          100                                 10D          100
                                   FIBER-TEMP PL                         4           9           4           8          1                       to           3           79          so          100          100

                                       % OF TOTAL
                                   INDEr INC                                                                                                                                                                  I
                                   INDEr PUNC
                                   LIMEST-TEMP Pl.
                                   COMP-STAMP                            I           I
                                   ROCKER-STAMP
                                   INDET STAMP                           3           5                                  7           5           6            4           3           3           19           17
                                   CORD-MARK
                                   CHECK-STAMP                           6           12          1           2          9           15          19           19          4           4           39           53
                                   FABRIC-MARK
                                   SIMPLE-STAMP                                      1                                                                                                           1            2
                                   GRIT-TEMP PL                          I           I                                                          1            1                                   2            2
                                   GRIT/GROG-TEMP PL
                                   GROG-TEMP Pl.                         2           3                                  1                       2            1           4           2           9            6
                                   SAND-TEMP PL                          3           4           1                      7           2           11           4           4           2           26           13
                                   FIBER-TEMP S-ST
                                   FIBER-TEMP PL                                                                                                                         2           2           2            2
                                       % OF TOTAL                        16          29          2           3          25          24          40           31          17          13          10D          100

















                     TABLE 29.             CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT A, CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUNI), 8Gu60, BY COUNTS AND %TIGHTS IN GRAMS.


                                                                                                                                                                                                    TOTAL
                            TYPE                        CT        wr        CT        wr        CT        wr       CT        MIT       Cr .6E    wr  r  cr   W4             CT  Iffiv  WTI       Cr            wr
                                                  I                                                                                                  I                 W, I
                        INDET INC                                                               2         12       1         16        1         1                                                  4          30
                        COMP-STAMP                                          1         23        1         4        1         5                                                                      3          32
                        ROCKER-STAMP                                                                               1         2                                                                      1          2
                        INDEr STAMP                     3         6         25        63        70        157      127       335       17        48          4         19       1         11        247        639
                        CHECK-STAMP                     4         17        29        132       71        337      71        945       55        456         24        153      12        64        266        2105
                        FABRIC-MARK                     1         14                                               4         23        1         2                                                  6          39
                        SIMPLE-STAMP                                        2         11        1         2                                                                                         3          12
                        GRIT-TEMP PL                                        5         12        3         7        1         1                                                                      9          21
                        GRrr/GROG.TEMP Pl,                                                      1         10                                                                                        1          10
                        GROG-TEMP L                     1         1         4         7         13        21       14        22        4         5           3         4        1                   40         6D
                        SAND-TFMP PL                    9         17        17        25        74        79       117       162       is        21          2         4        6         6         243        314
                        FIBER-TEMP PL                                                                              1         2                                                                      1          2
                            TOTAL                       18        56        83        273       236       360      339       1514      96        532         33        ISO      2D        91        924        3266

                            % BY PROVIENCE
                        INDEr INC                                                               1         2                  1         1                                                                       1
                 LTI    COMP-STAMP                                          1         9                   1                                                                                                    1
                        ROCKER-STAMP
                        INDET STAMP                     17        11        30        23        30        25       38        22        18        9           12        10       5         13        30         20
                        CHECK-STAMP                     22        31        35        49        30        54       21        62        57        96          73        85       60        79        32         64
                        FABRIC-MARK                     6         25                                               1         2         1                                                            1          1
                        SIMPLE-STAMP                                        2         4
                        GRIT-TEMP PL                                        6         4         1         1                                                                                         1          1
                        GRrr/GROG-TEMP PL                                                                 2
                        GROG-TFMP Pl.                   6         1         5         2         6         3        4         1         4         1           9         2        5                   5          2
                        SAND-TEMP PL                    so        31        2D        9         31        13       35        11        19        4           6         2        30        8         29         10
                        FIBER-TEMP
                            TOTAL                       100       100       100       IOD       100       100      100       IOD       loo       IOD         IOD       100      100       100       100        100











                     TABLE 28.              CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT A, CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu60, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS (CONTINUED)

                                                                                                                                                                     W
                                                                                                                                                                      W                                       TOTAL
                                                                                                                                                                      4                  Iffiv
                            TYPE                        CT          WT         CT        wr         CT        wr         CT                CT           wr     CT                   cr           'T      CT           Wr
                                                                                                                                   4

                                                                                                                                   WT

                            % WITHIN TYPE
                        INDET INC                                                                   so        41         25        55        25         3                                                     100        10D
                        COMP-STAMP                                             33        71         33        13         33        16                                                                         10D        10D
                        ROCKER-STAMP                                                                                     100       100                                                                        10D        10D
                        INDET STAMP                       I         1          10        10         28        25         51        52        7          7            2         3                   2          too        too
                        CHECK-STAMP                       2         1          11        6          27        16         27        45        21         22           9         7         5         3          too        100
                        FABRIC-MARK                       17        36                                                   67        59        17         5                                                     100        100
                        SIMPLE-STAMP                                           67        95         33        15                                                                                              100        100
                        GRIT.TEMP PL                                           56        58         33        36         11.       6                                                                          too        100
                        G IG       -TEMP PL                                                         100       100                                                                                             100        1
                        GROG-TEMP PL                      3         1          10        11         33        35         35        37        to         8            8         7         3                    too        I
                        SAND-TEMP Pl.                     4         6          7         8          30        25         48        51        7          7            1         1         2         2          too        I
                        FIBER-TEMP Pl.                                                                                   100       10D                                                                        too        I

                            % OF TOTAL
                        INDET INC                                                                                                                                                                                        I
                        COMP-STAMP                                                       I                                                                                                                               I
                 0)     ROCKER-STAMP
                        INDET STAMP                                            3         2          8         5          15        10        2          1                      1                              30         20
                        CHECK-STAMP                                 1          4         4          9         to         9         29        7          14           3         5         1         2          32         64
                        FABRIC-MARK                                                                                                I                                                                          I          I
                        SIMPLE-STAMP
                        GRIT-TEMP Pl.                                          I                                                                                                                              I          I
                        GRITIGROG-TEMP PL
                        GROG-TEMP PL                                                                2         1          2         1                                                                          5          2
                        SAND-TEMP Pl.                     1         1          2         1          9         2          14        5         2          1                                1                    29         10
                        FIBER-TEMP PL
                     H      TOTAL                         2         2          to        9          29        19         41        46        12         16           4         6         2         2          im         too
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         OD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         00


















                            TABLE29.                     CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT B, CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu60, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                                     I-LE ELI                              EL2              LEVEL 3       1       LEVEL4       I        L IL5       I       LEVEL                 LEVEL7                 VEL)8     I       LEVEL9                LEVEL 10 1          TOTAL
                                                                                                                                                                                                  (.14 zd)
                                                                                                                                                                                       wr         cr        mri                                                  LT        wr CT                wr
                                                                  V         IA        L 0 e)                                                                                           )6                                                  (.,g e)
                                   TYPE                          'r .30 Fr?)          (37                   CT 00 n?)  wr     CT  05         1          IS               CT 06 n?                                     (.210                                      (.2D ff)
                               INDET INC                                              1           3                                                                                                                                                                                  1          3.
                               INDET PUNC                        2          7                                                                                                                                                                                                        2          7
                               LIMEST-TEMP PL                    2          18        2           5         1          2                                                                                                                                                             5          25
                               COMP-STAMP                        3          39        4           13        2          13                                                                                                                                                            9          65
                               ROCKER-STAMP                      1          2         1           1                                                                                                                                                                                  2          2
                               INDETSTAMP                        30         166       34          99        36         98         41         89         29        Im        14         42         11        16        1          4                                                   196        614
                               CHECK-STAMP                       66         292       167         433       161        600        55         240        97        429       51         422        24        ISO       9          30        1           3                             630        2628
                               FABRIC-MARK                                                                                        1          10                                                                                                                                      1          10
                               SIMPLE-STAMP                                                                                       1          3          7         39                                                                                                                 9          41
                               GRrr-TEMP PL                      6          19        7           20        4          9                                3         33        3          5          1         2         7          14                                                  31         101
                               GROG-TEMP PL                      5          9         30          51        11         14                               4         37        5          14         5         13                                                                       6D         138
                               SAND-TEMP PL                      25         12D       118         141       85         100        47         60         58        125       21         34         4         3         6          14        2                     1         1         367        597
                               FIBER-TEMP S-ST                                                                                                                                                                                                                   4         45        4          45
                               FEBER-TEMP PL                                                                1          3                                                                                                                   2           2         4         4         7          8
                                   TOTAL                         140        670       364         765       301        837        145        402        198       763       94         517        45        213       22         62        5           5         9         50        1323       4284


                                   % BY PROVIENCE
                               INDEr INC
                               INDET PUNC                        I          I
                               LIMEST-TEMP PL                    1          3         1           1                                                                                                                                                                                             1
                               COMP-STAMP                        2          6         1           2         1          2                                                                                                                                                             1          2
                               ROCKER-STAMP                      I
                               INDETSTAMP                        21         25        9           13        12         12         28         22         is        13        15         8          24        9         5          6                                                   15         14
                               CHECK-STAMP                       47         44        46          57        53         72         38         6D         49        56        54         82         53        84        36         49        20          64                            49         61
                               FABRIC-MARK                                                                                        1          2
                               SIMPLE-STAMP                                                                                       1          1          4         5                                                                                                                  1          1
                               GRIT-TEMP PL                      4          3         2           3         1          1                                2         4         3          1          2         1         32         22                                                  2          2
                               GROG-TEMP PL                      4          1         8           7         4          2                                2         5         5          3          11        6                                                                        5          3
                               SAND-TEMP Pl-                     18         18        32          is        28         12         32         15         29        16        22         6          9         1         27         23        40          6         11        2         29         14
                               FIBER-TEMP S-ST                                                                                                                                                                                                                   44        91                   1
                               FIBER-TEMP PL                                                                                                                                                                                               40          30        44        8         1
                                   TOTAL                         10D        100       10D         100       10D        100        100        100        100       100       100        100        100       100       IOD        too       100         10D       too       100       10D        10D











                        TABLE 29.                 CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT B, CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, SGu60, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS (CONTINUED).
                                                        LEVEL I             LEVEL2             LEVEL3              Ln4                 LEVEL5           LEVEL6             LEVEL 7                           Cr LEVEL             LEVEL 10             TOTAL
                              TYPE                      (.30 m?)            00 a?)             (.30 m?)            ( 5 )       I       (' 15 t"?)       06 ti?)            (.14 d)                               (.19 n?)9         (.20 w)
                                                 I CT                    Cr           wr    CT           wr    Cr           Wr CT                                 wr    Cr           I    CT LEVEL 9   wr               V_     Cr          wr     cr           wr
                              % WITHIN TYPE
                          INDET INC                                         100       too                                                                                                                                                              100     IOD
                          INDEr PUNC                    too       too                                                                                                                                                                                  100     IOD
                          LIMEST-TEMP PL                40        73        40        2D       20        7                                                                                                                                             100     JOD
                          COMP-STAMP                    33        6D        44        19       22        20                                                                                                                                            too     too
                          ROCKER-STAMP                  so        71        50        29                                                                                                                                                               too     too
                          INDEr STAMP                   15        27        17        16       18        16        21       15         15       16      7         7        6         3        1        1                                               too     100
                          CHECK-STAMP                   to        11        27        16       26        23        9        9          Is       16      8         16       4         7        1        1                                               100     100
                          FABIUC-MARK                                                                              IOU      100                                                                                                                        100     100
                          SIMPLE-STAMP                                                                             13       7          88       93                                                                                                     100     101)
                          GRrr-TEMP PL                  19        18        23        20       13        9                             10       33      to        5        3         2        23       14                                              100     100
                          GROG-TEMP PL                  9         6         50        37       Is        to                            7        27      8         10       9         10                                                                100     10D
                          SAND-TEMP PL                  7         2D        32        24       23        17        13       10         16       21      6         6        1                  2        2        1                                      100     100
                          FIBER-TEMP S-ST                                                                                                                                                                                        too      10D          100     100
                          FIBER-TEMP PL                                                        14        33                                                                                                    29       2D       57        48          100     100

                              % OF TOTAL
                  00      INDEr INC
                          INDEr PUNC
                          LIMEST-TEMP PL                                                                                                                                                                                                                       I
                          COMP-STAMP                              1                                                                                                                                                                                    1       2
                          ROCKER-STAMP
                          INDEr STAMP                   2         4         3         2        3         2         3        2          2        2       1         1        1                                                                           Is      14
                          CHECK-STAMP                   5         7         13        to       12        14        4        6          7        10      4         10       2         4        1        1                                               49      61
                          FABRIC-MARK
                          SIMPLE-STAMP                                                                                                 1        1                                                                                                      1       1
                          GRrr-TEMP PL                                      I                                                                   1                                             1                                                        2       2
                          GROG-TEMP PL                                      2         1        1                                                1                                                                                                      5       3
                          SAND-TEMP                     2         3         9         3        6         2         4        1          4        3       2         1
                          FIBER-TEMP S-ST
                          FIBER-TEMP PL
                              % OF TOTAL                11        16        29        Is       23        20        11       9          15       Is      7         12       3         5        2        1                       1            1          too     I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               4



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               OD
















                                          TABLE 30.                   CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT C, CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu60, BY COUNTS AND VVEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                                                            LEVEL)l               IEVIL I              IEVEL 3       1      LEVEL4               LEVEL5              LEVEL6               LEVEL7              LEVEL9               TOTAL
                                                TYPE                        00 n?                 (2, e)               (.34 m)    _      CT (.28 r?)             00 ?)               (.14   e)            (.16 @)             (.0085 ft?)
                                                                            cr          wr        CT         wr        cr         IA                   wr        Cr         wr    CT          wr          CT      wr          cr     wr            Cr       wr
                                            LIMEST-TEMP PL                  2           12        1          4                              1          1                                                                                           4        17
                                            ROCKER-STAMP                                                               1          2                                                                                                                1        2
                                            INDET STAMP                     18          46        45         207       18         77        5          30                                                                                          86       360
                                            CHECK-STAMP                     23          95        68         278       34         219       6          14                                                                                          131      W
                                            SIMPLE-STAMP                    1           13        6          27        2          8                                                                                                                9        48
                                            GRITJEMP PL                     4           4         4          16                                                                                                                                    9        2D
                                            GROG-TEMP PL                    17          37        8D         77        28         95        3          11                                                 3          1                             131      222
                                            SAND-TEMP PL                    25          40        80         157       33         48        7          6         2          3                                                                      147      253
                                            FIRER-TEMP Pl.                  1           5         20         59        23         117       3          18        5          24       1        4                               1         1          54       228
                                                TOTAL                       91          252       304        97A       139        566       25         go        7          27       1        4           3          1        1         1          571      1755
                                                % BY PROVIENCE
                                            LIMEST-TEMP PL                  2           5                                                   4          1                                                                                           1        1
                                            ROCKER-STAMP                                                               I
                                            INDET STAMP                     20          18        15         25        13         14        2D         38                                                                                          15       21
                                            CHECK-STAMP                     25          39        22         34        24         39        24         17                                                                                          23       35
                                            SIMPLE,STAMP                    1           5         2          3         1          1                                                                                                                2        3
                                            GRIT-TEMP PL                    4           2         1          2
                                            GROG-TEMP PL                    19          is        26         9         20         17        12         14                                               100       10D                              23       13
                      kD                    SAND-TEMP PL                    27          16        26         19        24         9         29         7         29         11                                                                     26       14
                                            FIBER-TEMP PL                   1           2         7          7         17         21        12         22        71         89     100        100                           100       100          9        13
                                                TOTAL                       10D         100       too        10D       too        too       100        100       100        10D    100        100       100       100       100       100          too      too
                                                % WITHIN TYPE
                                            LIMEST-TEMP PL                  3D          72        25         22                             25         6                                                                                           100      100
                                            ROCKER-STAMP                                                               100        too                                                                                                              10D      10D
                                            INDEIr STAMP                    21          13        52         57        21         21        6          8                                                                                           100      100
                                            CHECK-STAMP                     19          16        52         46        26         36        5          2                                                                                           100      100
                                            SIMPLE-STAMP                    11          27        67         56        22         17                                                                                                               too      HID
                                            GRIT-TEMP PL                    50          2D        so         so                                                                                                                                    10D      10D
                                            GROG-TEMP PL                    13          17        61         35        21         43        2          5                                                  2          1                             JOD      JOD
                                            SAND-TEMP PL                    17          16        54         62        22         19        5          2         1          1                                                                      too      100
                                            FIBER-TEMP PL                   2           2         37         26        43         52        6          8         9          10       2        2                               2                    10()     100
                                                % OF TOTAL
                                            LIMESr-TEMP PL                              I
                                            ROCKER-STAMP
                                            INDET STAMP                     3           3         8          12        3          4         1          2                                                                                           is       21
                                            CHECK-STAMP                     4           5         .12        16        6          12        1          1                                                                                           23       35
                                            SIMPLE-STAMP                                1         1          2                                                                                                                                     2        3
                                            GRIT-TEMP PL                    I                     . I        I                                                                                                                                     I        I
                                            GROG-TEMP PL                    3           2         14         4         5          5         1          1                                                  1                                        M        13
                                            SAND-TEMP PL                    4           2         14         9         6          3         1                                                                                                      26       14
                                            FIBER-TEMPPL                                          4          3         4          7         1          1         1          1                                                                      9        13
                                                % OF TOTAL                  16          14        53         47        24         32        4          5         1          2                             1                                        10D      100














                        ind inc

                       ind ounc
                  limest-temp PI                                                                   % by Wt(gm)
                     comp-stamp                                                                    % by Count
                    rocker-stamp
                     indet stam
                        cord-mk

                                             ...     ...........  ------ --- ----
                                                 ...       --------------
                     check-stam      ---------M--------- --------
        W              fabric-mk
                    simple-stamp
                    grit-temp pl
                grit/grog-temp pl
                    grog-temp 1
                    sand-temp I
                  s-st fiber-temp
                      fiber-temp


                              0             10            20            30            40             so            60




           FIGURE 22. Graph of ceramic type relative frequencies at clark creek shell mound, 8Gu60.










                     disappearing after Level 9, which had only a single sherd of it. As at
                     the other sites, much of this is extremely linear check-stamped, and
                     much grog-tempered and sloppily executed. A few check-stamped sherds,
                     interestingly, have pieces of crushed limestone in the paste.
                           As seen at the other shell mounds also, some of the check-stamped
                     sherds have fine parallel lines stamped on the interior surfaces
                     (perhaps the wood grain of a paddle?). Checked rims range from plain and
                     flattened, even stamped on the horizontal surface of the lip, to folded,
                     with a wide, flat fold that is also stamped over. Future research should
                     involve comparison of frequencies of different attributes.of this
                     pottery, from level to level and site to site.
                           Sand-tempered plain pottery maintains a frequency of 10-20% in
                     Test Unit B until tapering off in Levels 6 and 7. It reappears as 27% by
                     weight in Level 8, then diminishing to two and one sherds, respectively,
                     in Levels 9 and 10. Grit- and grog-tempered plain sherds occur in lesser
                     frequencies.
                        Swift Creek Complicated-Stamped appears only in the first three
                     levels, suggesting the later part of the Early Woodland. one piece is
                     stamped with the unusual herringbone design seen in the sherds noted in
                     the private collection from Yellow Houseboat shell mound. This
                     distinctive pattern has not been seen before in this valley. Its
                     presence here indicates some communication between these two shell
                     mounds. As noted, this pattern is also known from north Georgia
                     (Wauchope 1966:Figure 2082).
                           Six cord-marked sherds recovered from the surface are probably
                     associated with the later Early Woodland here, although this type is
                     known in this valley mostly in Middle and Late Woodland contexts. A rare
                     type for this region is seen in two small sherds, from Levels I and 2,
                     Test Unit B, that appear to be rocker-stamped. This surface treatment is
                     effected by rocking the edge of a tool such as a shell on the wet clay
                     surface to produce a curvy zig-zag pattern. It is more common to the
                     west along the Gulf in Santa-Rosa/Swift Creek context (Willey 1949). Its
                     occurrence here in Test Unit B, and also a sherd each in Test Unit A
                     Level 4 and Test Unit C Level 3, suggests Santa Rosa influence during
                     the later Early Woodland from that direction.
                           Seven sherds of indeterminate incised and indeterminate punctated
                     in upper levels of Test Unit B and also Test Unit A are not easily
                     explainable. There are rarer Early Woodland types with incisions and
                     punctations. If these are later (Weeden Island), there is not enough of
                     the vessel present to establish this.
                           Simple-stamped and fabric-marked pottery appear in Test Unit B
                     Levels 4 and 5, an earlier context than the complicated-stamped, and

                                                       131










                 thus suggesting pure Deptford. These types are in higher levels in the
                 other two units, where deposits are compressed and mixed on the slopes.
                 The simple-stamped includes both standard and a fine-lined, almost
                 brushed variety.
                            Late Archaic: In Test Unit B Levels 9 and 10 appear the
                 fiber-tempered plain and simple-stamped fiber-tempered sherds indicative
                 of the Late Archaic. The simple-stamped variety, seldom seen.in this
                 valley, was also found in deep levels at Depot Creek shell mound. A
                 single small fiber-tempered plain sherd also came from Level 3 of this
                 unit. This is less explainable. Perhaps it got there by disturbance from
                 later prehistoric peoples. A similar explanation is probable for the
                 fiber-tempered sherds in upper levels of the other units.
                            Charcoal from Test Unit B in what would be Level 11, just at the
                 water table and just below the occurrence of the fiber-tempered pottery,
                 was sent for radiocarbon dating and returned a result of 3970+ 160 B.P.
                 or 2020 B.C. (uncorrected; Beta 31785). This presumably dates the Late
                 Archaic component.


                 Other Ceramic Materials

                            Non-pottery clay items recovered from Clark Creek shell mound are
                 listed in Table 31. There were many clay lumps or possible daub




                 TABLE 31. NON-VESSEL CLAY REMAINS FROM CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu60


                                            Possible Daub
                                           Frags/Clay Lumps
                 Provenience               (Count/Wt in 2)                             Other Materials

                 Surface                         4/52.7              human effigy (7.7 g)
                 TU A L 3                        4/2.9               clay ball frag: melon-shaped grooved Poverty Point object (58.7 g)
                 TU A L 4                        4/1.2
                 TU A L 5                        111.2
                 TU B L 1                        4/1.3
                 TU B L2                         1/ .9
                 TU B L3                         2/1.6
                 TU B L7                         112.3
                 TU BL8                          1/2.6
                 TU C L2                         20/21.4
                 TU C L3                         9/68.2
                 TU C L4                         17/21.6
                 TU C L 5                        9/15.9
                 TUC L 7                         4/2.0
                 TU C L9                         6/3.4



                 fragments, large pieces especially encountered in Test Unit C. other
                 fragments were so small that they may not be daub but waste from ceramic
                 manufacture, toys, or other items. If this is all daub this amount is


                                                                             132










                     unusual for the shell mound excavations, and suggests the erection of
                     more lasting structures for perhaps the woodland inhabitants of the
                     site. The clay lumps may also be associated with the Late Archaic if
                     they are for roasting Poverty Point-style (see discussion in summary
                     chapter).
                           A fascinating clay item recovered from the surface of the mound is
                     an effigy of a human head, apparently an adorno broken off the rim of a
                     pot or figurine (cover illustration and Figure 23). It has slits for
                     eyes and mouth, a tiny bump of clay for a nose, and a head that comes to
                     a point. While it may be suggested that this effigy demonstrates contact
                     with conehead extraterrestrials, this of course is not a testable
                     hypothesis. State archaeologist Calvin Jones thinks it is similar to
                     Poverty Point figurines from Louisiana. This is a reasonable suggestion,
                     though I can find none illustrated in the Louisiana references that have
                     pointed heads (indeed, many of those have cleft heads, Mexican-style
                     (e.g., Webb 1977]).
                           An equally interesting object, from Test Unit A Level 3, is a
                     broken clay ball (Figure 23) of the type associated with the Poverty
                     Point complex in Louisiana and across the Gulf, extending into northwest
                     Florida as the Elliott's Point complex (Webb 1977, Lazarus 1958). Though
                     only a section of the complete artifact, this ball is melon-shaped and
                     has wide finger (?) grooves down the sides, similar to a common form of
                     baked clay objects of this complex. Lazarus (1971:49, Figure 16a)
                     illustrates a whole group of such objects of the same shape from the
                     Choctawhatchee Bay area farther west from the Apalachicola Valley along
                     the Gulf. Combined with the fiber-tempered ceramics encountered here and
                     the microtools, the clay ball indicates yet another example of this
                     entire Late Archaic manifestation, as at Van Horn Creek and Yellow

                     Houseboat shell mounds.


                     LITHIC MATERIALS

                     Chipped Stone
                           Lithic remains from Clark Creek shell mound were numerous (317
                     specimens, over 1.5 kg), as listed on Table 32. There were a few cores,
                     bifaces and tool fragments, and 6 definite microtools. These last
                     include 2 Jaketown perforators, 2 blunt perforators and 2 side scrapers,
                     probably associated with the Late Archaic, as noted for the .
                     fiber-tempered ceramics and clay ball. No projectile points or other
                     diagnostic items were recovered, however. Many of the flakes and other
                     waste pieces were utilized, suggesting use of expedient tools.
                           There is a lot of chert debitage, including primary decortication
                     products and secondary flakes. many flakes are thermally altered,


                                                        133











                   TABLE 32. LITHIC MATERIALS FROM CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu60

                   Chipped Stone (counts/weights in grams)
                                           Print      2nd                       2nd
                   Provenience             Decort     Decort     Shatter    nakes      Cores       Tools            Comments


                   Surface                 4/53.3     81101.6    5120.1     4/30.5     3/129.1     3/91.7    1 core used as hammer, I small biface, I
                                                                                                             biface firag with battering, I small poss
                                                                                                             scraper /perforator
                   TU A L 1                                                 2/ 1.2                 l/ 1.7    biface frag, poss projectile point
                   TU A L 2                11 4.6     6/23.8     6/5.0      10/15.9                2/ .9     microtools are Jaketown perforators
                   TU A L 3                5/ 9.6     9/ 6.5     9/12.1     IN 9.4                 1/ 2.4    microtool is side scraper
                   TU A L 4                2/12.9     5/16.5     3/5.4      51  2.8                2/ 1.1    2 microtools are blunt perforators
                   TU A L 5                           1/ 2.2                1/  13.1                         decort flake thermally altered, other flake
                                                                                                             utilized
                   TU B L I                           1/ 1.7     1/2.3      5/ 5.1                           shatter frag thermally altered, I flake
                                                                                                             utilized
                   TU B L 2                1/ 2.0                1/47.8     1/   .3
                   TU B L 3                                                                        l/ .4     microtool frag?
                   TU B L 4                                                 3/  8.9
                   TU B L 5                           1/61.4                2/25.7
                   TU B L 6                                                 1/ .1                            thermally altered
                   TU B L 7                                                 1/ 6.7
                   TU B L 9                                                 1/  2.4                          thermally altered
                   TU B L 9                                                 6/  15.1                         all thermally altered, 2 have retouch
                   TU B L 10                                     1/3        4/25.7                           thermally altered, utilized, scraper frag?
                   TU B mixed levels                                        l/ .4                            thermally altered
                   TU C L 1                                      2/4.5      7/ 9.7                           2 flakes thermally altered, 2 retouched
                   TU C L 2                6/ 27.8 6/ 7.2        3/4.5      39/127.7   1/43.7      51 9.9    shatter thermally altered, 2nd flake
                                                                                                             retouched (spokeshave?), core utilized,
                                                                                                             tools are 2 blades & point tip, broken
                                                                                                             uniface on a flake, and poss microtool with
                                                                                                             crushed edges
                   TU C L 3                2/ 78.4 4133.7        3/12.4     33/53.8    2/96.9      1/20.8    use wear on shatter, cores thermally
                                                                                                             altered, tool is unfinished biface frag(?)
                   TU C L4                 2/ 4.0     7/20.3     6116.4     31/56.8                          4 flakes have use wear
                   TU C L 5                                      3/34.2     6/31.7     2155.5      3/ 5.S    2 flakes thermally altered, I microtool is
                                                                                                             side scraper
                   TU C L 7                                                 1/2.3                            strange shape, poss perforator




                   Total Chipped Stone 23/192.6 48/274.9 43/165 176/445.3 81325.2                  19/134.4



                   Other Stone


                   Provenience                        Materi


                   Surface                            4 quartzite pebbles, I with use wear (56.6 g)
                                                      3 quartz cobble frags, I with poss use wear (169.2 g)
                                                      2 sandstone frags (52.7 g)
                                                      I pink quartzite cobble worn on I end (48 g)
                                                      1 slate frag, probably modern (3.8 g)
                   TU A L 2                           1 pink quartzite pebble (.7 g)
                   TU A L 3                           8 quartzite pebble chips, 5 clear (18.2 S)
                                                      3pebbles (natural? .8 g)
                   TU B L 1                           5 quartz pebble chips (1.6 g)
                   TU B L 3                           1quartz pebble fmg (1.9 g)
                   TU C L2                            I greenstone pendant (10. 1 g)
                   TU C L3                            Iquartz pebble chip (1.1 g)
                   TU C L6                            Ifrag glittery rock, possible micaceous schist (16.5 g)



                                                                                    134

























                                                           Vlgi@
                                                          --J




























                                     k@ 7,
                                                  7-7-7--aa
















                                                                                               J
                       NL





                     FIGURE 23. Artifacts from Clark Creek shell mound. Top, clay Poverty
                     Point "object" from Test Unit A Level 3; human head effigy from surface.
                     Bottom, greenstone pendant or plummet from Test Unit C Level 2, shell
                     beads from Test Unit A, Levels 3 and 4.


                                                        135











         diagnostic items were recovered, however. Many of the flakes and other
         waste pieces were utilized, suggesting use of expedient tools.
               There is a lot of chert debitage, including primary decortication
         products and secondary flakes. Many flakes are thermally altered,
         indicated by a lustrous appearance and red or pink color. The indication
         is of a fair amount of secondary reduction work at this site, the final
         manufacturing steps for tool production.
               it is not possible to associate this activity definitely with any
         particular cultural component. However, there is more debitage from
         upper levels of Units A and C on the mound slopes, where there are also
         the most microtools. The deposits may be more compressed there, or
         perhaps more materials were thrown over the edge and discarded there; it
         is also possible that the Late Archaic component is only very thinly
         covered by the Early Woodland as one moves away from the mound
         center/summit. There are many decortication flakes as well in these
         areas, suggesting that manufacture involved bringing to the site from
         the quarry or outcrop pieces with cortex still attached, to work down
         into finished tools.


         Other Stone
               Other artifacts of stone from Clark Creek included many quartz and
         quartzite pebbles and cobbles or fragments; a few of these had use wear
         suggesting abrading or hammering (Table 32). Some smaller pebbles may
         have been naturally occurring, or brought to the site inadvertently with
         some other resource.

               An unusual stone artifact was a ground stone pendant (Figure 23)
         made of greenstone, a grayish-green hard rock which probably came from
         the mountains of Georgia. Such pendants, made of various materials, are
         known throughout the eastern U.S. in many prehistoric contexts. (The raw
         material is the same stone used for the ceremonial celt accompanying the
         high status burial from the Corbin-Tucker site reported herein.) This
         artifact may be a utilitarian tool or a decorative item. It is a blunted
         teardrop shape, with a groove around the top for suspension. It may have
         been worn as jewelry, used as a fishing net sinker or otherwise
         utilized. The pendant came from Test Unit C Level 2, possibly a Late
         Archaic context, as reasoned above.
               Another interesting stone is a broken piece of glittery rock that
         is tentatively identified as a micaceous schist. Such attractive stone
         pieces are found along the Apalachicola often in Middle Woodland
         contexts, where they,may have been used in non-utilitarian activities.
         But this particular occurrence is not explainable, especially in Test
         Unit C Level 6, which is most likely Late Archaic in age.


                                            136













                                          SHEML ARTIFACTS
                                                      No bone artifacts were recovered from Clark Creek shell mound, but
                                          many shell tools and worked fragments were unearthed (Table 33).
                                          Finished, recognizable tools include dippers or scoopers and columellae
                                          for picking or hammering. Most I tentatively identify as Busycon or
                                          whelk, but one specimen is a Florida crown conch (Melongena) with the
                                          bottom cut off, probably also a pick. Some of these tools may have been
                                          hafted.





                                          TABLE 33. SHELL ARTIFACTS FROM CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu60

                                          Provenience                                       Description*                                                                       Wit (R)

                                          Surface                        2 probable scoops or dippers, with shoulder (I large)                                             259.8 and 92.8
                                                                         5 columellae                                                                                      406.6
                                                                         5 square to rectangular frags                                                                     175.8
                                                                         2 square frags with shoulder                                                                      119.7
                                                                         I small cut frag                                                                                  3.3
                                                                         1 frag of outer lip                                                                               89.9
                                                                         1 triangular frag, scoop?                                                                         41.0
                                                                         1 Florida crown conch (Melogena corona) with bottom cut off                                       28.8
                                          1985 test,                     1 shoulder frag                                                                                   25.4
                                          0 to -50 cm                    I apical end                                                                                      127.8
                                                                         2 aperture lip frags                                                                              199.3
                                          TU A L I                       I sliver                                                                                          5.7
                                          TU A L 2                       1 frag with shoulder                                                                              21.5
                                          TU A L 3                       4 frags, I rectangular, 2 triangular                                                              52.5
                                                                         1 shell disc bead, 8 mm diam                                                                        .3
                                          TU A L 4                       1 sliver, I small square, I tiny columella                                                        8.2
                                                                         1 disc shell bead, 7 mm diam, well made                                                             .3
                                          TU A L 6                       2 frags                                                                                           20.3
                                          TU B L 1                       2 small frags, 3 square, I of columella                                                           70.1
                                          TU B L 2                       1 small square frag                                                                               9.6

                                            All fragments probably of Busycon (whelk) unless otherwise indicated.



                                                      From Test Unit A Levels 3 and 4 came two tiny shell beads,
                                          perforated flat discs (Figure 23). The one from Level 3 is rough cut,
                                          asymmetrical, and not perfectly flat, 3 mm thick, 7.8 mm in diameter,
                                          with an off-center hole 2.3 mm in diameter. The one from Level 4 is
                                          regular, rounded and smoothed, 4.7 mm thick, 7.4 mm in diameter, with a
                                          centered hole 3 mm in diameter. From the same area came the clay Poverty
                                          Point "object" and several microtools and debitage.
                                                      Other fragments of cut or worked shell ranged from small slivers,
                                          squares and triangles to irregular shapes, large and small. Many showed
                                          signs of having been first cut along the desired lines then broken the
                                          rest of the way, like scoring glass before breaking it.



                                                                                                                137










                The distribution of shell artifacts is interesting. Almost all
          occurred in Test Unit A or on the surface, with only a few fragments
          from Test Unit B. There were none in Test Unit C, which did, however,
          have the greatest amount of clay lumps or daub and lithic debitage.
          Whether these distributions are directly related is unknown. Perhaps the
          area around Test Unit A was a shellworking activity locus. This would be
          the only relatively close association of microtools and shell working
          that we encountered in the Apalachicola delta.


          HUMAN REMAINS

                In Test Unit C level 2 were recovered four adult teeth,, a lower
          first molar, a lower left incisor, a possible right second incisor, and
          a canine. All were worn, with the possible right incisor having heavy
          wear resulting in an occlusal surface slanting upward mesially. This
          could happen if the front teeth were used as tools for cutting. These
          teeth could have been deposited after being knocked or pulled out or by
          falling out of the mouth of a living person with bad dental disease, or
          falling out of a skull. Perhaps they are from someone who was interred,
          exhumed and reburied elsewhere.


          FAUNAL REMAINS
                From the least stratigraphically disturbed Test Unit B, faunal
          specimens from Levels 6 and ll,. thought to be good Early Woodland and
          Late Archaic contexts, respectively, were sent for specialized analysis.
          This sample totaled just over 6 kg of bone and shell. Detailed
          discussion of these assemblages is given in Appendix 1B and lists of
          identified species appear in Tables A1.19 - A1.21. A summary of the
          faunal analysis is presented here.
                Forty-five taxa were identified from Clark Creek shell mound, the
          highest number for any of the shell middens investigated, despite the
          relatively small size of the sample analyzed (although many taxa were
          broader than the generic level). Animals present included opossum,
          rabbit, rat, muskrat, raccoon, deer, birds, snakes, alligator, turtles,,
          frog, garfish, catfish, porgies, sheepshead, drum, mullet, clam, oyster
          and gastropod. In the Early Woodland level, which had far more taxa,
          Rangia clams were 95% of the shells (by weight) and oyster about 5%,
          while in the Late Archaic the proportions were 54% and 14%,
          respectively. These figures suggest a trend from slightly less emphasis
          upon freshwater resources in the Late Archaic to overwhelming emphasis
          upon them during the Early Woodland. Such a trend is not supported by
          the evidence of other fish, which includes both freshwater and saltwater
          species in the later sample and only three identifiable types in the


                                              138










                       earlier (Late Archaic) sample: seatrout, seacatfish and gar
                       (freshwater). Nonetheless, if there is a suggestion of even a slightly
                       more saline local environment in the earlier time period, it could be
                       support for the hypothesis generated by the faunal data at Van Horn
                       Creek shell mound (see earlier chapter). Van Horn Creek shows good
                       evidence of a more marine environment on the east side of the
                       Apalachicola delta (see Figure 1) during the Late Archaic, changing to a
                       freshwater environment during the Early Woodland. Depot Creek shell
                       mound (see earlier chapter), on the far west side of the delta, produced
                       only freshwater shellfish for both time periods. Clark Creek shell mound
                       is located in the middle/west side of the delta. If the river's
                       migration eastward effected the more extreme environmental change at Van
                       Horn Creek, it could be associated with the more subtle shift at Clark

                       Creek.

                             More mammals are present at Clark Creek (Early Woodland component)
                       than at the other shell mounds tested. The significance of this fact is
                       unclear; it may be an artifact of our sampling and recovery methods,
                       since in 1988 all soils not floated were waterscreened.
                             Despite differences in numbers and particular taxa, the general
                       subsistence picture here is consistent with that of the other shell
                       middens. Dependence upon aquatic and terrestrial fauna of the
                       freshwater/estuarine ecosystem seems to have provided a good living.


                       BOTANICAL REMAINS
                             Consistent with the results from the other shell middens tested,
                       floral remains identified from Clark Creek were rather sparse and
                       uninformative. Those sent for analysis were from the same two levels (6
                       and 11) from Test Unit B as the fauna analyzed, with the addition of
                       specimens from two presumed Late Archaic levels of Test Unit C (Table
                       34).
                             Pine charcoal again predominates, and a seed of Galium (bedstraw)
                       and hickory nutshell fragments were also identified. An unidentified
                       seed and some probably modern (unburned) weed seeds were the only other
                       floral items present in the total 38.1 liters of soil samples floated
                       from these proveniences. Again, the pine may indicate a dryer
                       environment from lower sea levels than today. The modern forest at the
                       site is all cypress, oak and tupelo; pines are rare. Another
                       explanation, of course, is cultural selection of this wood for fires.
                       The nutshell may have been a food source or a fuel, or both.






                                                           139














               TABLE 34.        BOTANICAL REMAINS FROM CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, SGu60


               Provenience                             Materials


               TU B L 6                  WOOD:       36.5 g pine, 5 g pine and oak, .1 g resin
                                         SEEDS:      4 Galium


               TU B L 11                 WOOD*:      .95 g pine
                                         SEEDS:      (modern?) 2 probably Polygnaceae and Chenopodium-Amaranthus complex
                                         NUTS':      2 pieces hickory shell (.65 g)

               TU C L 6                  WOOD:       2.3 g pine, 37.9 g wood and cemented charcoal dust and shell

               TU C L 7                  WOOD:       1.4 g pine; 40.3 g wood and cemented charcoal dust and shell
                                         SEEDS:      1 hemispherical .006 mm diameter unidentified

                Destroyed for radiocarbon dating (3970 ï¿½ 160 years BP)






               SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF COMPONENTS

               Early Woodland
                        Some stratigraphic evidence seems to show the division of the
               Early Woodland into a later Swift Creek and an earlier Deptford, though
               there is some mixing in the units on the slopes.
                        Test Unit A, at the west end, had more primary lithic debitage,
               decortication flakes, and most-of the shell tools. Test Unit C, on the
               east slope, had the most debitage of all kinds, suggesting a lithic
               production area, and by far the largest amount of daub, perhaps from
               domestic structures. Closer examination of distributional data for all
               these kinds of artifacts may allow us to distinguish definite activity
               areas. Perhaps one end of the Late Archaic shell mound was used by Early
               Woodland peoples for houses and another for other things.
                        While there are differences here from the other shell mounds in
               other artifacts, ceramics are very similar except for the unusual
               herringbone complicated-stamped and the rocker-stamped. The former is
               seen at least as far away as the other end of Lake Wimico, and the
               latter is more common on the western edge of Florida along the Gulf.


               Late Archaic
                        Both plain and simple-stamped fiber-tempered sherds indicate yet
               another Late Archaic occupation at an Apalachicola delta shell mound,
               deep below the Woodland deposits, just about at the water table in the
               central area of the site but perhaps much more shallow on the two end
               slopes. In the two units on the end slopes this pottery is mixed in with
               later deposits in shallow levels, and with the microtools.


                                                                  140










                            Occurrences of microtools and a grooved Poverty Point ball is good
                      evidence for a connection with similar complexes at the other shell
                      mounds and westward across the Gulf. The actual depth of the late
                      Archaic or even earlier components remains unknown until excavation can
                      be conducted below the water table at Clark Creek, as with the other
                      Apalachicola shell mounds.























































                                                        141












                                 THE OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, SGU38


           SITE DESCRIPTION
                 The Overgrown Road site is a small Middle Woodland camp along Saul
           Creek in Gulf County, south of the present-day fish camp of Howard Creek
           and in the middle of the area known locally as Indian Swamp (for obvious
           reasons). It was located during the 1985 survey as the crew hiked
           through an abandoned farm/apiary area that is now part of the
           Apalachicola Estuarine Reserve. The property is currently leased for a
           temporary hunting camp, for which an old house trailer is used.
                 During survey, the surface of an overgrown dirt road and firebreak
           yielded Swift Creek Complicated-Stamped ceramics. As the area of
           occupation seemed very limited, and there was no mound in sight, it was
           considered a small, short-term occupation. Several other sites are
           nearby; they may represent related occupations, perhaps people camping
           in the same general area for different seasons (Henefield and White
           1986: 32-33). This site was chosen for testing because so few data are
           available on small domestic sites of this time period, as archaeologists
           and others have preferred to investigate the more spectacular mound
           sites.
                 The site is in the upper part of the lower Apalachicola valley
           area (Figure 1), occupying an estimated 2500 square meters, 100 m south
           of Saul Creek (Figure 24). The-site is only 2.7 km due west of the main
           channel of the Apalachicola, at river (navigational) mile 11. However,
           by water, which today is easier than overland, given modern boat engines
           and the swampy terrain, the site is actually, 5.8 km (3.6 total stream
           miles) from the main river, where Saul Creek empties into the
           Apalachicola at navigational mile 6. Stream channels constantly change
           in the dynamic delta/estuarine environment. Presently it is unknown
           whether this fluvial configuration was present some 1650 years ago when
           the site was occupied. Even in aboriginal times, however, it is
           estimated that water travel was up to 40 times more efficient than
           walking in terms of human effort per mile traversed (Blanchard 1989).
                 According to a local resident, Bob Funderburk, who kept bees at
           the old apiary and former homestead in 1985, it was easier to get places
           by water earlier in this century if one knew the tidal patterns. He told
           the crew a story of an earlier homesteader at that same place who would
           plan to go downriver when the tide was moving out, and back home up the
           river as the tide was rising, counting on the tidal effects to make
           paddling or rowing easier. Doubtless, aboriginal inhabitants did the
           same thing.



                                                142














                               OVERGROWN
                                     ROAD
                                     SITE

                                    SGu38


                                contour interval 20cm


                                                                                46

                                    t            m
                                                                              60
                                    0   5  10 15 20                         90

                                                                           TOO








                                                                     00
                                              tb








                                         00


                                                                              zx
                                                                                             N

                                  TU4















                         FIGURE 24.



                                                                143











                Today the site is in secondary forest of mixed pine and hardwoods,
          which changes to low muddy cypress swamp as the creek is approached. It
          was probably inhabited because it is slightly higher ground (up to 1 m)
          than the surrounding area, though not by much (if indeed environmental
          conditions were the same 1650 years ago). On the USGS quadrangle it does
          not appear as an elevated area, but then most of the sites in the
          Apalachicola estuary do not. As noted, the creek is tidally influenced
          even this far upriver, which is what made the water table appear at
          different depths in our units, depending on the day and the time.
                The area would have been rich in subsistence resources, as with
          most of the Apalachicola delta. During our fieldwork there we saw deer
          and other wildlife, including two snakes mating in a tree close to one
          excavation unit! Communication and transportation connections with the
          major river system would have been easy from this locale. At the time of
          its discovery we hypothesized that the site was a short-term, single
          component habitation probably for specialized purposes of resource
          extraction, such as hunting (in other words, a camp!). This
          interpretation is supported by the data and materials excavated in 1987.
          Though today deer hunters are usually engaged in recreational instead of
          subsistence activity, the site can be said to have continued its
          specialized use.


          FIELDWORK

          Excavations
                Test excavations at 8Gu38, the overgrown Road site, were conducted
          over a two week period from 29 May to 9 June, 1987, by a crew of
          (average) eight workers. Fieldwork began with a widespread general
          surface collection of materials exposed by disturbances (from creation
          and maintenance of the dirt road and firebreak and light traffic of
          hunters). There seems to have been no looting of this site, as it is not
          very obvious nor spectacular. In fact, 1985 survey member Fred Steube
          joined the crew for a day to help relocate the site, as it was still
          quite overgrown and hard to find.
                Seven units of different dimensions, totaling 18 square meters,
          were excavated to culturally sterile soils, which were reached at depths
          of between 40 and 50 cm (except for features); thus about 9 cubic meters
          were excavated, estimated to be 6% of the site. This is much more than
          was possible at the shell mounds, of course. The soft grey and yellow
          sands were very easy to dig and held up well in profile. Unit placement
          %4as entirely judgmental, as noted in individual descriptions below.
                All units were dug in arbitrary levels of 10 cm because no clear
          cultural stratigraphy was visible. For units in more disturbed areas the


                                            144










                      first level was greater, to remove disturbed soils and get to
                      undisturbed midden. Soils were dry screened through 6.4 mm (1/411) mesh
                      hardware cloth, except for one-liter soil samples taken for permanent
                      storage and 4-liter samples for flotation. Features were pedestaled and
                      cross-sectioned.


                      Stratigraphy
                            The site was essentially flat, there being only a very few cm
                      difference from one datum point to the next. Thus depths are given in cm
                      below the surface. Though this land must have been logged earlier in the
                      century, it has apparently remained otherwise undisturbed except for the
                      recent dirt roads and firebreaks. There was no evidence of a plow zone.
                            The undisturbed stratigraphic profile of the site was quite
                      simple. Underlying an average of 15-20 cm of light grayish brown topsoil
                      (10 YR 6/6, 6/1, 5/2) was the cultural stratum, consisting of an average
                      of 15-24 cm of pale brown sand (10 YR 6/3), containing artifacts. At
                      various depths within or just below this the features appeared
                      (described below). Most of the cultural features were the remains of
                      probable pits. The midden gradually gave way to culturally sterile light
                      yellowish brown, or grayish brown subsoil (10 YR 5/2, 5/4, 5/8), in
                      which were orange iron stains and concretions as well as white streaks.
                      The subsoil became lighter in color with increasing depth.
                            In disturbed areas the top of the midden had been cut into and the
                      contents brought to the surface. Disturbance extended no more than an
                      average 20 cm depth.


                      Excavation Units
                            Test Unit 1 measured 2 x 2 m, and was placed just off the road
                      adjacent to the surface find of the largest and most interesting
                      complicated-stamped sherds. About midway through the cultural stratum
                      two features appeared (Features 2 and 3) in this unit, and at the base
                      of the stratum, five more (Features 4 through 8; White 1992: Figure 3).
                      Depth of excavation was 60 cm, with features taken deeper.
                            Test Unit 1A was a 1.5 x 2 m rectangle placed along the east
                      margin of test unit 1, since that unit had produced so many features and
                      artifacts, justifying an extension. Test Unit 1A contained one feature
                      (Feature 10), and was taken to a depth averaging 53 cm.
                            Test Unit 2 was I x 1 m, placed in the woods east of Test Unit 1,
                      where it was thought the stratigraphy would be undisturbed, and not far
                      from an overturned tree in whose roots pottery was found. As expected,
                      the first two levels, totaling 20 cm depth, yielded no cultural
                      materials. A small concentration of ceramic sherds (Feature 1) appeared


                                                        145










          at a depth of 22 cm, though there was no soil discoloration. By 40 cm
          depth culturally sterile soils were reached, though there were black
          flecks (probably decayed vegetation, not charcoal) and hard orange iron
          concretions. Excavation was halted at 70 cm except for a 50 x 50 cm
          window continued into the southwest corner just to be sure there were no
          deeper deposits. The water table was encountered at 1 m depth.
                Test Unit 3 was a 1 x 1 m square on the east side of the   road
          south of Test Unit 1. It was placed adjacent to an area in the  road of
          discolored soil and artifacts that originally appeared to be a   hearth
          but upon troweling proved to be redeposited materials. The unit strata
          sloped from north to south, and the excavation was taken to 40 cm depth
          except for the cross-sectioning of Feature 9 in the southeast corner,
          where excavation continued to I m depth. As with Test Unit 2, and
          despite the proximity to the road, this unit's stratigraphy showed it to
          be undisturbed; no artifacts were recovered from the first two 10 cm,
          levels. The small number of artifacts recovered, however, suggest this
          was near the southern edge of the site.
                Test Unit 4 was placed just south of the old trailer in an
          undisturbed triangle of land created by the intersecting lengths of
          road, a sort of turnaround for the hunters. This unit established the
          general western boundary of the site. It was culturally sterile,
          producing only a few iron concretions and charcoal bits, the latter
          probably from forest fires or decaying vegetation. The cultural stratum
          appeared to be there at the right depth but much paler and containing no
          artifacts. Perhaps this was off the edge of the actual habitation or
          intensive activity area but retained a residue of cultural soil from
          walking, ash blown from fires, and other human activities.
                The unit was dug to 96 cm depth. A core in the center of the
          bottom was taken by USDA soil scientist Joe Schuster; it showed the
          subsoil turning paler until the water table was reached at 145 cm depth.
                Test Unit 5 and Test Unit 6, adjacent units, each measured 2 x 2
          m, and were located close to Test Unit 1, to the southeast, as by this
          time it was clear that most of the site extended eastward from the road.

          Features 11 and 12 were in Test Unit 5 and Features 13 and 14 in Test
          Unit 6. Final depth of excavation was about 45 cm for both, just below
          the cultural stratum, as the last hours of our stay at the site were
          approaching. Windows were dug along individual walls to aid in recording
          the stratigraphy. Since artifacts were recovered in the first two
          levels, as with Test Units I and 1A, it is probable that the surface at
          these units was also disturbed, though it did not appear so. The closer
          proximity to the road may have meant associated disturbance, especially
          pushing up of soil by heavy equipment to make the road.

                                             146













                     FEATURES
                           Fourteen features were recorded and excavated at the Overgrown
                     Road site, four clearly cultural in origin and seven possibly cultural.
                     Features were usually pedestaled when first exposed, with the regular
                     matrix excavated around them in the usual arbitrary levels. They were
                     then cross-sectioned, drawn and photographed. Both halves were usually
                     bagged (separately) for flotation of the entire feature contents, with a
                     I-liter soil sample saved for permanent storage. Before flotation the
   J.
                     bags were weighed and measured to get the total volume and (mostly dry)
                     weight of the feature fill.
                           All the features except Feature 1, a sherd concentration, were
                     composed of darker brown soil, easily Been in the lighter yellowish
                     brown midden soil (which itself was fairly well contrasted with the
                     yellowish brown subsoil). A few, most notably Features 3 and 4, were
                     even darker, due to a high charcoal content.
                           Data on features are summarized in Table 35, including
                     measurements, soil colors according to the Munsell chart, and a list of
                     the cultural or possibly cultural contents recovered. None contained any
                     faunal remains. Several yielded charred floral materials sorted from the
                     remains recovered by flotation; of these we were able to submit most for
                     ethnobotanical identification, quantification, and analysis, and also
                     one sample for radiocarbon dating.
                           FEATURE"l in Test Unit 2 was a concentration of three checkstamped
                     sherds and one plain sherd treated as a feature because they were piled
                     together within the midden. The complicated-stamped sherds were later
                     found to fit together with others from the general Level 3. This may
                     simply be a small area where discarded remains were less kicked around

                     than elsewhere.
                           FEATURE 2 was one of several pit features exposed in the 2 x 2 m
                     Test Unit 1. It proved to have no artifacts but a large amount of
                     charcoal and fernspores. This feature was shallower by about 10 cm than
                     others in that unit, possibly meaning it was deposited later in time but
                     still within the prehistoric cultural stratum.
                           FEATURE 3 was a very dark, well defined fire pit full of pine
                     charcoal and even some charred resin. It was exposed almost in its
                     entirety but extended a bit into the west wall of Test Unit 1. As it
                     contained no artifacts it can only be considered either the 10CUB of a
                     fire or a pit into which refuse from a fire was put. Charred fernspores
                     and an unidentified seed were also present in the fill.
                           FEATURE 4, the most informative at the site, was a well defined
                     refuse pit containing ceramics, charcoal, and charred botanical remains.
                     The list of materials in Table 35 gives exact amounts within the feature

                                                        147









                        TABLE 35.             SUMMARY OF EXCAVATED FEATURES AT THE OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, SGU38.
                                      Level/Unit              Horizontal                Vertical                                       Irdl
                                      Depth When                Shape/                  Shape/                 son                   Volumet
                               TU#    Encountered             Dimensio                 Dimensions             Color(s)                Weight                        Contents*                            FUNCTION
                        1      2      3/ -24 cm               rough oval, 13 cm        3 cm ave depth        10 YR 5/6 (sur-        N/A                  3 comp-st sherds (27g) I plain sand-t           sherd concentration in midden
                                                              E-W, 9 cm N-S                                  rounding matrix)                            sherd (3 g), 14 g charcoal
                        2      1      2/ -22 cm               oval, 39 cm N-S,         basin-shaped,         mottled dark 10        381                  pine charcoal, fernspores                       fire pit or hearth?
                                                              cm N-S, 30 cm E-W        26 cm deep            YR 6/5 to 3/3          51.1 kg
                        3      1      3/ -39 cm               oval, 36 cm NW-          basin-shaped,         mottled dark 10        241                  pine charcoal and resin, fernspores,            fire pit?
                                                              SE, 33 cm E-W            20cm deep             YR 516 to 2/2          36.3 kg              charred seed
                        4      1      3/ -38 cm               oval, 46 cm N-S,         basin-shaped,         dark brown 10 YR       28.81                1 comp-st rim (15 g), I frag plain sand-t       refuse pit
                                                              55 cm E-W                stratified,           3/2 mottled with       44 kg                flat-bottomed bowl (6 sherds, 176 g), clear
                                                                                       23 cm deep            charcoal                                    quartzite (worked? hentisphere frag? 5 g),
                                                                                                                                                         charcoal (pine, oak, elm, & other wood),
                                                                                                                                                         fernspores, Polygonum seed, 5 chert flakes
                        5      1      Q -58 cm                oval, 40 cm E-W,         long, tapered,        brown (wet) 10 YR      191                  fcrnspores, decomposing pine wood in            either still-decaying root
                                                              60 cm N-S                > 70 cm               413 to 6/2             24.7 kg              bottom below water table                        or post mold/post

                        6      1      41 -60 cm               oval, 26 cm N-S,         irreg, > 70 cm?       brown 10 YR 4/3        4.71                 pine charcoal, fernspores, Galium seed          probably natural root mold?
                 00                                           24? cm E-W                                                            7 kg
                        7      1      4/ -64 cm               3-lobed amorphous,       tapered 50 cm         It brown 10 YR 8/2     291                  pine charcoal, fernspores                       probably root mold
                                                              ave 47 cm wide           deep                                         39.2 kg
                        8      1      4/ -58 cm               round, 46 cm diam        tapered >I 10 cm      It brown 10 YR 712     19.51                pine charcoal, fern spores, mica flecks,        probably root mold
                                                                                       deep                                         25.9 kg              poss 2 plain sand-t (21 g), I comp-stamp
                                                                                                                                                         sherd <6 g), I pebble
                        9      3      2/ -29 cm               ovoid, 52 cm NE-         amorphous 50 cm?      brown 10 YR 5/3        71.51                pine and other charcoal, fernspores,            possible pit
                                                              SW, 44cm NW-SE           deep                  to 4/3                 92.7 kg              Galium seeds, hickory nutshell
                        10     IA     4/ -50 cm               amorphous 40 cm          amorphous up to       It brown               11.51                fernspores                                      probable natural feature
                                                              N-S, 75 cm E-W           10 cm deep?           10 YR 7/2              15.5 kg                                                              or disturbed pit
                        11     5      2/ -15 cm               round? 62 cin            rough basin shape     greyish It brown       38.6 1               Tallahatta quartzite chunk, chert flake,        probable disturbed pit
                                                              N-S, 75 cin FW           50 cm deep?           10 YR 7/2              47 kg                I plain sand-t rim (4.2 g), pine & other
                                                                                                                                                         fernspores, Gafium seeds
                        12     5      2/ -15 cm               round? 60 cm             amorphous 1-2 cm      dark grayish brown     16.31                1 sand-t sherd crumb, I chert flake, wood       probably disturbed pit
                                                              radius                   deep                  mottled 10 YR 4/2      20.6 kg              wood charcoal, ferrispores, Galium seed         fill redeposited
                        13     6      2/ -32 cm               round? 45 cm             amorphous 1-2 cm      dark brown             21.31                1 chert flake, charcoal, seeds                  probably disturbed pit
                                                              diam?                    deep                                         30.2 kg                                                              fill redeposited
                        14     6      2/ -32 cm               round? 60 cm             straight-bottomed,    dark brown             >51                  pine charcoal                                   probably disturbed pit
                                                              diam?                    13 cm deep                                                                                                        fill redeposited
                        For specific plant remains see Table 44.










                     as defined and pedestaled, but it is probable that other items
                     originally deposited in the very top of this feature were scattered
                     around within the midden just by everyday activity of the inhabitants.
                           Feature 4 contained several plain sherds with folded rims exposed
                     in situ in the top, as well as a complicated-stamped sherd. After cross-
                     sectioning and removing the west half,  it was clear that this feature
                     was stratified into at least two depositional layers (Figure 25), each 6
                     to 10 cm thick. In the eastern half the pottery was only in the upper
                     stratum. It is uncertain if this was the case for the west half as it
                     was removed first, all in one piece for less breakage of fragile floral
                     remains. The lower stratum was darker and contained more charcoal than

                     the upper.
                           When cleaned and pieced together the plain sherds formed a portion
                     of a small bowl with a distinctive flat circular bottom (White 1992:
                     Figure 5). The complicated-stamped sherd was a typical rim. Other
                     contents were five chert flakes and a clear quartz piece that appeared
                     to be worked, a fragment of what seems to have been a hemisphere.
                           Charred botanical remains in this feature included oak, elm, and
                     other hardwoods (both diffuse-porous and ring-porous), a sma '11 amount of
                     pine, a Polygonum seed and many fernspores (the 70 listed on Table 44
                     are a sample that could be counted and sorted from the large numbers
                     present). Most of the charcoal is oak, which makes sense as fuel since
                     it burns better and longer. Today oak is abundant at the site. The fern
                     spores and pine also suggest a mixed forest. The Polygonum is a weedy
                     plant perhaps growing in a small area cleared for habitation.
                           A sample of the oak charcoal from the western half (combining both
                     strata) of the feature was sent for radiocarbon dating and returned a
                     result of 1650 + 50 years before the present, or approximately A.D. 300
                     (uncorrected; Beta-25771). Corrected according to the latest
                     calibration tables (Stuiver and Pearson 1986) this date becomes A.D.
                     363. Either is a quite reasonable date for the later variety Swift
                     Creek Complicated-Stamped pottery.
                           Feature 4 thus appears to have been a stratified refuse pit. It
                     may have held animal remains that have long since decayed. Why the
                     quartz object was discarded here is unknown. Though it was a broken
                     fragment, it was of a presumably exotic material and could have been
                     remade into something else perhaps. That it appears here suggests it was
                     used in a domestic context.
                           FEATURE 5 was a dark oval stain that tapered in cross-section and
                     continued 70 cm deep until, at the water table, it became unrotted wood.
                     It was either a post or a tree root. A sample of the wood was taken and



                                                        149











                                        0  M
                                                                                                                                                                                                        tit
                                 m  m .4   H
                                 0  "1  m  0
                                    rt,
                                                                                                                     r    A,
                                 (D o-3 0                                                                          t
                                 ul m   :c w                                                                        .0
                                                                                                                            I
                                        @:l Lq
                                 rt
                                    ft
                                 C3                                                                                                                                                                 ore,
                                    C:  0  q
                                        0) 0
                                 Fl
                                 rt     91 to
                                    ft
                                        ul

                                        rt


                                 m  m      In
                                                                                                                                                        I'd


                                    (D  0  U)
                                    w   rt M
                                        rt o
                                        0  rt



                                        rf-
                                                                                                                                                              P 0,


                                    (D  0
                                        P) (D


                                        0  0
                                    0   0



                                    (D  Fl-
                                                                                                                                                                          I,IP
                                                                                                                                                                         - Al

                                    rt
                                        rt rt-
                                                           CO)                                               T
                                                                                                           4



                                        ct (D


                                    0      EO                                      R6
                                    M
                                        IM

                                    ).I tl
                                        Fl-

                                           C+
                                                                                                                                                                   P 77










                     identified as pine (not cypress as originally reported (White 1992:33-
                     34)). The dark area of the feature also contained charred fernspores.
                           FEATURES 6, 7, 8, and 10 appeared to be natural in origin due to
                     their irregular shapes. The best explanation is that they were decaying
                     tree roots or animal burrows into which some cultural remains may have

                     fallen.
                           FEATURES 9 and 11 may have been pits that were later disturbed or
                     whose fill got jumbled around enough to obscure a basin-shaped cross-
                     section. Feature 11 contained a plain sherd and a chunk of Tallahatta
                     quartzite, a lithic raw material that had to have been obtained in south
                     Alabama where it outcrops, perhaps a hundred navigational miles away
                     upriver. Both features had charcoal and Feature 9 produced Gallum seeds
                     and hickory nutshell.
                           FEATURES 12, 13, and 14 were shallow stained areas with the
                     appearance of midden fill. They may have been areas where the modern
                     disturbance simply extended deeper or else zones of darker midden or pit
                     fill moved around and redeposited.
                           In sum, the features at the site that are cultural in appearance
                     appear to be pits. Since they have materials in them that can be
                     classified as refuse, we could determine the pit function to be for
                     disposal of refuse.
                           Archaeologists have realized for a long time that such features
                     may have had different uses earlier, leaving only the evidence of their
                     last function. DeBoer (1988) reminds us that, ethnographically, pits
                     were common for storage in aboriginal America. Rather than indications
                     of a more sedentary existence, he demonstrates their association with
                     more seasonal, temporary settlements. They are easy to construct and
                     quite functional; more settled groups would have been more likely to
                     construct above-ground food storage facilities of a more permanent

                     nature.
                           Another fact that archaeologists seldom note is that humans often
                     dig pits for use as latrines. It is impossible to prove this when
                     interred wastes are not present, but perhaps those pit features with
                     only seeds, for example, were for such a use.
                           In sum, the features at the Overgrown Road site show no evidence
                     of structures, and no good evidence for any posts in the ground at all.
                     They appear all to be pits or redeposited midden materials consistent
                     with a short-term occupation.







                                                        151














          CERAMICS

          Pottery
                At the overgrown Road site 429 ceramic sherds were recovered,
          totaling over 1.8 kg. Of these totals, 20% (by count and 21% by weight)
          were from the surface. A summary of all ceramic data is given in Table
          36, and Tables 37 through 42 list ceramics recovered from the different
          units by level (10 cm levels except Level Is from Test Units 1, IA, 5
          and 6, which encompassed the entire disturbed zone, averaging 20 cm).
          All the ceramics were sand- or grit-tempered. From excavated
          proveniences only complicated-stamped and plain wares were recovered.
          The surface collection included other types: two check-stamped and two
          net-marked sherds. Photos of typical complicated-stamped sherds appear
          in Figure 25 (other ceramics are pictured in White 1992: Figures 5, 6,


                Just under 50% of the total ceramics from the site by weight are
          complicated-stamped, and just over 50% plain. By sherd count, however,
          25% are complicated-stamped and 75% plain; the plain sherds were much
          smaller. Perhaps the plain pots were less cared for and more often
          broken. If complicated-stamped vessels were more for special purposes,
          this might generally make sense. It is unknown what proportion of the
          plain sherds are from un-stamped portions of stamped vessels, however.
          The category "plain" also includes eroded surfaces.
                The complicated-stamped patterns all fit within the general
          designs for the type Swift Creek Complicated-Stamped type. Frankie Snow,
          an archaeologist at South Georgia College in Douglas, Georgia, has for
          many years studied distributions of different designs stamped into this
          pottery. He looked at photos of the sherds from the Overgrown Road site
          (letter from F. Snow to N. White, 3 June 1993) and found one pattern
          showing a connection with another Swift Creek site. A surface sherd from
          Overgrown Road (White 1992: Figure 6 bottom right) exhibits a design
          made up of multiple U shapes with parallel lines above them. This design
          is similar to that on a sherd from the Fairchild's Landing site (8Sel4),

          on the east bank of the lower Chattahoochee River in extreme southwest
          Georgia (Caldwell and Smith 1978: Plate 7, bottom right). Caldwell also
          illustrated this design as "Motif 69" (Ibid:87) and considered it
          transitional between earlier and later Swift Creek. The Fairchild's
          Landing sherd shows a concentric diamonds pattern extending below the
          Us. Fairchild's Landing is over 120 navigational miles upriver from the
          Overgrown Road site (dug by Caldwell in the 1950s, it is now inundated
          by Lake Seminole (White 1981)). Thus, long distance communication of
          some sort is documented between these two sites. Future work might



                                             152











                                         TABLE 36.             CERAMICS FltOM THE OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, 8Gu38, BY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY
                                                               COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.

                                                                               SURFACE                   TEST UNITS              FEATURES                 TOTALS
                                                TYPE                           CT       wr               Cr           wr      Cr              WT    Cr             wr
                                            COMP47AMP                          28               196      76           6w         5            48          109      80
                                            INDET-STAMP                                                  1            5                                   1        5
                                            NET MARKED                         2                21                                                        2        21
                                            CHECK STAMP                        2                is                                                        2        19
                                            GRIT-TEMP PL                       1                6        1            1                                   2
                                            SAND/GRrr-TEMP Pl.                 14               41       21           30                                  35       71
                                            SAND/GROG-TE3,AP PL                                          1            10                                  1        10
                                            SAND TEMP Pl.                      40               101      226          523        11           205         2TI      929
                                                                                                                                                                   7




                                                TOTAL                          87               383      326          1169       16           253         429      18D4

                                                % BY PROVIENCE
                                            COMP-STAMP                         32               51       23           51         31           19          25       47
                                            INDET-STAMP
                                            NET MARKED                         2                5                                                                  1
                                            CHECK STAMP                        2                5                                                                  1
                                            GR]T-TEMP Pl,                      1                2
                                            SAND/GRrr-TEMP PL                  16               11       6            3                                   8        4
                                            SANDIGROG-TEMP PL                                                         1
                                                                               46                        69           45         69           81          65
                                            SAND TEMP PL                                        26
                                                TOTALS                         100              10D      101)         100        100          100         10D      10D
                                                % WrrtHN TYPE
                                            COMP-STAMP                         26               23       70           71         5            6           100      100
                                            INDEr-STAMP                                                  100          10D                                 10D      100
                                            NET MARKED                         100              100                                                       10D      100
                                            CHECK STAMP                        too              100                                                       too      100
                                            GRIT-TEMP PL                       so               86       50           14                                  too      100
                                            SAND/GRTT-TEMP Pl.                 40               58       60           42                                  100      100
                                            SAND/GROG-TEMP PL                                            101)         100                                 too      100
                                            SAND TEMP PL                       14               12       92           63         4            25          10D      too

                                                % OF TOTAL
                                            COMP-STAMP                         7                11       18           33         1            3           25       47
                                            INDET-STAMP
                                            NET MARKED                                          I                                                                  I
                                            CHECK STAMP                                         I                                                                  I
                                            GRIT-TEMP PL
                                            SAND/GRrr      P PL                3                2        5            2                                   8        4
                                            SAND/GROG-TEMP PL                                                         I                                            I
                                            SAND TEMP PL                       9                6        53           29         3            11          65       46
                                                S OF TOTAL                     20               21       76           65         4            14          10D      too



                                         TABLE 37.             CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 1, OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, 8Gu38, BY COUNTS AND
                                                               WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.

                                                                                                                      E
                                                                                                                                        .46%4             TOTALS
                                                                                                'R4
                                                                                                                              WT.             Wr          L
                                                TYPE                           Cr                        VVT          Cr           Cr                     'r       wr

                                            COMP-STAMP                         5        24      4        24           1       2                           10       so
                                            SAND-TEMP PL                       13       is      13       is           7       32        1       2         34       67
                                            ORIT-TEMP Pl.                                                             I       I                           I        I
                                            SAND/GRrr-TEMP Pl.                 1        3                                                                 1        3
                                                TOTAL                          19       45      17       39           9       35        1       2         46       120
                                                % BY PROVIENCE
                                            COMP-STAMP                         26       54      24       62           11      6                           22       42
                                            SAND-TEMP Pl,                      69       40      76       38           78      92      too     10D         74       56

                                            GRIT-TEMP PL                                                              11      3                           2        1
                                            SANDIGR]T-TEMP PL                  5        6                                                                 2        2
                                                TOTAL                          100      100     100      100          too     10D     JOD     100         10D      100
                                                % WITHIN TYPE
                                            COMP-STAMP                         50       48      40       48           10      4                           too      100
                                            SAND-TEMP PL                       38       27      38       22           21      49        3       2         10D      too
                                            GRIT-TEMP PL                                                              100     100                         100      too
                                            SAND/GRJT-TEMP PL                  100      100                                                               10D      100
                                                S OF TOTALTU-1
                                                M                              11       2D      9        2D           2       2                           22
                                            SAND-TEMP PL                       29       is      29       12           15      27        2       1         74
                                            GRIT-TEMP PL                                                              2       1                           2        1
                                            SANDIGRIT-TEMP Pl.                 2        2                                                                 2        2
                                                % OF TOTAL                     41       37      37       32           20      29        2       1         10D      10D


                                                                                                    153











                TABLE 38.             CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 1A, OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, 8Gu38, BY COUNTS AND
                                      WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.

                                                                      IX52                  JR
                                                                                            5?             L55 4              TOTALS
                                                             Wr                                 'Wr                   Wr
                       TYPE                      cr                 cr         wr     cr                   cr                J7r      VT
                   COMP-STAMP                      4         23       10       57           7   42                           21       122
                   SAND-TEMP PL                    1         6        7        37           6   22         2          1      16       65
                   SANDIGRIT-TEMP PL               3         19       17       8                                             20       27
                       TOTAL                       8         47       34       102          13  64         2          1      57       214

                       % BY PROVIENCE
                   COMP-STAMP                      so        48       29       56           54  66                           37       57
                   SAND-TEMP PL                    13        12       21       36           46  34         100     too       28       30
                   SAND/GRrr-TEMP PL               38        40       50       8                                             35       13
                       TOTAL                       100       10D      100      too          too 10D        100     101)      100      100

                       % WITHN TYPE
                   COMRSTAMP                       19        19       48       47           33  34                           100      '00
                   SAND-TEMP PL                    6         9        44       57           38  33         13         1      100      '00
                   SAND/GRrr-TEMP PL               15        70       95       30                                            100      too

                       % OF TOTAL TLLI
                   CONINSTANIP                     7         11       18       27           12  2D                           37       57
                   SAND-TEMP PL                    2         3        12       17           11  10         4                 29       30
                   SAND/GRrr-TEMP PL               5         9        30       4                                             35       13
                       % OF TOTAL                  14        22       60       48           23  30         4                 100      100


                TABLE 39.             CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 2, OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, 8Gu38, BY COUNTS AND
                                      WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.




                       TYPE                                                                 CT                           VVT
                   COMP-STAMP                                                               1                                76
                   SAND-TEMP PL                                                             21                               68
                       TOTAL                                                                29                               143

                       % BY PROVEENCE
                   COMP-STAMP                                                               28                               53
                   SAND-TEMP PL                                                             72                               47
                       TOTAL                                                                100                              100

                       % WITHIN TYPE
                   COMP-STAMP                                                               100                              100
                   SAND-TEMP PL                                                             100                              100

                       % OF TOTAL TU-1
                   COMP-STAMP                                                               28                               53
                   SAND-TEMP PL                                                             72                               47
                       % OF TOTAL                                                           100                              100


                TABLE 40.             CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 3, OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, 8Gu38, BY COUNTS AND
                                      WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.


                                                                                                   4                         TOTALS
                                                               155@                         'Mb)
                       TYPE                  -7 cr                                          cr             wr T cr                    wr
                   COMP-STAMP                                1            5                                           1               5
                   SAND-TEMP PL                                                             2              1          2               1
                       TOTAL                                 1            5                 2              1          3               6

                       % BY PROVIENCE
                   COMP-STAMP                                100          too                                         23              89
                   SAND-TEMP PL                                                             10D            100        67              11
                       TOTAL                                 too          100               100            100        100             100

                       % WITHIN TYPE
                   COMP-STAMP                                100          100                                         too             10D
                   SAND-TEMP PL                                                             too            too        100             10D

                       % OF TOTAL TU-3
                   Comp-STAMP                                33           99                                          33              99
                   SAND-TEMP PL                                                             67             11         67              11
                       % OF TOTAL                            33           99                67             11         100             too









                                                                          154











                                              TABLE 41.                CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 5, OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, 8Gu38, BY COUNTS AND
                                                                       WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.

                                                                                     LEVEL I                LEVEL 2 wr               LEVEL3                      LEVEL4                TOTAL
                                                                                     (.48 nr)                (33 or)                 (30 n?)                     (m W)

                                                     TYPE                          cr          wr           cr                       cr           wr      cr            wr           cr        W,

                                                 COMP-STAMP                        1           6            3          7                                         4      47           8         59

                                                 SAND-TEMP PL                      2           4            20         47            13           44             5      14           40        109

                                                     TOTAL                         3           10           23         54            13           44             9      61           48        168

                                                     S BY PROVIENCE

                                                 COMP-STAMP                        33          57           13         12                                 44            77           17        35

                                                 SAND-TEMP PL                      67          43           97         89            100     100          56            23           93        65

                                                     TOTAL                         100         100          100        too           100     100          too           100          100       100

                                                     % wTrm TYPE

                                                 COMP-STAMP                        13          9            38         11                                 50            so           100       too

                                                 SAND-TEMP PL                      5           4            50         43            33      40           13            13           lw        100

                                                     % OF TOTAL Tli

                                                 COMP-STAMP                        2           3            6          4                                  8             28           17        35

                                                 SAND-TE2AP PL                     4           3            42         28            27      26           10            9            93        65

                                                     % OF TOTAL                    6           6            48         32            27      26           19            36           IOD       IOD



                                              TABLE 42.                CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT 6, OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, 8Gu38, BY COUNTS AND
                                                                       WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.



                                                                                         LEVEL I                       LEVEL2                        LEVEL3                          TOTAL
                                                                                          (.84                         (.45 m)                       (.67 d)

                                                     TYPE                            cr             wr                 cr            wr           cr             wr           cr               wr

                                                 COMP-STAMP                          15             95                 It            183          2              10           29               298

                                                 INDETSTAMP                                                            1             5                                               1         5

                                                 SAND/GROG-TEMP PL                                                     1             10                                              1         10

                                                 SAND-TEMP PL                        65             108                44            94           4              13           113              215

                                                     TOTAL                           8D             202                57            293          6              23           143              518

                                                     % BY PROVIENCE

                                                 COMP-STAMP                          L9             47                 19            63           33             44           20               56

                                                 INDETSTAMP                                                            2             2                                               1         1

                                                 SAND/GROG-TEMP PL                                                     2             4                                               1         2

                                                 SAND-TEMP Pl,                       81             S3                 77            32           67             56           79               41

                                                     TOTAL                           101)           300                too           IOD          100            too          IOD              IOD

                                                     % WITtON TYPE

                                                 COMP-STAMP                          54             33                 39            64           7              4            IOD              IOD

                                                 MET STAMP                                                             100           100                                      10D              10D
                                                 SAND/GROG-TEMP PL                                                     100           too                                      :00              :00
                                                 SAND-TEMP PL                        58             50                 39            44           4              6            00               00

                                                     % OF TOTAL TU

                                                 COMP-STAMP                          10             19                 8             35           1              2            20               56

                                                 INDET STAMP                                                           I             I                                               I         I

                                                 SAND/GROG-TEMP PL                                                     1             2                                               1         2

                                                 SAND-TEMP PL                        45             21                 31            is           3              3            79               41
                                                     % OF TOTAL                      56             39                 40            56           4              5            100              100J


                                                                                                                 155










         investigate the possibility that the same paddle was used on both
         sherds.

               Other designs at Overgrown Road include diamond, S, U, and other
         complicated shapes. Rims of both the plain and the stamped vessels were
         typically folded, smoothed styles of the later Middle Woodland period
         (Willey 1949:378-79, 431-35).
               As shown in Tables 39 and 40, Test Units 2 and 3 had no ceramics
         from Levels 1 and 2 (the top 20 cm), demonstrating the undisturbed
         nature of the deposits. Whether the disturbed levels are taken into
         account or not, however, there is no obvious patterning of the ceramic
         frequencies according to vertical or horizontal space. The implication
         is of a single component site, even representing a single season's visit
         to camp while hunting, fishing, and/or collecting some other resource.
               Ceramics from the features (Tables 35, 36) were few, totaling five
         complicated-stamped (48 g) and eleven plain (205 g) sherds, occurring in
         Features 1, 4, 8, 11, and 12 only. Feature I actually was a small
         concentration of complicated-stamped and plain sherds. Features 4 and 11
         were pits, and 12, redeposited pit fill. Feature 8 appeared to be a
         natural stain such as a decaying tree root into which artifacts could
         have fallen. The plain sherds in Feature 4 made up the lower portion of
         the side of a small bowl.


         Other Clav Remains
               Besides vessel sherds, the only other ceramic remains were
         strange, very small lumps of clay that did not resemble daub but
         possibly were little squeezings left over from pottery making, or some
         other activity, even a natural process. These all occurred in Test Unit
         1: 5 fragments (5 g) in Level 3 and 25+ fragments (8 g) in Level 4. They
         were hard to count because of their crumby nature and texture; some may
         have been actual sherd crumbs, but none appeared to have any temper. If
         daub houses had been made, they certainly would have left more than
         this. Unless our tests were not placed in the area of shelters, this is
         one more bit of evidence, albeit negative evidence, for a temporary,
         seasonal habitation not requiring more permanent housing.


         LITHIC MATERIALS

         Chipped Stone
               Lithic materials from the Overgrown Road site are summarized in
         Table 43. Chipped stone artifacts included no finished tools but only
         lithic debitage, totaling 70 pieces (584.8 g). Most of this debitage was
         secondary chert flakes. There were only a handful of blocky shatter
         pieces, two secondary decortication pieces, and two large chunks, one of


                                            156












                                           TABLE 43. LITHIC REMAINS FROM THE OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, 8G08.


                                           Chipped Stone (all debitage)

                                           Provenience               Ct        wt(g)         Type                       Comments


                                           Surface                   3         2    secondary decortication translucent tan with white cortex
                                           TU   IL 1                 3         4    secondary                   I pink, utilized
                                           TU   IFloor 1             1         1    secondary                   unusual dark brown
                                           TU   IL 2                 6         2    secondary                   dark gray
                                                                     1         2    shatter
                                           TU   IL 2 SE comer        1         .5   secondary
                                           TU I L3                   2         3    secondary
                                           TU   IFloor 3             1         .5   secondary
                                           TU   IA L 1               2         2    secondary                   light brown
                                           TU   IAL3                 16        5    secondary
                                                                     1         2    block shatter
                                           TU   I A Floor 3          1         .5   secondary                   beige
                                           TU 5 L 2                  2         2.1  secondary                   translucent tan
                                           TU 5 L 3                  3         .6   secondary                   2 high quality bright red, I translucent tan
                                                                     1         28.2 shatter                     appears to be Tallahatta quartzite
                                           TU 5 L4                   2         1.6  secondary                   smaller I translucent tan
                                                                     3         2.4  block shatter               mostly cortex
                                           TU 6 L 1                  1         .3   secondary                   translucent tan
                                                                     1         5    secondary decortication     translucent tan, some use wear, retouched
                                           TU 6 Floor 1              3         9    thick secondary             I is pink, lustrous
                                                                     1         50   blocky secondary            battered at I end, heavy retouch; biface frag?
                                           TU 6 L 2                  3         7.5  secondary
                                                                     2         5    block shatter
                                           TU 6 L 3                  1         410  chunk, shatter?             poor quality, cortex?
                                           F 4 E 1/2                 3         1.2  secondary
                                           F 4 W 1/2                 2         .4   secondary
                                           F 11                      1         38   chunk                       Tallahatta quartzite
                                           F I I E 1/2               1         1    secondary                   translucent white
                                           F 12                      1         .1   secondary                   red, poss, thermally altered
                                           F 13                      1         .4   secondary                   translucent tan
                                                TOTALS               70        584.9


                                           Other Stone


                                           Provenience               Ct        Wt(R)      T12e                            Comments

                                           TU I L2                   1         .8   clear quartz chip
                                                                     1         66   quartzite cobble frag       use wear on butt end
                                           TU IA L 2                 2         2    clear quartz fragments
                                                                     26        38.5 sandstone pieces
                                                                     1         1    limestone frag
                                           TU IA L 3                 5         2    clear quartz frags (small)
                                                                     7         8    stone piece                 sand stone or poss Tallahatta quartzite
                                                                     2         3    quartz pebbles              like pea gravel
                                           TU 5 L 1                  1         4    quartzite cobble chip       use wear
                                           TU 5 L 3                  1         1.1  white quartzite chip
                                                                     3         .5   mica pieces                 appear broken, not cut, <4 cm long
                                           TU 5 L 4                  1         305.2 quartzite cobble           several wom surfaces for grinding or hammering
                                           TU 6 L 1                  1         9    black rock                  could be coal lump
                                           TU   6 L 2                1         213.4 quartzite or sandstone     possibly utilized
                                           TU 6 L 3                  2         5.8  quartzite chips             I fine-grained, I coarse
                                           F4                        1         5    clear quartz frag           worked, part of hemisphere?
                                           F 6                       1         25   quartz pebble frag
                                                TOTALS               T7        690.3



                                                                                                                157











         poor quality cortex and one of Tallahatta quartzite, suggesting primary
         reduction of material for tools.
               Most of the secondary flakes were very small, as well, clearly
         bifacial thinning flakes. This assemblage suggests that chipped stone
         tools were not manufactured at the site, but merely sharpened from time
         to time. one secondary flake and one decortication flake were utilized,
         probably as simple expedient tools. The only possible tool fragment is a
         battered, retouched blocky flake from Level 1 in Test Unit 6 that may be
         a piece of a biface.
               The small size of the lithic assemblage also suggests a short term
         habitation. People may have taken along only the few things they needed,
         and the short stay was not long enough to break or lose many tools.
               The interesting aspect of the chipped stone remains at the
         Overgrown Road site is the wide variety of chert types. The typical
         chert used in this part of Florida is a creamy whitish local material
         known as Gulf Coast chert or Ocala chert. Less common but still

         frequently encountered is agatized coral, usually about the same color.
         Much less common is a translucent tan or honey-colored chert; some think
         this chert weathers to become the whitish variety, and I have seen some
         evidence of this in recently broken whitish pieces with the latter
         material inside. All these materials are considered to be of local
         origin, although they would have to have been obtained at least 50 river
         miles ( 85 km) to the north or 25 km by water to the south (Upchurch et
         al. 1982 note the Marianna Quarry Cluster; agatized coral occurs as
         beach rock on the barrier islands).
               There are also many other kinds of chert, a remarkable variety for
         this rather small number of specimens. All that can be done at present
         is to record the colors: pink, red, dark brown, dark gray, light brown,
         beige, translucent white. Perhaps these can be traced to specific
         sources when further work is done on chert types in this region. The
         pink and red chert may be same local materials thermally altered, but
         the others are definitely non-local.
               Another material of non-local origin is Tallahatta quartzite, used
         for chipped stone tools more frequently farther up the valley. It is
         unmistakable because of its glittery appearance and greenish-gray grains
         outlined in white. When it weathers to dull light brown it is less
         distinctive, but still glittery. This material outcrops in south Alabama
         (Lloyd et al. 1983). The prehistoric people at the Overgrown Road site
         had to go up over 100 river miles (170 km) to get it (or obtain it
         through an exchange system that extensive), and it is rare in the lower
         valley.


                                            158










                            A common characteristic at Middle Woodland period sites is the
                      presence of many exotic artifacts, including non-local cherts. During
                      this period more than any others, this is the case in the Apalachicola
                      Valley. This characteristic is often linked to the use of all sorts of
                      unusual materials for burial ceremonialism. But here at this small camp
                      site they appear in what seems to be an everyday domestic context.
                      Perhaps these people preferred to use more imports in general, and chose
                      to be buried with their possessions.


                      Other Stone
                            Fifty-seven pieces of other stone besides chert were recovered at
                      the site, totaling 690.3 g (Table 43). These included many sandstone and
                      quartzite pebbles, like pea gravel, that may have been natural in
                      occurrence. Iron concretions were seen commonly in the deeper levels,
                      and they often resembled sandstone. A possible lump of coal was
                      undoubtedly modern, as it was from a disturbed Level 1.
                            The clearly cultural items were a quartzite cobble and two cobble
                      fragments with use wear from hammering or grinding, small irregular
                      pieces of mica, and clear quartz artifacts (eight chips and a worked
                      fragment. The first items suggest either plant processing or possibly
                      chipped stone tool sharpening. The latter two are more of the exotic
                      materials associated with Middle Woodland sites in this valley and
                      elsewhere in the eastern U.S. Again, here they are not in an y ceremonial
                      mortuary context but part of an apparently small domestic assemblage.
                      Noteworthy is the clear quartz, possibly used for utilitarian tools, but
                      more probably for other objects. The worked fragment, from Feature 4,
                      appears to be a piece of a deliberately shaped hemisphere. The mica
                      fragments are irregular, possibly torn, with no signs of cutting or
                      deliberate shaping. While I have seen mica pieces occur naturally in
                      this river system among the alluvial sands, they are usually not as big
                      as these (almost 4 cm long). Therefore it appears the mica was brought
                      to the site by people.


                      BIOTIC REMAINS: ETHNOBOTANICAL MATERIALS
                            Probably due to the acidity of the soils, no bone was preserved at
                      the site, with the exception of a fragment of deer or cow long bone from
                      Test Unit 1 Level 1, that was cleanly cut with a modern implement. The
                      lack of faunal materials seriously hampers interpretations of
                      subsistence at the site. For this reason a larger sample than usual of
                      charred floral remains was sent for analysis, comprising nearly all the
                      botanical specimens recovered. These remains were isolated by flotation
                      from all features and from selected levels of the test units, as well as



                                                         159











          from the 6.4 mm (1/4") dry screens from those levels. They are all
          identified in Table 44.
               There is little variety in the plant remains, but a few items are
          noteworthy. Most of the wood is pine, suggesting a drier environment at
          the time the site was occupied in comparison with the mostly hardwood
          bottomland of today. However, the contents of Feature 4, as noted, were
          predominantly oak with some elm, as well as pine. This indicates
          deliberate choice of this wood, probably for fuel. A small amount of oak
          was present in other proveniences. The high number of fernspores is
          actually even greater than what is represented on the table,-as the
          labworkers sorting the materials from the flotation recovery could pick
          out only so many of these extremely tiny items, and we settled for
          sorting of a large sample of the total in each provenience. The wood and
          fernspores suggest a forest environment.
               The identifiable seeds are a Polygonum (knotweed), a possible
          Vitaceae (grape) and several Galium (bedstraw). These weeds may have
          been collected for eating or they may have accidently become charred in
          campfires. Wild grape is plentiful in the area today, and the others
          undoubtedly exist there as well. The hickory nutshells and acorn
          fragments represent species known to have been utilized widely as foods
          by aboriginal Americans. They might also suggest a season of occupation,
          except that we also know from ethnographic accounts that such nutshells
          were saved for fuel after the nuts were consumed.
               The ethnobotanical assemblage from the Overgrown Road site
          provides few real clues to the season of or reason for habitation at
          this locale. But the remains are not inconsistent with a general
          hunting/gathering camp type of occupation.


          SUMIARY AND INTERPRETATION

               Because this is a small domestic site of the Middle Woodland
          period, during which elaborate ceremonial mounds were constructed, it is
          the kind of site that has received little attention from archaeologists
          until recently. While nothing radically unusual was turned up by our
          tests, some observations can be made, even based on our extremely
          limited amount of testing.
               The artifacts and features indicate a small habitation site
          utilized over a relatively short period of time. Lithic remains suggest
          no manufacture but maintenance of tools, which were made of exotic as
          well as local cherts. Use of such raw materials often occurs in Middle
          Woodland, but these appear to have been merely utilitarian items.
          Ceramics are about half plain and half Swift creek Complicated-Stamped,
          suggesting both were for utilitarian use. The few exotic items seem to


                                            160

















                             TABLE 44. BOTANICAL REMAINS FROM THE OVERGROWN ROAD SITE, 8GU38.


                                                                             WOOD                                                                              SEEDS                                      NUTSHELL
                             Provenience                  Pine            -Oak                               Mixed/Other                        Fernsvo                    Other                   Hicko              Acom

                             Feature 2                    23.1 g                                                                                    - 80
                             Feature 3                    24.9 g                                     AS g pine & resin                              75               unident .13 nun diarn
                             Feature 4                    1.0 g            16 g                      5 g oak & elm & pine                           70               1 Polygonum sp.
                                                                                                     13 g oak & diffuse-porous hardwood
                                                                                                     5.9 g ring-porous hardwood
                                                                                                     1 g diffuse-porous hardwood
                                                                                                     <.5 g unident
                             Feature 5                    1 frag*                                                                                   97
                             Feature 6                    .1 g                                                                                      63               1 Galium
                             Feature 7                    >35 g                                                                                     57
                             Feature 8                    .3 g                                                                                      54
                             Feature 9                    3.7 g                                      1.4 g unident                                  104              11 Galium                     9 frags
                             Feature 10                                                                                                             7
                             Feature 11                   6.0 g                                      2.1 g uniclent                                 102              2 Galium
                             Feature 12                                                              2.1 g uniclent                                 51               1 Galium
                             Feature 14                   2.0 g
                             TU I L2                                                                 .2 g unident                                   34               1 Vitaceac? (eroded)
                             TU I L3                      9.5 g                                                                                     114
                             TU I L4                                                                 <.5 g unident                                  12
                             TU 2 L 2                     2.6 g                                      2.8 g unident
                             TU 2 L 3                     15.4 g                                     58.7 g pine & oak                              20                                             1.59               2 fruits
                                                                                                     3.4 g unident                                                                                 (6 frags)          I cap
                             TU 2 L 4                                                                                                               34
                             TU 2 L 5                     <.5 g                                                                                     17
                             TU 2 L 6                     <.5 g                                      <  .5 g unident                                14
                             TU 5 L 1                                      4.8 g                     <  .5 g unident                                33
                             TU 5 L 2                     <.5 g                                       .9 g unident                                  40               2 Galium
                                                          1.1 g
                                                          resin
                             TU 5 L 3                     .6 g                                       I g unident
                             TU 5 L 4                     1.9 g                                      5.1 g pine & ring-                             35               1 partial seedcoat?
                                                                                                     porous hardwood
                             TU 6 L 1                     1.0 g                                      37 g pine & ring-                              14
                                                                                                     porous hardwood
                             TU 6 L 2                     11.5+ g                                                                                   x                                              .2 g               (I frag)
                             TU 6 L 3                     6.5 g                                                                                     3+

                              unburned/undecayed wood below water table.











          have been deposited in a domestic refuse context. Floral remains
          indicate a forested environment and possibly some utilization of local
          weedy and fruit plants for food. The radiocarbon date of A.D. 300 (or
          corrected date of A.D. 363) is quite consistent with the ceramics.
               As more work is done in this region, this site may be better
          placed into an overall settlement pattern for this time period. The 1985
          survey recorded a small Swift Creek burial mound at Howard Creek
          (Henefield and White 1986), north of the Overgrown Road site 30 km (18
          miles) by water with some portage (White 1992 illustrates artifacts from
          this mound).
               Some discussion is required of what was not found. There was no
          Weeden Island pottery. This is an interesting piece of evidence to add
          to the debate on whether or not the Weeden Island cultural manifestation
          is temporally or culturally distinct (or both) from the Middle Woodland
          Swift Creek "culture." As both are defined solely by ceramics, the
          debate is often unresolvable (Willey 1949, White 1985); we too often
          assume that different ceramics mean different time periods or different
          people. (Consider how not only do more of us drive Japanese cars these
          days, but now those cars are made in the U.S.; this sort of situation,
          which is not new to the twentieth century, should make us cautious of
          equating one artifact type or ceramic series with one entityl) An
          enormous amount of work remains to be done on prehistoric material
          culture and ethnicity, and on the concepts of Swift Creek and Weeden
          Island as cultural entities or merely as ceramic series.
               Also not found at the Overgrown Road site were faunal remains. It
          would be hard to imagine a small group of people camped in this area,
          perhaps an extended family, not taking advantage of the terrestrial and
          riverine wildlife. Had they been preserved, there probably would have
          been many deer and freshwater fish bones, as well as those of other
          small animals. Likewise, the floral assemblage in total probably
          included a bountiful harvest of fruits, nuts, and seeds. This is the
          time period when people in the East supposedly were experimenting with
          horticulture. Would they have brought squash or gourd with them to camp?
               A final note on the actual nature of the occupation is essential.
          The recent archaeological literature is full of explanations of small
          sites such as 8Gu38 in which they are termed short-term special purpose
          resource extraction sites. It is preferable in this case to call the
          site a camp. First of all, "camp" implies short-term settlement. Second,
          no special purpose can be inferred from the record here as yet; probably
          scores of wild resources were obtained from this rich environment. To be
          so successful, Middle Woodland folk probably had excellent generalized
          adaptations where they could camp in different spots throughout the year
          and take advantage of several resources at a time. As noted, the use of
          this rich land for such purposes continues today.


                                            162











                                          THE CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, SCA142


                     SITE DESCRIPTION
                           The Corbin-Tucker site is situated on the west bank of an old
                     meander channel of the Apalachicola, 2 km (1.2 miles) due west of the
                     present river (Figure 1). It is a late prehistoric Fort Walton village,
                     on the eastern edge of this rise in the low bottomland. It is unknown
                     whether the river occupied the nearby meander channel when the site was
                     inhabited. Today the small creek or slough in this channel, about 150 m
                     east of the site, flows approximately 7 miles, meandering through the
                     backswamp, until it empties into the river at navigation mile 55.
                           This environment is a rich hardwood bottomland forest, with low
                     areas such as sloughs forested with cypress and palmetto. The higher
                     area where the site is located was once cleared for pasture, then plowed
                     for a pine plantation. The site is a rather thin, shallow midden
                     measuring about 200 m north-south and 100 m east-west, on the west side
                     of a dirt road that gives access to the planted pine (Figures 26, 27).
                     East of the road the terrain drops over 2 meters to the rim swamp
                     through which flows the underfit creek or slough, a favorite local
                     fishing spot. The landowner informed us that at this site, a relatively
                     high spot on the wide floodplain of the Apalachicola, the land was
                     always dry, even when it became an island in times of unusual spring
                     flooding when the road was underwater.
                           The Corbin-Tucker site was recorded in 1986 during a survey on the
                     Chipola River, a tributary of the Apalachicola (White and Trauner
                     1987:64-65); it is not on the Chipola but was brought to our attention
                     during that work, and so incorporated into the report). At that time the
                     crew picked up Fort Walton Incised.pottery and many check-stamped and
                     grit-tempered plain sherds. Freshwater mollusc shells littered the
                     ground in some places, apparently plowed up from features. The
                     landowners had collected Fort Walton ceramics (Figure 27), including an
                     owl effigy adorno (broken off the rim of a pot).
                           This site was chosen for testing because it offered potential for
                     recovering ceramics and subsistence data from a riverine agricultural
                     site to compare with Fort Walton occupation farther downriver in the
                     delta. In addition, there is lately much disagreement over the specifics
                     of Fort Walton chronology in this valley. The latest and most complex
                     societies in northwest Florida, Fort Walton chiefdoms are famous for
                     construction of large temple mounds and burials of a few important
                     individuals with high status artifacts. They were the natives who first
                     greeted the Spanish explorers in the southeast, and were immediately
                     devastated by the consequences of that contact.


                                                        163


























                 CORBIN-
                                                              TUE
                  TUCKER
                      SITE
                    Wall 142
                         0 5 10                                                                                100m to creek

                                m



                                                 UC




                                                                            TUA
                                                        TOUB

                                                                 TUD




                     contour interval
                          25cm







                           TUF














                                                                   FIGURE 26.



                                                                         164





                                                                  __ NO









                                 * NK              i_v@; ;@t_ 4,
                                                                            ,47.











                                                                   T
                          SP            T -1 T 17-7fT
                                                                    I II1 1 11 1 T I _F I
                                                                    I TT  I
                                                                                             W














                                                            CM






                                                                                IT I I
                           M&LIA I I -L
                           N_








                       FIGURE 27. Top, view  of Corbin-Tucker site   facing north-northeast.
                       Fieldworker C. Fuhrmeister is  beginning Test Unit  B. Bottom, Fort Walton
                         AO


                                                                            7-Z  _@_ - 7@_ t@



                                                            __T












                       ceramics in the collection of the Corbin family,   from surface of site.


                                                           165










                The origin of social complexity is an intriguing and important
          anthropological topic, and the development of Fort Walton culture in the
          Apalachicola and elsewhere in northwest Florida has lately been the
          focus of several studies which have actually raised more questions than
          they have answered (White 1982, Scarry 1984). There is no temple mound
          or even great extent of the village midden at Corbin-Tucker. Though our
          goals in testing here were to obtain basic data on material culture and
          technoenvironmental adaptation, we also ended up with fascinating social
          information from a cemetery with high status burials.


          FIELDWORK

          Excavations
                Field operations at the Corbin-Tucker site were conducted from 3
          to 15 June with a crew of 8 plus frequent volunteers, including
          youngsters of the Corbin family and others from Blountstown. The testing
          strategy for this site, the first investigated in the 1988 season, was
          to establish site boundaries through controlled surface collection, then
          locate as many units as could be completed in two weeks at locales where
          there were surface concentrations of cultural materials.
                The first operation was surface collection in transects moving
          westward from points spaced at 75 m intervals all along the dirt road,
          beginning at the north fork at the northeast edge of the site. Though
          many transects were completed,-only the first three (Tl, T2, T3 on
          Figure 26) produced surface artifacts. In this fashion rough site
          boundaries were established.
                As with the Overgrown Road site, digging in the soft alluvial
          sands here went much faster and easier than hacking through shell
          mounds, allowing a greater area to be tested. Six excavation units were
          dug, two each measuring I x I m, I x 2 m, and 2 x 2 m, totaling 14
          square meters. Calculating in the different depths of excavation, our
          total was about 15.6 cubic meters. Based on the average depth of
          cultural deposits, which varied greatly, this total represents something
          over .9% of the site.
                Excavation was in 10 cm arbitrary levels because the apparently
          single component site had no cultural or natural stratigraphy by which
          to maintain better control. All soils were dry screened through 1/41,
          (6.3 mm) or 1/81, (3.2 mm) mesh, a fast and easy process in the soft pale
          sand. Mesh size made little difference as there were no faunal remains
          and few lithic remains, and most pottery sherds were quite large, so
          little was missed. This is confirmed by the recovery of no more
          information in the soil samples processed through flotation than in the
          dry-screened deposits.


                                             166










                            Features encountered, with the exception of the burial, which was
                      troweled out carefully, were pedestaled and crosS-Bectioned. Both halves
                      were bagged separately for total flotation except for a 1 liter sample
                      saved for permanent storage for future analyses. Feature 1, a refuse pit
                      with freshwater mollusc shell, had recognizable strata which could be
                      removed separately.


                      Stratigraphy
                            Stratigraphy at Corbin-Tucker was fairly simple. A grayish brown
                      (10YR5/3 to 4/4) plow zone averaging 25 cm thick cut into the top of the
                      midden. Below this disturbed portion the truncated midden zone averaged
                      about 45 cm thick, and was medium to light brown (IOYR5/6), containing
                      occasional charcoal flecks and artifacts. It gradually graded into a
                      paler subsoil that ranged from light brown to yellowish white (10YR6/8
                      to 7/8), with orange mineral mottling. This all was probably a
                      combination of cultural and natural stratigraphy, and was present in all
                      units except Test Unit E, where there had been much prehistoric
                      disturbance from burying people.


                      Excavation Units
                            Test Unit A, 2 x 2 m, on the east side of the site, was placed in
                      an area where surface shell fragments were concentrated, in an effort to
                      isolate the featurethey may have come from. By Level 2 an oval refuse
                      pit packed with shell was isolated and pedestaled in the center of the
                      unit as Feature 1. (Figure 28) Two other small possible features (2 and
                      3) appeared in Level 4. After removing the levels around the features to
                      a depth of 80 cm (Floor 8), we removed the features to complete the

                      excavation.
                            Test Unit B, a I x 2 m rectangle oriented north-south, was located
                      in the west central area of the site near a small concentration of
                      surface pottery (Figure 27). It contained no cultural features, though
                      many root stains and other natural discolorations. This unit.was
                      excavated to a total depth of 165 cm. The goal was to go beyond the
                      bottom of the cultural deposits, deep enough to characterize well the
                      natural subsoil, and to make sure no earlier components were present.
                      Therefore beginning with Level 10 the level thickness was increased to
                      20 cm to make better time. Interestingly, in Level 7 (-60 to -70cm) and
                      Level 10 (-100 to -120 cm), two tiny chert flakes were recovered; this
                      indicated either much downward movement of small cultural items or else
                      an extremely low density earlier prehistoric component.





                                                         167


























                                                         RM








                                                                                4@


                                                                                 51a,


















                                                          ;-30a,-















                         N





                                                                          W.


          FIGURE 28. Feature 1 in Test Unit A at Corbin-Tucker site, 8Ca142. Top
          view of feature on pedestal showing top disturbed by plowing. Features  2
          and 3 in right center. Bottom, cross-section of Feature 1 showing shell
          stratum (I) and dark zone below (stratum II). Trowels point north.


                                             168










                            Test Unit C was another I x 2 dug on what turned out to be the
                      northwest edge of the site. We were trying to approximate the location
                      of the clay owl head found in 1986. At that time we had put flagging in
                      a nearby tree, but we could not relocate it in 1988. Test Unit C was
                      thought to be in its original vicinity until the last day of the
                      excavation, when we learned that Test Unit E was actually near the owl
                      effigy find. TU C had no features and few artifacts, and was.taken to
                      125 cm depth.
                            Test Unit D, a 2 x 2 square, was placed in another area where
                      there appeared a couple fragments of surface shell, though the possible
                      feature of their origin was never found (they may have been plowed over
                      from Unit A). Test Unit D was 20 meters southwest of Test Unit A, within
                      the heaviest concentration of cultural materials at the site. One pit
                      feature was encountered in this unit (Feature 4); total depth of

                      excavation was 1 meter.
                            Test Unit E was a small square, I x I m, opened on the second-last
                      day of work at the site to confirm the northern boundary. It was
                      expected to yield few materials, much like Test Unit F at the south end.
                      Instead it ended up as a test into an apparent cemetery. Feature 5 was
                      the nomenclature originally given to the increasing evidence of a human
                      burial turning up in this unit. By the time excavation was finished, and
                      in the absence of any discrete boundaries for the grave, which contained
                      several people and was clearly not all excavated by us, the whole unit
                      was designated as Feature S.
                            Because of the professional archaeological responsibility not to
                      disturb any human remains more than necessary, and because our work at
                      this site had to finish on time, we did not reach the bottom of cultural
                      .deposits in this square. On the last day we finally located our original
                      orange flagging from 1986, now weathered pale yellow and barely visible
                      as it flaked off, in a tree very near this unit. Clearly the owl head
                      and other fancy ceramics were associated with this cemetery.
                            Test Unit F was a 1 x I m unit at the south end of the site. It
                      contained no features and few artifacts, and was dug to 76 cm final
                      depth. This evidence indicated it was close to the southern boundary of
                      the cultural deposits.


                      Features

                            Feature 1 was the best, a stratified refuse pit with the only real
                      sample of faunal remains preserved at the site (Figure 28). It was an
                      oval measuring about 1 m north northwest-south southeast, and 88 cm
                      wide. The uppermost 10 cm were disturbed, spread around by the plow. The
                      feature had a total of 68.9 liters of fill, weighing 9 kg. In


                                                        169










          cross-section it was basin-shaped, about 50 cm deep, The top stratum was
          a black sandy matrix packed with freshwater M011USC shells; this overlay
          a zone of black soil with charcoal and sherds. The third stratum was
          evidently the brown soil (10YR4/4) created by leaching from the feature,
          and faded gradually into the lighter subsoil.
                Within the naturally acidic soils perhaps the basic conditions
          caused by th e presence of the shell was enough to preserve some bone
          fragments in this feature: gar fish bone and a raccoon jaw fragment, as
          well as other less identifiable fish, mammal and turtles. These were the
          only faunal remains recovered from the site (see later discussion and
          also Appendix 1B). This pit apparently functioned for garbage disposal,
          at least in its last use. It contained 6.5 kg of shells of freshwater
          molluscs and gastropods. Botanical remains identified were pine, oak,
          other unidentified woods, nutshells and seed fragments (see later
          discussion and also Appendix 5). A portion of the charcoal was sent for
          radiocarbon dating, and returned a result of 1080 + 90 years B. P., or
          A.D. 870. This is probably too early, unless an earlier (late Weeden
          Island) component is present.
                Feature 2 and Feature 3 were two small dark oval stains appearing
          in Test Unit A at a depth of 45 cm, in the northeast corner. Feature 2
          measured 15 cm long and 10 cm wide; Feature 3 was 30 cm long and 15 cm
          wide. Both were oriented northeast-southwest. In cross section Feature 3
          branched into two tapered, flat bottomed shapes, and Feature 2 was a
          similar single one. Both extended about 20 cm deep until disappearing.
          They contained no cultural materials and could either be small early
          post molds (originating nearly 50 cm deeper than the top of Feature 1)
          or natural disturbances. The latter is more possible for Feature 3,
          which ended at a hollow opening.
                Feature 4 was a portion of what may have been a very shallow oval
          pit or natural disturbance in the southwest corner of Test Unit D. It
          disappeared after a few cm depth. Though it did contain a few sherds, it
          may have been some darker midden deposit smeared around by the
          activities of the prehistoric people.
                Feature 5 was the original designation given to the burial in Test
          Unit E.


          Burial Excavation
                When Test Unit E was first opened, Fort Walton Incised sherds,
          human teeth and a tiny green flake appeared in the screen. Shoveling was
          immediately halted and everything else uncovered painstakingly slowly
          and carefully, since the green was definitely copper, and very fragile.
          Several sherds of what turned out to be 5-pointed and other Fort Walton


                                             170











                      Incised bowls were uncovered; some of these had been interre d in an
                      inverted position.
                           As more teeth and sherds were unearthed, adjacent to the center of
                      the east wall appeared the rough outline of a badly decayed cranium,
                      lying on the right side facing north. It had a few lower teeth
                      articulated with the uppers. More slow troweling revealed that this was
                      the head of an apparently important individual, buried with a greenBtone
                      celt placed over the neck, lying flat with bit pointing north. There was
                      a green copper disc over the area near the right eye, as it appeared in
                      the ground, positioned on end (Figure 29). Because it was first
                      identified as an ear spool, it was thought to be dislodged from the
                      right ear, the left earspool of the pair perhaps having been plowed
                      away. Later the reconstructed frontal bone showed the circular greenish
                      black stain from the copper to be right in the middle of the forehead.
                           Other clusters of teeth appeared just north of this cranium and a
                      few cm above it, and also in the north center of the unit, associated
                      with a long bone fragment and Fort Walton Incised and Point Washington
                      Incised sherds of at least three incomplete vessels, including the 5-
                      pointed open bowl. Later analysis demonstrated that at least five
                      individuals were represented by the remains. There was no indication of
                      any pit outline in which they were placed, nor any clear stratigraphy in
                      the unit walls. The aboriginal disturbance and later more shallow
                      plowing of the upper part had apparently obscured any stratigraphy; or
                      else we had come down on the middle of a larger interment and therefore
                      saw no edges.
                           This is a protected site; conservation of these deposits intact is
                      preferable according to the Florida law on unmarked human graves. In
                      consultation with the state archaeologist it was decided to recover for
                      study only the materials already exposed. Thus the bottom of the
                      cultural deposits was not reached.
                           We also provided reasonable support for a covering (general) law
                      of archaeology best articulated by the Master on the Mountaintop to Kent
                      Flannery (1986:514): that the burial is always found on the last (in
                      this case, second-last) day of the field season, and much of it will
                      extend into the unit profile.


                      CERAMICS
                      Pottery
                           Nearly 14.7 kg of potsherds were recovered at Corbin-Tucker,
                      totaling 3052. They are summarized for the entire site on Table 45, and
                      for each unit by level in Tables 46 through 51. Figure 30 graphs the
                      relative frequencies by count and weight (showing, interestingly enough,


                                                        171






































                                                L








                                 '0 IFI
                          *A





                                                                   ':-'l @f 2@





























          FIGURE 29. Burial in situ at the Corbin-Tucker site. Copper disc is in
          center of forehead, greenstone celt under chin of skull facing left
          (north). Sherds include corner of five-pointed open bowl (at left
          center).


                                             172

















                           shell-temp pl

                           Ft Walton Inc                                                                      % by Wt(gm)

                            Pt Wash Inc                                                                       % by Count


                           L Jackson PI


                               indet Inc


                             indet punc


                            indet stam



                                              ............. .................... .........
                            check-stamp                                      .... .. ..................

                           grit-tempplwl

                           grog-temp pl


                          sand-temp pf


                                        0             10             20             30             40             so             60              70
                                        p

                                        "
                                        I



                                        I








              FIGURE 30. Graph of ceramic type relative frequencies at the Corbin-Tucker site.









                                          TABLE 45.                           CERAMICS FROM THE CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, SCal42, BY GENERAL PROVENIENCE, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                                                                      TEST UNIT A                                                                                                                                                                                                                      T--!@MA-LS
                                                                                                    WT  I TEST UNIT B                      TEST UNIT C               TEST UNIT D                TEST UNIT E              TEST UNIT F        MIXED LEVELS                     FEATURES I               SURFACE
                                                  TYPE                                CT                         Cr            wr          Cir           WT          cr             wr          cr           wr          C117          wr          CT            wr          CT           vrf         CT            wr I Cr                 wr
                                             SHELI,TEMPPL                                                                                                            1              3                                                                                                                 1             13            2         16
                                             FT WALTON INC                                                                                                                                      59           945                                   2             67                                   11            76            72        967
                                             PT WASH INC                                                                                                                                        4            27                                    2             53                                   3             41            9         121
                                             LJACKSON                                                                                                                1              2           43           137                                                                                      7             57            51        196
                                             INDEr INC                                1             1                                                                4              10          10           22                                    1             1                                    13            105           29        139
                                             INDEr PUNC                               1             22                                     1             7           4              22                                                                                                                5             24            11        74
                                             INDEr STAMP                              56            195          2             7                                     30             84                                   6             12          2             14          5            19          7             34            108       364
                                             CHECK-STAMP                              183           1553         66            385         3             29          SS4            22U3                                 12            56          f3            49          10           25          622           5464          1463      9764
                                             GRIT-TEMP Pl,                            18            50           7             26          4             14          174            319         308          760         19            22          8             28          1            1           81            439           620       1658
                                             GROG-TEMP PL                             3             3                                      1             2           5              7           14           120                                   4             3                                    5             46            32        180
                                             SAND-TEMP PL                             124           130          66            69          7             21          184            147         74           82                                    5             9           15           64          19D           658           655       1191)
                                                  TOTAL                               386           19,55        141           497         16            72          957            2796        512          1992        37            90          37            222         31           109         935           6955          3052      14678
                                                  BY PROVIENCE
                                             SHELI,TEMP PL
                                             FT WALTON INC                                                                                                                                      12           42                                    5             30                                   1             1             2         7
                                             Pr WASH INC                                                                                                                                        1            1                                     5             24                                                 1                       1
                                             LJACKSON                                                                                                                                           8            7                                                                                        1             1             2         1
                                             INDErINC                                                                                                                                           2            1                                     3                                                  1             2             1         1
                                             INDFrPUNC                                              1                                      6             9                          1                                                                                                                 1                                     1
                                             INDET STAMP                              15            to           1             1                                     3              3                                    16            13          5             6           16           17          1                           4         2
                                             CHECK-STAMP                              47            79           47            79          19            39          58             79                                   32            63          35            21          32           23          67            79            48        67
                                             GRIT-TEMP Pl.                            5             3            5             5           25            19          is             11          60           38          51            24          22            13          3            1           9             6             20        11
                                             GROG-TEMP PL                             1                                                    6             2           1                          3            6                                     11            1                                    1             1             1         1
                                             SAND-TEMP Pl.                            32            7            47            14          44            29          19             5           14           4                                     14            4           49           59          19            9             21        8
                                             TOTAL                                    100           100          too           100         too           100         100            100         100          100         100           100         100           101)        IOD          100         10D           too           too       too
                                                  % WITHN TYPE
                                             SHELL,TEMP PL                                                                                                           50             21                                                                                                                so            79            too       too
                                             FT WALTON INC                                                                                                                                      82           96                                    3             7                                    15            8             too       100
                                             PT WASH INC                                                                                                                                        44           22                                    22            44                                   33            34            100       too
                                             LJACKSON                                                                                                                2              1           84           70                                                                                       14            29            too       100
                                             INDETINC                                 3             1                                                                14             7           34           16                                    3             1                                    45            76            100       100
                                             INDEr PUNC                               9             30                                     9             9           36             29                                                                                                                45            32            too       100
                                             INDEr STAMP                              52            S4           2             2                                     29             23                                   6             3           2             4           5            5           6             9             '00       00
                                             CHECK-STAMP                              13            16           5             4                                     38             23                                   1             1           1                         1                        43            56            OD        00
                                             GRIT-TEMP Pl,                            3             3            1             2           1             1           28             19          50           46          3             1           1             2                                    13            26            100       too
                                             GROG-TEMP Pl,                            9             2                                      3             1           16             4           44           67                                    13            2                                    16            26            too       100
                                             SAND-TEMP PL                             19            11           10            6           1             2           211            12          11           7                                     1             1           2            3           27            56            100       too
                                                  % OF TOTAL
                                             SHELL,TEMP PL
                                             FT WALTON INC                                                                                                                                      2            6                                                                                                      1             2         7
                                             PT WASH INC                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    I
                                             LJACKSON                                                                                                                                           1            1                                                                                                                    2         1
                                             INDErINC                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               I             I         I
                                             INDEr PUNC                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     I
                                             INDET STAMP                              2             1                                                                1              1                                                                                                                                             4         2
                                             CHECK-STAMP                              6             11           2             3                                     18             15                                                                                                                2D            37            49        67
                                             GRIT-TEMPPL                              1                                                                              6              2           to           5           1                                                                            3             3             20        11
                                             GROG-TEMP PL                                                                                                                                                    I                                                                                                                    I         I
                                             sAND-TEMP PL                             4             1            2                                                   6              1           2            1                                                                                        6             4             21        8
                                                     OF TOTAL                         13            13           5             3           1                         31             19          17           14          1             1           1             2           1            1           31            47            too       100
















                                TABLE 46.            CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT A, CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Cal42, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                                                                    -1                                                                                                     TOTALS
                                      TYPE                            CT                     cr                                           CT          'T          CT         "r          Cr          WT
                                                            I            . b@                        ?  r           r           r          yw
                                  INDET INC                                                                         I           I                                                        I           I
                                  INDET PUNC                                                                        1           22                                                       1           22
                                  CHECK-STAMP                         75          519        72         567         30          429       5           35          1          3           183         1553
                                              P                       20          30         26         148         8           9                                 2          9           56          195
                                  GRrr-TFMP PL                        18          50                                                                                                     18          50
                                  GROG-TEMP PL                        3           3                                                                                                      3           3
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                        29          28         60         64          23          26        10          9           2          4           124         130
                                      TOTAL                           145         629        158        778         63          498       15          43          5          16          396         1955

                                      % BY PROVIENCE
                                  INDET INC                                                                         2
                                  INDET PUNC                                                                        2.          5                                                                    1
                                  CHECK-STAMP                         52          82         46         73          48          98        33          82          2D         19          47          79
                                  INDET STAMP                         14          5          16         19          13          2                                 40         55          15          10
                                  GRTT-TEMP PL                        12          8                                                                                                      5           3
                                  GROG-TEMP PL                        2                                                                                                                  1
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                        20          4          38         8           37          5         67          is          40         27          32          7
                                      TOTAL                           100         100        100        too         100         10D       100         100         10D        100         10D         100

                                      % WITHIN TYPES
                Ln                INDET INC                                                                         10D         10D                                                      10D         100
                                  INDET PUNC                                                                        100         10D                                                      10D         10D
                                  CHECK-SrAMP                         41          33         39         36          16          28        3           2           1                      100         100
                                  INDET STAMP                         36          15         46         76          14          5                                 4          5           100         100
                                  GRIT-TEMP PL                        10D         lw                                                                                                     100         100
                                  GROG-TEMP PL                        100         100                                                                                                    too         too
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                        23          22         48         49          19          2D        9           6           2          3           too         100

                                      % OF TOTAL
                                  INDET INC
                                  INDET PUNC                                                                                    I                                                                    I
                                  CHECK-STAMP                         19          27         19         29          8           22        1           2                                  47          79
                                  INDETSTAMP                          5           2          7          8           2                                             1                      Is          10
                                  GRrr-TEMP PL                        5           3                                                                                                      5           3
                                  GROG-TEMP PL                        1                                                                                                                  .1
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                        8           1          16         3           6           1         3                       1                      32          7
                                        OF TOTAL                      39          32         41         40          16          25        4           2           1          1           100         100










                              TABLE 47.           CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT B, CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, SC442, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                                                                         %E                        Eb?       I       1,1'@E
                                                                                           . @?        I       @%                     . _'4                                       TOTALS Wr
                                    TYPE                           CT         Wr        cr          wr        cr          Wr        cr          Wr        cr        Wr           CT
                                 CHECK-STAMP                       22         113       19          84        12          103       10          58        3         28           66         395
                                 INDEr STAMP                                            1           6         1           1                                                      2          7
                                 GRIT-TEMP PL                      1          3                               5           19        1           4                                7          26
                                 SAND-TEMP PL                      17         17        24          27        16          18                    6                                66         69
                                    TOTAL                          40         132       44          it?       34          141       1                               21
                                                                                                                                    19          68                    9          141        497


                                    % BY PROVIENCE
                                 CHEOC-STAMP                       55         95        43          72        35          73        53          84        75        98           47         79
                                 INDET STAMP                                            2           5         3           1                                                      1          1
                                 GRIT-TEMP PL                      3          2                               15          14        5           6                                5          5
                                 SAND-TEMP PL                      43         13        55          23        47          13        42          9         25          2          47         14
                                    TOTAL                          100        100       100         100       100         too       100         too       100       100          100        10D

                                    % WrrHIN TYPES
                                 CHECK-SrAMP                       33         29        29          22        18          27        15          15        5           7          100        100
                                 INDET STAMP                                            30          86        50          14                                                     100        100
                                 GRIT-TEMP PL                      14         10                              71,         74        14          16                               100        100
                                 SAND-TEMP PL                      26         25        36          39        24          27        12          9         2           1          100        100

               a)                   % OF TOTAL
                                 CHECK-SrAMP                       16         23        13          17        9           21        7           12        2           6          47         79
                                 INDET STAMP                                            I           I         I                                                                  I          I
                                 GRIT-TEMP PL                      1          1                               4           4         1           1                                5          5
                                 SAND-TEMP PL                      12         3         17          5         it          4         6           1         1                      47         14
                                    % OF TOTAL                     29         27        31          24        24          29        13          14        3           6          10D        100


















                                TABLE 48.            CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT C, CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Cal42, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.


                                                                       LEVEL                   LEVEL2                LEVEL3                 LEVEL4                 LEVEL5                  TOTALS
                                                                        (.46                   (.20                   (.20 n?)               (22 d)                 (.Is @?)
                                      TYPE                           cr          WT          CT          wr         cr        Wr           CT          Wr          cr          Wr         CT
                                  iNDET PLrNc                                                                                                                      I           1          1           7
                                  CHECK-STAMP                                                2           22                                                        1           7          3           29
                                  GRIT-TEMP PL                                               1           5          3         9                                                           4           14
                                  GROG-TEMP PL                                                                                             1           2                                  1           2
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                        1            1                                3         13           3                                              7           21
                                      TOTAL                           1            1         3           26         6         22           4                       2           13         16          72

                                      % BY PROVIENCE
                                  INDETPUNC                                                                                                                        so          50         6           9
                                  CHECK-STAMP                                                67          82                                                        so          5D         19          39
                                  GRTr-TEMP PL                                               33          Is         so        42                                                          25          19
                                  GROG-TEMP PL                                                                                             25          19                                 6           2
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                       100         10D                                50        58           75          82                                 44          29
                                      TOTAL                          100         too         too         100        100       100          100         10D         10D         100        10D         10D

                                      % WJTHIN TYPES
                                  INDEr PUNC                                                                                                                       10D         100        100         100
                                  CHECK-STAMP                                                67          76                                                        33          24         too         lw
                                  GRIT-TEMP PL                                               25          34         75        66                                                          100         100
                                  GROG-TEMP PL                                                                                             100         10D                                100         too
                                  SAND-TEMP Pl.                       14           4                                43        6D           43          36                                 100         100

                                      % OF TOTAL
                                  INDET PUNC                                                                                                                       6           9          6           9
                                  CHECK-STAMP                                                13          30                                                        6           9          19          39
                                  GRIT-TEMP PL                                               6           7          19        13                                                          25          19
                                  GROr-TEMP PL                                                                                             6           2                                  6           2
                                  SAND-TEMP PL                        6            1                                19        18           19          11                                 44          29
                                                                                                                                                                                                      0
                                      % OF TOTAL                      6            1         19          37         38        31           25          13          13          19         100         10









                                      TABLE 49.                  CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT D, CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Ca142, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.
                                                                                                         Y%15?           1       I@                                                                                                                           TOTALS
                                                                                                                                                          %E                          T
                                                                                                                                                                                   %h5
                                                                                W6
                                              TYPE                            cr           wr          CT           wr          CT           %VT         cr          wr          cr                   cr                 wr     cr            %w              CT
                                          SHELL-TEMP PL                       1            3                                                                                                                                                                  1            3-
                                          L JACKSON PL                        1            2                                                                                                                                                                  1            2
                                          INDET INC                           3            9           1            1                                                                                                                                         4            to
                                          INDET PlJNC                         3            16          1            5                                                                                                                                         4            22
                                          INDET STAMP                         17           37          10           44          3            3                                                                                                                30           84
                                          CHECK-STAMP                         374          1447        112          485         48           211         4           Is          7            17             7           16          2           10           554          2203
                                          GRTr-TEMP Pl.                       98           200         48           69          22           39          1           2           5            5              10          5                                    174          319
                                          GROG-TEMP-PL                        3            3                                                                                                                 2           3                                    5            7
                                          SAND-TEMP PL                        112          109         so           32          15           4                                   3            1              1           1           3           1            184          147
                                              TOTAL                           6D2          1827        222          635         98           256         5           20          15           23             2D          24          5           it           957          2796

                                              % BY PROVIENCE
                                          SHELL-TEMP PL
                                          L JACKSON Pl.
                                          INDET INC
                                          INDET PUNC                                       I                        I                                                                                                                                                      I
                                          INDET STAMP                         3            2           3            7           3            1                                                                                                                3            3
                                          CHFCK-STAMP                         62           79          so           76          55           82          So          90          47           75             35          64          40          94           58           79
                                          GRrr-TEMP PL                        '5           11          22           11          25           15          20          10          33           2D             50          20                                   Is           It
                   00                     GROG-TEMP-PL                                                                                                                                                       10          13                                   1
                                          SAND-TEMP PL                        19           6           23           5           17           2                                   20           4              5           2           6D          6            19           5
                                              TOTAL                           ir)          100         In-          100         too          100         100         100         too          too            100         100         100         100          100          1

                                              % WrrHIN TYPE
                                          SHELL-TEMP Pl.                      Im           too                                                                                                                                                                100          100
                                          L JACKSON PL                        100          100                                                                                                                                                                100          too
                                          INDET INC                           75           89          25           12                                                                                                                                        too          too
                                          INDETPUNC                           75           75          25           25                                                                                                                                        too          too
                                          INDErSTAMP                          57           45          33           52          to           3                                                                                                                100          100
                                          CHECK-STAMP                         68           66          20           22          9            10          1           1           1                           1           1                                    too          100
                                          GRrr-TEMP Pl.                       51           63          28           22          13           12          1           1           3            1              6           2                                    too          100
                                          GROG-TEMP PL                        60           51                                                                                                                40          49                                   too          100
                                          SAND-TEMP PL                        61           74          27           22          8            3                                   2            1              1                       2                        too          too

                                              % OF TOTAL
                                          SHELI,TEMP Pl.
                                          L JACKSON PL
                                          INDETINC
                                          INDEr PUNC                                       I                                                                                                                                                                               I
                                          INDEr STAMP                         2            1           1            2                                                                                                                                         3            3
                                          C                 P                 39           52          12           17          5            8                       1           1            1              1           1                                    58
                                          GRrr-TEMP Pl.                       9            7           5            2           2            1                                   1                           1                                                is
                                          GROG-TEMP Pl.                                                                                                                                                                                                       I
                                          SAND-TEMP PL                        12           4           5            1           2                                                                                                                             19           5
                                              % OF TOTAL                      63           65          23           23          9            9           1           1           2            1              2           1           1                        too          100















                                           TABLE 50.                   CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT E, CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Cal42, BY COUNTS AM WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.


                                                                                               (.21 nf)                      (.07 ?)                        (.10.1)                      (.06 n?)
                                                   TYPE                                      CT LEVEL I      WT            CT  LEVEL2     Arr              LEVEL3       wr            CT  LEVEL4                     cr .08                           TOTALS
                                                                                   I                                                        Tr                               I                         wr   I          LEVEL' wr                    cr              WT
                                              FT WALTON INC                                  43              309           4              ISO            5              46            5                301           2               9              59              945
                                              PT WASH INC                                    1               5                                           3              22                                                                          4               28
                                              L JACKSON PL                                   41              122           2              16                                                                                                        43              137
                                                                                             10              22                                                                                                                                     10              22
                                              GRIT-TEMP PL                                   277             684           2D             36             6              29            1                3             4               8              308             760
                                              GROG-TEMP PL                                   to              67            3              11             1              41                                                                          14              120
                                              SAND-TEMP PL                                   63              74            1              1              9              6             1                2                                            74              82
                                                   TOTAL                                     445             1293          30             244            24             143           7                306           6               16             512             1992

                                                   % BY PROVIENCE
                                              FT WALTON INC                                  10              24            13             74             21.            32            71               98            33              53             12              42
                                              FT WASH INC                                                                                                13             15                                                                          1               1
                                              L JACKSON PL                                   9               9             7              6                                                                                                         8               7
                                              INDET INC                                      2               2                                                                                                                                      2               1
                                              GRrr.TEMP PL                                   62              53            67             15             25             20            14               1             67              47             60              38
                                              GROG-TEMP PL                                   2               5             10             5              4              28                                                                          3               6
                                              SAND-TEMP PL                                   14              6             3                             38             4             14               1                                            14              4
                                                   TOTAL                                     100             too           too            100            100            too           100              too           too             100            too             100

                                                   % WTrHlN TYPES
                                              FT WALTON INC                                  73              37            7              21             9              5             8                36            3               1              too             100
                                              PT WASH INC                                    25              19                                          75             91                                                                          100             100
                                              L JACKSON PL                                   95              89            5              11                                                                                                        100             100
                                              INDET INC                                      100             100                                                                                                                                    100             100
                                              GRIT-TEMP PL                                   90              90            6              5              2              4                                            1               1              too             too
                                              GROG-TEMP PL                                   71              56            21             9              7              34                                                                          too             too
                                              SAND-TEMP Pl.                                  85              9D            1              1              12             7             1                2                                            too             100

                                                   % OF TOTAL
                                              Fr WALTON INC                                  8               16            1              9              1              2             1                15                                           12              42
                                              PT WASH INC                                                                                                I              I                                                                           I               I
                                              L JACKSON PL                                   9               6                            1                                                                                                         8               7
                                              INDEr INC                                      2               1                                                                                                                                      2               1
                                              GRIT-TEMP PL                                   54              34            4              2              1              1                                            1                              6D              39
                                              GROG-TEMP PL                                   2               3             1              1                             2                                                                           3               6
                                              SAND-TEMP Pl.                                  12              4                                           2                                                                                          14              4
                                                   % OF TOTAL                                87              64            6              12             5              7             1                15            1               1              too             too











                                      TABLE 51.                  CERAMICS FROM TEST UNIT F, CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Ca142, BY COUNTS AND WEIGHTS IN GRAMS.


                                                                                                                    CT (.12 d                  CT (.I o rr?)               Cr (.to n?)                  cr (.16
                                                                                       LEVEL       I                LEVEL2                       LEVEL3                     LEVEL 4                       LEVELS                      TOTALS
                                              TYPE                           I                     :                            wr                           wr                          wr                           wr              cr         vV7
                                          CHECK-STAMP                                 4            13                                          4             30            3             12             1             1               12         56
                                          INDEr STAMP                                                               4           6              1             5                                          1             1               6          12
                                          GRlT.TEM[P Pl,                              13           17               3           2              1             1             2             2                                            19         22
                                              TOTAL                                   17           30               7           8              6             36            5             14             2             2               37         10


                                              S BY PROVIENCE
                                          CHEM-STAMP                                  24           43                                          67            83            6D            99             50            70              32         63
                                          INDET STAMP                                                               57          73             17            14                                         50            30              16         13
                                          GRIT-TEMP Pl,                               76           57               43          27             17            3             40            11                                           51         24
                                              TOTAL                                   too          too              too         100            100           100           too           too            100           too             too        too

                                              S WITHIN TYPES
                                          CHECK-STAMP                                 33           2.3                                         33            53            25            21             9             2               too        too
                                          INDET STAMP                                                               67          53             17            42                                         17            5               too        too
                                          GRIT.TEMP PL                                68           78               16          to             5             5             11            7                                            100        too

                                                 OF TOTAL
                                          CHECK-STAMP                                 11           15                                          11            33            8             13             3             2               32         63
                          OD              INDEr STAMP                                                               11          7              3             5                                          3             1               16         13
                          0               GRIT-TEMP Pl.                               35           19               8           2              3             1             5             2                                            51         24
                                              S OF TOTAL                              46           33               19          9              16            40            14            15             5             2               1002       too










                      that the check-stamped sherds from even this much later time period are
                      still smaller, suggesting much domestic use, wear, and breakage).
                            Units in what is considered the domestic area in the s outhern
                      portion of the site produced an extremely different assemblage than that
                      from Test Unit E in the burial area. Two components may even be
                      represented: The check-stamped (includ ing all the indeterminate stamped,
                      which doubtless is checked) and much of the plain may be a domestic
                      early Fort Walton assemblage. Or it may be a second, earlier component
                      from the Late Woodland (late Weeden Island), though not one sherd of any
                      recognizable Weeden Island type was recovered.
                            Domestic Midden Area: The entire southern 2/3 of the site (surface
                      and all units except E) produced nearly all check-stamped and plain
                      ceramics. Most are gritty, and many also have grog temper, though they
                      are not sloppy or linear in the stamp like those from the Early Woodland
                      (Deptford) in the shell mounds.
                            Test Units A, C, and D had very small amounts of indeterminate
                      incised or punctate. None of these could be identified as to type. There
                      is the possibility that they are Weeden Island types, as well as the
                      probability that they are Fort Walton. Test Unit D also produced a Lake
                      Jackson and a shell-tempered plain sherd, even more support for the
                      single component hypothesis. However, all of these could be from later
                      disturbance of an earlier occupation, of course.
                            This kind of assemblage can be characteristic of early Fort
                      Walton, but usually contains more Fort Walton Incised or at least Lake
                      Jackson (Plain or Incised) sherds in larger amounts (cf. Willey 1949,
                      White 1982). Without those types it could be characteristic of late
                      Weeden Island, but again would need a few diagnostic types of that
                      period, Carrabelle Incised and Punctated being the most common, or Keith
                      Incised. None of the incised or punctated sherds from any units outside
                      the burial area could unquestionably be labeled Fort Walton or Weeden
                      Island types. As is clear from the original type descriptions (Willey
                      1949), the attributes often overlap. A body sherd with a few parallel
                      incisions or some punctations on the surface does not give enough
                      information for classification, and can be used to support either
                      interpretation.
                            Burial Area: Analysis of the positioning and reconstruction of
                      ceramics associated with the burial area (Test Unit E and surface of
                      north end of site) at the Corbin-Tucker site was done by Charles
                      Fuhrmeister as part of a senior honors thesis in anthropology at USF.
                      His work is abstracted here.

                            only one check-stamped sherd came from the burial area (from mixed
                      levels). If the site actually has two components, this means that the

                                                        181











          later Fort Walton one extended farther north than the earlier (late
          Weeden Island) component. If the site is a single-component Fort Walton
          occupation, this means that the burial area was kept fairly clean of
          domestic refuse, if we can assume check-stamped pots were only for
          utilitarian purposes.
                All the identifiable Fort Walton Incised ceramics at the
          Corbin-Tucker site came from the burial area, including those from mixed
          levels of Test Unit E (Table 45). Partial vessels and single sherds were
          apparently interred already broken with the dead people (see Figure 31);
          those closer to the surface were broken more by the plow. Sherds that
          would normally have been classed as plain grit-tempered were counted as
          Fort Walton Incised when they fit to make the plain portions of those
          types of vessels.
                A majority of this pottery-was tempered with large red grit
          particles, but the surfaces were smoothed and made well enough to
          obscure some of this temper, so that it was best seen in broken edges.
          Red grit temper particles have been noted as characteristic of Fort
          Walton and later aboriginal ceramics in this valley (White 1981, 1982).
                After reconstruction of the (partial) vessels (listed by
          individual sherd count in Table 50) excavated in the cemetery area,
          Fuhrmeister (1989:18-19) was able to describe them as follows:
                2 five-sided (5-pointed) Fort Walton Incised plates or open bowls.
                      one is mostly complete, missing only one corner and some
                      internal (plain) area. It is still too incomplete to
                      determine whether or not there was any kill hole in the
                      center. This vessel was inverted in the area of the leg bone
                      and teeth, at the north end of Test Unit E, apparently with
                      a certain individual. The other vessel is represented by a
                      smaller fragment, consisting of one corner, interred right
                      side up near the individual with the skull, copper disc, and
                      celt (Figure 29). It is considered a 5-sided bowl based on
                      the angle.
                1 probably six-sided open bowl or plate, of a more common design
                      similar to that illustrated in Moore (1901:444) and Willey
                      (1949:461d). This came from the unit surface.
                Several Fort Walton Incised bowls with serpentine incised designs
                      incorporating zoned punctates. The most complete of these is
                      a small bowl with a rim diameter of about 10 cm and height
                      about 7 cm. Half of this bowl was found inverted about 20 cm
                      above the individuals (Figure 31, top). Another rather large
                      piece, reconstructed from plow zone sherds, is part of a
                      larger probable beaker.

                                             182


















                                                                           QVA












                                        . . ........ .

















                                       1 2  3 4 5










































                      FIGURE 31. Fort Walton partial ceramic vessels from Corbin-Tucker site,
                      Test Unit E, burial area. Top, small bowl from Level 1; bottom, most of
                      five-pointed open bow1 from Level 4.
                                     %
                                      CW
                                      CM









































                                                         183











               6 qualitatively different Lake Jackson Incised rims with one to
                     three nodes and several incised lines below the rim.
               I probable Point Washington Incised bottle. This type is
                     recognized by the absence of punctations, and parallel
                     curvilinear, almost guilloche-Bhaped incisions. This vessel
                     was pieced together from sherds found at the burial level,
                     about 65 cm depth, and above. The sherds are different
                     colors depending on where they were found, with the plow
                     zone pieces darker and more weathered.
               The owl effigy adorno (Figure 32) and other Fort Walton Incised
          pieces (Figure 27) found by the landowners over the years are also
          associated with the burial area. The owl is naturalistically sculpted on
          all sides (apparently feather tufts are broken off the back of the
          head), and apparently would have been facing inward toward the vessel
          whose rim it adorned.
               Associations with Fort Walton pottery from elsewhere are noted by
          Fuhrmeister (1989:19-20) as follows: According to Lazarus and Hawkins
          (1976:1) inward-facing rim effigies were early Fort Walton, carried over
          from the tradition of Weeden Island vessels; later in Fort Walton rim
          effigy heads faced outward as entire bowls became effigies.
               Five-sided plates occur less often than six-sided ones. Moore
          (1901:460) illustrates a 5-sided bowl from Choctawhatchee Bay (westward
          along the Gulf from the Apalachicola drainage) with definite
          Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (Southern Cult) motifs. He illustrates
          another from the Chipola Cutoff mound, just 10 river miles down the
          Apalachicola from Corbin-Tucker, close to where the Chipola enters the
          bigger river. This mound, now gone, had everything from Weeden Island
          materials to Fort Walton remains apparently late enough to be from the
          very earliest period of contact, since they included European metals
          (Moore 1903:451, Fig. 100; Willey 1949; White and Trauner 1987). The
          vessel from Corbin-Tucker is very similar to that from the Chipola

          Cutoff.
               Finally, the Lake Jackson Rim styles at this site are worthy of
          some comment. There are plain and ticked rims (which may also be from
          Fort Walton Incised vessels), notched rims, rims with nodes and small
          lugs, one even castellated (pointed) above the node. Some have one or
          two horizontal incisions below the rim and others have none. There are
          no handles or vertical grooves, rim treatments which might indicate
          later Fort Walton. There is no Lamar pottery, which would also be
          indicative of very late Fort Walton if it were present.




                                            184




































                                                      -1 -2  3  4  5









                                                  lip


                                                        _4












                                                             ACT

























                                                        V_*






                      FIGURE 32. Artifacts from the Corbin-Tucker site: greenstone celt from
                      burial, ceramic owl effigy from Corbin family surface collection.


                                                        185













                 Other Ceramic Materials
                            In this category are just a few miscellaneous items, as listed in
                 Table 52. Some mostly small fragments may be daub, but are more likely
                 something else, perhaps toys or leftover bits from pottery making. If
                 this is a fairly sedentary village, it is surprising that no
                 unquestionable and large daub remains were recovered. Elsewhere in the
                 valley big fragments of this clay that would have been plastered on the
                 outside of house walls are very common; they often have grass or cane
                 pole marks and even fingermarks (White 1982). Either the houses at
                 Corbin-Tucker were in an area of the site we did not test, or they did
                 not build any in this fashion. Perhaps if it is an isolated ceremonial
                 site the people did not actually stay here long, but just came to bury
                 their dead (?).



                 TABLE 52.             NON-VESSEL CLAY REMAINS FROM THE CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Ca142.


                 Provenience                               Description                                                              Wt (a)


                 TU A L I                   I poss daub frag                                                                          .8
                 TU A L 2                   2 poss daub frag                                                                        1.9
                 TU A L 4                   3 poss daub frags                                                                       3.6
                 TU A L 6                   3 poss daub frags, crumbs                                                               5.6
                 TU   BLI                   I tiny ceramic cylinder frag, bead preform?                                               .9
                 TU D L 1                   6 poss daub frags                                                                       6.8
                                            1 irregular clay "squeezing" or rougb adorno                                            3.3
                 TU D L2                    2 grit-tempered clay lumps, -remains from pottery making?                               3.1
                 TU D L 3                   1 grit-tempered plain burnished cone, appears broken off pot                            7.7
                 TU D L 5                   1 poss daub frag                                                                        2.9




                            Other remains include a tiny cylindrical fragment of clay that may
                 be a broken segment of a preform for a bead or a figurine fragment. It
                 is 8.3 mm in diameter and 7.6 mm long. There is also an unusual rounded
                 cone of grit-tempered, fired, burnished clay that clearly has broken off
                 something at the base. It is 3 cm tall and 1.8 cm in diameter at the
                 base, and might be a figurine arm or leg.


                 LITHIC MATERIALS

                 Chipped Stone
                            Only 10 chipped stone items were recovered at Corbin-Tucker (Table
                 53); little lithic tool production or use took place here. All specimens
                 are secondary debitage, occasionally thermally altered, indicating a
                 little sharpening, minimum maintenance of a very few stone tools.






                                                                               186













                                       TABLE53.              LITHIC MATERIALS FROM THE CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Ca142.

                                       Chipped Stone (counts/weights in gmrns)
                                                                   Block
                                                                   Shatter            Secondary
                                       Provenience                 Fraes                 Flakes                       Comments


                                       Surface                     1/4.0                                  pink, thennally altered, use wear
                                       TU A L 1                                         2/3.2
                                       TU A L 4                                         2/ <.5            very tiny, bifacial thinning flakes
                                       TU B L 7                                          1/<.5
                                       TU R L 10                                        2/1.3
                                       TU C L 5                    l/.8                                   pink, therrnally altered
                                       TU C L 8                                          11<.5            very weathered


                                       Other Stone
                                       Provenience                       Material                                   Weipht (grams


                                       Surface                     I quartzite pebble chip                              1.1
                                       TU D L 3                    1 quartzite chip                                      .3
                                       TU E burial                 I polished greenstone celt                        2243.7



                                                  This is very typical of Fort Walton sites along the Apalachicola
                                       River. For unknown reasons these people barely used any chipped stone.
                                       Some archaeologists think sharpened cane arrows, such as noted in the
                                       accounts of the first European explorers, were prevalent, obviating the
                                       need for stone tools. This is not a good enough explanation, however, as
                                       earlier and later cultural groups in this valley left plenty of chipped
                                       stone debris (White 1981, 1982). So did late contemporaneous prehistoric
                                       Mississippian stage cultures elsewhere in the Southeast. No one has come
                                       up with any testable hypotheses for this phenomenon in the Apalachicola.
                                                  The paucity of chert at the Corbin-Tucker site does strongly
                                       support the single component Fort Walton characterization of the site,
                                       however. Late Weeden Island sites in this valley are usually full of
                                       chert debitage and tools. The three flakes in Test Unit A, in the
                                       vicinity of the feature dated to A.D. 870, a nice late Weeden Island
                                       date, may be some small evidence for a late Weeden Island presence, if
                                       only in that single feature.
                                                  In our attempts to ascertain the presence of any earlier
                                       prehistoric occupation by taking Test Unit B to greater depths, three
                                       weathered tiny flakes were unearthed below 70 cm, well out of the Fort
                                       Walton midden zone. Another one came from a deep level of Test Unit C.
                                       These four slim pieces of evidence could mean a very low density earlier
                                       occupation of this sandy ridge. or they could simply be from the Fort
                                       Walton occupation, having drifted down due to trampling, rodent
                                       activity, and other natural and/or cultural processes.


                                                                                                       187














         Other Stone
               Other than a couple quartzite pebble chips (and a few pieces of
         pea gravel, limestone, and sandstone concretions that are natural and
         therefore not included on Table 53), the only other stone encountered by
         the work at Corbin-Tucker was the greenstone celt (Figure 32). This
         artifact is 24 cm long, 2.2 kilograms (about a foot long and weighing
         five pounds), 8 cm wide at the bit and 4.6 cm at the butt end, and 4.3
         cm thick at the thickest point. It is of greenstone that had to be
         imported from the Appalachian Mountains. Similar celts have been
         recovered in other burial contexts along the Apalachicola (White 1982).
         This one is not worn or utilized. Its position directly below the chin
         of the principal burial may also be interpreted as lying crosswise atop
         the left shoulder at the neck, bit end forward.


         COPPER ARTIFACT
               The copper disc (Figure 33) from the high status burial became
         more interesting as the analysis progressed. It is extremely thin, as if
         it were a covering for a wooden ear spool, unlike a solid copper ear
         spool, which would have been thicker. It is 4.6 cm in diameter and
         weighs 2.3 g. In the field we could see it had a raised central boss.
         Since it was in the ground on end in situ and hit by our hand tools,
         unfortunately we were responsible for some or possibly all of the
         breakage.
               Appendix 3 presents the detailed physical and chemical analyses by
         all the specialists who donated their services toward the understanding
         of this artifact, as well as a description of the conservation
         procedure. I summarize these analyses and conclusions here.
               The x-ray of the disc showed some cracks but no center hole, which
         would be expected of an ear spool for attachment. If it was just a cover
         for a wood spool, however, this would make more sense. Though
         conservator Maseman extracted some fragments of charcoal from behind the
         disc, it was not enough to suggest an ear spool. When he cleaned it
         thoroughly under the microscope with a tiny scalpel, this exposed better
         11 raised bosses spaced about every centimeter around the circumference
         of the disc. It also showed areas of a hard black substance covering the
         copper, at places wrapping around the edge and continuing to the
         underside a short distance. A microprobe on a scanning electron
         microscope proved these areas to be coated with lead and other elements.
         Except for fragments sent for further examination, the disc was then
         stabilized with the appropriate chemical adhesive and reconstructed.
               Maseman originally suggested that the lead coating was either
         pounded or rubbed on, maybe using a piece of galena. When polished it


                                            188































                                                          A




































                           0    1   2   3 4     5                1       .3  4   5



                                                CM                               CM



                    FIGURE 33. Copper disc from Corbin-Tucker site. Top, top surface right
                    after excavation. Bottom, top and bottom surfaces after cleaning,
                    reconstruction, and conservation (note white polyester strips on upper
                    right of bottom surface).


                                                       189










         would have remained lustrous for perhaps an hour or two, then tarnished
         to a dull gray. If it was a central decoration of a headdress worn on
         the forehead, it may have been polished for certain ritual occasions.
         Lead-covered copper artifacts are not reported in the literature for
         early Fort Walton or other early Mississippian contexts, as far as I can
         ascertain. Willey (1949) notes occurrences of galena and plumbago .                      .6
         (graphite) in northwest Florida mounds, but usually in Middle Woodland
         (early Weeden Island) contexts. Significantly, the later analyses by
         Scott and Palmer (Appendix 3B, 3C), as I understand them, indicate that
         the concentration of lead and other minerals on the outside of the disc
         could also have occurred by natural processes after burial of this
         object. In other words the lead was a trace element that migrated to the
         surface, and possibly not a deliberate coating.
               Copper ear spools similar in size and shape have come from mound
         contexts along the Apalachicola. But they are more often Middle Woodland
         in cultural affiliation, perhaps 500 or more years older, though they
         are known from later contexts as well. Fuhrmeister notes (1989:23) two
         similar sheet copper artifacts with raised bosses along the perimeter
         found on the south Georgia coast by Moore and linked to the Southeastern
         Ceremonial Complex by Larson (1957:429).
               I have discussed this copper disc with Calvin Jones of the Florida
         Division of Historical Resources, and in 1989 (at the Southeastern
         Archaeological Conference meeting in Tampa) showed it to Jonathan Leader
         of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology. Both
         these experts stated that, based on its style, they thought the disc was
         most likely of early historic aboriginal manufacture. Scott's evaluation
         of the raw material (Appendix 3B) also considered it to be typical of
         historic period metalwork. This characterization is inconsistent with
         all the rest of the evidence from the site, however. No early historic
         (aboriginal or non-aboriginal) materials were recovered, nor any proto-
         historic materials (such as Lamar pottery), nor even anything
         unquestionably indicative of later Fort Walton.
               Perhaps because such painstaking conservation and expensive
         analyses as those graciously provided by our specialists (Appendix 3)
         are not usually available to archaeologists, such materials as this
         enigmatic copper artifact have not yet been well recognized elsewhere.
         Despite conflicting data, however, and even with new (and even more
         confusing) evidence concerning copper recovered from further work at the
         site (see last section, below), the best reconstruction at present is
         still that the disc is from the early Fort Walton period, and that it
         probably covered a perishable (wood?) disc, with which it was affixed  to



                                            190










                      the forehead (on a cloth/leather band or hat?) of the highest (?) status

                      burial.


                      HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS

                      Elements and Individuals
                            All of the very few skeletal remains, consisting of skull
                      fragments and a long bone fragment, were the consistency of cheesecake
                      when exposed in the ground. Most of the teeth were in crumbs. The bone
                      and teeth had nearly decayed due to the acidity of the soil, no doubt,
                      as had nearly all the rest of whatever animal bone the prehistoric
                      people had left at the site. In order to reconstruct what little was
                      possible of the skeleton and teeth and ascertain how many individuals
                      were present, it was necessary to stabilize these fragments with a
                      solution of PVA (Elmer's glue) and water. Unfortunately that meant
                      giving up the chance for even an AMS radiocarbon date directly on the
                      bone, as the ten grams of bone not worth treating were crumbs that would
                      not yield enough carbon. The catalog of selected elements present,
                      totaling only 154 grams, appears as Appendix 4, and Layman's report is
                      abstracted as follows.
                            At least five individuals are represented by the remains excavated
                      in the 1 x I m Test Unit E, according to the teeth recovered. Four are
                      adults and one is a subadult. The osteological remains consist of 54
                      teeth and fragments,- one reconstructed right anterior distal tibia, two
                      left and one right petrous portions, and a reconstructed right frontal
                      bone with nasal aperture and eye orbits, and a parietal bone and
                      fragments. It is a mystery why only skull fragments and the tibia
                      survived, unless they were the only elements interred, not an atypical
                      situation.
                            Age determinations are based on dental attrition, and the subadult
                      age is based on examination of deciduous teeth. Sex could not be
                      determined for the skeletal remains, though the frontal bone (which was
                      of the principal or highest (?) status burial) is estimated to be male,
                      based on several areas of relative robustness. In the field there was
                      some slight suggestion of frontal cranial deformation of this principal
                      burial based on the shape of the skull outline in the ground (Figure
                      29). This condition could not be verified in the lab, partially, no
                      doubt, because of post-mortem, deterioration.
                            Dental remains, 54 whole and partial teeth, as well as numerous
                      unidentifiable fragments, indicate the presence of at least five people,
                      or at least their teeth. One right mandibular deciduous cuspid is an
                      indication that one individual is a child.




                                                         191










               Most of the teeth, especially central and lateral incisors and
         first and second molars, show excessive wear through the enamel, with
         molars often worn into the dentin. Excessive wear on the incisors could
         be from filing of teeth or using them as tools. Molar wear is most
         likely from diet. Many teeth have caries, including a few very large
         (and painful looking) ones. These are suggestive of an agricultural
         subsistence, with a starchy maize diet, which is more likely to cause
         cavities than the meats and greens of hunter-gatherers.


         Burial Summary
               Since we did not find any edges of a burial pit, nor get to the
         bottom of the cultural deposits in Test Unit E, it is unknown how big
         the grave was or how many individuals were present. Moreover, it cannot
         be determined whether entire bodies, just heads, or even just teeth were
         buried here with the principal (?) burial.
               Perhaps the cranium of this one person was partially still present
         because of the preservative powers of the copper salts. Was the celt so
         evenly and closely placed beneath the chin because only the head was
         present even of the principal person? The soft yellow-brown sand showed
         no outline of other decayed bones to indicate whose partial lower leg is
         represented. It is possibly that of the principal person, though not in
         the right position for an extended or flexed skeleton, only for a
         possible bundle burial or a person buried on the right side in a sitting
         position with the legs extended straight out in front.
               It is common for this time period in the Southeast that multiple
         interments are often present, sometimes just skulls or trophy heads with
         other individuals. Furthermore, honored dead were often left out to
         decay or buried, exhumed, and reburied (often multiple times) elsewhere
         in more fragmentary shape. The only other probably articulated groups of
         teeth besides those in the head (skull) were one group near the tibia at
         a slightly lower level than the head, and another group just above the
         head. While plowing may account for some of the disturbance, it did not
         extend deep enough to disturb the principal burial.
               The best explanation for the burial area uncovered in Test Unit E
         is that it is part of a larger cemetery, where probably higher status
         dead were interred at different times. Subsequent ritual activity
         including exhumations and reburials continued disturbance of the area,
         so that the final archaeological record is a palimpsest of many
         different events.
               The apparently most important person uncovered by our excavations
         was possibly a male, adult, buried with a large, heavy and unused
         greenstone celt that was doubtless a ceremonial object and put in an


                                            192









                      interesting position on the neck. It may have been a badge of office,
                      symbol of woodworking, war, male status, or whatever. The person had a
                      copper disc in the middle of the forehead probably attached to some sort
                      of headdress. The disc may have been a glittery black or silvery color,
                      but the evidence is tentative to indicate a lead coating. It is fun to
                      speculate what else may have been present (feathers? leather? textiles?
                      foods? woodcarvings?), but at present fruitless.
                            This person was buried either before or with at least three other
                      adults and one subadult, whether entire bodies or partial skeletons or
                      just heads, and all were probably part of a larger grave or else a much
                      reutilized cemetery. Fort Walton ceramics of very decorative types,
                      different from everyday domestic wares, were apparently first broken,
                      then placed with the dead.


                      FAUNAL REMAINS
                            The few faunal remains preserved at this site and able to be
                      recovered by our excavations were concentrated in Feature I..They
                      consist of shells and bone bits, as described in Appendix 1B, and listed

                      in Table A1.22.

                            The dominant faunal specimens in this feature were shells of
                      freshwater molluscs and terrestrial snails of several varieties
                      (Unionidae, Elliptio, Amblema, Obovaria, Viviparus, Polygyra,
                      Pulmonata). These could make an easy meal or snack by being steamed or
                      boiled out of their shells. The vertebrate animals represented were
                      turtle, fish, and unidentified mammal. The only specimens recognizable
                      at the genus level were garfish bones. However, in addition to the fauna
                      recovered from flotation of the feature fill, a raccoon left mandible
                      fragment with a worn molar (1.8 g; not included in Table A1.22) was
                      recovered from the disturbed (plowed) area on top the feature. Thus the
                      pit seems to have held a simple accumulation of food garbage and
                      charcoal, perhaps dumped in two episodes (strata) or else as one deposit
                      from which organic materials leached downward to form a second, deeper

                      stratum.

                            This faunal assemblage represents an interesting combination, with
                      the emphasis again upon aquatic types. Enormous caution is needed in
                      interpreting subsistence here, however, since the only faunal remains
                      came from a single pit feature, and it is not 100% certain that this
                      feature is Fort Walton in age, given the A.D. 870 date and non-
                      diagnostic ceramics (check-stamped and plain).






                                                         193














         BOTANICAL REMAINS

               Botanical remains identified from the Corbin-Tucker site are
         described in detail in Appendix 5 and Table A5. They were very few and
         very small specimens, giving scant evidence for food procurement.
               Feature 1, the shell/refuse pit, dated to the ninth century A.D.,
         provided the most charcoal, predominantly pine, with some oak and less
         identifiable wood. Several small fragments of acorn and hickory nutshell
         in the feature are too small perhaps even to assume they are from human
         activity: if they are, they may have been for fuel as well as food. The
         only seeds were unidentified fragments except for a possible wax myrtle
         (Myrica) in stratum II. Much wood is unidentifiable. The primary
         identified wood is pine, including pine pitch; there are oak fragments,
         and some ring-porous and diffuse-porous hardwood specimens as well.
         These remains support the interpretation of this feature as a pit
         containing kitchen/domestic refuse.
               All other botanical specimens identified are from test unit levels
         (both flotation and dry screen samples; total level volumes are given in
         ceramic Tables 45-51). Again the majority of samples are pine wood and
         resin, and unidentified/unidentifiable wood. Many proveniences produced
         unburned or partially charred wood that is probably modern. Test Unit A
         Level 3 produced a small fragment of plum/cherry (Prunus); this was a
         location near Feature 1. The only other interesting remains came from
         Test Unit E, the cemetery area, which produced more Prunus and several
         unidentified seeds (which may be fern spores) in addition to the typical
         pine and unidentified charcoal. This is not really enough evidence to
         say that different plant use was taking place in the cemetery area from
         that of the domestic portion of the site (the southern 2/3).
               It is unclear why food plant remains are not present. The dental
         wear on the teeth and especially the caries suggest a maize diet, but so
         far no maize has been found, or any wild foods either. We know Fort
         Walton people ate maize and also wild plant foods, and we know Feature I
         had animal remains certainly indicative of food garbage.


         SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION
               The Corbin-Tucker site may be more than what it seems. There may
         be a mound somewhere nearby in the forest (even large temple mounds can
         go unrecognized under heavy forest cover). The south end may be a late
         Weeden Island small village or camp, consistent with the most of the
         ceramic assemblage, the radiocarbon date, and even the shell pit
         (Feature 1), freshwater mollusc being frequently found in pits or even
         whole strata at Late Woodland as well as Fort Walton occupations (White
         1981). However, the low reliability of chronological positioning based


                                            194









                      on a single radiocarbon date, coupled with the near absence of any chert
                      remains as would be present at a Late Woodland site, and the occurrence
                      of other early Fort Walton sites with a high percentage of check-stamped
                      pottery, all argue for this site's characterization as a single
                      component Fort Walton village and ceme tery.
                            Since the 1988 investigations raised more questions than they
                      answered, we took a brief opportunity to return to the Corbin-Tucker
                      site in 1990, when another (unrelated) project brought USF archaeology
                      students back to this area (but after the first draft of this report was
                      submitted). The goal of the three days spent there was to obtain a
                      better charcoal sample for radiocarbon dating, this time from the
                      cemetery area. Test Unit E was expanded to a 2 x 2 m square (labeled E')
                      with the same southwest corner, and the backfill was removed from the
                      original 1 x I unit down to the unexcavated portion. Again, we did not
                      intend to reach the bottom of the cultural deposits, only the top of the
                      intact mortuary deposits. In case Test Unit E did not provide any
                      charcoal, another unit, I x 2 m, labeled Test Unit G, was opened 10 m
                      northeast of Test Unit E. In both excavations undisturbed evidence of
                      mortuary activity was encountered immediately below the plow zone: In
                      Test Unit G were long bone fragments, two skulls, teeth, another
                      greenstone celt, a whelk (Busycon) shell dipper, and a ceramic mushroom-
                      shaped object (pottery trowel?). None of these exotic artifacts was in
                      very close association with individual bones. In Test Unit El were
                      additional bone fragments and teeth. In the center of the area of what
                      was the north wall of original Unit E, fairly close to where the tibia
                      was recovered in 1988, was another, thicker copper disc, with some
                      charcoal under it. In the fill of both units there was Fort Walton
                      Incised pottery throughout.
                            The second copper disc was removed for study, and after drying out
                      in the laboratory it fell open to reveal that it was apparently two thin
                      discs covering a wooden core. This artifact is currently undergoing
                      conservation and analysis with John Maseman at the South Florida
                      Conservation Laboratory in Pompano Beach. Analyses of data and materials
                      recovered during this brief investigation are still in progress.
                      Meanwhile the small piece of charcoal from under this second copper disc
                      was sent for radiocarbon dating and returned an even more puzzling
                      result than the previous date from this site: 1840+ 110 years B.P. or
                      A.D. 110 (uncorrected; Beta 40905). The sample was very small (a quarter
                      gram) and was given four times the normal counting time. It seems highly
                      unlikely that the date is correct unless perhaps the copper disc or at
                      least the burned wood underneath it had been curated by the Fort Walton
                      people and their ancestors for something like a thousand years.

                                                         195










                Clearly there are many conflicting kinds of information and
          unusual artifacts at this site. The data are insufficient to resolve any
          of the dating problems, and further radiocarbon dating is necessary
          before the archaeological investigations can be adequately described and
          interpreted. Still, the entire burial scenario, whether or not
          associated with the habitation area that was dated to A.D. 870, suggests
          some person or persons of higher social status within Fort Walton
          culture. Much further research needs to be done comparing these    finds
          with late prehistoric social indicators elsewhere in the Southeast,
          including in this valley (White 1982). The exotic grave goods are so far
          not seen to be as numerous and unusual as those from the Southeastern
          Ceremonial Complex graves at the famous Lake Jackson site, a multiple
          temple and burial mound and plaza complex in Tallahassee. In fact, our
          Apalachicola finds barely fit into the definition of Southeastern
          Ceremonial Complex activity, probably just by virtue of the copper

          artifact.

                Nonetheless, the archaeological record here attests to the greater
          sociopolitical and economic complexity that had evolved by this time
          period on the Apalachicola. Some people were considered more important
          and treated so at death. others buried with or after the principal
          person may have been retainers, relatives, or something else, and may
          have been fragmentary skeletons, bundle burials or perhaps just skulls.
          Raw materials for exotic artifacts had to be obtained from some kind of
          long distance trade system. The Busycon shell dipper had to come from
          some 100 km (60 navigational miles) south in the Gulf. Greenstone may
          have come from the Georgia mountains, but we have as yet no idea where
          copper was obtained, except that it was not locally. The Apalachicola
          River was a very long prehistoric interstate highway, bringing the
          necessary kinds of imported materials and paraphernalia with which
          different social roles could be manifested.























                                              196












                                  SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND

                                         RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK


                           The six sites tested have produced the first well controlled
                     prehistoric cultural data from this part of the Apalachicola Valley. The
                     four shell mounds yielded settlement and subsistence information and
                     some insights into ceramic chronology, the Elliott's Point complex, and
                     geomorphological change. The Overgrown Road site showed the character of
                     a small domestic camp during the time period of spectacular burial
                     mounds. The Corbin-Tucker site demonstrated early Fort Walton mortuary
                     practices, domestic activity, and characteristics of subsistence and
                     social systems. All the sites produced some biotic evidence from
                     flotation of soil samples, and most yielded interesting (if not always
                     appropriate) radiocarbon dates (Table 54). This chapter summarizes the
                     new information on various aspects of different prehistoric time periods
                     and indicates where the next research questions lie and what future
                     study will involve.


                     APALACHICOLA DELTA SHELL MOUNDS: SUMMARY

                           Because the shell mounds are the first in the remote lower delta
                     swamps to be so investigated, and because they have many similarities in
                     both archaeological content and archaeological requirements,.it is
                     appropriate first to discuss them as a group, with a comparative focus.


                     Research Biases
                           These are the first prehistoric shell mounds in the lower valley
                     river swamp environment of the Apalachicola delta to be professionally
                     recorded (White 1987) and investigated, to my knowledge. It is also the
                     first research of this type done by the Apalachicola archaeology program
                     at USF. Several logistical problems had to be overcome to accomplish the
                     operations. Shell mound studies here are still in the beginning stages
                     of development as compared with other parts of Florida or elsewhere in
                     the world (White 1991a). Many individual questions need more in-depth
                     research, such as seasonality studies, artifact raw material source
                     identification, comparative analysis of biotic species, and
                     paleoenvironmental research that can tell us what fluvial, forest, and
                     marine environments were like here at different times in the past. Only
                     then can we move on even to examine settlement systems, not to mention
                     social systems, at different time periods.
                           our very small sample sizes of the archaeological record at these
                     midden mounds doubtless are very biased; artifact types or assemblages,
                     particular animal or plant species, or indications of specific cultural
                     activities may be absent because they were in areas that we did not pick

                                                       197










                                       TABLE 54.                RADIOCARBON DATES FROM PROJECT SITESICOMPONENTS




                                                                                                                                                                      Date            Uncorrected                 Corrected
                                                                                                                                                                    Returned          Calendricall               Calendrical
                                                      Site                      Provenlence                Component                   Sample Dated                (Yra BA                 Date                     Date                    Associated DbVmilc Artifacts                  Year Dated; Comments

                                           Corbin-Tucktr site,             Feature, I (rUA)            Fort Walton                 5 g pine charcoal              1080 ï¿½ 90           A.D. 970             (A.D. 670-1180)                Tuttle, garfish and other animal                1989
                                           $Ca 142                         Stratum It                                                                             (Beta 30633)                             (A.D. 960-1010)                bom Iftshwator mollusc &                        Date possibly incimact;
                                                                                                                                                                                                           A.D. 930                       gastropod, check stamped & plain                too early
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Shards, an in pit

                                                                           Ccmtery, under              Fort Walton                 .25 S charcoal                 1840 ï¿½ 110          A.D. 110             (20 B.C.-A.D. 395)             Copper-oovered wood disc, high                  1990
                                                                           second copper disc                                                                     (Beta 40905)                             (A.D. 2D-260)                  status burial(s) Fort Walton hicised            Quadruple counting time
                                                                                                                                                                                                           A.D. 164                       shords                                          for Oman Sample, date still
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          far too early; very
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          probably incorrect

                                           Owfgrcvm Road site              TU 1, Feature 4             Swift Crack                 16 g ask charcoal              Im ï¿½ 50             A.D. 300             (A.D. 230-570)                 Plain & oomplicsted-stamped                     1989
                                           BG%09                           (refuse pit)                                                                           (Beta 25771)                             (A.D. 379-430)                 shards, chart flabes, quartz
                                                                                                                                                                                                           A.D. 403                       hernisple-M fireginerit,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          polyg-, fe- sp-

                                           Depot Creek shall               TU C L 3                    Deptford                    7.6 g charcoal (pine           2010 J IOD          60 B.C.              (370 fi.C.-A.D. 220)           Simpla-stamped, chock-stampod                   1988
                       00                  mWilto 8Gu56                    .33 to -47 cm                                           wood, bark Itickwy             (Beta 26M)                               (12D B.C.-A.D. 90)             shards; Rot& shall mitlilen
                                                                                                                                   Shen) (.9 g carbon)                                                     45 B.C.

                                                                           TU C L 7                    [Ate Archaic                1.9 g pine charcoal            2970 ï¿½ 80           1020 B.C.            (1425-M B.C.)                  Lg simple-stamped fiber-tempered                1988
                                                                           -98 to -106 cm                                          (<I g carbon)                  (Beta 26899)                             (1322-1092 B.C.)               shards; Rmgia she]] midden                      AMS data
                                                                                                                                                                                                           I t82 B.C.


                                           Van Hom Creek shall             TU I L 6                    Late Archaic                charcoal <I g                  1120 ï¿½ 75           A.D. 830             (A.D. 775-1030)                Fiber-wmpored plain shard, check-               1998, AMS date
                                           moural SFr744                   -65 to -81  cm              mixed %vith                                                (Beta 26897)                             (A.D. 909-1000)                stamped Shards; oyster midden                   Date probably Incorrect
                                                                                                       Early(?) Woodland                                                                                   A.D. 904

                                           Clark Crack Shall               TU B L 11                   I-Ate Archaic or            pine charcoal AM               3970 ï¿½ 160          2020 B.C.            (2893-2150 B.C.)               No ocromics (level just show had                1989
                                           mound SGU60                     -165 to -173 cm             earlier                     hickory shall (total           (Beta 31785)                             (2490-2290 B.C.)               sand-tempered plain shard, 4 each               Small sample given
                                                                                                                                   .3 g)                                                                   2453 B.C.                      fibef-tempered plain mid fiber-                 quadruple normal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 red simple-stampad; Rmisia               time to rodacme a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          midden, Some oyster



                                         Calculated by subtracting 1950.

                                         C14 calibration$ given first in ranges according to meawd of Klein, at al. 1982; second in ranges according to Sluiver                     Pearson 1986 or Peamon and Stuivef 1986; third, an average calendar date for the two differcnt fwdwds.










                     to excavate. There is much to be done concerning establishment of the
                     proper sample size of a shell midden (or any archaeological site) that
                     will give a representative picture, and demonstrate how big a sample or
                     how much analysis must be done before one reaches the point of
                     diminishing returns.
                           Just establishing standard procedures for taking soil samples for
                     flotation, for example, has required much trial and error. As noted, the
                     shift in sample size from 4 liters to 9 liters during the second (1988)
                     season resulted in larger and probably better samples (although less
                     total faunal material was analyzed the second year, adding another set
                     of biases to comparisons of the four shell mounds). But when taken as a
                     30 x 30 x 10 cm block, the sample seems seldom to amount to the ideal 9
                     liters, probably because of the difficulty of cutting a perfectly square
                     block in the unruly, chunky whole shell. Measuring the sample in a
                     plastic 2-liter pitcher would seem ideal. However this method also
                     resulted in undersized samples if the shell was not packed down hard.
                     During transport the shells and matrix settle in and pack more tightly,
                     resulting in a smaller volume, just like the box of crackers that, as
                     the label says, "settles during shipping" and appears half full when
                     opened. Many archaeologists take column samples for flotation and biotic
                     analyses from their shell middens, usually from the unit walls after
                     excavation is completed. I suspect the same problems occur with this
                     type of sampling, and I chose not to do it this way so as not to damage
                     deposits that might be examined during future excavation.
                           Shell midden sites are lately receiving much attention as a group
                     because of the common problems they present to archaeologists in a wide
                     range of geographic areas (e.g., Waselkov 1987; symposium on shell
                     midden archaeology organized by C. Claassen at the 1989 meeting of the
                     Society for American Archaeology, Atlanta; Stein 1992). Claassen (1991b)
                     noted the great variation in sampling techniques and sample sizes for
                     different shell mound studies, and also pointed out that such sites are
                     sometimes treated as "conflations of discrete deposits" and other times
                     perceived as a "stew from millennia of activities" (page 254). The
                     latter view was inescapable at the Apalachicola shell mounds, because of
                     the lack of visible natural or cultural strata. Thus, the field strategy
                     of excavation in arbitrary levels undoubtedly masked subtle cultural
                     change through time, but it was inescapable. The lack of any culturally
                     sterile strata between components does suggest continual occupation over
                     the millennia at these sites, with one group coming in and churning up
                     the last group's evidence, whether a year later or a century later, and
                     with no recognizable soil development. However, through artifact
                     associations in those arbitrary levels it was possible to suggest that

                                                        199











          different components had different horizontal and vertical extents.
          Further, listing of the sample sizes and other data (in artifact and
          faunal materials tables) should at least make possible comparative
          evaluation of this work.
                Florida shell middens are being investigated and analyzed in great
          detail in the southern peninsula (e.g., Beriault 1986, Marquardt 1992).
          Rangla middens have long been known along the northern Gulf Coast and
          are the subject of much study in Louisiana and elsewhere (e.g., Gagliano
          et al. 1982, Neuman 1984, Claassen 1985, Jackson 1991). A growing
          familiarity with this large body of archaeological work will permit more
          informed examination of the Apalachicola shell mounds and, I hope, some
          insights into questions beyond just chronology and subsistence, such as
          circum-Gulf socio-economic interactions, correlations of settlement
          patterning with environmental change, and relationships of coastal
          groups with interior groups through time.


          Cultural Chronology and Components Identified
                As a first effort, this project has produced very interesting
          findings for the Apalachicola shell mounds. Each one is different, yet
          they have much in common. All seem to be dominated by the debris of
          Early Woodland occupation within middens of Rangia shells. A-11 have a
          small percentage of oyster shell and an abundance of fish remains, with
          lesser amounts of turtle, mammals, and other fauna. The predominance of
          Early Woodland deposits may be related to environmental factors, not
          only the kinds that would have attracted people during this time and not
          other periods, but also the kinds that make these sites preserved and
          visible today. For example, the Late Archaic components that regularly
          underlie the Early Woodland materials may extend to even greater
          thicknesses that are not presently visible because most of the deposits
          are below the water table.
                It may be possible to recognize earlier and later divisions of the
          Deptford Early Woodland ceramic assemblage based on ceramic type
          frequencies in stratigraphic sequence. All Deptford levels are dominated
          by check-stamped pottery, but the earlier have simple-stamped and
          fabric-marked types and the later see the introduction of the first
          complicated-stamped wares. Alternatively, this latter assemblage may
          also be labeled early Swift Creek. Somewhere in between these earlier
          and later assemblages is apparently an assemblage of just plain and
          check-stamped sherds that lacks the more diagnostic types. A radiocarbon
          date from Depot Creek shell mound places the earliest Deptford, with the
          diagnostic simple-stamped sherds but still half the assemblage
          check-stamped, at 60 B.C., or 45 B.C. if the date is recalibrated by the


                                             200









                     most current methods (Table 54). A connection between at least two shell
                     mounds in the later Deptford or early Swift Creek is the unusual large
                     herringbone-patterned complicated stamp on sherds found at both Yellow
                     Houseboat and Clark Creek.
                           All the shell mounds appear to have Late Archaic cultural deposits
                     underlying the Early Woodland materials. This cultural adaptation is
                     marked not only by fiber-tempered pottery, including the rarer
                     simple-stamped fiber-tempered variety, but also microtool industries and
                     clay balls or "objects." All these are items included in the general
                     Poverty Point-related Late Archaic complexes that extend across the Gulf
                     of Mexico and in Florida are called Elliott's Point (Webb 1977, Lazarus
                     1958). This may be the first time such a complex is documented this far
                     eastward along the Gulf, though it is known from the Choctawhatchee Bay
                     area to the west, in Okaloosa, Walton, and Bay Counties. Work in
                     progress has the objective of documenting this Late Archaic
                     manifestation in greater detail and evaluating its relationships with
                     similar archaeological cultures throughout the Southeast (Jones 1993,
                     White and Estabrook 1994). Two dates obtained for this Late Archaic
                     material culture in the Apalachicola are 1020 B.C. and 2020 B.C. (Table
                     54; corrected, these dates become even earlier: 1240 B.C. and 2453

                     B.C.).
                           Two shell mounds have Fort Walton components (Van Horn Creek and
                     Yellow Houseboat). This late prehistoric adaptation is closely tied to
                     intensive maize agriculture and large villages with temple mounds
                     upriver along the Apalachicola. In the lower valley/estuary thereis no
                     evidence of this so far, only indications of a similar kind of
                     collecting of abundant wild resources that earlier prehistoric peoples
                     did. Whether these were different Fort Walton groups, perhaps more
                     simply organized and seasonal, instead of sedentary, politically complex
                     chiefdoms as in the interior, is still unknown. Agriculturalists from
                     upriver could even have visited seasonally to hunt and fish (as they
                     often do today).
                           Interesting among the data recovered from these four shell mounds
                     is what was not present. There is no indication of full-blown Middle
                     Woodland (Swift Creek-early Weeden Island) or Late Woodland (Late Weeden
                     Island) occupation. No unquestionably Weeden Island ceramics were
                     recovered. There is also no historic aboriginal occupation. These gaps
                     may be due to sampling bias. Tentative data from survey identified at
                     least one site on the north shore of Lake Wimico (Six Palms shell midden
                     or Shell Point, 8Gu54) as early or late Weeden Island, and one on the
                     south shore (Lake Wimico SE, 8Gu57) as Swift Creek (Henefield and White
                     1986). Huckleberry Landing site (8Frl2) is a Middle Woodland multi-mound

                                                        201










            Rangia midden and burial mound center a few km southeast of Clark Creek
            shell mound on the south bank of the Jackson River (Moore 1902:234-238,
            Willey 1949:277-278), still in reasonable shape despite a century of
            looting. M.A. thesis work in progress by Brian Parker of USF has
            documented a few possible late Weeden Island sherds at the
            Thank-You-Malam Creek shell midden (BPr755) on the east side of the                           Al
            delta. Future study will certainly involve more investigation of these
            sites.
                  Along the 107 river miles of the Apalachicola, Middle Woodland                         11W
            Swift Creek-Weeden Island burial mounds and villages and camps are
            numerous, often near or overlying Early Woodland sites. Several such
            sites are also recorded along the bay shores. Perhaps their adaptation
            did not include estuarine habitats as much as did that of slightly
            earlier peoples.
                  Similarly, Late Woodland, late Weeden Island period archaeological
            sites are apparently more numerous in the riverine interior than any
            other type from any other time period (White 1981, 1985). Why did these
            people, who utilized a larger range of environments than earlier or
            later in time, not inhabit the Apalachicola estuary and lower river
            swamp? This was the time when they were just beginning (or beginning to
            intensify?) maize agriculture (e.g., Milanich 1974); perhaps the low
            wetlands of the lower delta were not suitable for such farming.
                  A prehistoric site data base for the entire Apalachicola Valley
            being compiled by Terry Simpson (also as part of M.A. thesis work) does
            not show any Lower Creek/Seminole sites in the lower valley and very
            little evidence of contact period (sixteenth century) aboriginals.
            Again, it is unclear why this settlement pattern is apparent.
                  All these questions remain to be addressed. Meanwhile it cannot be
            forgotten that one other cultural component is present at some shell
            mounds, that of the early twentieth (and late nineteenth?) century
            beekeepers. Historic site studies are becoming more and more important
            in the Southeast, and comparison of the archaeological with the historic
            record often results in fascinating conclusions. Remains of such
            single-purpose economic activity sites would be especially interesting
            to study. Some investigations of turpentine stills and sawmills along
            the Apalachicola have already been carried out by historic
            archaeologists (Swanson 1985). Florida is the largest producer of honey
            in the nation, and the material record of the history of this business
            would be worthwhile and useful for future study. For this reason, though
            not described in this volume devoted to prehistory, modern artifacts
            (mostly crockery) from the shell mounds were also saved during our
            fieldwork.


                                                 202










                            Finally, it must be noted that none of the tests reached the
                      bottom of the prehistoric cultural components. Excavation below the
                      water table can and has been done (Purdy 1988) but it is difficult and
                      expensive, and often destructive of a large portion of the site. To dig
                      this deep in one of these shell mounds requires well points to pump out
                      water, heavy machinery and careful engineering, as well as relatively
                      larger amounts of funding to pay for all this. It has been done at other
                      Rangia mounds in Louisiana, for example, with the aid of such equipment
                      as well as other expensive tools such as helicopters and large
                      cofferdams provided by oil companies (e.g., Neuman 1976).
                            In 1989 1 wrote in the first draft of this monograph that
                      excavation below the water table should be attempted at the Apalachicola
                      shell mounds for several reasons: First, in a completely wet environment
                      there might be excellent preservation of perishable remains that could
                      give a truer picture of prehistoric life. At the Windover site near Cape
                      Canaveral, for example, not only were wood, woven fibers, bone and human
                      skeletal remains recovered from a burial ground in a pond, but also the
                      brains of some of the 7500-year-old dead were preserved in their skulls.
                      At south Florida shell mounds artifacts of wood, cordage, and other
                      perishables have been recovered (Gilliland 1975), and in Louisiana
                      similar items have been found (Duhe 1976) in Rangia shell mounds.
                            Second, the bottom of the Late Archaic deposits has not yet been
                      reached at the Apalachicola delta shell mounds, and there may be a great
                      deal more evidence. Third, there may exist far earlier cultural
                      components under the Late Archaic materials. There is no reason to think
                      earlier Archaic and even Paleo-Indian cultural adaptations could not
                      include estuarine resource collection. Fourth, it would be interesting
                      to reach the bottom of the cultural deposits and see what natural
                      landforms first attracted early inhabitants. There certainly would also
                      be much more information concerning the fluvial history of the
                      Apalachicola delta and sea level fluctuations.
                            Since the time of the research described in this report, USF
                      archaeology crews have completed one short field season of test
                      excavation below the water table (summer 1993). With support from a
                      Historic Preservation grant awarded by the Florida Division of
                      Historical Resources, we lugged, pushed, towed, and even helicoptered in
                      heavy de-watering equipment and conducted additional tests at Van Horn
                      Creek shell mound and another site, Sam's Cutoff shell mound (8Fr754;
                      White and Estabrook 1994). Both these sites are on the east side of the
                      delta; we wished to test the hypotheses of differing subsistence
                      strategies from east side to west, and of fluvial migration as well (see
                      discussion below). The project met with only moderate success after

                                                        203











          dealing with the uncertainties of pumping and well point jetting, but we
          did get deeper into the Late Archaic. Materials and data from this work
          have just begun to be processed and analyzed in the laboratory. So far
          the interpretation of Van Horn Creek and the Late Archaic/Elliott's
          Point cultural manifestation in general presented in this report is well
          supported by the recovered information from the 1993 (second) season's

          work.


          Material Culture
                Ceramics: Ceramic materials at the Apalachicola shell mounds are,
          for the most part, similar to and just as numerous.as at interior and
          coastal sites, for all time periods represented. This is despite the
          fact that, if the people were seasonal and mobile, they might be
          expected to carry fewer heavy, breakable containers such as clay pots
          and more skin bags or baskets and such. Perhaps this is evidence of
          pottery manufacture at the sites, though there is no known local clay
          source. or a longer stay than just a month or two may be indicated. or
          perhaps primary transport by boat makes carrying heavier things easier.
                The Early Woodland ceramic assemblage is dominated by regular and
          linear check-stamped pottery, often of grog-tempered paste. Examples of
          this from at least two sites have fine parallel lines sometimes stamped
          or brushed on the interiors of the sherds, for some reason (incomplete
          smoothing during manufacture?).- The Late Archaic fiber-tempered sherds
          are sometimes plain surfaced and sometimes simple-stamped; the latter is
          rarer inland. Unburned fiber fragments within a sample of this pottery
          from Depot Creek shell mound are conclusively identified as Spanish moss
          (Tillandsia usneoides).
                Clay daub fragments are mostly scarce on the shell mounds,
          suggesting the absence of more permanent structures. There are a     fair
          number from Clark Creek, however. Perhaps some mounds were more often
          settled, and for longer. Some pieces of clay may not be daub but just
          clay lumps or chunks from fire hearths or other activities. These are
          probably associated with the Late Archaic occupations. Similar clay
          chunks are common in Poverty Point-related complexes; they are thought
          to be for the same function as that of the more shaped clay balls or
          objects: probably dry roasting of foods in a pit (Hunter 1970, 1975).


                Lithic materials: Stone tools at the Apalachicola shell mounds are
          not very numerous, in general, though there is variation from one shell
          mound to the next. The Late Archaic microlithic industry at Van Horn
          Creek is well established, especially by the presence of so many small
          cores. Jaketown perforators and other microtools are present at all the


                                              204










                     mounds except Depot Creek, too, though lesser amounts of debitage and
                     cores suggest they were not manufactured at Yellow Houseboat or Clark
                     Creek. At Depot Creek mound there is very little lithic debitage at all.
                     The general picture from all the mounds is of very few and specialized
                     stone tools throughout all the occupations. Since there is no local
                     chert source very close, this may not be a surprise. Furthermore,
                     subsistence activities in the wetlands of the river swamp and estuary
                     may not have required many stone tools.
                           There has been much debate on the function of Poverty Point
                     microliths (Ford and Webb 1956, Webb 1991). The general consensus seems
                     to be that they were not principally for drilling or perforating,
                     despite the names they have been given, but for engraving, chiseling,
                     and scraping. Another general belief is that microtools are for shell
                     artifact production (cf. Yerkes 1983 for later prehistoric microtools).
                     While this is a reasonable suggestion, it does not fit with the fact
                     that we have relatively few shell tools in the Apalachicola delta area
                     (especially by comparison with south Florida). Similarly, if they were
                     for bone tool production, where are all those bone tools? Only four were
                     recovered by this project (two points, an engraved pin fragment, and a
                     hook), though bone preservation of ecofacts was excellent. A possible
                     clue comes from reviewing the material culture of other coastal wet
                     sites, where wood is preserved. Duhe (1976:63-65) illustrates a wooden
                     spool from Bayou Jasmine, Louisiana, which has tooling marks identical
                     to those that would be produced by gouging with a hafted miniature
                     chisel or microtool. Wood is abundant in these forested wetlands, and is
                     the easiest raw material to obtain and to work. It has another attribute
                     of possibly far more importance than we realize: it floats. Based on my
                     knowledge of the quantities of crucial modern artifacts lost by
                     archaeology crews dropping them out of the boats, I speculate that a
                     very large portion of the material culture of prehistoric delta
                     inhabitants was made of wood for practical reasons.
                          Other stone artifacts are rare; quartzite cobbles for hammers and
                     grinders seem to be the most numerous, and they are not common. It is
                     uncertain whether they were used for stone tool manufacture, grinding
                     seeds and nuts, or even making fish paste. They probably were obtained
                     from upriver, as well.


                          Other materials: As noted, there were only four bone artifacts
                     recovered by our shell mound investigations. The curved fishhook from
                     Depot Creek is a rare type, as compared with composite hooks, barbs, and
                     so on (Walker 1989). Relatively few shell artifacts were recovered by
                     this project, as well. Most of the latter were cut fragments (debitage?)


                                                       205










           of Busycon contrarium (lightning whelk), columellae, and scooping or
           gouging artifacts. A few other shell species such as Fasciolaria (tulip)
           and Melongena corona (crown conch) always had signs of cutting or
           piercing and were present in such small numbers that I infer their use
           for some purpose other than or in addition to food.
                 There are several strata in the shell mounds that consist of shell
           and animal bone with no artifacts, especially the deep oyster layers at
           Van Horn Creek. Perhaps this is a confirmation of the diminished need
           for many tools to make a living here, or of the idea that much of the
           artifact inventory was of wood or other perishable materials.


           Subsistence and Site Function
                 These cultural systems are treated together here because they are
           so interrelated, and because the general patterns seem to have held up
           from the earliest Late Archaic habitation of the shell mounds through

           Fort Walton times.


                 Ethnobotanical remains: For evidence of subsistence, few botanical
           remains have been preserved, and most of these are pine charcoal and
           occasional hardwoods. There are a few seeds and nutshells, but very
           little to indicate plant species importance. Perhaps fires were few and
           floral materials therefore just not preserved. Unless cooking, repelling
           bugs, or other activities such as hardening wooden spears were
           important, fires may not have been needed for any but two or three
           months of the year. Pines may have been more prevalent in a dryer
           environment that was perhaps present at times of lower sea levels. Today
           the river swamp is marsh or hardwood forest, with oaks, tupelo, cypress,
           cabbage palms (Edmiston and Tuck 1987). All the sites had yaupon holly
           trees (Ilex vomitoria) growing on them; this leaf is used for the famous
           aboriginal black drink of historic and protohistoric times.
                 The disappointing floral assemblages from these sites will not
           halt the continuing search for more botanical materials. A similar shell
           mound in Louisiana has already produced specimens of presumably
           cultivated squash and bottle gourd as early as the Early Woodland (Byrd
           1976b). The question of the existence of horticulture/agriculture among
           the fishing/gathering/hunting peoples who left the Apalachicola shell
           mound components is of paramount importance.


                 Zooarchaeological remains: Faunal species by component for all the
           shell mounds are summarized in Table 55 (note that the proveniences and
           sample sizes for each component are not equivalent, making comparisons
           more biased).



                                             206











                                                  The most obvious animal species at the shell mounds is the
                                        freshwater Rangia clam, indicating a river mouth type environment for
                                        collecting. People apparently ventured slightly farther out into the
                                        bays to get a few oysters as well. All the shell mounds have at least a
                                        few of both species, even when one is overwhelmingly dominant. In
                                        discussing salinity of the collecting environment and assuming it was




                                        TABLE 55.             SUMMARY OF FAUNAL EVIDENCE BY COMPONENT AT FOUR APALACHICOLA DELTA
                                                              SHELL MOUNDS (8Gu56, 8Fr744, J8Gu55, 8Gu6O)

                                                                                                            Fort Walton                         Early Woodland
                                                                                                            (with Early                           (with Late
                                                                                                              Woodland               Early         Archaic             Late
                                        Identified Taxa - Common Name                                       mixed in)1              Woodland2        mixed in)3         Archie4


                                        Mammals
                                        Cricetidae - Mice                                                                               x
                                        Sciunis carolinensis - Gray squirrel                                                            x
                                        Sigmodon hispidus - Hispid cotton rat                                                          x
                                        Neofiber alleni - Round-tailed muskrat                                                          x
                                        Procyon lotor - Raccoon                                                   x                     x
                                        Sylvilagus sp. - Rabbit                                                   x                     x
                                        Odocoileus virginianus - White-tailed deer                                x                     x                x               x
                                        Felis concolor - Panther                                                  x
                                        Didelphis virginiana - Opossum                                                                  x                                x
                                        Birds
                                        Fulica americana - American coot                                                                x
                                        Anatidae - Ducks                                                          x
                                        Aves -Birds                                                               x                     x                                x                                        Herps													
                                        Alligator mississippiensis - Alligator                                    x                     x
                                        Kinosternon sp. - Mud turtles                                             x                     x                                x
                                        Pseudemys sp. -Cooters and Sliders                                       x                     x                                x
                                        Trionyx ferax -Soft shell turtle                                         x                     x
                                        Serpentes - Snakes                                                                            x
                                        Lacertilia - Lizards                                                     x                     x
                                        Reptilia - Reptiles                                                      x                                                      x
                                        Rana sp. - Frogs                                                                               x                                x
                                        Fish
                                        Rajiformes - Rays                                                                              x
                                        Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks                                           x                    x
                                        Lepisosteus sp. - Garfish                                                 x                    x                x               x
                                        Brevoortia sp. - Menhaden                                                                                       x
                                        Clupeidae - Herrings                                                                           x
                                        Ariopsisfelis - Hardhead catfish                                          x                    x                x               x
                                        Bagre marinus - Gafftopsail catfish                                       x
                                        Lepomis sp. - Sunfish                                                                          x
                                        Carangidae - Jacks                                                        x
                                        Lujanus sp. - Snapper                                                                                           x
                                        Archosargus probatocephalus - Sheepshead                                 x                     x                                x
                                        Sparidae/Sciaenidae - Porgies/drums                                      x                     x                x               x
                                        Oynoscion sp. - Seatrout                                                 x                     x                                x
                                        Leiostomus xanihurus - Spot                                                                                                     x
                                        Micropogonias undulatus - Atlantic croaker                               x                     x                x
                                        cf. Sciaenidae - Drums                                                   x                     x
                                        Mugil sp. - Mullet                                                       x                     x
                                        Antia calva - Bowfin                                                     x



                                                                                                        207


TABLE 55.	SUMMARY OF FAUNAL EVIDENCE BY COMPONENT AT FOUR APALACHICOLA DELTA
		SHELL MOUNDS (8Gu56, 8Fr744, J8Gu55, 8Gu60)(Continued)

									Fort Walton				Early Woodland
									(with Early				(with Late
									Woodland		Early		Archiac		Late
Identified Taxa-Common Name					mixed in)1		Woodland2	mixed in)3		Archic4

Shellfish												
Balanus sp. - Barnacle									X		X			X
Euglandina rosea - Terrestrial snail			X			X					X
Viviparus georgianus - Georgian mystery snail					X					X
Neritina sp. - Nerite						X			X					X
cf. Columbelliadae - Dove shells							X	
Odostomia sp. - Odostome					X			X					X
Melongena corona - Crown conch							X			
Busycon contrarium - Lightening whelk			X			X		X			X
Fasciolaria tulipa - True tulip							X			
Pleuroploca gigantea - Florida horse conch					X					X
Phalium granulatum - Scotch bonnet												X
Ischadium recurvum - Hooked mussel												X
Geukensia demissa - Atlantic ribbed mussel					X					X
Mytilidae cf. Geukensia - Mussels				X			X		X
Crassostrea virginica - Eastern oyster			X			X		X			X
Rangia cuneata - Rangia/freshweater clam3			X			X		X			X
Mactridae - Surf clams						X											
Pectinidae- Scallop									X
cf. Macrocallista nimbosa - Sunray venus clam					X		X	
	Totals							32			47		13			25
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1	Total 4.7 kg remains from 8Fr744, Van Horn Creek TU1,L2 and 8Gu55, Yellow Houseboat, Tu2, L5 & L6.
2	Total 14.1 kg remains from 8Gu56, Depot Creek, TUC, L1, L3, L5; 8Gu60 Clark Creek, TUB L6; 8Fr744 Van Horn
	Creek, TUI, L4.
3	Total 2 kg remains from 8Fr744 Van Horn Creek TUI, L6.
4	Total 14.5 kg remains from 8Gu56, Depot Creek, TUC, L7; 8Gu60 Clark Creek, TUB L11; 8Fr744 Van Horn Creek,
	TUI, L8, L10.
5	Includes unknown proportion of Polymesoda.

Shells used for artifacts from all proveniences at all sites are also include in this table.

the individual's site's immediate environment, we of course make the assumption that people collect what is closest and 
easiest to get. The tenets of optimal foraging theory notwithstanding, humans do not always do thins as efficiently as
possibl. Still, this explanation is the best (easiest?) at present, and the assumption is a common one in shell mound
archaeology (e.g., Crook 1992).
	As noted, for the Van Horn Creek mound farther to the east, oysters were more important earlier in time, possibly 
because of a more saline environment a few thousand years ago, before a lateral shift of the river channel brought a more 
freshwater regime. Today oysters live 7 to 12 km (4-7) miles south of these shell mounds in the bay (Livingston 1984:26).

	

									208









                             Claassen (1986) has hypothesized different relative frequencies of
                      shellfish types as time markers on the Atlantic coast, in association
                      with different cultural components. Russo (1988) suggests those
                      associations are drawn from too small a sample; they also do not take
                      into account many local environmental factors, and may not be replicable
                      with other data. No temporal patterning can be seen as yet in shellfish
                      species data from the Apalachicola shell mounds, except for the oyster
                      to Rangia shift probably resulting from geomorphological processes
                      documented at Van Horn Creek. Similarly, seasonality studies have not
                      yet been attempted, but are planned.
                             The contribution of shellfish to the total diet at the
                      Apalachicola shell mounds is another research question just beginning to
                      be investigated. As John Griffin (1988:295) points out, in an earlier
                      period of Florida archaeology, it was axiomatic that all massive piles
                      of shells were the product of "The Shellfish Eaters," while now the role
                      of shellfish is almost reversed, with a tendency to downplay its
                      importance in the subsistence pattern. shellfish are often easy food to
                      get in the lean months, and lately considered more as dietary
                      supplements, not mainstays (Waselkov 1987). Byrd (1976a) evaluates
                      Rangla clams as poor sources of both protein and calories. A sample of
                      the edible meat equivalents she presents equates one 21-inch bowfin with
                      1270 clams, one deer with 25,310 clams, and the calories from one 100-lb
                      deer as equivalent to the calories from 42,000 clams.
                             It is well known that shellfish leave more garbage relative to
                      actual meat weight than do other animals. Many Florida archaeologists
                      now emphasize the role of fishing in subsistence, with the prehistoric
                      aboriginals stopping to gather shellfish while trying to catch the fish
                      that prey upon the shellfish beds. A set of human actors often left out
                      in reconstructing prehistory are children, who are by contrast extremely
                      visible in most ethnographic accounts of subsistence activity. While I
                      abhor presumed divisions of labor based on sex derived from
                      historic/ethnographic accounts of behavior that took place millennia
                      later than the archaeological record in question, I think divisions of
                      labor based on age might be on far firmer ground. Tasks such as
                      shellfish collection, which does not require extensive training, adult
                      strength and motor skills, or detailed planning, could easily be d  one by
                      children, even those who perhaps accompanied adults doing more complex
                      work.

                             Shellfish may also be collected for other reasons besides food to
                      be eaten at the sites. Easy to preserve by drying, salting, or smoking,
                      they may have been stored in large amounts for later use or trade, thus
                      leaving remains (shells) not really representative of the inhabitants'

                                                          209










         immediate diet. There is also the possibility that they were not human
         food but collected for fish or shrimp bait, or even for construction
         materials (Waselkov 1987; Riser 1987; Milanich 1987; Claassen 1991a;
         Voorhies, Michaels and Riser 1991), though the fact that the shells are
         all open and often broken may rule out the last possibility.
               Table 55, which summarizes faunal remains for identifiable
         cultural components of the four shell mounds tested, indicates the
         numerous other shells present and gives some other subsistence clues. A
         few shellfish (or just shells) were clearly collected for artifact
         manufacture. Others may be commensals, for example the snails that may
         have crawled into the sites or the mussels that live on oysters.
         However, I believe that these species could just as easily have been
         thrown into the pot with the rest of the food and the meat extracted for

         food.
               Before leaving the discussion of shellfish another comment is in
         order. During the autumn of 1993, while this monograph was being
         revised, it was discovered that many of the shells at the Ap alachicola
         shell mounds identified as Rangia were actually Polymesoda, the marsh
         clam. This species is close to the same size and shape as Rangia and
         easily misidentified (Claassen 1985). Since it apparently inhabits the
         same kind of environment as Rangia, the Polymesoda may make little
         difference in the interpretation of subsistence. Future work with the
         data from this project will include isolating the proportions of both
         shellfish in the samples and establishing what significance this may
         have. Another project underway is measuring the sizes of clam and oyster
         shells from level to level to ascertain any decrease through time that
         might indicate either some environmental change or overexploitation of
         the shellfish beds by human predators.
               other animal species present at the shell.mounds are numerous, as
         are the counts of individual bones and fragments. Both freshwater and
         marine species are present. A frequent item is the pneumatized bone
         (several different elements, according to the zooarchaeologists) of the
         jack and other fish. When we first encountered these bones we thought
         they were antler tips, but they are less dense than antler, though more
         dense than average fish bone. Although they apparently occur  frequently
         at sites all over Florida, it is unknown if they are just food refuse. A
         couple specimens appeared to be cut. They are apparently preserved
         better because of their morphology, but there are so many in our samples
         that one is tempted to say they were being saved for something.
               As indicated in Appendix 1 and summarized in Table 55, the major
         species utilized by Apalachicola delta shell mound inhabitants are fish
         and turtles. The emphasis is upon aquatic resources. Every level of

                                           210









                      every test has remains of fish. The zooarchaeologists note that our
                      techniques were good enough to recover even the tiniest fish vertebrae,
                      yet the predominant fish are big ones, not small ones that would likely
                      be swept up in nets. The faunal specimens are often in tiny bits,
                      however, possibly indicating food preparation techniques. Beriault
                      (1986:160) suggests concentrations of tiny fish bone fragments may
                      result from boiling fish to create a broth then straining out and
                      discarding the bones.
                            The most ubiquitous of these big fish is the gar, present at all
                      time periods at all the Bites. These are very bony fish not often sought
                      by modern fishers because of the time and trouble needed to clean them,
                      according to local informants in the Apalachicola delta area (perhaps
                      two of 50 local experts I asked have ever eaten them). However, they are
                      said to be extremely easy to catch, lying still in shallow water long
                      enough to be gigged-vith a fish spear. Based on ethnographic data and
                      material culture from Louisiana shell mounds, Duhe (1976:59) illustrates
                      a reconstructed 3-pronged fish gig made of a bone point (similar to the
                      two recovered from Depot Creek) and two curved bones, hafted to a wooden
                      handle. Imagining similar gadgets at the Apalachicola shell mounds is
                      not difficult. If the work aspect were diminished by throwing the whole
                      fish into the stewpot to boil down (either straining out the bones or
                      making them soft and crunchy like today's anchovies or salmon), a
                      bouillabaisse with lots of ingredients seems a likely candidate for the
                      dietary mainstay of these aboriginals.
                            Other fish present in high frequencies are drums, croaker,
                      sheepshead, and sea catfishes. All these inhabit both the bays and river
                      mouth area (Edmiston and Tuck 1987). While these fishes might simply be
                      the most easily identifiable (gar scales and otoliths, for example, are
                      durable and unmistakable (Colley 1990)), they also may be a
                      representative sample of the fish easiest to catch. This could be both
                      for reasons of their typical behavior (sheepshead, for example, hang
                      around shallow submerged structures or rock outcrops close to shore) and
                      because many of them prey upon shellfish beds. It must also be kept in
                      mind that fish can change their behavior in response to predator
                      pressure, including human activity (Colley 1990). This may be another
                      reason to suggest seasonal and intermittent occupation of shell middens.
                            Fish remains at these shell mounds, probably underrepresented due
                      to their relative fragility, indicate an enormously rich and diverse
                      resource that is easy to obtain in great abundance. They may be
                      preserved in great quantities as well, by drying, smoking, salting, or
                      fermenting (Wheeler and Jones 1989). They were probably the staple food
                      of the indigenous inhabitants.


                                                         211










               Besides fish, many turtle bones were recovered at all the shell
         mounds; the only other species common in all time periods is deer.
         Nearly as well represented are alligator, frog, raccoon and rabbit.
         Mice, squirrel and other small mammals as well as snake are present only
         in the Early Woodland. Birds are surprisingly rare given their abundance
         in the river swamp and estuary today; they occurred only in the later
         two components and in very small numbers. Though lately southeastern
         archaeologists have been alerted to the possibilities of prehistoric
         shrimping (Riser 1987, Milanich 1987, Voorhies et al. 1991), and though
         today the Apalachicola region is famous for it, we recovered no shrimp
         or any other crustacean remains (such as crawfish), even though our
         techniques would have picked up something as small as a shrimp mandible.
         Gulf Coast cuisine is unthinkable today without these ingredients, and
         they are extremely easy to obtain. But, as Neuman states (1984:120),
         prehistoric people would doubtless find it remarkable that t"oday's Gulf
         Coast residents do not eat Rangia. A very good living could be made with
         a relatively small amount of work in the estuarine/river swamp
         environment, no matter what species were preferred or shunned, because
         of the great diversity and richness.
               There is apparently little change in general subsistence from Late
         Archaic through Fort Walton periods here (Table 55). Even the radical
         shift from saltwater species to more freshwater fish and shellfish at
         Van Horn Creek on the eastern side of the delta during or after the Late
         Archaic is probably an indication of continuation of the same estuarine
         subsistence strategies in the face of change in aquatic ecosystems, the
         influx of fresh water due to the probable river channel shift eastward
         (Donoghue and White 1993).
               There were not many cultural features except for enigmatic soil
         areas in the shell mounds, leaving interpretations of different activity
         areas uncertain. In terms of general site formation processes it seems
         reasonable to say that people came back again and again to inhabit these
         sites. They would have been easy to find, covered with bright white
         shell in the green swamp, and they afforded advantageous locations in
         terms of access to nearby resources and because of their high, dry
         condition in the middle of the wetland. They probably were all locations
         on immediate stream banks at or near shellfish beds. The lack of
         evidence such as daub and features suggests fairly brief periods of
         habitation.
               Habitation in this environment was Most likely shifting, seasonal,
         short-term and repeated. Sea level has clearly risen at least 1-3 meters
         since the shell mounds accumulated, and the climate and forests have
         grown wetter and more characterized by hardwoods than pine.

                                            212










                      Nevertheless, the picture of subsistence emphasizes predominantly fresh
                      and brackish water environments, with a lesser emphasis upon terrestrial
                      and marine environments and general use of a wide range of fauna. The
                      rich river swamp/estuarine ecosystem could easily have sustained large
                      human populations. Work in southern peninsular Florida shell middens has
                      demonstrated how similar rich estuarine environments apparently
                      supported sedentary populations year round as long ago as the Archaic
                      (Russo 1991) and historically supported tributary chiefdoms who needed
                      no agricultural base (Marquardt 1986, Widmer 1988). Whether the latest
                      occupants of some of the Apalachicola shell mounds were Fort Walton
                      farmers catching fish seasonally while the corn grew upriver or
                      subsisting entirely on wild resources is a question for further
                      research. It has been suggested that the Apalachicola delta area,
                      because of its size, was one of the few places along the Gulf of Mexico
                      where maize was grown by peoples of complex chiefdoms late in prehistory
                      (Knight 1984:215). Indeed, the presence of maize is now established some
                      250 km west along the Gulf in the Mobile delta, at a major Mississippian
                      mound center (Gremillion 1993), though that does not necessarily mean it
                      was being grown there. It is hard to imagine people working harder than
                      they have to, however, and maize does not grow well in delta lowlands;
                      resolution of this question awaits more extensive and pertinent data.
                            All but one of the shell mounds tested yielded human skeletal
                      remains, mostly loose teeth, and the one skeleton from Yellow Houseboat.
                      one example of tooth wear suggests some kind of tool-type use. Maybe
                      there are loose teeth because the dead at these settlements were later
                      transported elsewhere to be buried but a few small elements were left

                      behind.
                            So far in this research it is too early to begin to answer
                      questions concerning sociopolitical complexity or interaction systems,
                      but examining these are long term goals. Another aim of the shell mound
                      studies is to begin comparison of estuarine adaptation through time with
                      coastal and interior riverine adaptations, and look at the entire
                      Apalachicola system of prehistoric human life.


                      NEW INSIGHTS INTO APALACHICOLA VALLEY PREHISTORY: SUMMARY OF
                      SITES/COMPONENTS

                      Late Archaic
                            There is now ample evidence for the presence of the Elliott's
                      Point cultural complex in the deeper levels of the Apalachicola delta
                      shell mounds. Microlithic tools and cores, clay balls or "objects" and
                      clay lumps, and fiber-tempered pottery relate well to the Poverty Point
                      cultural manifestation farther to the west along the Gulf Coast, though


                                                         213











          we do not have evidence of mounds, lapidary industries, or other
          elements of Poverty Point (so far). Continuing work on these older
          components will doubtless make possible some statements concerning wider
          socio-economic interactions across the Southeast (Jones 1993; White and
          Estabrook 1994). Fiber-tempered pottery is found all along the entire
          Apalachicola Valley and up the Chattahoochee, but the other accompanying
          artifacts so far are not. Besides dealing with questions of internal
          temporal chronology within this Elliott's Point manifestation, future
          work must examine it as a coastal/estuarine phenomenon.


          Woodland
                The predominant prehistoric cultural components recorded at this
          stage of research at the lower delta shell mounds, as noted, are Early
          Woodland overlying Late Archaic. It is probably no surprise that similar
          shell middens in south Louisiana so frequently have deposits from the
          same two time periods (Gagliano 1967; Neuman 1984), and that their
          relationships to present sea level are similar to those at the
          Apalachicola shell mounds. The implications of the shell mound faunal
          assemblage differences from the east to the west side of the delta
          during these time periods for indicating changes in fluvial
          geomorphology have already been discussed. I hope this work is a good
          beginning for geoarchaeological study in the entire valley. Hypothesized
          sea level rise associated-with fluvial shifts in both the coastal area

          and the riverine interior has been described for the Savannah River
          Valley on the Atlantic coastal plain (Brooks et al. 1986); more of this
          type of work needs to be done in the Gulf of Mexico region.
                For the Early Woodland, the Apalachicola investigat ions have
          recovered a large new body of Deptford materials for useful comparisons
          with the contemporaneous record in the riverine interior. So far there
          seems to be little difference in ceramic traditions. This work has
          perhaps better clarified the temporal relationships between the
          assemblages with the more diagnostic Deptford types (earlier; one date
          at 45-60 B.C. [Table 54)) and those with only the ubiquitous
          check-stamped and plain ceramics. Swift Creek ceramics at the shell
          mounds may represent a mixing in of later types with Deptford pottery
          near the end of the early Early Woodland or a separate occupation by
          later Early Woodland (or even early Middle Woodland) peoples.
                The Middle Woodland record at the Overgrown Road site, well dated
          at A.D. 300-400 (Table 54), shows by this time near abandonment of the
          use of check-stamped pottery. This interpretation agrees with new data
          on interior riverine ceramic sequences for Middle to Late Woodland (from
          another project still in progress): At the Otis Hare site (8U172), some


                                             214










                    60 navigational miles upriver from overgrown Road, a freshwater shell
                    midden and apparent autumn campsite for over 600 years, earlier Middle
                    Woodland ceramics are similarly all complicated-stamped and plain, and
                    well dated to A.D. 300-400. By the tenth century the ceramic assemblage
                    is again dominated by check-stamped and plain sherds. Furthermore, a few
                    exotic artifacts are present in the domestic midden here as well, just
                    as at Overgrown Road (White 1991b).
                          This project did not investigate any sites with later (any?)
                    Middle Woodland (early Weeden Island) or Late Woodland (late Weeden
                    Island) components. However the data we recovered in the Apalachicola
                    delta will be useful in the debates concerning the overlapping of the
                    Swift Creek and Weeden Island ceramic and other manifestations both in
                    time and space.


                    Fort Walton
                          Perhaps the most interesting coastal/estuarine vs. interior
                    comparisons possible for this project, not to mention the only
                    discussion of social data possible, come from the three sites with Fort
                    Walton components. At Yellow Houseboat and Van Horn Creek shell mounds
                    plenty of Fort Walton ceramics, including a few with limestone temper,
                    overlie earlier cultural deposits. Faunal remains at these shell mounds
                    suggest exactly the same kind of general subsistence as for the earlier
                    prehistoric peoples.-The only difficulty is in precisely separating the
                    Fort Walton deposits from earlier components when dealing with the finer
                    points of plain ceramic sherds or individual faunal species/numbers.
                    Thus, on Table 55 the summary of faunal evidence for Fort Walton is
                    noted as probably mixed with Early (?) Woodland at both sites.
                    Nonetheless the assemblages are little different from the unmixed early
                    Woodland faunal assemblages. The suggestion here is, again, of small
                    groups of people returning probably seasonally, repeatedly throughout
                    the year/decade/century to camp, catch fish, and conduct other
                    activities. The real questions may concern what they did the rest of the
                    time.
                          Fort Walton populations in the interior of the Apalachicola Valley
                    are known to be sedentary agriculturalists settled in large villages
                    with complex sociopolitical systems (Willey 1949, Brose and Percy 1978,
                    White 1982). This certainly seems the case at the Corbin-Tucker site,
                    where the remains of burials of the dead (or parts of them) with
                    different kinds of exotic artifacts demonstrate both social complexity
                    of at least the ranked society type and economic systems that involved
                    obtaining prized raw materials or finished non-utilitarian items from
                    great distances. Many questions remain about this site, such as whether


                                                      215










          the habitation area to the south is contemporaneous with cemetery use
          and, if it is, whether it is even large enough to be a big agricultural
          village. The location on rich bottomland is ideal for agriculture; the
          main channel of the river may even have flowed adjacent to the site
          during the time of occupation, providing a better transportation and
          communication artery than would the smaller creek there presently.
                Within the approximately 600-year time span of Fort Walton the two
          lower delta shell mound occupations and the middle valley cemetery may
          not even be contemporaneous. (And the two dates from Corbin-Tucker are
          more confusing than helpful (Table 54].) However these three sites
          produced the same kinds of pottery, and even, if the comparison is
          stretched, some hint of the same kinds of subsistence. At Corbin-Tucker
          the only faunal remains were from a single refuse pit, but they were
          predominantly from aquatic species, freshwater shellfish, fish, and
          turtles. Perhaps it makes sense to depend more on aquatic animals nearly
          everywhere in this watery wilderness, even for inhabitants of the
          interior portions of the valley. Movement and transportation by water
          were far faster than by land. Even far upriver from the lower delta
          network of tributary and distributary streams there are still countless
          small creeks and sloughs traversing bottomland and low uplands in this
          extremely large valley.
                one ultimate question about the Fort Walton adaptation is whether
          the social complexity was universal among makers of this pottery at
          these three (and other) sites or whether the estuarine shell mound
          dwellers were perhaps more simply organized in (supposed) correlation
          with their subsistence mode. The corollary to this question, of course,
          is whether they were the same people who grew corn and had elaborate
          villages, temple mounds, and cemeteries upriver, or whether they were
          lower valley relatives who exchanged, say, Busycon shells, smoked
          shellfish, and dried fish for corn and squash. Though the information
          recovered by this work is still insufficient to address such issues, we
          know some directions for the next investigations.
















                                             216













                                                 PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY:

                                     EDUCATION AND CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT


                            Public archaeology has all along been a major part of this work.
                      As an aid to research, interaction with the people who live in the
                      region, who hunt, fish, and walk the land, and often collect its
                      artifacts, is essential. During both field seasons (and subsequent years
                      during other projects), public archaeology days were held at the
                      Apalachicola National Estuarine Reserve, with talks, slide programs, and
                      identification of artifacts brought in. In this fashion local residents
                      and archaeologists could share information. In 1993 we even had movies,
                      flint knapping, pottery making, and spear-thrower demonstrations.
                            A slide program demonstrating the archaeological record of the
                      Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve is being developed for
                      educational use at the Reserve office. Besides teaching about the past,
                      and how earlier peoples utilized this land we now inhabit, it also
                      reinforces the ethic of conservation archaeology, the importance of
                      preserving the human past.
                            Displays of artifacts are being constructed at the Reserve to
                      further the public educational goals. I would like to see, as a not-BO-
                      long range goal, joint federal and state efforts to establish a true
                      museum here, with both exhibits and research collections. Hundreds of
                      local residents have artifact collections and data desperately in need
                      of curation and conservation, and the public desire for such a museum is
                      extremely high. Such cultural institutions are extremely rare or
                      nonexistent in most of the Florida panhandle. As development and
                      historic preservation go hand-in-hand in the Franklin County region and
                      the historic city of Apalachicola is both more visited by tourists and
                      more settled by newcomers, such a facility becomes even more attractive.
                      The Apalachicola Reserve facilities already include a whole building
                      devoted to living species of different regional environments. These
                      animals are renewable resources; archaeological sites and other cultural
                      resources are non-renewable.
                            For management of these fragile cultural resources,
                      recommendations have been made to the Reserve manager about the threats
                      from both natural and human action. Many of these have been generally
                      incorporated into the Reserve management plan. Well meaning collectors
                      dig potholes to recover pretty artifacts for their framed cases, but do
                      not realize they are destroying the scientific record. There are
                      intrepid looters, as well, making it in to extremely remote sites and
                      even water-screening (see discussion of Van Horn Creek Shell mound).
                      Such archaeological losses are permanent.


                                                         217










               Besides learning general knowledge from the past, such as how
         earlier residents made a living, there is enormous potential to learn
         practical information. Data on paleoenvironments and species present and
         exploited by humans may indicate various aspects of the ecological
         system of great pertinence today. Modern specialists such as fisheries
         biologists often make management decisions based on very little
         background information (e.g., Sharp 1993), and virtually none of it
         gathered over the long term that archaeology is capable of studying.
         Perhaps overexploitation of resources was not limited to this century,
         for example. Perhaps other areas of human interaction with particular
         species or microenvironments are worthy of study to help policy-making
         in the future.
               There are of course long range goals, but they will be impossible
         if these cultural resources are not well managed and allowed to
         deteriorate. This is where education becomes paramount, training the
         builders and developers, fishers, boaters, hikers, and hunters of today
         and tomorrow to conserve the record of the human past.







































                                           218













                                                                                             REFERENCES


                                       Abbott, R.T. 1974. American Seashells: 7he Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. Second
                                                  Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.

                                       Auffenberg, K. and L.A. Strange. 1989. 7he Polygyridae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) of Florida. Entomology Circular No. 317.
       4,                                         Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee.

                                       Amos, W.H. and S.H. Amos. 1985. Atlantic and Gu!f Coasts. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York.

                                       Beriault, John. 1986. Observations Concerning Shell Mounds and a System for Classifying Shell Material. Florida
                                                  Anthropological Society Publication No. 12, Florida Anthropologist 39 (3, Part 1): 160-163.

                                       Blanchard, Chuck. 1989. The Calusa and Their Watercraft. Calusa News Number 3: 12. Newsletter of the Southwest Florida
                                                  Project, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville.

                                       Braley, Chad 0. 1982. Archaeological Testing and Evaluation of the Paradise Point Site, 8Fr9l, St. Vincent National Wildlife
                                                  Refiige, Franklin County, Florida. Report by Southeastern Wildlife Services, Inc., Athens, Georgia.

                                       Brooks, M. J. and V. Canouts, eds. 1984. Modeling Subsistence Change in the Late Prehistoric Period in the Interior Lower
                                                  Coastal Plain of South Carolina. U.S. Department of the Interior, Heritage and Conservation and Recreation Service,
                                                  Interagency Archaeological Services-Atlanta (C-54032[801). institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of
                                                  South Carolina, Columbia.


                                       Brooks, M. J,, P.A. Stone, D.J. Colquhoun, J.G. Brown and K.B. Steele. 1986. Geoarchaeological Research in the Coastal Plain
                                                  Portion of the Savannah River Valley. Geoarchaeology 1 :298-307.

                                       Brose, David S. 1985. "Willy-Nilly" or the Archaeology of Northwest Florida and Adjacent Borderlands Revisited. In
                                                  Archaeology of Northwest Florida and Adjacent Borderlands: Current Research Problems and Approaches, edited by
                                                  N. White, pp. 156-162. Florida Anthropological Society Publications No 11. Florida Anthropologist 38 (1-2) Part 2.

                                       Brose, David S. et al. 1976. Contributions to the Archaeology of Northwestern Florida: Investigations of Early Fort Walton Sites
                                                  in the Middle Apalachicola River Valley. MS on file at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.

                                       Brose, David S. and George W. Percy. 1974. An Outline of Weeden Island Ceremonial Activity in Northwest Florida. Paper
                                                  presented at the Society for American Archaeology meeting, Washington, D.C.

                                             1978. Fort Walton Settlement Patterns. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns, edited by B.D. Smith, pp. 81-108. Academic
                                                  Press, New York.


                                       Bull, J. and J. Farrand, Jr. 1977. 7he Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

                                       Bullen, Ripley P. 1958. Six Sites Near the Chattahoochee River in the Jim Woodruff Reservoir Area, Florida. River Basin
                                                  Surveys Papers No. 14, pp. 316-358. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 169. Srnithsonian Institution,
                                                  Washington, D.C.

                                             1975. A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Revised Edition. Kendall Books, Gainesville, Florida.

                                       Burch, J. B. 1975. Freshwater Unionacean Clams (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of North America, revised edition. Malacological
                                                  Publications. Hamburg, Michigan.

                                       Byers, Anne and George Willson. 1988. Keeping it Wet and Wild. 7he Nature Conservancy Magazine 38 (4):20-24 (special issue
                                                  on Florida, July/August 1988).

                                       Byrd, Kathleen Mary. 1976a. The Brackish Water Clam (Rangia cuneata): A Prehistoric *Staff of Life" or a Minor Food
                                                  Resource. Louisiana Archaeology. Bulletin of the Louisiana Archaeological Society No. 3:23-32.

                                             1976b. Tchefuncte Subsistence: Information obtained from the Excavation of the Morton Shell Mound, Iberia Parish,
                                                  Louisiana. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 19: 70-75.

                                       Byrd, Kathleen Mary, editor. 199 1. The Poverty Point Culture. Local Manifestations, Subsistence Practices, and Trade
                                                  Networks. Geoscience & Man, Volume 29. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.


                                                                                                   219












               Caldwell, Joseph R. and Betty A. Smith (editor). 1978. Report of the Excavation at Fairchild's Landing and Hare's Landing,
                          Seminole County, Georgia. Report on file at the National Park Service Office, Tallahassee.

               Cambron, James W. and David C. Hulse. 1996 (1964). Handbook ofAlabama Archaeology Pan I Point Types. Alabama
                          Archaeological Society, Huntsville.

               Carbone, Victor A. and Bennie C. Keel. 1985. Preservation of Plant and Animal Remains. In 7he Analysis ofprehisloric Diets,
                          edited by R.I. Gilbert, Jr. and J.H. Mielke, pp. 1-20. Academic Press, New York.

               Casteel, R. W. 1977. Characterization of Faunal Assemblages and the Minimum Number of Individuals Determined from Paired
                          Elements: Continuing Problems in Archaeology. Journal ofArchaeological Science 4:125-134.

               Chaplin, R. E. 1971. 7he Study ofAnimal Bonesftom Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press, New York.

               Claassen, Cheryl. 1985. Shellfish Utilization During Deptford and Mississippian Times in Escambia Bay Florida. In
                          Archaeology of Northwest Florida and Adjacent Borderland: Current Research Problems and Approaches, edited by
                          N.M. White, pp. 124-135. Florida Anthropological Society Publications No. 11. Florida Anthropologist 38 (1-2) part
                          2.

                     1986. Shellfishing Seasons in the Prehistoric Southeastern United States. American Antiquity 51(l): 21-37.

                     1986. Temporal Patterns in Marine Shellfish Species Use Along the Atlantic Coast in the Southeastern United States.
                          Southeastern Archeology 5 (2): 120-137.

                     1991a. Gender, Shelifishing, and the Shell Mound Archaic. In Engendering Archaeology, edited by J.M. Gero and M.W.
                          Conkey, pp. 276-300. Basil Blackwell, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

                     1991b. Normative Thinking and Shell Bearing Sites. In Archaeological Method and 7heory, Vol. 3, edited by M.
                          Schiffer, pp. 249-298. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

               Clewell, Andre F. 1986. Natural Setting and Vegetation of the Florida Panhandle. Report to the U.S - Army Corps of Engineers,
                          Mobile, Alabama. Conservation Consultants, Inc., Palmetto, Florida.


               Colley, Sarah M. 1990. The Analysis and Interpretation of Archaeological Fish Remains. In Archaeological Method and 7heory
                          Vol. 1, edited by M.B. Schiffer, pp. 207-253. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

               Conant, R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians. 2nd edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

               Crook, Morgan R., Jr. 1992. Oyster Sources and Their Prehistoric Use on the Georgia Coast. Journal ofArchaeological Science
                          19:483496.


               De Boer, Warren R. 1988. Subterranean Storage and the Organization of Surplus: 'Me View from Eastern North America.
                          Southeastern Archaeology 7:1-20.

               Donoghue, Joseph. 1993. Late Wisconsinan and Holocene Depositional History, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Geology
                          112:185-205.


               Donoghue, Joseph F. and Nancy Marie White. 1993. Late Holocene Sea Level Change and Delta Migration, Apalachicola River
                          Region, Florida. Paper presented at the Geological Society of America, Southeastern Region, Symposium on Episodic
                          Sea Level Change, Florida State University, 1992. Submitted to Journal of Coastal Research.

               Dube, Brian J. 1976. Preliminary Evidence of Seasonal Fishing Activity at Bayou Jasmine. Louisiana Archaeology. Bulletin of
                          the Louisiana Archaeological Society Number 3:75-122.

               Dunbar, James, Mike Faught, Melonie Stright and Richard Anuskiewicz. 1987. Archaeology at Sea: Prehistoric Sites in the
                          Apalachee Bay Region of the Gulf of Mexico. Paper presented at the Florida Anthropological Society meeting,
                          Clearwater.


               Edmiston, H. Lee and Holly A. Tuck. 1987. Resource Inventory ofthe Apalachicola River and Bay Drainage Basin. Office of
                          Environmental Services, Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission, Apalachicola.

               Emerson, W. K. and M. K. Jacobson. 1976. Guide to Shells. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.


                                                                           220











                                        Fagan, Brian M. 1991. Ancient North America. Thames and Hudson Inc., New York.

                                        Fairbanks, LAwrence. 1963. Biodemographic Studies of the Clam Rangia cuneata Gray. Tulane Studies in Zoology 10:4-44.

                                        Fandrich, J. E. 1989. Faunal Analysis: Ae Track Site. MS on file. Florida Museum of Natural History, Zooarchaeology Range.
                                                   Gainesville.

                                        Flannery, Kent V. 1986. A Visit to the Master. In Guila Naquirz: Archaic Foraging and Early Agriculture in Oaxaca, Mexico,
                                                   edited by K.V. Flannery, pp. 5 11-5 19. Academic Press, Orlando.

                                        Ford, James A. and Clarence H. Webb. 1956. Poverty Point, A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. American Museum of Natural
                                                   History Anthropological Papers 46, Pt. 1.

                                        Fuhrmeister, Charles. 1989. The Analysis of an Early Fort Walton Village and High Status Burial. Honors Thesis in
                                                   Anthropology, University of South Florida, Department of Anthropology, Tampa.

                                        Gagliano, Sherwood M. 1967. Late Archaic - Early Formative Relationships in South Louisiana. Southeastern Archaeological
                                                   Conference Bulletin 6: 9-22.

                                        Gagliano, Sherwood, et al. 1982. Sedimentary Studies of Prehistoric Archaeological Sites. Criteria for the Identification of
                                                   Submerged Archaeological Sites of the Northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Shelf. Report to the U.S. Department of
                                                   the Interior, National Park Service. Coastal Environments, Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

                                        Gilbert, Robert I., Jr. and James B. Mielke, editors. 1985. The Analysis ofPrehistoric Dieu. Academic Press, New York.

                                        Gilliland, Marion Spjut. 1975. The Material Culture of Key Marco, Florida. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.

                                        Gosner, K. L. 197 1. Guide to Identification ofMarine and Estuarine Invertebrates. Wiley-Interscience, a Division of John Wiley
                                                   & Sons, Inc., New York.


                                        Grayson, D. 1973. On the Methodology of Faunal Analysis. American Antiquity 38-.432-439.

                                        Gremillion, Kristen 1. 1993. Prehistoric Maize from Bottle Creek. In Bottle Creek Research, working papers on the Bottle Creek
                                                   Site (lBa2) Baldwin County, Alabama. Edited by I.W. Brown and R.S. Fuller. Gulf Coast Survey, Alabama Museum
                                                   of Natural History. To be published in Journal ofAlabama Archaeology.

                                        Griffin, John W. 1988. 7he Archeology ofEver8lades National Park: A Synthesis. National Park Service, Southeast
                                                   Archaeological Center, Tallahassee.

                                        Henefield, Susan M. and Nancy Marie White. 1986. Archaeological Survey in the Middle and Lower Apalachicola Valley,
                                                   Northwest Florida, 1985. Report to the Florida Department of State, Division of Archives, History and Records
                                                   Management [now Division of Historical Resources], Tallahassee. University of South Florida, Department of
                                                   Anthropology, Tampa.

                                        Hunter, Donald G. 1970. The Catahoula Phase of the Poverty Point Complex in East-Central Louisiana. In the Poverty Point
                                                   Culture, edited by B. Broyles and C. Webb. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin No. 12, Morgantown.

                                              1975. Functional Analyses of Poverty Point Clay Objects. Florida Anthropologist 28:58-71.

                                        Jackson, H. Edwin. 199 1. Shellfish Harvesting on the Mississippi Gulf Coast: Excavations at the Diamondhead Site (22 Ha 550),
                                                   Hancock County, Mississippi. Paper presented at the 1991 Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Jackson,
                                                   Mississippi.

                                        Jones, B. Calvin. 1993. The Late Archaic Elliott's Point Complex in Northwest Florida. Paper presented at the annual meeting of
                                                   the Florida Anthropological Society, Clearwater, May 1993.

                                        Kellogg, Douglas C. 1988. Problems in the Use of Sea-Level Data for Archaeological Reconstructions. In Holocene Human
                                                   Ecology in Nanheastern North America, edited by G.P. Nicholas, pp. 81-106. Plenum Press, New York.

                                        Klein, Jeffrey, et al. 1982. Calibration of Radiocarbon Dates: Tables Based on the Consensus Data of the Workshop on
                                                   Calibrating the Radiocarbon Time Scale. Radiocarbon 24(2): 103-150.




                                                                                                     221











              Knight, Vernon J., Jr. 1984. Late Prehistoric Adaptation in the Mobile Bay Region. In Perspectives on Gutf Coast Prehistory,
                         edited by D. Davis, pp. 198-215. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.

              Kozuch, L. 1988. Minim island Faunal Analysis: Prehistoric Subsistence Strategies on the Coast of South Carolina. MS on file,
                         Florida Museum of Natural History, Zooarchaeology Range, Gainesville.

              Larson, L. D., Jr. 1957. Southern Cult Manifestations on the Georgia Coast. American Anthropologist 29: 308-315.

              Lazarus, William C. 1958. A Poverty Point Complex in Florida. Florida An&hropologist 11:23-32.

                    1965. Effects of Land Subsidence and Sea Level Changes on Elevation of Archaeological Sites on the Florida Gulf Coast.
                         Florida Anthropologist 18:49-59.

              Lazarus, Yulee W. 197 1. Clay Balls from Northwest Florida. University of South Carolina Institute ofArchaeology and
                         Anthropology Notebook 3:4749.

              Lazarus, Yulee W. and Carolyn B. Hawkins. 1976. Pottery of the Fort Walton Period. Temple Mound Museum, Fort Walton
                         Beach, Florida.

              Lloyd, Janet R., et al. 1983. Tallahalta Quartzite Quarries in the Escombia River Drainage. Journal ofAlabama Archaeology
                         29(2): 125-142.

              Livingston, Robert J. 1984, Ecology of the Apalachicola Bay System. An Estuarine Profile. Report to the National Coastal
                         Ecosystems Team, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Department of Biological
                         Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee.

              Luer, George M., editor. 1986. Shells and Archaeology in Southern Florida. Florida Anthropological Society Publication No. 12.
                         Florida Anthropologist 39 (3) Part 1.

              Marquardt, William H. 1986. The Development of Cultural Complexity in Southwest Florida: Elements of a Critique.
                         Southeastern Archeology 5: 63-70.

                    1992. Shell Artifacts from the Caloosahatchee Area. In Culture and Environment in the Domain of the Calusa, edited by
                         W.H. Marquardt, pp. 191-228. University of Florida Institute of Archaeology and Paleocrivironmental Studies,
                         Monograph No. 1, Gainesville.

              Marquardt, William H., editor. 1992. Culture and Environment in the Domain of the CWusa. University of Florida Institute of
                         Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies Monograph No. 1, Gainesville.

              Martin, Alexander C. and William D. Barkley. 196 1. Seed Identification Manual. University of California Press, Berkeley.

              Milanich, Jerald T. 1974. Life in a Ninth Century Household: A Weeden Island Fall-Winter Site in the Upper Apalachicola
                         River, Florida. Bureau of Historic Sites and Proper-ties Bulletin No. 4, Florida Department of State, Tallahassee.

                    1985. Discussion and Comments. In Archaeology of Northwest Florida and Adjacent Borderlands: Current Research
                         Problems and Approaches, edited by N. White, pp. 175-177. Florida Anthropological Society Publications No 11.
                         Florida Anthropologist 38 (1-2) Part 2.

                    1987. A Florida Perspective: Evidence for Shrimp Procurement. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southeastern
                         Archaeological Conference, Charleston, South Carolina.

              Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles H. Fairbanks. 1980. Florida Archaeology. Academic Press, Orlando.

              Moore, Clarence B. 1901. Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast, Part 1. Journal of the Academy of Natural
                         Sciences 11: 450-514. Philadelphia.

                    1902. Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida Coast, Part 11. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences 12:
                         126-355. Philadelphia.

                    1903. Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Apalachicola River. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences 12: 440490.
                         Philadelphia.




                                                                          222











                                         1918. The Northwestern Florida Coast Revisited. Joumal of the Academy of Natural Sciences (Second series) 16: 514-58 1.
                                              Philadelphia.

                                   Morris, P. A. 1975. A Field Guide to Shells, 3rd edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.

                                   Morse, Dan F. and Louis D. Tesar. 1974. A Microlithic Tool Assemblage from a Northwest Florida Site. Florida Anthropologist
                                              27:89-106.


                                   Mundell, R. L. 1975. An Illustrated Osteology of the Channel Catfish. National Park Service, Midwest Archeological Center,
                                              Lincoln, Nebraska.


                                   Munsell Color. 1975. Munsell Soil Color Charts. MacBeth Division of Kollmorgen Corp., Baltimore.

                                   Neuman, Robert W. 1976. Archaeological Techniques in the Louisiana Coastal Region. Louisiana Archaeology. Bulletin of the
                                              Louisiana Archaeological Society No. 3: 1-22.

                                         1984. An Introduction to Louisiana .4 rchaeology. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.

                                   Otvos, Ervin G. 1985. Barrier Island Genesis - Questions of Alternatives for the Apalachicola Coast, Northeastern Gulf of
                                              Mexico. Journal of Coastal Research 1:267-278.

                                   Pearson, Gordon W. and Minze Stuiver. 1986. High Precision Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, 500-2500 BC.
                                              Radiocarbon 28 (211): 839-862.

                                   Percy, George W. 1972. A Preliminary Report on Recent Archaeological Investigations in Torreya State Park, Liberty County,
                                              Florida. Paper presented at the 24th annual meeting of the Florida Anthropological Society, Winter Park. On file at
                                              the Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee.


                                   Percy, George W. and David S. Brose. 1974. Weeden Island Ecology, Subsistence and Village Life in Northwest Florida. Paper
                                              presented at the Society for American Archaeology meeting, Washington, D.C.

                                   Purdy, Barbara A., editor. 1988. Wet Site Archaeology. Telford Press, Caldwell, New Jersey.

                                   Quitmyer, 1. R. 1985. Zooarchaeological Methods for the Analysis of Shell Middens at l(ings Bay In Aboriginal Subsistence and
                                              Settlement Archaeology of the Kings Bay Locality, Volume 2, edited by W. H. Adams, pp. 33-48. University of
                                              Florida Department of Anthropology Reporu of Investigations 2. Gainesville.

                                   Reitz, E. J. 1982. Fauna from Four Coastal Mississippian Sites. Journal of Ethnobiology 2(l):39-61.

                                         1985. Survey of Vertebrate Remains from the Savannah River Valley. Paper presented at Southeastern Archaeological
                                              Conference meeting, Birmingham.

                                         1987. Coastal Adaptations in Georgia and the Carolinas. Paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference
                                              meeting, Birmingham.

                                   Riser, George M. 1987. The Shrimper Hypothesis. Paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference meeting,
                                              Charleston, South Carolina.


                                   Robins, C. R. et al. 1980. A List of Common and Scientific Names ofFishesfrom the United States and Canada. American
                                              Fisheries Society Special Publication No. 12.

                                   Robins, C.R., G.C. Ray, and J. Douglass. 1986. A Field Guide to Atlantic Coast Fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin
                                              Company, Boston.

                                   Russo, Michael. 1987. Animal Remains. In Archaeology at Bluewater Bay, edited by C. Curren. University of West Florida,
                                              Office of Cultural and Archaeological Research, Repoli of Investigations No. 9. Pensacola.

                                         1988, A Comment on Temporal Patterns in Marine Shellfish Use. Southeastern Archaeology 7(l): 61-68.

                                         1991. Archaic Sedentism on the Florida Coast: A Case Study from Harris Island. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of
                                              Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.




                                                                                              223











                   Sassaman, Kenneth E. 1993. Early Pottery in the Southeast. Tradition and Innovation in Cooking Technology. University of
                              Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

                   Scarry, John F. 1984. Fort Walton Development- Mississippian Chiefdoms in the Lower Southeast. Ph.D. dissertation,
                              Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland.

                   Schnable, J. 1966. The Evolution and Development of Part of the Northwest Florida Coast. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of
                              Geology, Florida State University, Tallahassee.

                   Sharp, Gary D. 1993. Review of Marine Climate, Weather and Fisheries, by Taivo Laevastu. Science 261:1463-1464.

                   Simpkins, Daniel L. and Dorothy J. Allard. 1986. Isolation and Identification of Spanish Moss.Fiber from a Sample of Stallings
                              and Orange Series Ceramics. American Antiquity 5 1: 102-117.

                   Smith, C. Earle, Jr. 1985. Recovery and Processing of Botanical Remains. In Tie Analysis of Prehistoric Diets, edited by R.I.
                              Gilbert, Jr. and J.H. Mielke, pp. 97-126. Academic Press, New York.

                   Stapor, F.W. and W.F. Tanner. 1977. Late Holocene Mean Sea Level Data from St. Vincent Island and the Shape of the Late
                              Holocene Mean Sea Level Curve. In Coastal Sedimentology, edited by W.F. Tanner, Department of Geology, Florida
                              State University.

                   Stein, Julie K., editor. 1992. Deciphering a Shell Middem Academic Press, New York.

                   Stuiver, Minze and Gordon W. Pearson. 1986. High Precision Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, A.D. 1950-500 B.C.
                              Radiocarbon 28(2B): 805-838.


                   Swanson, Mark T. 1995. Archival Research and Archaeological Testing of the Rowlett's Mill Site (8Li120), Apalachicola
                              National Forest, Liberty County, Florida. Report to U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tallahassee. New
                              World Research, Inc., Fort Walton Beach, Florida.


                   Taylor, R.E. 1997. Radiocarbon Dating: An Archaeological Perspective. Academic Press, Orlando.

                   Thomas, Prentice M. and L. Janice Campbell. 1991. Th   e Ellion's Point Complex: New Data Regarding the Localized Poverty
                              Point Expression on the Northwest Florida Gulf Coast, 200 BC - 500 BC. In The Poverty Point Culture. Local
                              Manifestations, Subsistence Practices, and Trade Networks, edited by K.M. Byrd, pp. 103-120. Geoscience & Man,
                              Volume 29, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

                   Upchurch, Sam B., Richard N. Strom and Mark G. Nuckels. 1982. Methods of Provenance Determination of Florida Cherts.
                              Report on file at the Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee, Department of Geology, University of
                              South Florida, Tampa.

                   Upchurch, Sam B., Pliney Jewell, IV, and Eric DeHavey. 1992. Stratigraphy of Indian *Mounds' in the Charlotte Harbor Area,
                              Florida: Sea-level Rise and Paleoenvirorunents. In Culture and Environment in the Domain of the Calwa, edited by
                              W.H. Marquardt, pp. 59-103. Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies Monograph No. 1, University
                              of Florida, Gainesville.


                   Voorhies, Barbara, George H. Michaels and George M. Riser, 1991. Ancient Shrimp Fishery. National Geographic Research
                              and Exploration 7(1): 20-35,

                   Walker, Karen Jo. 1989. Artifacts of a Fishy Nature: Southwest Florida's Prehistoric Marine Fishing Technology. Paper
                              presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference meeting, Tampa.

                         1992. Bone Artifacts from Jossiyn Island, Buck Key Shelf Midden, and Cash Mound: A Preliminary A=ssment for the
                              Caloosahatchee Area. In Culture andEnvironmeru in the Domain of the Calusa, edited by W. H. Marquardt, pp. 191-
                              228. Institute of Archaeology and Palcoenvironmental Studies Monograph No. 1. University of Florida, Gainesville.

                   Waller, Benjamin I and Jim Dunbar. 1993. Waller's Paleo-Indian Article Gets Updated. HaTMile Rise Times Sept. 1993
                              (newsletter of archaeological/palentologicallgeologicaI research project). Florida Museum of Natural History,
                              Gainesville.


                   Waselkov, Gregory A. 1997. Shellfish Gathering and Shell Midden Archaeology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and
                              7heory Vol. 10, edited by M.A. Schiffer, pp. 93-210. Academic Press, Orlando.


                                                                                224











                                    Waters, Michael R. 1992. Principles of Geoarchaeology. A North American Perspective. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

                                    Watts, Betty. 1975. 7he Watery Wilderness of Apalach. Apalach Books, Tallahassee.

                                    Watts, W.A. 1975. A LAte Quaternary Record of Vegetation from Lake Annie, South-Central Florida. Geology 3:344-346.

                                          1980. The Late Quaternary Vegetation History of the Southeastern United States. Annual Review of Ecology and
                                              Systematics 11:387409.

                                    Watts, W.A., B.C.S. Hansen and E.C. Grimm. 1992. Camel Lake: A 40,000 Year Record of Vegetational and Forest History
                                              from Northwest Florida. Ecology 73:1056-1066.

                                    Wauchope, Robert. 1966. Archaeological Survey of Northern Georgia, with a Test of Some Cultural Hypotheses. Memoirr of the
                                              Societyfor American Archaeology No. 21.

                                    Webb, Clarence H. 1977. The Poverty Point Culture. Geoscience & Man, Vol. 18. Louisiana State University, Raton Rouge.

                                          1991. Poverty Point Culture and Site: Definitions. In The Poverty Point Culture, edited by K.M. Byrd, Geoscience &
                                              Man, Vol 29, pp. 3-6. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

                                    Wells, H. W. 1959. Notes on 0dostomia impressa (Say). Nautilus 74(4): 140-144.

                                    Wheeler, Alwyne and Andrew K.G. Jones. 1989. Fishes. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Now
                                              York.


                                    Whitaker, J. 0. 1980. 7he Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

                                    White, Anta M., Lewis R. Binford and Mark L. Papworth. 1963. Miscellaneous Studies in Typology and Classification. Museum
                                              of Anthropology, University of Michigan Anthropological Paper No. 19. Ann Arbor.

                                    White, Nancy Marie. 198 1. Archaeological Survey at Lake Seminole. Cleveland Museum of Natural History Archaeological
                                              Research Report No. 29.

                                          1982. The Curlee Site (8Ja7) and Fort Walton Development in the Apalachicola-Lower Chattahoochee Valley, Northwest
                                              Florida. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland.

                                          1985. Nomenclature and Interpretation in Borderland Chronology: A Critical Overview of Northwest Florida Prehistory. In
                                              Archaeology of Northwest Florida and Adjacent Borderlands: Current Research Problems and Approaches, edited by
                                              N. White, pp. 163-174. Florida Anthropological Society Publications No. 11. Florida Anthropologist 38 (1-2) Part 2.

                                          1986. Prehistoric Cultural Chronology in the Apalachicola Valley: The Evolution of Native Chiefdoms in Northwest
                                              Florida. In 7hreads of Tradition and Culture Along the Gut( Coast, edited by R.V. Evans, pp. 194-215. Gulf Coast
                                              History and Humanities Conference, Pensacola, FL.

                                          1987. Shell Mounds of the Lower Apalachicola Valley, Northwest Florida. Florida Anthropologist 40:170-174.

                                          1989. Testing Remote Shell Midden Mounds in the Apalachicola Valley Estuary, Northwest Florida. Paper presented at the
                                              annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Atlanta.

                                          1991 a. Testing Remote Shell Midden Mounds in the Lower Apalachicola, Northwest Florida. Florida Anthropologist,
                                              44:17-29.


                                          1991 b. Middle Woodland Ceramics and Subsistence at the Otis Hare Site, in the Middle Apalachicola Valley, Northwest
                                              Florida. Paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference meeting, Jackson, Mississippi.

                                          1992. Ile Overgrown Road Site (8GU38): A Swift Creek Camp in the Lower Apalachicola Valley. Florida Anthropologist
                                              45:18-38.


                                          1993. Shell Mounds of the Lower Apalachicola River Swamp, Northwest Florida. Joumal ofAlabama Archaeology,
                                              December 1992 (in press).





                                                                                                225












                   White, Nancy Marie and Richard W. Estabrook. 1994. Sam's Cutoff Shell Mound and IAte. Archaic/Elliott's Point in the
                             Apalachicola Delta, Northwest Florida. Florida Anthropologist, in press.

                   White, Nancy Marie and Audrey Trauner. 1997. Archaeological Survey in the Chipola River Valley, Northwest Florida. Report
                             to the Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida,
                             Tampa.

                   Widmer, Rantlo)ph J. 1988. 7he Evolution of ihe Calusa. A Nonagricultural Chiefdom on the Southwest Florid Coast. University
                             of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.                                                                                                                 A@


                   Willey, Gordon R. 1949. Archaeology of the Florida Gulf Coast. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 113, Washington, D.C.

                         1985. Comments on the Archaeology of Northwest Florida in 1984. In Archaeology of Northwest Florida and Adjacent
                             Borderlands: Current Research Problems and Approaches, edited by N. White, pp. 179-183. Florida Anthropological
                             Society Publications No 11. Florida Anthropologist 38 (1-2) Part 2.

                   Willey, Gordon R. and Richard B. Woodbury. 1942. A Chronological Outline for the Northwest Florida Coast. American
                             Antiquity 7:232-254,

                   Wing, Elizabeth S. and Antoinette B. Brown. 1979. Paleonuoition: Method and 7heory in Prehistoric Foodways. Academic
                             Press, New York.


                   Yerkes, Richard W. 1983. Microwear, Microdriiis, and Mississippian Craft Specialization. American Antiquity 48:499-5 IS.













































                                                                              226











                                                                              APPENDIX 1


                                                FAUNAL REMAINS FROM FIVE APALACHICOLA RIVER SITES

                               A: DEPOT CREEK AND VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUNDS (8GuS6, 8Fr744)

                                                  by Karen Jo Walker (1988), Florida Musewn of Natural History


                                        Zooarchaeological analyses employing fine-screen recovery techniques have become an integral
                               part of archaeological research at sites occurring all along Florida's coastline. Estuaries, in particular,
                               are a frequent focus of fine-screen studies due to the many prehistoric Native American sites found in
                               these areas. The environmental setting for the present analysis is the Apalachicola estuarine system,
                               which today ranks as one of Florida's most commercially important and controversial coastal
                               ecosystems. The investigation of prehistoric human exploitation of its animal resources for subsistence
                               purposes is beginning to add a diachronic perspective to our scientific knowledge of the Apalachicola
                               area, in both cultural and environmental terms.


                               METHODS

                                        Fauna collected in 1987 from the Van Horn Creek shell mound (8Fr744) Test Unit I and the
                               Depot Creek shell mound (8Gu56) Test Unit C are all from indiscrete midden deposits as opposed to
                               more circumscribed, enclosed features, such as garbage pits. Samples represent cultural deposits dating
                               to Late Archaic, Deptford (Early Woodland), and Fort Walton times.
                                        The samples were recovered by two methods. A four-liter volume of midden was collected
                               from each 15 cm arbitrary level and water-floated for the extraction of biotic materials. The heavy and
                               light fractions (A, B, C, or 6.35 mm, .86 mm and .29 mm mesh screens, respectively), containing
                               vertebrate and invertebrate specimens, were sorted into floral, faunal, and other components. The
                               remaining portion of the excavation level was put through a 1/4" (6.35 mm) screen on-site, whereupon
                               all bone and any uncommonly occurring shell were collected. This collection comprises the second type
                               of sample and is meant to complement the fine-screened, four-liter sample. The two sample types are
                               necessarily analyzed and tabulated separately in the following tables. Six levels were analyzed from the
                               Van Horn Creek shell mound (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10) and five levels were analyzed from the Depot Creek
                               shell mound (1, 3, 5, 6, 7).
                                        Specimens in this study were identified using the extensive zooarchaeological comparative
                               collection located at the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville. Scientific nomenclature and
                               common names follow general laboratory usage for mammals, birds, reptiles, and crustacea; Robins et
                               al. (1980) for fishes; and Abbot (1974) for molluscs. A composite list of all taxa identified in the shell
                               mounds and their common names is presented as Table Al. I (all large tables follow the text of this


                                                                                   227










               appendix). Fragment count, minimum numbers of individuals (MNI), and fragment weight were
               calculated for all samples, following standard zooarchaeological procedure (Wing and Brown 1979:118-
               126). Due to small vertebrate sample sizes, seasonality and comparative dietary analyses were not
               attempted.
                        Although archaeological commensal species often serve as valuable paleoenvironmental
               indicators, the Van Horn and Depot commensals do not provide significant data in this respect. For this
               reason their MNI counts were not included in the tabulations. For the most part, these are barnacles
               (Balanus sp.) and terrestrial snails (Polygyria sp., Polydontes sp., and Euglandina rosea). Thus, the
               presented MNI totals and percentages represent animals assumed to be purposefully exploited by the
               Van Horn and Depot peoples.


               RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

                        As always, environmental and cultural interpretation of zooarchaeological analyses must be
               carried out with caution due to the possibility of many biases. Sources of error include quality of
               preservation, sampling and processing procedures, and unknown cultural or environmental variables.
                        A total of 1,768 vertebrate and 8,890 invertebrate specimens (fragments) were examined for
               Test Unit I of the Van Horn Creek shell mound. Ninety-one percent (n = 1,615) of the vertebrate
               remains are from the floated, 4-liter sample. Similar results occur for Test Unit C of the Depot Creek
               shell mound, with a total of 2,113 vertebrate and 7,021 invertebrate specimens. Here, ninety-three
               percent of the vertebrate remains are from the fine-screened, 4-liter flotation sample. A quantitative
               summary for both sites is presented in Tables Al.2 and Al.3. Faunal data are given by provenience in
               Tables A 1. 4 through A 1. 8, A 1. 10 through A 1. 14.
                        In addition to these faunal samples, selected bone and shell specimens (some artifacts) from

               non-analyzed proveniences were examined (Tables Al. 9 and Al. 16). MNI counts for 4 liter and 1/4"

               samples shown above are not exclusive of each other. 'Me counts show that at both sites, the fine-
               screened samples produced the highest MNI counts. However, without the 1/4" complements, rabbit,
               alligator, pond slider, black drum, mullet, and scotch bonnet would have been missing from the
               analysis of the Van Horn Creek shell mound. White-tailed deer, mouse, alligator, slider, mud turtle,
               seatrout, and lightning whelk would have been missing from the analysis of the Depot Creek shell

               mound.

                        Examination of numbers of taxa that are represented for a site can be a useful indication of
               natural faunal diversity (when all taxa are considered) or the extent of a people's subsistence routine
               (when only consumed taxa are considered). Minimum taxa numbers of different cultural components
               can be collapsed into one data set to project environmental setting and inter-site comparisons from a




                                                                  228













                                                                                 TABLE A1.2
                                                                  Van Horn Creek Shel] Mound, SFr744

                                                                               #Frags            MNI                Wt. 01.)

                                 4 Liter Sample             Vertebrate         1615               28                  23.66
                                                            Invertebrate       8874              348                16781.43


                                 1/4" Screen                Vertebrate           153              25                  97.77
                                                            Invertebrate         16               10                  191.15





                                                                                 TABLE A1.3
                                                                     Depot Creek Shelf Mound, 8Gu56

                                                                               #Frajzs           MNI                Wt. (g.)

                                 4 Liter Sample             Vertebrate         1970               26                  38.36
                                                            Invertebrate       7003              627                14487.89


                                 1/4" Screen                Vertebrate           143              21                  111.82
                                                            Invertebrate*        18                 7                 199.22


                                  1/4" invertebrate sample not collected systematically; most Rangia shells discarded as they were the
                                 major midden deposit component.



                                 synchronic, spatial perspective. Minimum taxa identified for both sites were high relative to the small
                                 samples. This is largely the result of combining the 1/4" - screened material recovered from general
                                 excavation levels with the fine-screened 4-liter flotation sample. The Van Horn samples produced a
                                 total of 32 (including commensals) taxa whereas the Depot Creek samples produced a total of 23 taxa.
                                 Depot Creek shell mound is situated on Depot Creek close to where it empties into Lake Wimico. The

                                 Van Horn Creek shell mound is situated on Van Horn Creek, a minor stream farther east in the lower

                                 Apalachicola drainage system. The difference in numbers of taxa between the two sites in part might be
                                 explained by Van Horn's closer proximity to higher saline waters sometime in the prehistoric past.
                                          The most obvious element of the two sets of midden samples is the two shellfish species,
                                 rangia clam (Rangia cuneata) and common oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Alligator and turtle appear in
                                 small amounts in both middens as do a variety of fishes. Most identified archaeological fishes are
                                 common estuarine species. Gar and sunfish (only one specimen) are typically freshwater fishes. Few
                                 deer bone specimens were found in these samples. The faunal assemblages, upon overall inspection of
                                 presence/absence of species (Tables Al. 8, Al. 15) offer no surprises. Species composition reflects local

                                 food resources.



                                                                                      229










                        The Depot Creek shell mound samples demonstrate a focus on collecting rangia clams whereas
               both rangia and oysters were targeted at the Van Horn Creek shell mound, apparently at different times
               in the past. Examination of the Depot Creek levels shows no significant variance in species
               composition, suggesting continuity in procurement of animal foods at this locale from Late Archaic
               through Early Woodland times. Analysis of the levels from Van Horn, however, provide a scenario of
               change. Figures Al. 1 and A1.2 graphically describe the stratigraphic relationship between rangia clam
               and oyster. Through time, rangia clam replaces oyster as the dominant midden shellfish. Typically,
               rangia clam and oyster do not share habitat ranges due to different salinity preferences (Fairbanks
               1963:4), the clam requiring less saline waters than the oyster.
                        It is probably unlikely that the prehistoric inhabitants of Van Horn Creek would collect
               shellfish outside of their locale. The change, instead, more probably reflects a change in local habitat
               resulting in the replacement of oyster communities with those of rangia clam. Although almost no
               rangia occurs in the lower levels (6, 8, 10) where oyster predominates, numbers of oyster still occur in
               the upper levels (2, 3, 4) where rangia clam predominates. This suggests that during later prehistory
               (Fort Walton?; Levels 2, 3, [4?]) populations of the two shellfish species either shared habitats to some
               degree or they were at least within close proximity of each other and of the Van Horn Creek shell

               mound site.

                        Supportive evidence of a habitat change includes the presence of freshwater alligator, pond

               slider, soft-shell turtle, and sunfish in Levels 2 and 4 and their absence in lower levels. Florida horse

               conch and scotch bonnet, requiring more saline conditions, occur in Level 10 (Table A1.14).
               Essentially, the environmental change reflected in the Van Horn samples is one of water and substrate
               conditions, changing from a tidal, brackish situation to a less saline one. Such change may be caused
               by geornorphological processes or even a change in sea level.
                        In sum, the two faunal assemblages suggest that inhabitants of both sites had similar
               subsistence practices. They targeted local shellfish beds and fished and hunted local turtles, alligator,
               and possibly deer. The Van Horn Creek shell mound samples document a possible change in local
               habitats with evidence of adaptation to that change by the site's inhabitants. Coastal environments are
               dynamic complexes. The study of archaeological sites that dot coastal landscapes such as the lower
               Apalachicola drainage system contributes to the knowledge of biological and geomorphological history
               as well as prehistoric human exploitation of these areas.









                                                                   230












                                                                          8Fr744 TEST UNIT 1

                                           90
                                           80                                - - - ------------------- ----         --------- - --
                                           70    ------- - ------- - ------- - ---------------- - ---------         - - - ---------- - ----
                                           60    ---                     - ------------- - ---------- -- -          - ---- - ------- - ---- - ----
                                           50 -                         - - ------------------- - - ----- -            -------
                                           40    - ---- -- - - - ------- - ------------------ ------ -                 ---- - ---      ----------
                                           30                                                        -------
                                           20    -------                                           --- - ---           ---------        ----------
                                           10                                      ------
                                              0                      A&@Xj
                                                            2                  2                  6                   8                10
                                                                                              LEVEL

                                                      Oyster                                                     Rangia




               FIGURE ALL Bar graph showing relative amounts of Rangia and oyster shell by level n Test Unit 1, Van Hom Creek shell mound, 8Fr744.








                                                                            8Fr744 TEST UNIT 1

                                            90
                                            80    -- ---------- - ------------- - ------------- -- - ----          --- - ------------
                                            70    --- -------------- - ------------------- - ---------- -
                                            60    - - - - ---------- --------------     ------- - --------- -
                                            50    - - - ---- - - - ---------------------- -       -----     -- m@ - - -----------   ---
                                            40    - ------------- ----------- - ---------         ---- - -- -------------------------------------
                                            30                                            --- ------ ---------- - ---- - ------- - ---------
                                            20    - ------- - -------     -         - ---------- -----                - - - - - - ---- - -------------
                                            10    ----------------------------                         -- - - - - ------------- - - - - - -------    ---
                                              ON-
                                                             2                   2                   6                  8                  10
                                                                                                LEVEL

                                                  E3 Oyster                                                    40 Rangia


               FIGLTRE A1.2. Graph of relative frequencies of Rangia and oyster shell by level in Test Unit 1, Van Hom Creek shell mound, 8Fr744.
                                                                                                                        ------   ----- - -----










                                B.       YELLOW HOUSEBOAT (8G05) AND                CLARK CREEK (8Gu6O) SHELL MOUNDS AND
                                         THE CORBIN-TUCKER SITE (8C6142)

                                             by Judith E. Fandrich (August 1989), Florida Museurn of Natural History


                                RESEARCH PROBLEM

                                         This report presents the analyses of faunal material excavated in 1988 from the Corbin-Tucker
                                site, 8CaI42, the Yellow Houseboat shell mound, 8Gu55, and the Clark Creek shell mound, 8Gu6O.

                                The shell mounds are located in the Apalachicola delta in Gulf County, a coastal county in an estuarine
                                area. Corbin-Tucker is in Calhoun County, just to the north, an area dominated by the bottomland
                                hardwood ecological community. Bottonaland hardwoods are typical of the forests of the Apalachicola
                                River and characteristically undergo seasonal flooding. The three sites also represent different time
                                periods: the sample from 8Cal42 is from a Fort Walton village refuse pit; that from Yellow Houseboat
                                documents, an Archaic through Fort Walton shell mound and that from Clark Creek documents a
                                Woodland through Late Archaic shell mound.
                                         It was expected that the samples analyzed from all three sites would reveal that fish were a
                                major contributor to the aboriginal subsistence. Other researchers on South Carolina and Georgia
                                coastal sites, especially, have reported that their excavated samples are characterized by estuarine fishes
                                (Reitz 1987, Quitmyer 1985, Kozuch 1988, Fandrich 1989).


                                RELATED COASTAL RESEARCH

                                         Russo (1987) discussed fauna identified at an Archaic coastal site in northwest Florida. He
                                noted that estuarine fishes (mullet, ladyfish, jack, pinfish, Atlantic croaker, spot, silver perch, anchovy,
                                shad, and menhaden) dominated the samples. In addition, there was evidence of exploitation during
                                warm weather. He also observed that, since there was no uniform systematic method of collection of
                                the faunal remains, some of the data may have been biased and not an accurate representation of the
                                excavated units (p. 53). Walker's analysis of fauna from the other two shell mounds in this report
                                (previous section) shows vertebrate samples dominated by garfish, with oysters being replaced by
                                freshwater clams over time at one site, signaling environmental change.
                                         Reitz (1982) analyzed faunal remains from coastal Georgia Mississippian sites. She suggested a
                                general coastal pattern which included the "use of deer to some extent, varying from site to site but
                                rarely more than 50 % of the biomass or 11 % of the individuals; low use of birds; occasional use of
                                turtles, both marine and aquatic; heavy use of marine fishes, primarily small drums and catfishes" (p.
                                59).
                                         The coastal strategies differ from the subsistence reported from riverine sites in South
                                Carolina. Brooks and Canouts (1984) proposed a Woodland model which relied on hunting deer in the


                                                                                    233










             fall and a diffuse exploitation of riverine resources throughout the year; this model then changes during
             the Mississippian period to a more intense exploitation of fewer resources (P. 247).
                      Reitz's survey (1985) of six sites in the Savannah River Valley noted several commonalities.
             Typically, deer, turtles, and fish were important resourcm In sites located above the Fall Line turtles
             appeared to be more important while below the Fall Line fish were more significant (p. 12).
                      Kozuch's manuscript (1988) on a coastal South Carolina site revealed a subsistence strategy
             that relied on oysters and estuarine fishes, with an emphasis on oysters during the Deptford period. Her
             report integrated data from both vertebrate and invertebrate remains.
                      My analysis (Fandrich 1989) of faunal remains from a coastal South Carolina site revealed a
             subsistence strategy that primarily targeted both juvenile fishes whose habitat was the tidal creeks, and
             the stout tagelus, a bivalve tolerant of fluctuating levels of salinity, whose habitat was the intertidal

             zone.



             PROCEDURE

             Preparation
                      The faunal samples discussed in this report are from flotation of soil samples that averaged
             twice as large as those of the previous year's excavations at Depot Creek and Van Horn Creek shell
             mounds: 9 liters or 30 x 30 x 10 cm. The recovery of small faunal remains was successful, as
             evidenced by the presence of two small gastropods, Boonea impressa and Polygyria sp. in the samples.
             Furthermore, the addition of waterscreening through 1/4" (6.35 mm) and 1/8" (3.2 mm) mesh added

             more and better information to the screened samples. Preliminary rough sorting was done before
             delivering the faunal sample to the Zooarchaeology Range at the Florida Museum of Natural History.
             Upon arrival at the museum the samples were fumigated, which is standard procedure. The faunal

             material was in excellent condition.

             Zooarchaeoloi!ical Methods

                      Two levels from each shell mound and the two strata in a shell pit feature from the Corbin-
             Tucker site were selected for analysis. The samples comprised 63 taxa, 11,130 identified vertebrate and
             invertebrate specimens calculated to represent a minimum number of 1126 individuals (MNI). Certain
             invertebrates (mollusca, bivalvia, mactridae, and unionidae) were weighed but not counted. MNI was
             recorded for specimens at the species and genus levels. If there were no representatives at those levels,

             MNI was recorded at a higher level.
                      Faunal identifications were made using the FMNH comparative skeletal collection. Fragments
             were identified to the closest taxon possible (Table Al. 1). Information about identified specimens
             includes the following: element, quantity, side, sex, age, and size. Modifications caused by burning



                                                               234









                               were noted. No visible butchering scars were evident. A worked deer bone occurred in Test Unit B

                               Level 6 of Clark Creek shell mound.
                                        Because different proveniences at the sites were associated with different time periods, the
                               MNI was calculated separately for each provenience. In addition, MNI were derived from taxa
                               identified at the genus and species level. Fauna identified at family, order, and class were not included
                               in MNI quantification except in those cases where specimens identified to family or above are not
                               represented at the generic level.
                                        Theoretically, every fragmented element could define an individual. However, to deal with
                               this, Chaplin's formula (1971):

                                                 GMT = C/2 + D

                               was used to calculate the MNI where:
                                                 GMT = grand minimum number of individuals
                                                 C = total number of comparable paired elements

                                                 D = total number of dissimilar elements.

                                        It is known that Chaplin's method of calculating the MNI exaggerates the importance of the
                               rarer fauna. However, it is a better approach than the paired element method (Casteel 1977).
                                        Lastly, an attempt to determine seasonality by measuring Rangia cuneata was ruled out.
                               Claassen (1986) discussed a procedure to arrive at seasonality by measuring the distance between the
                               surficial rings. However, a malacological researcher at the Florida Museum of Natural History
                               (Auffenberg 1989: personal communication) pointed out that the procedure as defined could not be
                               replicated- Part of the problem is that archaeological specimens are too eroded to be measured. Also,
                               the procedure itself is vague on how and where the measuring should be done.


                               ANALYSIS

                                        The following analysis is based on the identified vertebrate and invertebrate species
                               representing the 1126 MNI (Tables A 1. 17-A 1. 22). These species primarily occupy an aquatic habitat.
                               However, there are also representatives of a terrestrial environment. This suggests wide-ranging

                               generalized subsistence strategies.
                                        Sylvilagus palustris (marsh rabbit) and Sylvilagus sp. (rabbit), when considered together were
                               the most common mammal species based on calculations of MNI at the shell mounds (Table A1.21).
                               The next most common were Didelphis virginiana (opossum), Neofiber alleni (round-tailed muskrat),
                               and Procyon lotor (raccoon). One individual was recorded for each of the following: Sciurus
                               carolinensis (gray squirrel), Sigmodon hispidus (hispid cotton rat), Felis concolor (Florida panther),
                               Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer). A total of 159 fragments of mammal bone with a weight of
                               51.93 grams and calculated to include 13 MNI were identified. The most interesting specimen was the


                                                                                  235










              Florida panther whose presence at the Yellow Houseboat shell mound extends its archaeological range
              into a previously unreported area (Laurie Wilkins 1989; personal communication) Tables A1.25).
                      One Anas sp. (duck) from Yellow Houseboat and one Fulica americana (American coot) from
              Clark Creek were identified from 104 bird bone fragments, which weighed 13.32 grams. One
              Drymarchon corais (Indigo snake) was present at Clark Creek. The remainder of the serpent fragments
              were too damaged to assign them to genus. There were 13 fragments weighing a total of 1.75 grams.
              Alligator was present at both shell mounds. Tlie twelve fragments weighed 3.26 grams.
                      The most common turtle at the shell mounds was Kinosternon sp. (mud turtle) which also
              contributed the most weight. Next in importance was Pseudemys sp. (cooter/slider), followed by
              Kinosternon bauri (striped mud turtle), then Trionyxferox (soft shell turtle), and finally Pseudemys
              floridana (cooter). The MNI of turtles was 15, derived from 607 fragments weighing 4 total of 109.96
              grams. All these turtles are aquatic species. Single individuals of Rana sp. (frog) at Clark Creek and
              Lacertilia (lizard) at Yellow Houseboat were observed.
                      The most common individual fish were Lepisosteus sp. (garfish), at both the inland late
              prehistoric site and the estuarine shell mounds, followed by shell mound species Ariusfelis (hardhead
              catfish), Cynoscion arenarius (sand seatrout), C@noscion sp. (seatrout), and Sciaenops ocellatus (red
              drum). Single individuals were observed for Bagre marinus (gafftopsail catfish), Archosargus
              probatocephalus (sheepshead), Mugil cephalus (mullet), Amia calva (mudfish), and Carcharhinus leucas
              (bull shark). Together all the fishes weighed -145.84 grams, derived from 7479 fragments, yielding 32
              MNI. In MNI, quantity, and weight, the garfish dominate the fish sample. Ile lone shark tooth from
              Clark Creek (Table A1.27) is from a species that has tolerance for fresh water.
                      The most frequently occurring bivalves at the shell mounds by MNI and weight were Rangia
              cuneata (freshwater clam), followed by Elliptio cressidens (heavy-toothed filter clam) at Corbin Tucker
              inland, and Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) at the shell mounds. Also present were bivalves
              Amblema plicata and Obovario subrotunda, and Geukensia dernissa (Atlantic ribbed mussel).
              Gastropods present were Cirripedia (barnacle), Crassatelidae (crassatelid), Neritina reclivata (olive
              nerite), Viviparus georgianus (Georgian mystery snail), Pulmonata (land snails), Polygyria sp. (snail),
              and Boonea impressa (impressed odostome). Not all the fauna in the sample may have contributed to
              the subsistence economy. For example, Boonea impressa preys on Crassostrea virginica (Wells
              1959:140). In every sample where there were oysters, the Boonea were also present.


              CONCLUSION

                      The subsistence strategy pursued at all three sites was based on aquatic foods. In all locations
              the identifiable resources most depended on were garfish and turtles. At the shell mounds in the lower



                                                              236









                                valley the freshwater clam contributed significantly to the subsistence. At the inland Corbin-Tucker site
                                the filter clam and the Georgian mystery snail were important.
                                         Birds were not significant in the samples. It is interesting that more mammals are present in
                                the shell mounds than at the Corbin-Tucker site. This may be due to the characteristics of the latter's
                                sample - mostly fragmented specimens from a refuse pit only preserved by proximity to shells in the pit
                                which neutralized the effects of acid sandy soils. All other fauna at the site were not preserved, unlike

                                the case at the shell mounds.

                                         The overall subsistence strategies utilized at all three sites focused on the riverine resources of
                                the Apalachicola. In addition, the targeted species seem to be the larger fish. Since tiny invertebrates
                                were represented in the samples, small fish would have also been recovered if present. Since they are
                                not present in the samples, it can be suggested that the subsistence strategy along the Apalachicola
                                River differs from Atlantic coastal/estuarine prehistoric foodways and is more like the strategies
                                pursued in the upper Savannah River Valley.


                                ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

                                         I appreciate the help I have had from many people who kindly answered my questions. Thanks
                                are due to Dr. Elizabeth Wing, Dr. Elizabeth Reitz, Dr. Gary Morgan, Sylvia Scudder, Laurie
                                Wilkinson, Kurt Auffenberg, Laura Kozuch, Lee Newsom, Irvy Quitmyer, and Mike Russo.





























                                                                                    237













                   TABLE A1.1 LIST OF ANIMAL SPECIES IDENTIFIED AT FIVE APALACHICOLA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES.



                   Identified Taxo                         Common Name                                 Identified Taxon  	                	Common Name


                   Cricetidae                			Mice                                        Cynoscion arenarius		            Sand seatrout
                   Sciurus carolinensis    	       	Gray squirrel                               Cynoscion  sp.		           		Seatrout
                   Sigmodon hispidus           		    	Hispid cotton rat                           Leiostomus xanthurus		        	Spot
                   Neofiber alleni      				Round-tailed muskrat                        Micropogonias undulatus 	         	Atlantic croaker
                   Procyon  lotor                        	Raccoon                                     Pogonia cromis                   	 	Black drum
                   Rodentia                               	Rodents                                     Sciaenops ocellata                	Red drum
                   Sylvdlagus palustris		        	Marsh rabbit                                cf. Sciaenidae                    	Drums
                   Sylcilagus sp.		                 	Rabbits                                     Mugil cephalus                    	Striped Mullet
                   Odocoikus virginianus                   	White-tailed deer                           Mugil sp.		                        Mullet
                   Felis concolor         	           	Panther                                     Amia calva 	    			     	Bowfin
                   cf. Felidae                              Cat                                         Osteichthyes                      	Bony fishes
                   Didelphis virginiana 	            	Opossum                                     Vertebrata                        	Vertebrates
                   Manunalia                               	Mammals                                     Balanus sp.                       	Barnacle
                   Fulicia americana  	              	American coot                               Cirripedia                        	Barnacles
                   Anatidae	                          	Ducks                                       Euglandina rosea                  	Terrestrial snail
                   Aves                                    	Birds                                       Viviparus georgianus		            Georgian mystery snail
                   Alligator mississippiensis         	Alligator                                   Pulmonata                         	Terrestrial snails
                   Kinosternon bauri                    	Striped mud turtle                          Polygyra sp; Polydontes sp.		      Terrestrial snails
                   Kinosternon sp.                     	Mud turtles                                 Neritina reclivata                      Olive nerite
                   Pseudemys scripta 	                	Pond Slider                                 Neritina sp.                            Nerite
                   Pseudemys floridana                      Cooter                                      cf. Columbellidae                 	Dove shells
                   Pseudemys sp .                           Cooters and Sliders                         Boonea  impressa                   	Impressed odostome
                   Tnonyx ferox                             Soft shell turtle                           Odostomia sp.                     	Odostome
                   Testudines                               Turtles                                     Melongena corona                  	Crown conch
                   Drymarchon corais	                 	Indigo snake                                Busycon cantrarium                	Lightning whelk
                   Colubridae                              	Colubrid snakes                             Fasciolaia  tulipa                	True tulip
                   Serpentes                               	Snakes                                      Pleuroploca gigantea              	Florida horse conch
                   Lacertilia                               Lizards                                     Phalium granulatum                	Scotch bonnet
                   Reptilia                                 Reptiles                                    Ischadium recurvum                	Hooked mussel
                   Amphibia cf. Ranidae                	Amphibians cf. frogs                        Geukensia demissa                 	Atlantic ribbed mussel
                   Amphibia                                	Amphibians                                  Mytilidae cf. Geukensia           	Mussels
                   Rana sp.                                	Frogs                                       Mytilidae                         	Mussels
                   Rajiformes                               Rays, etc.                                  Unionidae                         	Freshwater Mussels
                   Carcharhinus  leucas               	Bull shark                                  Crassostrea virginica             	Eastern oyster
                   Carcharhinidae                          	Requiem sharks                              Dinocardium robustum              	Cockle
                   Lepisosteus sp.                     	Gar fish                                    Rangia cuneata                    	Rangia / fre shwater clam
                   Brevoortia sp.                      	Menhaden                                    Mactridae                         	Surf clams
                   Clupeidae                                Herrings                                    Mercenaria sp.                    	Quahog clam
                   Ariopsis felis                           Hardhead catfish                            Pectinidae                        	Scallop
                   Bagre marinus                            Gafftopsail catfish	                    cf. Macrocallista nimbosa         	Sunray venus clam
                   Ariidae                                 	Marine catfishes                            Elliptio crassidens 	                  Heavy toothed filter clam
                   Lepomis sp.                             	Sunfish                                     Crassatelidae                     	Crassatelid
                   Carangidae                              	Jacks                                       Veneridae                         	Venus clams, etc.
                   Lutjianus sp.	                     	Snapper                                     Amblema plicata	                  	Freshwater mussel
                   Archosargus probatocephalus	       	Sheep shead                                 Obovaria subrotunda               	Freshwater mussel
                   Sparidae                                	Porgies                                     Bivalvia                          	Bivalves
                   Sparidae/Sciaenidae                     	Porgies/drums                               Mollusca                          	Molluscs
                   Gastropoda                            	Gastropods












                                                                                                 238


TABLE A1.4.		FAUNAL REMAINS FROM DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56, TEST UNIT C,
			LEVEL 1 (DEPTFORD).

From Flotation Sample (3.2 liters [2941g] = 2% of total level volume):




					Number					Minimum					Bone/			
					Ident.		% of			Number		% of			Shell Wt		% of
Taxa					Frags.		Total			Indiv.		Total			(Grams)		Total

Lacenrtilia				3			0.25			1			0.59			TR			0.00
Testudines				10			0.83			1			0.59			0.60			0.03
Clupeidae				2			0.17			2			1.18			0.01			0.00
Lepisosteus sp.			14			1.16			1			0.59			0.10			0.00
Archosargus probatocephalus	1			0.08			1			0.59			0.02			0.00
Sparidae/Sciaenidae		1			0.08			(a)			(a)			TR			0.00
Micropogonias undulatus		1			0.08			1			0.59			0.10			0.00
Osteichthyes			215			17.86			(a)			(a)			5.20			0.24
Vertebrata				70			5.81			(a)			(a)			0.40			0.02


Total Vertebrata			317			26.32			7			4.13			6.43			0.29


Polygyra sp.			7			0.58			5			3.00			0.05			0.00
Crassostrea virginica		1			0.08			1			0.59			0.30			0.01
Rangia cuneata			879			73.01			156			92.31			1905.70		86.57
Mollusca (cf. Bivalvia)		(b)			(b)			(a)			(a)			288.90		13.12
			
Total Invertebrata		887			73.67			162			95.90			2194.95		99.70

Total from Flotation Sample	1204			100.00		169			100.00		2201.38		100.00


From 1/4" Dry Screen (from 16m3 level):

Mammalia, Large			1			12.50			1			20.00			0.80			1.13
Testudines				3			37.50			1			20.00			3.40			4.82	
Sciaenidae				1			12.50			1			20.00			1.60			2.27
		
Total Vertebrata			5			62.50			3			60.00			5.80			8.22


Busycon contratium		1			12.50			1			20.00			62.30			88.24
Rangia cuneata*			2			25.00			1			20.00			2.50			3.54

Total Invertebrata*		3			37.50			2			40.00			64.80			91.78

Total from Dry Screen		8			100.00		5			100.00		70.60			100.00


*	Invertebrates not collected systematically; most Rangia discarded

(a)	Bone/shell elements from family and class level identifications are not used in calculating MNI unless it is
	certain that the elements are not represented by any of the species or genus level individuals. This
	eliminated the possibility of counting individuals more than once.

(b)	Fragments unidentifiable to class were not counted.



										239










                               TABLE A1.5.            FAUNAL REMAINS FROM DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56, TEST UNIT C,
                                                      LEVEL 3 (DEPTFORD)

                               From Flotation Sample (3.3 liters 13589g) = 2.3% of total level volume):

                                                                                   Number              Minimum                   Bone/
                                                                                   Ident.    % of         Number    % of      Shell Wt      % of
                               Taxa                                                Frogs.    Total        Indiv.    Total        (Grams)    Total


                               Mammalia, Small                                     4         0.19         1         0.52         0.08       0.00
                               cf. Sylvilagus SP.                                  1         0.05         1         0.52         0.57       0.02
                               Colubridae                                          1         0.05         1         0.52         0.04       0.00
                               Testudines                                          2         0.09         1         0.52         0.55       0.02
                               Rujiformes                                          1         0.05         1         0.52         0.02       0.00
                               1--pisosteus sp.                                    20        0.93         1         0.52         0.60       0.02
                               clupeidae                                           5         0.23         1         0.52         0.02       0.00
                               Ariidae                                             1         0.05         1         0.52         0.02       0.00
                               Micropogonias undulalus                             3         0.14         3         1.55         0.48       0.02
                               Osteichthyes                                        189       8.74         (a)       (a)          3.02       0.11
                               Vertebrata (cL Ostcich.)                            714       33.02        (a)       (a)          11.07      0.39


                               Total Vertebrata                                    941       43.52        11        5.70         16.47      0.58


                               Euglandina rosea                                    5         0.23         2         1.04         0.55       0.02
                               Pectinidae                                          1         0.05         1         0.52         0.41       0.01
                               Crassostrea virginica                               2         0.09         1         0.52         15.79      0.56
                               Rangia cuneara                                      684       31.64        178       92.23     2026.39       71.55
                               Bivalvia (cf. R. cuneata)                           529       24.47        (a)       (a)          136.10     4.81
                               Mollusca (cf. Bivalvia)                             (b)       (b)          (a)       (a)          636.50     22.47


                               Total Invertebrata                                  1221      56.48        182       94.30     2815.74       99.42


                               Total from Flotation Sample,                        2162      100-00       193       100.00    2832.21       100.00

                               From 1/4" Dry Screen (from 14& level):

                               Cricetidae                                          1         2.38         1         7.69         0.09       0.13
                               Mammalia, Small                                     1         2.38         1         7.69         0.11       0.16
                               Mammalia                                            2         4.76         1         7.69         1.15       1.66
                               Alligator mississippiensis                          1         2.38         1         7.69         2.37       3.43
                               Testudines                                          7         16.67        1         7.69         16.82      24.32
                               cf. Reptilia                                        2         4.76         (a)       (a)          12.21      17.66
                               Lepisosteus sp.                                     3         7.14         (a)       (a)          0.31       0.45
                               Osteichthyes                                        15        35.71        1         7.69         1.77       2.56
                               Vextebrata                                          3         7.14         (a)       (a)          2.85       4.12


                               Total Vertebrata                                    35        83.33        6         46.15        37.68      54.49


                               Polygyra sp.                                        4         9.52         4         30.77        0.03       0.04
                               Euglandina rosea                                    2         4.76         2         15.38        16.32      23.60
                               Crassostrea virginica                               1         2.38         1         7.69         15.12      21.87


                               Total Invertebrata'                                 7         16.67        7         53.85        31.47      45.51


                               Total from Dry Screen                               42        100.00       13        100.00       69.15      100.00



                                           Invertebrates not collected systematically; Rangia discarded.
                               (a)         Bone/shell elements from family and class level identifications are not used in calculating MNI unless it is
                                           certain that the elements are not represented by any of the species or genus level individuals. This
                                           eliminates the possibility of counting individuals more than once.
                               (b)         Fragments unidentifiable to class were not counted.



                                                                                             240











                                                  TABLE A1.6.           FAUNAL REMAINS FROM DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56, TEST UNIT C,
                                                                        LEVEL 5 (DEPTFORD).

                                                  From Flotation Sample (4 liters [4438g]       2.7% of total level volume):

                                                                                   Number                 minimum                  Bone/
                                                                                   Ident.       % of          Number %of           Shell Wt  % of
                                                  Taxa                             Fraps.       Total         Indiv.    Total      (Grams    Total

                                                  Testudines                            17      0.59          1         1.20       0.81      0.02
                                                  Ariidae                               1       0.03          1         1.20       0.08      0.00
                                                  Archowargus probatocephaius           2       0.07          1         1.20       0.03      0.00
                                                  Sparidae/Sciaenidae                   5       0.17          (a)       (a)        0.05      0.00
                                                  Lepisosleus sp.                       23      0.80          1         1.20       0.26      0.01
                                                  Micropogonias undulatus               1       0.03          1         1.20       0.59      0.01
                                                  Osteichthyes                          115     4.01          (a)       (a)        0.90      0.02
                                                  Vertebrata (cf. Osteich.)             229     10.42         (a)       (a)        2.98      0.08

                                                  Total Vertebrata                      463     16.14         5         6.02       5.70      0.14

                                                  Rangia cuneata                   2406         83.86         78        93.98      2073.90   52.50
                                                  Bivalvia (cf. R. cuneata)             (b)       N           (a)       (a)        1870.40   47.35

                                                  Total Invertebrata               2406         83.86         78        93.98      3944.30   99.86


                                                  Total from Flotation Sample      2869         100.00        83        100.00     3950.00   100.00


                                                  From 1/4" Dry Screen (from 15n? level):

                                                  Mammalia                              1       6.67          1         16.67      0.99      1.55
                                                  Testudines                            3       20.00         1         16.67      4.24      6.64
                                                  Lepisosteus sp.                       1       6.67          1         16.67      0.19      0.30
                                                  Archosargus probwocephalus            1       6.67          1         16.67      1.60      2.51
                                                  C@ynoscion sp.                        1       6.67          1         16.67      0.27      0.42
                                                  Osteichthyes                          3       20.00         (a)       (a)        1.56      2.44
                                                  Vertebrata                            4       26.67         (a)       (8)        2.40      3.76


                                                  Total Vertebrata                      14      93.33         5         83.33      11.25     17.62


                                                  Crassostrea Wrginica                  1       6.67          1         16.67      52.59     82.38


                                                  Total lnvertebrata*                   1       6.67          1         16.67      52.59     82.38


                                                  Total from Dry Screen                 15      100.00        6         100.00     63.84     100.00



                                                             Invertebrates not collected systematically; Rangia discarded.

                                                  (a)        Bone/shell elements from family and class level identifications are not used in calculating MNI unless it is
                                                             certain that the elements are not represented by any of the species or genus level individuals. This
                                                             eliminates the possibility of counting individuals more than once.

                                                  (b)        Fragments unidentifiable to class were not counted.












                                                                                                              241











                             TABLE A1.7.            FAUNAL REMAINS FROM DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56, TEST UNIT C,
                                                    LEVEL 7 (LATE ARCHAIC).


                             From Flotation Sample (3.3 liters [3370g] = 1.8% of total level volume):

                                                                    Number             Minimum                 Bonet
                                                                    Ident.   % of      Number %of              Shell Wt   % of
                             Taxa                                   Frags    Total     In(liv.      Total      (Grams)    Total


                             Testudines                             14       1.01         1         0.85       3.96       0.13
                             Sparidae/Sciaenidae                    1        0.07         1         0.85         TR       0.00
                             Osteichthyes                           5        0.36      (a)          (a)        0.10       0.00
                             Vertebrata                             21       1.51      (a)          (a)        0.64       0.02


                             Total Vertebrata                       41       2.95         2         1.71       4.70       0.15



                             Rangia cuneata                         896      64.51     115          98.29      2481.14    83.63
                             Bivalvia (cf. R. cuneata)              452      32.54     (a)          (a)        27.00      0.91
                             Mollusca (cf. Bivalvia)                (b)      (b)       (a)          (a)        453.85     15.30


                             Total Invertebrata                     1348     97.05     115          98.29      2961.99    99.84


                             Total from Flotation Sample            1389     100.00    117          100.00     2966.69    100.00


                             From 1/4" Dry Screen (from 18n? level):

                             Mammalia, Large                        3        3.75         1         14.29      3.56       8.71
                             Mnosternon sp.                         24       30.00        1         14.29      11.51      28.18
                             cf. Pseudemys spp.                     6        7.50         2         28.57      6.95       17.01
                             Testudines                             35       43.75     (a)          (a)        13.39      32.78
                             A rchosargus probatocephalus           1        1.25         1         14.29      0.50       1.22
                             Osteichthyes                           5        6.25      (a)          (8)        0.64       1.57
                             Vertebrata                             4        5.00      (a)          (a)        0.51       1.25


                             Total Vertebrata                       78       97.50        5         71.43      37.06      90.72



                             Euglandina rosea                       1        1.25         1         14.29      2.45       6.00
                             Neridna sp.                            1        1.25         1         14.29      1.34       3.28


                             Total Invertebrata*                    2        2.50         2         28.57      3.79       9.28


                             Total from Dry Screen                  80       100.00       7         100.00     40.85      100.00



                                         Invertebrates not collected systematically; Rangia discarded.

                             (a)         Bonelshell elements from family and class level identifications are not used in calculating MNI unless
                                         it is certain that the elements are not represented by any of the species or genus level individuals.
                                         This eliminates the possibility of counting individuals more than once.

                             (b)         Fragments unidentifiable to class were not counted.












                                                                                          242











                                                     TABLE A1.8.            FAUNAL REMAINS FROM DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56, TEST UNIT C:
                                                                            PRESENCE/ABSENCE BY LEVEL, 4-LITER AND 1/4' SAMPLES COMBINED.

                                                     Identified Taxa                                 Lever      1          3           5           7


                                                     Cricetidae
                                                     4'wlag- sp
                                                     Alligaior mississippiensis
                                                     Mnosternon sp.
                                                     cf. Pseudemys sp.
                                                     Colubridae
                                                     Lacertilia
                                                     Rajiformes
                                                     Lepisosteus sp.
                                                     Clupeidae
                                                     Ariidae
                                                     Archosargus probatocephalus
                                                     Sparidae/Scieacnidae
                                                     C@noscion sp.
                                                     Micropogonias undulatm
                                                     cf. Sciaenidae
                                                     Balanus sp.
                                                     Polygyra sp.
                                                     Euglandina rosea
                                                     Neritina sp.
                                                     Busycon contrarium
                                                     Crassostrea Wrginica
                                                     Rangia cuneata
                                                     Pectinidae



                                                                  Level 1/315:          Identified as a Deptford-Early Woodland cultural deposit,
                                                                  Level 7:              Identified as a Late Archaic cultural deposit.



                                                     TABLE A1.9. SELECTED FAUNAL SPECIMENS FROM THE DEPOT CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu56.

                                                     Cat.#        Provenience             Taxa                    DesciiPtion of Swimen

                                                     -28          TU A, L 6          SylWlagus sp.              I left distal humerus fragment
                                                                                     Syltdlagus sp.             Iright proximal femur fragment
                                                                                     SylWlagus sp.              Ileft proximal femur fragment
                                                                                     Busycon contrarium         2 fragments
                                                                                     Dinocardium robustum       I fragment
                                                                                     Osteichthyes               1articular fragment

                                                     -33          TU A, L 9          cf. Odocoileus
                                                                                          Wrginianus            bone fishhook
                                                                                     sylwlagus sp.              I left distal humerus fragment

                                                     -37          TU A, L 10         Fasciolaria tulipa         I nearly whole shell
                                                                                     Odocoileus Wrginianus      2 molars (I deciduous)
                                                                                     Archosargus
                                                                                        probatocephalus         I quadrate
                                                                                     Procyon lozor              I left mandibular fragment w/ 2 molars

                                                     -57          TU A, L 15,        0docoileus
                                                                  F 3                   Wrginianus              metapodial "point" in 2 pcs.

                                                     -104         TU D, L 4          Busycon conirarlum         I fragment
                                                                                     Pectinidae                 I fragment



                                                                                                                  243










                               TABLE A1.10. FAUNAL REMAINS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744, TEST UNIT 1,
                                                   LEVEL 2 (FORT WALTON, PERHAPS WITH SOMIE EARLY WOODLAND MIXED IN).

                               From Flotation Sample (33 liters [3394.8g] = 1.6% of total level volume):
                                                                          Number             Minimum                     Bone/
                                                                          Ident.   % of          Number     % of         Shell Wt   % of
                               Taxa                                       EEmL-    Total     jadiL          Total        (Grams)    Total

                               Lepisosteus sp.                            7        0.41          1          1.49         0.20       0.01
                               Arlopsisfelis                              3        0.18          2          2.99         0.77       0.03
                               Archosargus probatocephalus                2        0.12          1          1.49         0.15       0.01
                               Sparidae/Sciacnidae                        5        0.30          (8)        (a)          0.07       0.00
                               Micropogonias undulatus                    1        0.06          1          1.49         0.24       0.01
                               Osteichthyes                               296      17.47         (a)        (a)          3.16       0.12
                               Vertebrata                                 10       0.59          (a)        (8)          0.55       0.02


                               Total Vertebrata                           324      19.13         5          7.46         5.14       0.20


                               Polygyra sp.                               15       0.89          2          2.99         0.17       0.01
                               Polydentes sp.                             6        0.35          6          8.96         0.25       0.01
                               Euglandina rosea                           1        0.06          1          1.49         0.10       0.00
                               Mytilidae                                  2        0.12          1          1.49         0.20       0.01
                               Crassostrea virginica                      848      50.06         18         26.87        1201.09    46.13
                               Rangia cuneata                             498      29.40         34         50.75        751.30     28.85
                               Molluscs (cf. Bivalvia)                    (b)      (b)           (a)        (a)          645.70     24.80


                               Total Invertebrata                         1370     80.88         62         92.54        2598.81    99.80


                               Total from notation Sample                 1694     100.00        67         100.00       2603.95    100.00

                               From 1/4" Dry Screen (from .22m@ level):

                               SyMiagus sp.                               1        0.70          1          4.00         0.20       0.19
                               Mammalia                                   2        1.41          1          4.00         0.91       0.84
                               Affigalor mississippiensis                 5        3'.52         1          4.00         10.38      9.62
                               Pseudemys scn    .pta                      11       7.75          1          4.00         18.80      17.42
                               Trionyx ferox                              1        0.70          1          4.00         3.18       2.95
                               Testudines                                 21       14.79         1          4.00         9.14       8.47
                               Carcharahinidae                            1        0.70          1          4.00         0.76       0.70
                               Lepisosteus sp.                            11       7.75          1          4.00         3.33       3.09
                               Ariopsisfelis                              7        4.93          3          12.00        2.17       2.01
                               A rchosargus probatocephalus               5        3.52          3          12.00        5.47       5.07
                               Pogonjas cromis                            2        1.41          1          4.00         1.39       1.29
                               Sciaeniops ocellata                        5        3.52          2          8.00         2.58       2.39
                               cf. Sciaenidae                             1        0.70          1          4.00         0.10       0.09
                               mugil sp -                                 1        0.70          1          4.00         0.10       0.09
                               Osteichthyes                               48       33.80         (a)        (a)          15.02      13.92
                               Vertebrata                                 14       9.86          (a)        (a)          6.24       5.78


                               Total Vertebrata                           136      95.77         19         76.00        79.77      73.90


                               Euglandina rosea                           4        2.82          4          16.00        18.28      16.94
                               Neritina sp.                               1        0.70          1          4.00         0.39       0.35
                               Rangia cuneata'                            1        0.70          1          4.00         9.51       8.81


                               Total Invertebrata*                        6        4.23          6          24.00        28.17      26.10


                               Total Screen Sample                        142      100.00        25         100.00       107.94 100.00

                                                Invertebrates not collected systematically; most Rangia discarded.
                               (a)              Bone/shell elements from family and class level identifications are not used in calculating MNI unless it is
                                                certain that the elements are not represented by any of the species or genus level individuals. This
                                                eliminates the possibility of counting individuals more than once.
                               (b)              Fragments unidentifiable to class were not counted.



                                                                                                 244











                                                   TABLE A1.11.           FAUNAL REMAINS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, SFr744, TEST UNIT
                                                                          1, LEVEL 4 (EARLY WOODLAND?).

                                                   From Flotation Sample (3.3 liters [3317.1g] = 1.5% of total level volume):

                                                                                          Number           Minimum                   Bonet
                                                                                          Ident.   % of        Number %of            Shell Wt  % of
                                                   Taxa                                   Frags.   Total       Indiv.    Total       (Grams)   Total


                                                   Cricetidae                             2        0.09        1         1.56        0.02      0.00
                                                   Thonyx ferox                           1        0.05        1         1.56        1.02      0.05
                                                   Testudines                             3        0.14        (a)       (a)         0.27      0.01
                                                   Lepisosteus sp.                        10       0.46        1         1.56        0.17      0.01
                                                   Arlopsisfelis                          1        0.05        1         1.56        0.08      0.00
                                                   Lepo-is sp.                            1        0.05        1         1.56        0.04      0.00
                                                   Archosargus probatocephalus            8        0.37        1         1.56        0.23      0.01
                                                   Micropogonias undulatus                2        0.09        2         3.13        0.65      0.03
                                                   Osteichthyes                           25       1.15        (a)       (a)         1.12      0.05
                                                   Vertebrata                             569      26.10       (a)       (a)         5.05      0.22

                                                   Total Vertebrata                       622      28.53       8         12.49       8.65      0.38

                                                   Polygyra sp.                           7        0.32        7         10.94       0.07      0.00
                                                   Euglandina rosea                       1        0.05        1         1.56        0.08      0.00
                                                   cf. Columbellidae                      1        0.05        1         1.56        0.01      0.00
                                                   Mytilidae                              1        0.05        1         1.56        0.12      0.01
                                                   Crassostrea virginica                  1169     53.62       18        28.13       1010.93   44.97
                                                   Rangia cuneata                         378      17.34       27        42.19       544.15    24.21
                                                   cf. Macrocallista nimbosa              1        0.05        1         1.56        4.02      0.18
                                                   Mollusca (cf. Bivalvia)                (b)      (b)         (a)       (8)         680.05    30.25

                                                   Total Invertebrata                     1558     71.48       56        87-50       2239-43   99.62


                                                   Total from Flotation Sample            2180     100.00      64        100.00      2248.08   100.00

                                                   From 1/4" Dry Screen (from .23mi level):

                                                   Alligator mississippiensis             1        6.67        1         20.00       0.92      0.91
                                                   A rchosargus probatocephalus           1        6.67        1         20.00       1.09      1.07
                                                   Osteichthyes                           4        26.67       (a)       (a)         3.05      3.00
                                                   Vertebrata                             5        33.33       (a)       (a).        2.98      2.93


                                                   Total Vertebrata                       11       73.33       2         40.00       8.04      7.92


                                                   Nerifina sp.                           1        6.67        1         20.00       0.83      0.82
                                                   Ischadium recuryum                     2        13.33       1         20.00       6.77      6.67
                                                   Crassostrea virginica                  1        6.67        1         20.00       85.90     84.60


                                                   Total Invertebrata'                    4        26.67       3         60.00       93.50     92.08


                                                   Total Screen Sample                    15       100.00      5         100-00      101.54    100.00




                                                              Invertebrates not collected systematically; Rangia discarded.

                                                   (a)        Bone/shell elements from family and class level identifications are not used in calculating MNI unless
                                                              it is certain that the elements are not represented by any of the species or genus level individuals.
                                                              This eliminates the possibility of counting individuals more than once.

                                                   (b)        Fragments unidentifiable to class were not counted.




                                                                                                               245











                             TABLE A1.12.           FAUNAL REMAINS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744, TEST UNIT
                                                    1, LEVEL 6 (MIXED EARLY WOODLAND? AND LATE ARCHAIC)

                             From Flotation Sample (3 liters [2492.7g] = 13% of total level volume):

                                                                Number                    Minimum             Bone/
                                                                Ident.      % of          Number %of          Shell Wt    % of
                             Taxa                               Frogs.      Total         Indiv.    Total     (Grams)     Total


                             Lepisosteus sp.                        2       0.25          1         1.89       0.05       0.00
                             BrevoorTia sp.                         1       0.13          1         1.89       0.01       0.00
                             Ariopsisfelis                          1       0.13          1         1.89       0.11       0.01
                             Ariidae                                3       0.38          (a)       (a)        0.28       0.01
                             Luyanussp.                             1       0.13          1         1.89       0.05       0.00
                             Micropogonias undulatus                3       0.38          3         5.66       0.82       0.04
                             cf. Sciaenidae                         4       0.50          1         1.89       0.10       0.00
                             Osteichthyes                       174         21.78         (8)       (8)        1.20       0.06
                             Vertebrata                             3       0.38          (a)       (a)        0.18       0.01


                             Total Vertebrata                   192         24.03         8         15.09      2.80       0.14


                             Balanus sp.                            3       0.38          3         -5.66      0.57       0.03
                             Mytilidae                              1       0.13          1         1.89       0.09       0.00
                             Crassostrea Wrginica               584         73.09         37        69.81     1611.42     79.44
                             Rangia cuneara                         18      2.25          3         5.66      29.05       1.43
                             Veneridae                              1       0.13          1         1.89       2.56       0.13
                             Mollusca (cf Bivalvia)             (b)           (b)         (a)       (a)       381.90      18.83


                             Total Invertebrata                 607         75.97         45        84.91     2025.59     99.86


                             Total from notation Sample         799         100.00        53        100.00    2028.39     100.00


                             From 1/4" Dry Screen (from .24& level):

                             Odocoileus virginiamis                 1       100.00        1         100.00     2.25       100.00

                             Total Screen Sample                    1       100.00        1         100.00     2.25       100.00






                                        Invertebrates not collected.


                             (a)        Bone/shell elements from family and class level identifications are not used in calculating MNI unless
                                        it is certain that the elements are not represented by any of the species or genus level individuals.
                                        This eliminates the possibility of counting individuals more than once.

                             (b)        Fragments unidentifiable to class were not counted.
















                                                                                          246











                                                     TABLE A1.13.            FAUNAL REMAINS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744, TEST UNIT
                                                                             1, LEVEL 8 (LATE ARCHAIC OR EARLIER).

                                                     From Flotation Sample (6.8 liters [6394.7g] = 3% of total level volume):

                                                                                             Number            Minimum                  Bone/
                                                                                             Ident.   % of          Number %of          Shell Wt    % of
                                                     Taxa                                    Frags.   Total         Indiv.    Total     (Grams)     Total


                                                     cf. Odocoikus Wrginianus                1        0.03          1         1.04        0.34      0.01
                                                     Lepisosleus sp -                        7        0.19          1         1.04        0.28      0.01
                                                     Archosargus probatocephalim             1        0.03          1         1.04        0.01      0.00
                                                     Osteichthyes                            292      8.06          (a)       (a)         3.64      0.07
                                                     Vertebrata                              14       0.39          (a)       (a)         0.83      0.01


                                                     Total Vertebrata                        315      8.70          3         3.13        5.10      0.09


                                                     Balanus sp.                             13       0.36          5         5.21        1.00      0.02
                                                     Polygyra sp.                            2        0.06          2         2.08          TR      0.00
                                                     Polydonres sp-                          1        0.03          1         1.04        0.03      0.00
                                                     Ischadium recurvum                      67       1.85          3         3.13        9.76      0.17
                                                     Crassostrea Wrginica                    3205     88.49         80        83.33     4537.40     81.07
                                                     Rangia cuneala                          19       0.52          2         2.08        16.34     0.29
                                                     Mollusca (cf. Bivalvia)                 (b)      (b)           (a)       (a)       1027.60     18.36


                                                     Total Invertebrata                      3307     91.30         93        96.88     5592.13     99.91



                                                     Total from Flotation Sample'            3622     100.00        96        100.00    5597.23     100.00



                                                                 No fauna recovered from 1/4" dry screen for Level 8 (total level volume        = .23rr?).

                                                     (a)         Bone/shell elements from family and class level identifications are not used in calculating MNJ unless
                                                                 it is certain that the elements are not represented by any of the species or genus level individuals.
                                                                 This eliminates the possibility of counting individuals more than once.

                                                     (b)         Fragments unidentifiable to class were not counted.





























                                                                                                                    247











                              TABLE A1.14.           FAUNAL REMAINS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, SFr744, TEST UNIT
                                                     1, LEVEL 10 (LATE ARCHAIC OR EARLIER).

                              From Flotation Sample (4 liters 13048.4g] = 1.8% of total level volume):

                                                                      Number             Minimum                   Bone/
                                                                      Ident.   % of          Number %of            Shell Wt   % of
                              Taxa                                    EEML     Total         Indiv.    Total       (Grams)    Total

                              Lepisosteus sp.                         10       0.92          1         1.54        0.21       0.01
                              Arlopsisfelis                           1        0.09          1         1.54        0.10       0.00
                              Ariidae                                 1        0.09          (a)       (a)         0.06       0.00
                              Leiostomus xanthuras                    1        0.09          1         1.54        0.02       0.00
                              Osteichthyes                            74       6.83          (a)       (a)         1.24       0.05

                              Total Vertebrata                        87       8.03          3         4.62        1.63       0.07



                              Balanus sp.                             5        0.46          3         4.62        0.80       0.03
                              Pkuroploca gigantea                     1        0.09          1         1.54        24.33      1.04
                              Ischadium recurvum                      25       2.31          3         4.62        5.26       0.22
                              Crassostrea virginica                   954      88.01         54        83.08       2300.50    98.25
                              Rangia cuneata                          12       1.11          1         1.54        9.05       0.39


                              Total Invertebrata                      997      91.97         62        95.38       2339.94    99.93


                              Total from Flotation Sample             1084     100.00        65        100.GO      2341.57    100.00


                              From 1/4" Dry Screen (from .23n? level)

                              Phalium granulaturn                     1        25.00         1         33.33       10.80      61.19
                              Ischadium recurvurn                     3        75.00         2         66.67       6.85       38.81


                              Total Screen (all
                               invertebrata) Sample                   4        100.00        3         100.00      17.65      100.00





                                          Invertebrates not collected systematically. Crassostrea and Rangia discarded.

                              (a)         Bone/shell elements from family and class level identifications are not used in calculating MNI unless
                                          it is certain that the elements are not represented by any of the species or genus level individuals.
                                          This eliminates the possibility of counting individuals more than once.






















                                                                                             248











                                                 TABLE A1.15.          FAUNAL REMAINS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744, TEST UNIT
                                                                       C: PRESENCE/ABSENCE BY LEVEL, 4-LITER AND 114" SAMPLES COMBINED.

                                                 Identified Taxa                 Lover       2          4         6          8          10


                                                 Cricetidae
                                                 SylWlag- sp.
                                                 Odocoilems virginianus
                                                 AlUgator mississippiensis
                                                 Pseudemys scripta
                                                 Tnonyxferox
                                                 Carcharbinidae
                                                 Lepisosieus sp.
                                                 Brevoortia sp.
                                                 Ariopsisfelis
                                                 Ariidae
                                                 Lepomis sp.
                                                 Luom- sp.
                                                 Archosargus probatocephalus
                                                 Sparidae/Sciacnidae
                                                 Leiostomus xanthunts
                                                 Micropogonias undulaw@
                                                 Pogonia cromis
                                                 Sciaenops oceilara
                                                 cf. Sciaenidae
                                                 mugil sp-
                                                 Balanus sp.
                                                 Potygyra sp., Polydontes sp.
                                                 Euglandina rosea
                                                 Neridna sp.
                                                 cf. Columbellidae
                                                 0dommia sp.
                                                 Pleuroploca gigantea
                                                 Phalium granulatum
                                                 Ischadium recurvum
                                                 Mytilidae
                                                 Cr=sostrea Wrginica
                                                 Rangia cuneata
                                                 cf. Macrocallista nimbosa
                                                 Veneridae



                                                            Level 2:             Identified as a Fort Walton cultural deposit.

                                                            Level 4:             Identified as a Woodland (Early?) cultural deposit.

                                                            Level 6:             Identified as a mixed Woodland-Late Archie cultural deposit.

                                                            Level 8-10:          Identified as a Late Archaic cultural deposit.

















                                                                                                         249












                            TABLE A1.16. SELECTED FAUNAL SPECIMENS FROM VAN HORN CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Fr744.



                            Cat.#       Provenience              Taxa                               Description of Specimen


                            -39         T U 2, L 2           Busycon contrarium                   1 large fragment
                            -51         TU 2, under H20      Pleuroploca giganica                 1 columella fragment
                            -54         TU 3 , L 1           Carangidae                           1 spine, pneumatized
                                                             Carangidae                           1 cleithrurn fragment, pneumatized
                                                             Sylvilagus sp.                       1 left mandibular fragment
                            -55         TU 3, L 2            Busycon contrarium                   2 fragments
                            -72         TU 4, L 2            Alligator mississippiensis           1 skull fragment
                                                             Archosargus probatocephalus          1 left premaxilla
                                                             Carangidae                           1 spine, pneumatized
                                                             Carangidae                           1 cleithrum fragment, pneurnatized
                            -73         TU 4, L 2 E wall     Alligator mississippiensis           4 basioccipital area fragments
                            -74         TU 4, L 3            Anatidae                             1 proximal coracoid fragment
                            -80         TU 4, L 6            Mercenaria sp.                       1 valve fragment
                                                             Melongena corona                     1 fragment
                            -81         TU 4, L 7            Busyc on contrarium                  1 columel la fragment

                                        TU 3, L 11           Vertebrata, unidentified             1 fragment of carved bone pin







										250












                                                    TABLE A1.17.            FAUNAL REMAINS FROM YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, 8GU55, TEST
                                                                            UNIT 2, LEVEL 5 (MIXED EARLY WOODLAND (?) AND FORT WALTON).

                                                    8 Liter (10,957g) flotation sample (5.3% of total level volume) and all waterscreen recovery combined (1/4" or
                                                    118" screen, .15 m' level):
                                                                                          Number                   Minimum               Bone/
                                                                                          Ident.     % of          Number %of            Shell Wt   % of
                                                    Taxa                                  Frags.     Total         I n- d-i v. Total     (Grams     Total


                                                    Mammalia                              8          0.22          2        7.41         1.49       1.64
                                                    Sylvilagus                            3          0.08          1        3.70         2.64       2.91
                                                    Rodentia                              3          0.08          1        3.70         0.47       0.52
                                                    P-Cyon                                5          0.13          1        3.70         4.29       4.73
                                                    Felis                                 1          0.03          1        3.70         0.53       0.58
                                                    Aves                                  7          0.19          1        3.70         0.99       1.09
                                                    Anas sp.                              1          0.03          1        3.70         0.85       0.94
                                                    Reptilia                              1          0.03          1        3.70         0.31       0.34
                                                    Alligator mississippiensis            11         0.30          1        3.70         1.41       1.56
                                                    lKinostemon bauri                     74         2.00          1        3.70         11.20      12.35
                                                    JUnostemon sp.                        23         0.62          1        3.70         2.78       3.07
                                                    Pseudemys sp.                         156        4.21          1        3.70         18.95      20.90
                                                    Lacertilia                            1          0.03          1        3.70         0.13       0.14
                                                    Osteichthyes                          2839       76.63         1        3.70         34.47      38.02
                                                    Lepisosieus                           38         1.03          2        7.41         2.35       2.59
                                                    Ariidae                               1          0.03          1        3.70         0.21       0.23
                                                    Bagre                                 5          0.13          1        3.70         0.52       0.57
                                                    Arius                                 15         0.40          3        11.11        1.89       2.08
                                                    Sparidae                              1          0.03          1        3.70         0.71       0.78
                                                    Sparidac/Sciaenidae                   1          0.03          1        3.70         0.20       0.22
                                                    C@noscion sp.                         1          0.03          1        3.70         0.56       0.62
                                                    Amia calva                            3          0.08          1        3.70         0.29       0.32
                                                    Vertebrata                            507        13.68         1        3.70         3.43       3.78


                                                    Total Vertebrata                      3705       100.00        27       100.00       90.67      100.00


                                                    Mollusca                              18         4.36          1        0.47         1.36       0.07
                                                    Bivalvia                              58         14.04         1        0.47         2.05       0.11
                                                    Mactridae                                                      1        0.47         759.60     40.07
                                                    Rangia cuneata                        279        67.55         155      72.43        1131.90    59.71
                                                    Boonea                                6          1.45          6        2.80         0.01       0.00
                                                    Polygyra                              52         12.59         so       23.36        0.90       0.05


                                                    Total Invertebrata                    413        100.00        214      100.00       1895.82    100.00


                                                    Totals                                4118       100.00        241      100.00       1986.49    100.00


























                                                                                                                   251











                             TABLE A1.18.          YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, 8Gu55, TEST UNIT 2, LEVEL 6 "XED
                                                   EARLY WOODLAND (?) FORT WALTON).

                             4.5 liter (6,260g) flotation sample (5.6% of total level volume) and all waterscreen recovery combined (1/4" or
                             1/8" screen, .08 m' level):
                                                                Number              Minimum                  Bone/
                                                                Ident.     % of         Number   % of     Shell Wt     % of
                             Taxa                               Frags.     Total        ludiv.   Total       (Grams)   Total


                             Mammalia                           9          6 A3         2        14.29       2.18      14.17
                             Rodentia                           1          0.71         1        7.14        0.13      0.85
                             ef Felidae                         1          0.71         1        7.14        1.88      12.22
                             Aves                               2          1.43         1        7.14        0.22      1.43
                             Kinostemon sp.                     6          4.29         1        7.14        1.09      7.09
                             Pseudemys sp.                      10         7.14         2        14.29       4.52      29.39
                             Osteichthyes                       58         41.43        1        7.14        3.41      22.17
                             Lepisosteus sp.                    15         10.71        2        14.29       0.44      2.86
                             Ariidae                            7          5.00         1        7.14        0.57      3.71
                             Ariusfelis                         1          10.71        1        7.14        0.06      0.39
                             Vertebrata                         30         11.43        1        7.14        0.88      5.72


                             Total Vertebrata                   140        100.00       14       100.00      15.38     100.00


                             Bivalvia                           98         91.59        3        27.27       9.32      27.13
                             Rangia cuneata                     6          5.61         6        54.55       24.95     72.63
                             Polygyra                           3          2.80         2        18.18       0.08      0.23


                             Total Invertebrata                 107        100.00       11       100.00      34-35     100.00


                             Totals                             247        100.00       25       100.00      49.73     100.00
















































                                                                                        252











                                                     TABLE A1.19.          FAUNAL REMAINS FROM CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, 8Gu60, TEST UNIT B,
                                                                           LEVEL 6 (EARLY WOODLAND).

                                                     7 LITER (8,403 g)ftotation sample (4.4% or total level volume) and all waterscreen recovery combined (114" or
                                                     1/8" screen, .16 m3 level):
                                                                                         Number               minimum                 Bone/
                                                                                         Ident.     % of          Number %of          Shell Wt   % of
                                                     T-a                                 Fraes.     Total    jagjL        _Iotal      (Grams)    Total
                                                     Manunalia                           86         1.75          1       2.17        14.32      6.95
                                                     Didelphis                           4          0.08          1       2.17        2.44       1.18
                                                     Rodentin                            11         0.22          1       2.17        2.50       1.21
                                                     41vilagus palustris                 1          0.02          1       2.17        0.49       0.24
                                                     Sylvilagus sp.                      5          0.10          1       2.17        1.97       0.96
                                                     Sciurus                             1          0.02          1       2.17        0.16       0.08
                                                     Sigmodon                            2          0.04          1       2.17        0.71       0.34
                                                     Neofiber                            4          0.08          2       4.35        1.40       0.68
                                                     Procyon                             1          0.02          1       2.17        0.44       0.21
                                                     Odocoileus                          11         0.22          1       2.17        12.68      6.15
                                                     Aves                                90         1.83          1       2.17        11.03      5.35
                                                     FuJica                              1          0.02          1       2.17        0.11       0.05
                                                     Serpentes                           12         0.24          1       2.17        1.20       0.58
                                                     Drymarchon                          1          0.02          1       2.17        0.55       0.27
                                                     Alligator                           1          0.02          1       2.17        1.85       0.90
                                                     Testudines                          18         0.37          1       2.17        9.88       4.79
                                                     JUnosternon baur!                   24         0.49          2       4.35        6.82       3.31
                                                     lUnosternon sp.                     229        4.66          2       4.35        28.58      13.87
                                                     Pseudemysfioridana                  12         0.24          1       2.17        9.88       4.79
                                                     Pseudemys sp.                       3          0.06          1       2.17        6.39       3.10
                                                     Trionyx                             26         0.53          1       2.17        6.05       2.94
                                                     Amphibia                            2          0.04          1       2.17        0.15       0.07
                                                     Rana sp.                            1          0.02          1       2.17        0.04       0.02
                                                     Carcharhinus                        1          0.02          1       2.17        0.21       0.10
                                                     Lepisosteus                         292        5.95          4       8.70        16.12      7.82
                                                     Arius                               31         0.63          4       8.70        5.08       2.46
                                                     Sparidae/Sciaenidae                 5          0.10          1       2.17        0.07       0.03
                                                     C@noscion arenarius                 4          0.08          3       6.52        1.81       0.88
                                                     C@noscion sp-                       1          0.02          1       2.17        0.01       0.00
                                                     Archosargus                         5          0.10          1       2.17        2.81       1.36
                                                     Sciaenops                           5          0.10          2       4.35        1.12       0.54
                                                     mugil                               1          0.02          1       2.17        0.22       0.11
                                                     Osteichthyes                        3729       75.93         1       2.17        52.61      25.53
                                                     Vertebrata                          291        5.93          1       2.17        6.41       3.11


                                                     Total Vertebrata                    4911       100.00        46      100.00      206.11     100.00



                                                     Bivalvia                                                     1       0.33        2.95       0.13
                                                     Rangia                              235        51.65         121     40.07       2221.01    94.54
                                                     Crassostrea                         16         3.S2          11      3.64        114.69     4.88
                                                     Geukensia                           20         4.40          1       0.33        1.58       0.07
                                                     Crassatelidae                       2          0.44          2       0.66        0.67       0.03
                                                     Gastropoda                          25         5.49          14      4.64        0.55       0.02
                                                     Cirripedia                          1          0.22          1       0.33        0.06       0.00
                                                     Polygyra sp.                        120        26.37         115     38.08       0.61       0.03
                                                     Boonea                              28         6.15          29      9.27        0.03       0.00
                                                     Neritina                            7          1.54          7       2.32        6.13       0.26
                                                     Viviparus                           1          0.22          1       0.33        0.96       0.04
        'F,
                                                     Total Invertebrata                  455        100.00        302     100.00      2349.24 100.00


                                                     Total                               5366       100.00        348     100.00      2555.35 100.00




                                                                                                                  253











                            TABLE A1.20.           FAUNAL REMAINS FROM CLARK CREEK SHELL MOUND, SGu6O, TEST UNIT B,
                                                   LEVEL 11 (LATE ARCHAIC OR EARLIER).

                            9 liter (8,627.9 g) flotation sample (< 10% of total level volume) and all waterscreen recovery combined (1/4" or
                            1/8" screen, <.08 m' level):
                                                                Number                   Minimum               Bone/
                                                                Ident.     % of          Number %of            Shell Wt  % of
                            Taxa                                Frags.     Total         Indiv.   Total        (Grams)   Total


                            Didelphis                           1          0.53          1        8.33         0.99      7.96
                            Aves                                3          1.60          1        8.33         0.12      0.96
                            Reptilia                            1          0.53          1        8.33         0.68      5.47
                            Testudines                          1          0.53          1        8.33         0.27      2.17
                            Finostemon sp.                      15         8.02          1        8.33         1.37      11.01
                            Pseudemys sp.                       3          1.60          1        8.33         1.64      13.18
                            Amph cf Rana                        2          1.07          1        8.33         0.06      0.48
                            Osteichthyes                        123        65.78         1        8.33         4.79      38.50
                            Lepisosteus                         2          1.07          1        8.33         0.06      0.48
                            Ariidae                             6          3.21          1        8.33         0.86      6.91
                            C@nosdon sp.                        1          0.53          1        8.33         0.21      1.69
                            Vertebrata                          29         15.51         1        8.33         1.39      11.17


                            Total Vertebrata                    187        100.00        12       100.00       12.44     100.00



                            Mollusca                                                                           744.70    21.44
                            Bivalvia                                                                           345.42    9.95
                            Rangia                              347        55.88         183      64.44        1875.90   54.02
                            Crassostrea                         77         12.40         12       4.23         500.23    14.40
                            Mytilidae cf Geukensia              109        17.55         1        0.35         3.76      0.11
                            Crassatelidae                       1          0.16          1        0.35         0.99      0.03
                            ViWparus                            1          0.16          1        0.35         0.92      0.03
                            Polygy- sp.                         78         12.56         78       27.46        0.35      0.01
                            Boonea                              8          1.29          8        2.82         0.58      0.02


                            Total Invertebrata                  621        100.00        284      100.00       3472.85 100.00


                            Total                               808        100.00        296      100.00       3485.29 100.00


































                                                                                         254










                                                    TABLE A1.21.            FAUNAL REMAINS FROM YELLOW HOUSEBOAT (8Gu55) AND CLARK CREEK
                                                                            (8Gu60) SHELL MOUNDS, PRESENCE/ABSENCE BY LEVEL, FLOTATION AND
                                                                            WATERSCREEN SAMPLES COMBINED.
                                                                                                         Clark Creek'                                 Yellow Houseboat"
                                                                                                             TU B                                          TU 2
                                                    Identirted Tax                                 Level6 Levelll                                 Leve15 Leve16
                                                    Mammalia                                          x                                               x            x
                                                    Didelphis                                         x            x
                                                    Rodentia                                          x                                               x            x
                                                    Sylvilag- pal-fris                                x
                                                    41WIag- sp.                                       x                                               x
                                                    Sciurus                                           x
                                                    Signiodon                                         x
                                                    Neofiber                                          x
                                                    Procyon                                           x                                               x
                                                    Odocoileus                                        x
                                                    Felis                                                                                             x            x
                                                    Aves                                              x            x                                  x            x
                                                    Anas                                                                                              x
                                                    Fulica                                            x
                                                    Reptilia                                                       x                                  x
                                                    Serpentes                                         x
                                                    Drymarchon                                        x
                                                    Alligator mississippiensis                        x                                               x
                                                    Testudines                                        x            x
                                                    Ainosternon bauri                                 x                                               x
                                                    Ainosternon sp.                                   x            x                                  x            x
                                                    Pseudemysfioridana                                x
                                                    Pseude-ys sp.                                     x            x                                  x            x
                                                    Trionyx ferax                                     x
                                                    Lacertilia                                                                                        x
                                                    Amphibia                                          x
                                                    Rana sp.                                          x            x
                                                    Carcharhinus                                      x
                                                    Lepisosteus                                       x            x                                  x            x
                                                    Ariusfelis                                                                                                     x
                                                    Ariidae                                           x            x                                  x            x
                                                    Sparidae/Sciaenidae                               x                                               x
                                                    Bagre                                                                                             x
                                                    C@noscion arenarius                               x
                                                    C@noscion sp.                                     x            x                                  x
                                                    Amia calva                                                                                        x
                                                    Archosargus                                       x
                                                    Sciaenops                                         x
                                                    mugil                                             x
                                                    Osteichthyes                                      x            x                                  x            x
                                                    Vertebrata                                        x            x                                  x            x
                                                    Molluscs                                                       x                                  x
                                                    Bivalvia                                          x            x                                  x            x
                                                    Mactridae                                                                                         x
                                                    Rangia                                            x            x                                  x            x
                                                    Crassostrea                                       x            x
                                                    Geukensia                                         x            x
                                                    Crassatelidae                                     x            x
                                                    Gastropoda                                        x
                                                    Cirripedia                                        x
                                                    Polygyra sp.                                      x            x                                  x            x
                                                    Boonea                                            x            x                                  x
                                                    Neritina                                          x
                                                    Vh4parus                                          x            x

                                                                   Level 6: Early Woodland cultural deposits, level 11: Late Archaic.
                                                                   Both levels: Probable Fort Walton-Early(?) Woodland combined.



                                                                                                                   255











                    TABLE A1.22. FAUNAL REMAINS FROM THE CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Ca142, FEATURE 1, TEST UNIT A.

                    From Northeast 112 of Feature Stratum 1 (10.75 liters/13,SI1.7 g, all floated):

                                                         Number      minimum             Bonet
                                                         Ident.      % of                Number       % Of            shell wt          % of
                    Taxa                                 Frags.      Total               indiv.       Total           (Grams)           TOW


                    Testudines                           4           1.65                2            40.00           0.40              3.07                                               :;w
                    Osteichthyes                         6           2.48                1            20.00           0.10              0.77
                    Lepisosteus sp.                      229         94.63               1            20.00           12.50             95.93
                    Vertebrata                           3           1.24                1            20.00           0.03              0.23


                    Total Vertebrata                     242         100.00              5            100.00          13.03             100.00


                    Bivalvia                             1           0.26                1            0.45            1.20              0.05
                    Unionidae                                                            1            0.45            905.00            38.54
                    Ewpdo                                276         72.25               145          65* 91          1378.00           58.69
                    Obovaria                             a           2.09                6            2.73            25.80             1.10
                    Gastropoda                           19          4.97                1            0.45            0.50              0.02
                    ViWparus                             40          10.47               28           12.73           37.40             1.59
                    Pubnonaia                            3           0.79                3            1.36            0.06              0.00
                    Polygyra                             35          9.16                35           15.91           0.10              0.00


                    Total Invertebrata                   392         100.00              220          100.00          2348.06           100.00




                    From Northeast 1/2 of Feature, Stratum 11        (25.24 liters132,415.7 g, all floated):

                    Maramalia                            1           1.59                1            20.00           0.22              5.63
                    Testudines                           3           4.76                1            20.00           0.14              3.58
                    Osteichthyes                         42          66.67               1            20.00           0.96              24.55
                    Lepisosteus sp.                      11          17.46               1            20.00           2.57              65.73
                    Vertebrata                           6           9.52                1            20.00           0.02              0.51


                    Total Vertebrata                     63          100.00              5            100.00          3.91              100.00



                    Bivalvia                                                             1            1.72            68.10             32.17
                    Unionidae                                                            1            1.72            21.70             10.25
                    Amblema                              1           1.27                1            1.72            10.00             4.72
                    Elliptio                             12          15.19               6            10.34           49.40             23.33
                    Obova?ia                             3           3.80                2            3.45            17.50             8.27
                    Gastropoda                           17          21.52               1            1.72            0.72              0.34
                    ViWpanis                             42          53.16               42           72.41           44.20             20.88
                    Polygyra                             4           5.06                4            6.90            0.08              0.04


                    Total Invertebrata                   79          100.00              58           100.00          211.70            100.00


                    TOTAL (NE 1/2 of feature)            766                             288                          2576.70















                                                                                         256













                                                                                                                            APPENDIX 2


                                                                                                CATALOG OF HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM
                                                                                            BURIAL AT YELLOW HOUSEBOAT SHELL MOUND, SGu55

                                                                                   By Laura Clifford, University of South Florida Graduate Program in Anthropology

                                                              Provenience                Weight
                                                              Number                                Item Description          Orientation                      Comments


                                                              10-01                      21.8       tibia                             r                  proximal, attaches to 10-2 and 10-3
                                                              10-02                      39.2       tibia                             r                  distal, attaches to 10-1
                                                              10-03                      2.9        tibia                             r                  shaft,   attaches to 10-1
                                                              10-04                      9.3        tibia                             r                  distal
                                                              10-05                      4.9        tibia                             r                  shaft
                                                              10-06                      2.0        tibia                             r                  shaft
                                                              10-07                      0.8        tibia                             r                  shaft
                                                              10-09                      1.2        tibia                             r                  shaft
                                                              12-01                      5.7        fibula                            r                  distal, attaches to 12-2 and 12-6
                                                              12-02                      9.6        fibula                            r                  shaft, attaches to 12-3 and 12-1
                                                              12-03                      4.5        fibula                            r                  proximal, attaches to 12-2 and 12-5
                                                              12-04                      3.7        fibula                            I                  distal
                                                              12-05                      1.2        fibula                            r                  proximal, attaches to 12-3
                                                              12-06                      0.5        fibula                            r                  distal, attaches to 12-1
                                                              13-01                      49.0       tibia                             I                  proximal, attaches to 13-2
                                                              13-02                      6.4        tibia                             I                  proximal, attaches to 13-1
                                                              13-03                      5.3        tibia                             I                  proximal
                                                              13-04                      1.1        tibia                             I                  shaft
                                                              13-05                      1.1        tibia                             I                  shaft
                                                              13-06                      28.0       tibia                             I                  condyle
                                                              14-01                      6.5        fibula                            I                  shaft, attaches to 14-2
                                                              14-02                      10.6       fibula                            I                  shaft, attaches to 14-3 and 14-1
                                                              14-03                      4.3        styloid process                   I                  attaches to 14-2
                                                              16-01                      7  '8      patella                           r
                                                              16-02                      149.2      femur                             r                  distal, attaches to 16-3
                                                              16-03                      106.7      femur                             r                  proximal, attaches to 16-2
                                                              16-14                      1.3        rib                               r
                                                              17-01                      29.9       pelvis                            r                  sacro-iliac joint, male
                                                              17-02                      4.1        vertebra                          n                  lumbar
                                                              17-03                      5.0        pelvis                                               iliac crest portion
                                                              17-04                      3.8        vertebra                          n                  lumbar
                                                              17-05                      4.5        pelvis                                               acetabulum,
                                                              17-06                      3.4        pelvis
                                                              17-07                      3.6        pelvis                                               ilium
                                                              17-08                      3.3        pelvis                                               ischium
                                                              17-09                      2,0        vertebra                          n
                                                              17-10                      3.0        pelvis                                               ilium crest
                                                              17-11                      1.4        none                                                 indeterminate fragment
                                                              17-12                      1.4        vertebra                          n                  inferior articular process
                                                              17-13                      0.8        pelvis
                                                              17-14                      0.8        pelvis                                               centrallium section
                                                              17-15                      1.0        vertebra                          n                  inferior articular process
                                                              17-16                      0.8        pelvis                            r                  area of inferior iliac spine
                                                              17-17                      0.5        pelvis
                                                              18-01                      11.2       vertebra                          n                  lumbar
                                                              18-02                      4.8        vertebra                          n                  cervical
                                                              18-03                      2.6        vertebra                          n                  inferior articular process
                                                              18-04                      1.0        rib
                                                              18-05                      1.6        vertebra                          n
                                                              18-06                      2.0        vertebra                          n
                                                              18-07                      0.9        vertebra                          n                  transverse process
                                                              1"8                        0.5        vertebra                          n                  body rim


                                                                                                                                  257












                                                                                APPENDIX 2 (Confinued)


                               Provenience             Weight
                               Number                   (M        Item Description       Orientation                   Comments


                               1"                       0.8       vertebra                       n                inferior articular process
                               18-10                    0.6       vertebra                       n                inferior articular process
                               19-01                    3.6       rib
                               19-02                    2.4       rib
                               19-03                    1.5       rib
                               19-04                    1.3       rib
                               19-05                    0.8       rib
                               19-06                    0.9       rib
                               19-07                    0.4       rib
                               19-08                    0.5       rib
                               19-09                    0.5       rib
                               19-10                    0.5       rib
                               19-11                    0.5       rib
                               19-12                    0.3       rib
                               19-13                    0.2       rib
                               19-14                    0.3       rib
                               19-15                    0.3       rib
                               19-16                    0.4       rib
                               20-01                    3.3       rib                            1
                               20-02                    2.1       rib                            1
                               20-03                    2.9       rib                            I
                               20-04                    4.9       rib                            1
                               20-05                    3.3       vertebra                       n                inferior articular process
                               20-06                    3.4       rib                            1
                               20-07                    1.7       rib                            1
                               20-08                    1.6       rib
                               20-09                    1.3       rib
                               20-10                    1.1       rib
                               20-11                    1.3       rib                            1
                               20-12                    1.5       vertebra                       n
                               20-13                    2.5       vertebra                       n                inferior articular process
                               20-14                    0.7       rib
                               20-15                    1.4       clavicle
                               20-16                    1.1       vertebra                       n
                               20-17                    0.6       rib
                               20-18                    0.6       rib                            1
                               20-19                    0.9       rib                            1
                               20-20                    1.5       vertebra                       n                inferior articular process
                               20-21                    0.4       rib
                               20-22                    0.4       rib
                               20-23                    0.4       vertebra                       n                spinous portion
                               20-24                    0.5       vertebra                       n
                               20-25                    0.5       vertebra                       n                inferior articular process.
                               20-26                    0.5       vertebra                       n                inferior articular process
                               20-27                    0.3       rib
                               20-28                    0.4       rib                                             articulates with vertebra
                               20-29                    0.2       rib
                               20-30                    4.3       vertebra                       n
                               20-31                    3.3       vertebra                       n
                               21-01                    4.8       rib
                               21-02                    2.0       vertebra                       n
                               21-03                    1.5       rib                                             spinal articular surface
                               21-04                    2.4       rib
                               21-05                    7.6       clavicle                       r                sternal articulation
                               21-06                    0.8       vertebra                       n
                               21-07                    4.2       rib
                               21-08                    4.7       rib




                                                                                             258












                                                                                                              APPENDIX 2 (Continued)


                                                        Provenience                 Weight
                                                         Number                     (g)        Item Description         Orientation                     Comments


                                                        21-09                       1.4        rib
                                                        21-10                       2.3        rib                                                 spinal articular process
                                                        21-11                       2.0        vertebra                         n                  inferior articular process
                                                        21-12                       0.6        rib
                                                        21-13                       1.2        rib
                                                        21-14                       1.0        rib
                                                        21-15                       0.7        rib
                                                        21-16                       0.7        rib
                                                        21-17                       0.7        rib
                                                        21-18                       1.5        vertebra                         n                  inferior articular process
                                                        21-19                       2.5        vertebra                         n                  spinous portion
                                                        21-20                       1.5        vertebra                         n                  transverse process
                                                        21-21                       2.2        vertebra                         n                  inferior articular process
                                                        21-22                       1.6        vertebra                         n                  inferior articular process
                                                        21-23                       1.0        vertebra                         n                  spinous portion
                                                        21-24                       1.0        vertebra                         n                  inferior articular process
                                                        21-25                       0.8        vertebra                         n                  inferior articular process
                                                        21-26                       0.8        vertebra                         n                  spinous portion
                                                        22-01                       4.6        rib
                                                        22-02                       4.4        rib
                                                        22-03                       3.9        rib
                                                        22-04                       3.0        rib
                                                        22-05                       1.6        vertebra                         n                  inferior articular process
                                                        22-06                       1.0        rib
                                                        22-07                       1.2        rib
                                                        22-08                       0.9        rib
                                                        22-09                       1.4        rib
                                                        22-10                       0.7        vertebra                         n                  inferior articular process
                                                        22-11                       0.7        rib
                                                        23-01                       5.3        humerus                          r                  distal
                                                        23-02                       5.4        humerus                          r                  distail, attaches to 23-3
                                                        23-03                       8.3        humerus                          r                  distal, attaches to 23-2
                                                        23-G4                       11.1       humerus                          r                  attaches to 23-2 and 23-3
                                                        23-05                       29.5       humerus                          r                  attaches to 23-4
                                                        23-06                       5.1        clavicle                         1
                                                        23-07                       2.3        metacarpal                       r                  index finger
                                                        23-08                       1.6        phalanx                          r
                                                        23-09                       1.3        metacarpal                       I                  little finger
                                                        23-10                       1.5        humerus                          r
                                                        24-01                       25.6       humerus                          I                  distal, attaches to 24-1 and 24-2
                                                        24-02                       23.0       humerus                          I                  proximal, attaches to 24-1
                                                        24-03                       3.9        humerus                          I                  distal, attaches to 24-3 and 24-1
                                                        25-01                       11.4       ulna                             I                  proximal, attaches to 25-3
                                                        25-02                       24.0       ulna                             r
                                                        25-03                       13.2       ulna                             I                  distal, attaches to 25-1
                                                        25-04                       7.4        radius
                                                        25-05                       6.4        radius
                                                        25-06                       6.1        radius                           r                  proximal
                                                        25-07                       2.1        radius
                                                        25-08                       1.9        ulna                             r                  distal
                                                        25-09                       4.8        ulna                             I                  proximal
                                                        25-10                       3.0        humerus                          I                  distal
                                                        25-11                       3.2        ulna                             I                  proximal
                                                        25-12                       1.9        radius                           r                  distal
                                                        25-13                       1.1        metacarpal                       r
                                                        25-14                       0.5        ulna
                                                        25-15                       0.9        metacarpal                       r                  index finger


                                                                                                                           259












                                                                               APPENDIX 2 (Continued)


                                Provenience            Weight
                                Number                  _Lgl      Item Descrit)tio      Orientation                  Comments

                                25-16                    1.1      radius
                                25-17                    0.9      radius
                                25-18                    0.5      phalanx                      r                little finger
                                25-19                    0.8      ulna
                                25-20                    0.5      none                                          indeterminate fragment
                                25-21                    0,9      none                                          indeterminate fragment
                                25-22                    0.5      none                                          indeterminate fragment
                                25-23                    1.0      radius                       I                proximal
                                26-01                    6.5      radius                       r                distal,
                                26-02                    2.4      rib                          r
                                26-03                    3.0      rib                          r
                                26-04                    0.4      rib                          r
                                26-05                    2.4      rib                          r
                                26-06                    2.8      metacarpal                   I                index finger
                                26-07                    1.4      phalanx                      1
                                26-09                    1.8      phalanx                      r                second
                                26-09                    1.8      indeterminate fragment
                                26-10                    0.8      rib                          r
                                26-11                    1.3      rib                          r
                                26-12                    0.7      rib                          r
                                26-13                    0.8      rib                          r
                                26-15                    0.5      rib                          r
                                26-16                    0.3      rib                          r
                                26-17                    0.7      rib                          r
                                26-19                    0.5      rib                          r
                                26-19                    1.0      radius                       r                distal, styloid process
                                26-20                    0.9      phalanx                      r                little finger
                                26-21                    0.6      rib                          r
                                26-22                    0.3      rib                          r
                                26-23                    1.6      none                                          indeterminate fragment
                                26-24                    1.0      rib                          r
                                26-25                    0.6      rib                          r
                                26-26                    0.1      none                                          indeterminate fragment
                                26-27                    0.2      rib                          r
                                26-28                    0.4      rib                          r
                                26-29                    0.3      none                                          indeterminate fragment
                                26-30                    1.5      turtle bone                                   was near ribs
                                26-31                    0.4      rib                          r
                                26-32                    0.6      rib                          r
                                26-33                    0.3      rib                          r
                                26-34                    0.3      none                                          indeterminate fragment
                                26-35                    0.3      rib                          r
                                26-36                    0.5      none                                          indeterminate fragment
                                27-01                    1.8      rib
                                27-02                    2.0      rib
                                27-03                    0.2      terminal phalanx                              hand
                                27-04                    0.2      terminal phalanx                              hand
                                27-05                    0.9      phalanx
                                27-06                    1.5      phalanx
                                27-07                    2.5      phalanx
                                27-08                    3.7      phalanx
                                27-09                    3.8      phalanx
                                27-10                    2.5      phalanx
                                27-11                    0.9      indeterminate fragment
                                27-12                    0.6      indeterminate fragment
                                27-13                    0.9      indeterminate fragment
                                27-14                    0.5      indeterminate fragment



                                                                                            260












                                                                                                              APPENDIX 2 (Continued)


                                                        Provenience                 Weight
                                                         Number                     66         Item DescriptioR        Orientation                      Comments

                                                        27-15                       0.3        indeterminate fragment
                                                        27-16                       0.2        indeterminate fragment
                                                        27-17                       0.4        indeterminate fragment
                                                        27-18                       0.6        indeterminate fragment
                                                        27-19                       0.8        indeterminate fragment
                                                        27-20                       1.0        indeterminate fragment
                                                        27-21                       1.0        indeterminate fragment
                                                        27-22                       1.1        indeterminate fragment
                                                        27-23                       1.0        indeterminate fragment
                                                        27-24                       3.6        tarsal
                                                        27-25                       2.6        tarsal
                                                        27-26                       2.6        tarsal
                                                        27-27                       2.6        rib
                                                        28-01                       3.0        rib
                                                        28-02                       1.3        indeterminate fragment
                                                        28-03                       16.9       talus
                                                        28-04                       4.7        tarsal
                                                        28-05                       1.7        tarsal
                                                        29-01                       0.3        pm2                                               lower
                                                        29-02                       0.3        m2                              r                 lower
                                                        30-01                       0.3        pm2                             r                 lower
                                                        30-02                       0.3        ml                              r                 lower
                                                        30-03                       0.3        m2                                                lower
                                                        30-04                       0.3        m2                                                upper
                                                        50-01                       1.8        phalanx
                                                        50-02                       3.6        tarsal


                                                             Total 1049.6












































                                                                                                                           261











                                                      APPENDIX 3

                         REPORT ON COPPER DISC FROM CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Ca142


             A.      ANALYSIS AND CONSERVATION OF COPPER DISC by John Maseman, South
                     Florida Conservation Center, Pompano Beach


                     LAB. NO.:       89026


                     ITEM:           Copper Ear Disk


                     SOURCE:         Nancy Marie )White
                                     College of Arts and Sciences
                                     Department of Anthropology
                                     University of South Florida
                                     Tampa, FL 33620r


                     OWNER'S IDENTIRCATION NUMMER: Corbin-Tucker 8-Cal42-310


                     SITE:           Corbin-Tucker Site, Apalachicola River Valley Northwest Florida, USA.


                     BURIAL ENVIRONMENT: Human burial in acidic sandy soil.


                     DESCRIPTION OF OBJECT:
                       MATERLA,L(S): The object was made from a sheet of copper


                       DIMENSIONS: 4.6 cm in diameter X about 0.05 cm thick


                       WEIGHT:       2.3 g (before treatment)


                       PROVENCE: Northwest Florida 1080 B.P.


                     CONDITION REPORT: The object was generally in fair condition. The original shape had
                     been retained with only a small amount of deformation around the edges and an indentation on
                     the central raised area. About 85 % of the disk area survived, including some small fragments.
                     A number of cracks were visible in the metal. The surface was covered with soft light and
                     harder dark green copper corrosion products. Some areas seemed to be undergoing active
                     corrosion. Overlying the corrosion on the underside surface was a mixture of sandy soil and a
                     soft yellowish-white material.







                                                            262











                                       INSTRUCTIONS FOR TREATMENT: Clean and stabilize.


                                       DATE RECErVED: 02 April 89                  DATE COM[PLETED: 24 May 89


                                       ACCOUNT OF TREATMENT: The object was first weighed (2.3 g) and pre-treatment
                                       photographs taken. An X-ray was taken at the University of South Florida's Medical School; it
                                       showed the location of unseen cracks. In addition, the different densities exhibited in the X-
                                       radiograph showed that a great deal of un-corroded metal still remained in the object. An
                                       exposure at 70kV for 60 seconds is generally required for this type of material. The actual
                                       exposure was at 5OkV for .013 (300mA).


                                       A stereo microscope (X10) was used to study the surface. A small fragment of carbonized
                                       wood was removed from the debris adhering to the underside. Samples of the yellowish-white
                                       substance [probably bone] were also removed for later study. The microscope study showed
                                       that there was a stable hard dark green patina layer covering the object's surface and it was
                                       possible and necessary to remove any dirt and loose corrosion products. Removal was
                                       undertaken mechanically using a No. 15 scalpel under a stereo microscope. During this
                                       process areas of a hard, black layer overlying the copper patina were uncovered. Some of
                                       these areas wrapped around the edge and slightly onto the underside surface.


                                       No tool marks were seen; however, a total of eleven small (0.2 cm dia.) raised areas were
                                       found spaced about  every I cm around the object near its edge. Following this, the surface
                                       was brushed in a circular motion with a glass fiber brush. This action helps to produce a more
                                       uniform surface and removes any remaining dirt. It is necessary when using this type of brush
                                       to wear gloves, eye protection, and a dust mask to reduce the danger of coming into contact
                                       with the broken glass fibers, which can cause a great deal of irritation. The object was washed
                                       by immersion in ethanol for five minutes to remove any dirt or glass fibers, then degreased by
                                       immersion in acetone for two minutes. The stabilization of the metal was begun by immersing
                                       the object in a solution of 3 % BTA (benzotriazole) in ethanol for 24 hours. It was then
                                       immersed in pure ethanol for 30 seconds to remove excess BTA from its surface. Fragments
                                       were then joined to the object using an Acryloid B72 adhesive. Thin strips of a non-woven
                                       polyester mesh were fixed to the underside surface of these joins using the Acryloid B72
                                       adhesive to reinforce the bond. Two coats of a solution of 30% Incralac in toluene were
                                       painted on the surface of the object as a protective coating.


                                       ANALYTICAL TESTS: A mechanically cleaned but otherwise untreated fragment was
                                       subjected to a microprobe on a scanning electron microscope. This probe was done at the
                                       University of Miami's Marine Sciences Department by Pat Blackwelder. Due to the high
                                       metallic content of the sample no coating of the fragment was required. The areas of a hard
                                       black material as mentioned above were shown to contain a higher level of lead (probe No. 5)
                                       than an adjacent area which had been cleaned to the copper patina (probe No. 4). Other



                                                                                 263










                         elements detected (probes No. 1-5) on all surfaces were Ca, Cl, Fe, P and Si. The lead was
                         then further analyzed using XRD or XRF by David Scott at the Getty Conservation Institute.


                B.       REPORT ON LEAD ANALYSIS OF COPPER DISC by David Scott, The Getty
                         Conservation Institute, Scientific Program, Marina del Ray, California


                         DATE:             3/26/90



                         LAB NO:           694.0.90


                         ITEM:             Corroded Fragment of Copper Sheet from an Excavation in Florida sent for
                                           study by John Maseman


                         The x-ray fluorescence analysis of the copper sheet fragment shows a fairly typical spectrum
                         of impurity elements associated with historical period metalwork. The x-ray fluorescence
                         analysis demonstrates the presence of lead, a little zinc, nickel and manganese as characteristic
                         impurities. The surface shows the presence of traces of a number of elements including some
                         sulfur, a little phosphorus, some calcium, some titanium; in general it is hard, on the x-ray
                         analysis of this sample, to say that any enrichment in lead has taken place. A second analysis
                         was then carried out on a darker area of the patinated surface with the following results: the
                         second scan shows slightly more calcium and slightly less titanium; content of manganese is
                         also less; content of iron is also less; content of nickel is less, and content of copper is greater;
                         content of zinc is less; lead is virtually identical through both scans, and the accelerating
                         secondary target is very similar throughout, too.


                         My cursory perusal of this object suggests that, first, precise conclusions are going to be
                         difficult to draw because it is so heavily and completely corroded; second, the dark areas on
                         the surface are probably a combination of cuprite and other minerals, and the lead which is
                         present is diffused throughout the material and is not really part of the surface coating. The
                         reverse side of the small fragment shows a very similar element distribution with less lead
                         content, but still a substantial amount of lead is present in the material. The conclusion that
                         one could draw from the present spectra is that enrichment in lead and copper corrosion
                         products has occurred on the front surface as compared with the reverse. From examining the
                         crust that is present, I don't think that there is any real evidence of a lead coating and suggest
                         that this analysis is sufficient to answer the question which has been posed by John Mase
                         [whether the disc was deliberately coated with lead).









                                                                    264









                              C.       ANALYSIS OF A FRAGMENT OF THE COPPER DISC by Jay Palmer, Department of
                                       Chemistry, University of South Florida and Jay W. Palmer and Associates, Technical
                                       Consultants, Tampa


                                       [This analysis was done on another cleaned, untreated fragment of the copper disc plus a very
                                       small amount of soil cleaned off the frontal bone of the skeleton near where the disc lay, plus
                                       a very small amount of soil taken from the one-liter permanent soil sample from Test Unit E,
                                       Level 4, the burial area.]


                                       Analyses of the copper ear disc by the South Florida Conservation Center technical people
                                       using steromicroscopic, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic probe techniques
                                       has revealed that the disc still contains a considerable amount of uncorroded metal. These
                                       analyses also show that the disc is covered by a stable hard dark green patina. And overlying
                                       this patina were areas of a hard, black layer, of which one area was analyzed by a scanning
                                       electron microscope probe. Since the black layer was so metallic, no other metal coating was
                                       needed on the sample, for analysis. Evidence of copper, lead, phosphorous, calcium,
                                       aluminum, silicon, iron, chloride and titanium were found. No sulfur was detected.


                                       The iron, aluminum, titanium and silicon can be the result of contamination by various clays.
                                       Chloride is found in ground water. The calcium and phosphorous could result from the
                                       dissolution of the skull bones by carbon dioxide resulting from the decay of skin, flesh and
                                       brain matter from the skull. The presence of lead suggests that it may have been used as a
                                       decoration on the copper disk perhaps as particles of the metallic blue-gray colored lead sulfide
                                       mineral, galena (PbS).


                                       The oxidation potential-pH phase diagrams show that both metallic lead and copper can coexist
                                       at the pH of 5.60 measured in the sandy dirt found near the skull and the pH of 6.04 measured
                                       in the material found within several centimeters of the burial, if the ear spool is present in wet,
                                       strongly reducing conditions. Under these conditions, lead sulfide can be converted to metallic
                                       lead. Carbon dioxide generated by the decaying flesh would sweep out the by-product
                                       hydrogen sulfide and provide a pH of 5.6 - 6.0. Thus both metallic lead and copper can occur
                                       together in the ear spool under the conditions found in the burial.















                                                                               265













                                                                                 APPENDIX 4


                            CATALOG OF HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM TEST UNIT E, CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Ca142

                                          By Sylvia Layman, University of South Florida Graduate Program in Anthropology


                    Provenience
                      Number               Weight fig)    Orientation                     Description


                    000-00-01                   12.6             R             frontal/nasal/eye orbit
                    000-00-02                   0.6              R             cranial frag
                    0004)0-03                   0.4              R             cranial frag
                    000-00-04                   0.1              R             cranial frag
                    000-00-00                   0.5                            bone frags
                    295-01-01                   7.1              L             petrous portion
                    295-01-00                   0.1              ?             bone frags
                    296-02-00                   1.0              ?             bone frags
                    296-02-00                   0.1              ?             bone frags
                    297-03-01                   0.8              L             mandibular M I
                    297-03-02                   0.3              L             mandibular M I    root
                    298-04-01                   0.9              R             maxillary M3
                    299-05-01                   0.8              L             maxillary M3
                    299-05-00                   0.1              L             teeth frags
                    300-06-01                   1.6              L             mandibular M1
                    302-07-01                   1.1              L             mandibular M1
                    302-07-02                   0.3              L             mandibular M3 (deteratined by lack of wear)
                    302-07-03                   0.4              L             maxillary PMI
                    302-07-04                   0.3              R             mandibular PM2
                    302-07-00                   1.0              ?             7 bone frags
                    302-07-00                   1.0              ?             7 teeth frags
                    305-08-01                   0.1              L             mandibular I lateral frag
                    305-08-02                   0.2              L             mandibular PM2
                    305-08-00                   0.2              ?             bone frags
                    305-08-00                   0.2              ?             teeth frags
                    307-09-01                   16.5             R             anterior distal tibia
                    307-09-00                   1.3              ?             bone frags
                    307-09-00                   0.8              ?             teeth & max or mand frags
                    309-10-01                   6.4              L             petrous portion
                    309-10-02                   7.4              R             petrous portion
                    309-10-03                   0.8              ?             ? skull frag
                    309-10-00                   1.0              ?             bone frags
                    309-10-00                   0.2              ?             bone frags
                    311-11-01                   1.3              L             mandibular M2 or M I
                    311-11-02                   1.3              L             maxi.llary M2
                    311-11-03                   0.8              L             maxillary MI or M2, large cavity on buccal side
                    311-11-04                   0.6              L             maxillary M3 permanent, small cavity
                    311-11-05                   0.3              L             mandibular PM1
                    311-11-06                   0.3              L             mandibular PM2
                    311-11-07                   0.3              L             mandibular PM2
                    311-11-08                   0.2              R             maxillary PMl
                    311-11-09                   0.2              L             mandibular lateral 1
                    311-11-10                   0.2              L             mandibular central 1
                    311-11-00                   1.5              ?             teeth and bone frags
                    311-11-00                   0.2              ?             bone frags
                    311-12-01                   5.8              R             mandibular frag w/PMl, PM2 attached
                    311-12-02                   1.6              L             mandibular MPI (distal cavity) & PM2 attached
                    311-12-03                   2.2              R             maxillary MI, small cavity
                    311-12-04                   0.7              R             maxillary cuspid
                    311-12-05                   0.2              R             mandibular deciduous cuspid, distal/lingual cavity on occlusal surface
                    311-12-00                   0.9              ?             root frag
                    311-12-00                   1.2              ?             bone frag
                    311-12-00                   0.3              ?             tooth frags
                    311-12-06                   2.0              R             maxillary M2 w/bone frag, small distal lingual cavity
                    312-13-01                   23.7             R             parietal frag


                                                                                          266











                                                                                              APPENDIX 4 (Continued)
                                       Provenience
                                          Number              Weight (g)     Orientation               Description


                                       312-13-02                   5.3              ?             cerebral skull frag
                                       312-13-03                   1.1              ?             skull frags
                                       312-13-04                   1.6              ?             skull frag
                                       312-13-05                   0.6              ?             skull frag
   .:-7,                               312-13-06                   1.2              L             possible occipital condyle
                                       312-13-00                   1.5              ?             skull frags
                                       318-14-01                   0.3              R             maxillary PM2
                                       318-14-02                   0.7              R             maxillary MI
                                       319-15-01                   0.2              L             mandibular M3
                                       320-16-00                   0.1              ?             bone frags
                                       321-17-01                   0.5              R             mandibular M3
                                       321-17-02                   0.7              L             maxillary M2
                                       321-17-03                   1.0              L             maxillary MI
                                       321-17-04                   0.5              L             maxillary PM2
                                       321-17-05                   0.5              L             maxillary PM2
                                       321-17-06                   0.2              R             maxillary lateral I
                                       321-17-07                   0.2              R             maxillary lateral 1
                                       322-18-01                   0.3              R             mandibular PM2
                                       322-18-00                   0.1              ?             bone frags
                                       323-19-01                   0.3              R             ma0lary MI or M2
                                       323-19-00                   0.1              ?             tooth frags
                                       324-20-01                   0.1              L             maxillary central 1
                                       324-20-00                   0.1              ?             tooth frags
                                       325-21-01                   0.1              R             maxillary central 1
                                       325-21-02                   0.2              R             maxillary PM1
                                       325-21-00                   0.4              ?             teeth frags
                                       325-21-00                   0.3              ?             bone frags
                                       328-22-00                   0.1              ?             teethlbone frags
                                       329-23-01                   0.1              R             maxillary lateral or central I frag
                                       329-23-00                   0.1              ?             tooth frags
                                       330-24-01                   0.4              R             condyle
                                       330-24-02                   8.2              R             temporal
                                       330-24-03                   0.1              ?             ? frag
                                       330-24-04                   1.6              ?             ? frag
                                       330-24-00                   0.2              ?             ? frag
                                       331-25-01                   1.1              L             mandibular M2
                                       331-25-02                   1.3              L             mandibular Ml, buccal cavity
                                       331-25-03                   0.6              L             mandibular PM2
                                       331-25-05                   0.5              R             maxillary cuspid
                                       331-25-06                   0.3              R             mandibular lateral I
                                       331-25-07                   0.2              L             mandibular central I
                                       331-25-08                   1.3              ?             ? frag
                                       331-25-00                   0.4              ?             bone frag
                                       332-26-01                   0.3              L             mandibular lateral 1
                                       332-26-02                   0.2              R             mandibular central I
                                       332-26-03                   1.4              ?             mandible
                                       334-27-00                   0.8              ?             bone frags
                                       335-28-00                   0.2              ?             bone frags
                                       303-29-01                   0.7              R             mandibular MI
                                       303-29-02                   0.3              R             mandibular M root frag
                                       303-29-00                   0.5              ?             bone frags
                                       303-29-00                   0.6              ?             teeth frags
                                       283-30-00                   0.3              ?             teeth frags
                                       331-25-04                   0.4              L             mandibular PMI
  19,                                  319-15-00                   0.0              L             dentine and pulp frags
                                       331-25-00                   0.9              ?             bone frags
                                       332-26-00                   0.3              ?             bone frags
                                       312-13-07                   0.5              ?             skull frag

                                              Total 154.1



                                                                                                             267











                                                              APPENDIX 5

                                 FLORAL REMAINS FROM THE CORBIN-TUCIKER SITE 8Ca142

                                    By Michelle Alexander, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida


                          Fifty-three samples from the Corbin-Tucker Site were received for analysis. These samples are
                 from soil samples taken in the field during excavation, floated in the lab and sorted for botanical
                 remains by the University of South Florida crew.


                 Methods

                          When the samples were received all were quick-scanned to check their condition. A number of
                 th6m were wet or still covered with sand and had to be rinsed and air dried. All samples were
                 examined through a stereoscope (lOx7Ox); botanical remains were sorted, identified, counted, weighed
                 and placed in labeled containers. Twenty fragments of wood charcoal were selected at random from
                 each provenience sample and snapped in two to expose fresh cross-sections for identification. Not all
                 samples were large enough to remove 20 fragments. For these small samples 5, 10, or 15 wood
                 fragments were selected depending on the size of the sample. Floral species present are listed in Table

                 A5.


                 Results of Analysis
                          There was no evidence of com or any other cultigen in the samples from unit levels. The only
                 evidence representing potentially edible plant food was a few fragments of Prunus (Plum/Cherry) wood
                 charcoal in the samples. There were 55.83 grams of wood charcoal    '44% Pinus, 1% Prunus, 30%
                 unidentified wood, 16 % unidentifiable wood, 7 % pitch, and less than I% pith and unidentified
                 monocot. While pine is the most common wood, because of the small quantity one cannot assume
                 utilization. At the same time the wood in this assemblage does not represent the naturally occurring
                 diversity of trees in this area.
                          Test Unit A contained the largest quantity of wood charcoal in the assemblage: 36.54 g wood
                 (even without including the feature samples). Second was Test Unit E with 12.86 g wood, then Test
                 Unit F with 4.1 g wood charcoal and Test Unit C with 2.42 g wood.
                          For C-14 dating, Level 4 of Test Unit C should be suspect, containing uncarbonized or partly
                 carbonized wood. Test Unit E Levels 2 and 3 also contain a small quantity of only partly carbonized
                 wood charcoal. Test Unit A Level 7 has been compromised; one wood charcoal fragment
                 (approximately 0.02g) from another level was accidently included in a Level 7 sample. However, I do
                 not think this would greatly affect a date.






                                                                   268









                                    Examination of macrobotanical remains from Feature 1, Test Unit A, also reveals no evidence
                            of cultivated plant foods. In addition there are only a few fragments of plant remains from wild food
                            plants. Prunus (Plum/Cherry), Quercus (acorns), Carya (hickory nuts) were present, in very small
                            quantities, perhaps too small to assume they were utilized. The only seeds were fragments except for a
                            possible Myrica (wax myrtle). There were a few small fragments of bone which I pulled out and
                            labeled. The primary wood again is pine. There was a fragment of oak, probably of the red oak family.
                            A ring-porous wood that could not be identified and a few diffuse-porous were found in fragments too
                            small to identify. The unidentified wood was either too small to classify, or only 20 fragments were
                            taken from the sample to identify and what remained was untested. For radiocarbon dating of Feature
                            1, FS [Catalog no.) 261 Stratum 1, FS 264, 263 of Stratum II look good. The SW1/2 Stratum I FS 259
                            had sand in the wood (I don't know how this would affect the date) and FS 257 was also sandy. FS 256
                            seemed all right as did FS 260. 1 would not use FS 258 as some of the wood in the sample had a
                            reddish look to it and is probably not totally carbonized or has some fresh wood mixed in. Whether this
                            lack of subsistence remains in Feature I is due to the poor preservation or to sampling bias is

                            unknown.


















































                                                                             269












                                    TABLE A5.                FLORAL REMAINS FROM THE CORBIN-TUCKER SITE, 8Ca142 (RECOVERED BY FLOTATION OF FEATURE FILL AND FOUR LITER
                                                             SAMPLES FROM LEVELS, PLUS DRY SCREEN OF ALL LEVELS)


                                    Provenience                                         Pine               Unidentified/Other Wood                            Seeds                             NutsheD                            Comments


                                    NE 1/2 Stratum I Feature I (TUA)                    2.03 g      3.89 g; .14 g pitch,                                                                                                        good for C"
                                    NE 1/2 Stratum H Feature I                          4.15'g      8.54 g; .75 g pitch; .25 g dif-porous:              .01 g Mutica?                                                           good for C"
                                                                                                    .07 g ring-porous                                   .01 g unident (several)
                                    SW   1/2 Stratum I Feature 1                        3.61 g      2.75 g; .01 g oak; .17 g pitch; <.01       g                                              <.01 g acorn                      some sand in wood
                                                                                                    dif-porous
                                    SW   1/2 Stratum II Feature 1                       2.89** g    6.48 g; 6.6 g pitch; A I g dif-porous               .01 g unident fmg                     .01 g hickory                     sandy
                                                                                                                                                                                              <.01 g acorn
                                    TU A L 3                                            4.56 g      5.85 g; .18 g pitch; .48 g Prunus:                                                                                          gall present
                                                                                                    2.2 g unburned/partly burned
                                    TU A L 4                                            5.67 g      1.47 g; 3.1 g unburned
                                    TU A L 5                                            3.17 g      .8 g; 1.79 g pitch; .94 g unburned                                                                                          gall present
                                    TU A L 5 near F 1                                   .7 g        .91 g                                                                                                                       gall present
                                    TU A L 6                                            .57 g       1. g; .55 g pitch; .82 g unburned                                                                                           gall present
                                    TU A L 7                                            1.67 g      1.03 g; .02 g pitch
                                    TU A L 8                                            .74 g       3.6 g; .26 g pitch
                                    TU A L 9                                            1.13 g      6.2 g
                      0             TU C L 3                                            .64 g       .45 g
                                    TU C L 4                                            .30 g       .35 g; .08 g pitch; .41 g unburned
                                    TUCL5                                                           .17 g; .01 g pitch                                                                                                          gall present
                                    TU E L 2                                            .62 g       1.51 g; .3 g pitch; 3.9 g unburned                                                                                          gall present
                                    TUEL3                                               .06 g       .8 g; .26 g unburned; .01 g monocot                                                                                         gall present
                                    TU E L 4                                            1.34 g      3.61 g; A I g pitch; .24 g Pmnus;                   present                                                                 gall present
                                                                                                    1.94 g unburned
                                    TU E L 5                                            1.5 g       2.5 g; A I g pitch; .82 g unburned                  present                                                                 gall present
                                    TU F L 3                                            .43 g       .56 g; .08 g pitch                                                                                                          gall present
                                    TU F L 4                                            .27S        .48 g; .09 g pitch                                                                                                          gall present
                                    TU F L 5                                            1.38 g      .52 g; .02 g pith                                                                                                           gall present




                                      Sent for radiocarbon date combined with ".


                                      Only I g of this sent for radiocarbon date.






        I

















                                                0
                                                1






































                                                  I


                                                  i










                             u
                  @       110 @
                         02 0208 @