[House Report 119-708]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
119th Congress } { Report
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
2d Session } { 119-708
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PRACTICES, LOGISTICS, ACTIONS, AND NECESSITIES
ACT
_______
June 24, 2026.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union and ordered to be printed
_______
Mr. Hill of Arkansas, from the Committee on Financial Services,
submitted the following
R E P O R T
[To accompany H.R. 2152]
The Committee on Financial Services, to whom was referred
the bill (H.R. 2152) to require a strategy to defend against
the economic and national security risks posed by the use of
artificial intelligence in the commission of financial crimes,
including fraud and the dissemination of misinformation, and
for other purposes, having considered the same, reports
favorably thereon with an amendment and recommends that the
bill as amended do pass.
CONTENTS
Page
Purpose and Summary.............................................. 3
Background and Need for Legislation.............................. 3
Committee Consideration.......................................... 3
Related Hearings................................................. 4
Committee Votes.................................................. 5
Committee Oversight Findings..................................... 9
Performance Goals and Objectives................................. 9
Committee Cost Estimate.......................................... 9
New Budget Authority and CBO Cost Estimate....................... 9
Unfunded Mandates Statement...................................... 9
Earmark Statement................................................ 9
Federal Advisory Committee Act Statement......................... 9
Applicability to the Legislative Branch.......................... 10
Duplication of Federal Programs.................................. 10
Section-by-Section Analysis of the Legislation................... 10
Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported............ 10
Documents included by Unanimous Consent.......................... 11
The amendment is as follows:
Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the
following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Artificial Intelligence Practices,
Logistics, Actions, and Necessities Act'' or the ``AI PLAN Act''.
SEC. 2. STRATEGY TO DEFEND AGAINST RISKS POSED BY THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE BY ADVERSARIAL ACTORS.
(a) Sense of Congress.--It is the sense of Congress that the
development and use of artificial intelligence in the commission of
financial crimes by adversarial actors poses a significant risk to the
national and economic security of the United States.
(b) Strategy to Defend Against Risks Posed by Financial Crime
Conducted With Artificial Intelligence.--
(1) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
the enactment of this Act and annually thereafter, the
Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Homeland Security,
and the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the
officials specified in paragraph (3), shall jointly submit to
Congress a report, which shall include a classified annex and
may include an unclassified summary, provided that no sensitive
information is disclosed publicly, that includes the following:
(A) A description of interagency and applicable
intergovernmental policies, procedures, and working
groups to defend United States financial markets,
United States persons, United States businesses, and
global supply chains from the national and economic
security risks posed by the use of artificial
intelligence by adversarial actors in the commission of
financial crimes.
(B) A description of public-private partnerships,
collaborative arrangements, and other coordinated
activities of Federal departments and agencies in
cooperation with the private-sector to defend United
States financial markets, United States persons, United
States businesses, and global supply chains from the
national and economic security risks posed by the use
of artificial intelligence by adversarial actors in the
commission of financial crimes.
(C) An itemized list of, and accompanying analysis
of, readily available resources, including hardware,
software, technologies, and people that can be
immediately deployed by Federal departments and
agencies to combat the use of artificial intelligence
in the commission of financial crimes, with an
assessment of their capabilities, limitations, and
tradeoffs.
(D) An itemized list of, and accompanying analysis
of, resources, including hardware, software,
technologies, and people, and budgetary estimates
needed to help Federal departments and agencies to
combat the use of artificial intelligence in the
commission of financial crimes, with an assessment of
their capabilities, limitations, and tradeoffs.
(2) Considerations.--Reports required pursuant to paragraph
(1) shall take the following risks into consideration:
(A) Deepfakes.
(B) Voice cloning.
(C) Foreign election interference.
(D) Synthetic Identities.
(E) Artificial Intelligence-Driven Market Response.
(F) False flags and false signals that disrupt market
operations.
(G) Attacks involving AI-supported social
engineering.
(H) Cyber breaches.
(I) Number Spoofing.
(J) Overall digital fraud and scams.
(3) Officials specified.--The officials specified in this
paragraph are the following:
(A) The Attorney General.
(B) The Chairman of the Board of Governors of the
Federal Reserve System.
(C) The Comptroller of the Currency.
(D) The Chairperson of the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation.
(E) The Chairman of the National Credit Union
Administration.
(F) The Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology.
(G) The Chairman of the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
(H) The Chairman of the Federal Communications
Commission.
(I) The Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission.
(c) Recommendations.--Not later than 90 days after each report under
subsection (b) is submitted, the Secretary of the Treasury, the
Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Secretary of Commerce shall
jointly submit to Congress a set of recommendations relating to each
such respective report that contains the following:
(1) Legislative recommendations to address the risks posed by
the use of artificial intelligence by adversarial actors in the
commission of financial crimes.
(2) Best practices to assist American businesses and
government entities with risk mitigation and incident response
to address the risks posed by the use of artificial
intelligence by adversarial actors in the commission of
financial crimes.
PURPOSE AND SUMMARY
H.R. 2152, the Artificial Intelligence Practices,
Logistics, Actions, and Necessities (AI PLAN) Act, was
introduced on March 14, 2025, by Republican Representative Zach
Nunn (IA-03).
H.R. 2152 directs the Department of the Treasury, the
Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Commerce
to jointly submit a report assessing the national and economic
security risks posed using artificial intelligence (AI) in
financial crimes. The report also must identify the additional
resources federal agencies need to address these risks
effectively. Following submission of the report, H.R. 2152
requires these agencies to provide recommendations for
legislative action, as well as best practices for both public-
and private-sector entities to mitigate and respond to these
emerging threats.
BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR LEGISLATION
AI can serve as both a powerful tool to combat financial
crime and a means for bad actors to enhance and scale illicit
activity. Many perpetrators of financial crimes and scams
operate overseas\1\ and increasingly leverage AI to develop
sophisticated tools such as deepfakes, voice cloning, and
synthetic identities. These capabilities enable more advanced
schemes, including election interference, market manipulation,
and the creation of false signals that can undermine financial
stability.
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\1\See e.g., Gabriele Steinhauser & Patricia Kowsmann, How
Cybercrime Became a Leading Industry in `Scambodia', Wall St. J. (Apr.
19, 2026), https://www.wsj.com/world/asia/cambodia-cybercrime-rise-why-
2f2c03cc.
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The movement of illicit and fraudulently obtained funds,
combined with the growing risk of AI-enabled cyberattacks,
presents national security and economic challenges for the
United States. While AI offers valuable capabilities to detect
and prevent such threats, it is essential that defensive tools
keep pace with the rapid evolution and accessibility of AI
technologies. Ensuring that government agencies and industry
stakeholders maintain the capacity to deter, detect, and
respond to these risks is critical.\2\
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\2\See e.g., From Principles to Policy: Enabling 21st Century AI
Innovation in Financial Services: Hearing Before the H. Comm. on
Financial Serv., 119th Cong. (2025) (statement of Wendi Whitmore, Chief
Security Intelligence Officer, Palo Alto Networks).
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H.R. 2152 seeks to address these challenges by ensuring
that federal agencies responsible for addressing financial
crime have the resources necessary to protect national and
economic security, while also promoting best practices across
industry to mitigate AI-driven risks.
COMMITTEE CONSIDERATION
119TH CONGRESS
On March 14, 2025, Representative Nunn introduced H.R.
2152, the Artificial Intelligence Practices, Logistics, Actions
and Necessities (AI Plan) Act, with Representative Jim Himes
(D-CT) as original cosponsor. Representatives Nick Begich (R-
AK), Nathaniel Moran (R-TX), Eugene Vindman (D-VA), Josh
Gottheimer (D-NJ), Laura Gillen (D-NY), and Kristen McDonald
Rivet (D-MI) were added subsequently as cosponsors. The bill
was referred solely to the Committee on Financial Services.
The bill was attached to the September 18, 2025, Digital
Assets, Financial Technology, and Artificial Intelligence
Subcommittee hearing titled, ``Unlocking the Next Generation of
AI in the U.S. Financial System for Consumers, Businesses, and
Competitiveness,'' and to the December 10, 2025, Committee
hearing titled, ``From Principles to Policy: Enabling 21st
Century AI Innovation in Financial Services.''
On May 13, 2026, the Committee on Financial Services met in
open session to consider, among others, H.R. 2152. The
Committee ordered H.R. 2152, as amended, to be reported with a
favorable recommendation to the House of Representatives.
118TH CONGRESS
On March 21, 2024, Representative Nunn introduced H.R.
7781, the Artificial Intelligence Practices, Logistics, Actions
and Necessities (AI Plan) Act, an earlier iteration of H.R.
2152, with Representative Abigail Spanberger (D-VA) as original
cosponsor. Representatives Anna Eshoo (D-CA), Brittany
Pettersen (D-CO), and Suzanne Bonamici (D-OR) were added
subsequently as cosponsors. The bill was referred solely to the
Committee on Financial Services. The bill was noticed for
consideration in the July 23, 2024, Committee hearing titled
``AI Innovation Explored: Insights into AI Applications in
Financial Services and Housing.'' There was no further
legislative action for H.R. 7781 in the 118th Congress.
RELATED HEARINGS
Pursuant to clause 3(c)(6) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the following hearings were used to
develop H.R. 2152:
On September 18, 2025, the Subcommittee on Digital Asset,
Financial Technology, and Artificial Intelligence held a
hearing titled, ``Unlocking the Next Generation of AI in the
U.S. Financial System for Consumers, Businesses, and
Competitiveness.'' H.R. 2152 was noticed for legislative
consideration at this hearing.
This hearing examined how financial services regulators and
firms are using artificial intelligence in areas such as
lending, fraud detection, and compliance, among others.
Committee Members analyzed both the benefits and potential
risks associated with AI adoption, while assessing the role of
regulators in overseeing its deployment in ways that support
innovation. The Subcommittee heard testimony from: Dr. David
Cox, Vice President, AI Models; IBM Director, MIT-IBM Watson AI
Lab; Mr. Christian Lau, Co-Founder and Chief Product Officer,
Dynamo AI; Mr. Matthew Reisman, Director, Privacy and Data
Policy, Center for Information Policy Leadership; Mr. Daniel
Gorfine, Founder & CEO, Gattaca Horizons; Former Chief
Innovation Officer & Director of LabCFTC; and Dr. Nicol Turner
Lee, Senior Fellow and Director, Center for Technology
Innovation, Brookings Institution.
On December 10, 2025, the Committee on Financial Services
held a hearing titled, ``From Principles to Policy: Enabling
21st Century AI Innovation in Financial Services.'' H.R. 2152
was noticed for legislative consideration at this hearing.
This hearing examined AI use cases in the financial
services and housing sectors and assessed how existing laws and
regulations apply, identifying where current frameworks are
effective and where gaps may create uncertainty or hinder
innovation. The hearing also explored interagency coordination
to ensure AI oversight is consistent, clear, and supportive of
innovation, competition, and consumer protection. The Committee
heard testimony from: Ms. Jeanette Manfra, Vice President and
Global Head of Risk & Compliance, Google Cloud; Mr. Tal Cohen,
President, Nasdaq; Mr. Nicholas Stevens, Vice President of
Product, Senior Director, AI & Engineering, Zillow; Ms. Wendi
Whitmore, Chief Security Intelligence Officer, Palo Alto
Networks; and Mr. Joshua Branch, Big Tech Accountability
Advocate, Public Citizen.
COMMITTEE VOTES
Clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives requires the Committee Report to include record
votes on the motion to report legislation and amendments
thereto.
On May 13, 2026, the Committee ordered H.R. 2152, as
amended, to be reported favorably to the House by a recorded
vote of 52 yeas and 0 nays, a quorum being present. (Record
Vote No. FC-279).
The Committee considered the following amendments to H.R.
2152:
Representative Zach Nunn (R-IA) offered an
amendment in the nature of a substitute, which made
minor edits and technical changes. This amendment was
adopted by a voice vote.
Representative Maxine Waters (D-CA) offered
an amendment (No. 7), designated HR2152_02. This
amendment adds the CFPB to the report required under
the bill. This amendment failed by a recorded vote of
22 yeas and 30 nays, a quorum being present. (Record
Vote No. FC-277).
Representative Bill Foster (D-IL) offered an
amendment (No. 8), designated FOSTER_082. This
amendment adds ``artificial intelligence-drive market
response'' as one of the criteria for the underlying
report to Congress. This amendment improves the
legislation. This amendment was adopted by a recorded
vote of 52 yeas and 0 nays, a quorum being present.
(Record Vote No. FC-278).
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COMMITTEE OVERSIGHT FINDINGS
Pursuant to clause 3(c) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the findings and recommendations of
the Committee, based on oversight activities under clause
2(b)(1) of rule X of the Rules of the House of Representatives
are incorporated in the descriptive portions of this report.
PERFORMANCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Pursuant to clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the goal of H.R. 2152 is to protect
U.S. financial and national security interests against
adversarial actors' misuse of artificial intelligence.
COMMITTEE COST ESTIMATE
Clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives requires an estimate and a comparison of the
costs that would be incurred in carrying out H.R. 2152. The
Committee has requested but not received a cost estimate from
the Director of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). However,
pursuant to clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the Committee will adopt as its own
the cost estimate by the Director of the CBO once it has been
prepared.
NEW BUDGET AUTHORITY AND CBO COST ESTIMATE
With respect to the requirements of clause 3(c)(2) of rule
XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives and section
308(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 and with respect
to requirements of clause 3(c)(3) of rule XIII of the Rules of
the House of Representatives and section 402 of the
Congressional Budget Act of 1974, the Committee will adopt as
its own the cost estimate for the bill prepared by the Director
of the CBO. However, a cost estimate was not made available to
the Committee in time for the filing of this report. The
Chairman of the Committee shall cause such estimate to be
printed in the Congressional Record upon its receipt by the
Committee.
UNFUNDED MANDATES STATEMENT
The Committee has requested but not received from the
Director of the CBO an estimate of the Federal mandates
pursuant to section 423 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.
The Chairman of the Committee shall cause such estimate to be
printed in the Congressional Record upon its receipt by the
Committee.
EARMARK STATEMENT
In compliance with clause 9 of rule XXI of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, this bill, as reported, contains no
congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff
benefits as defined in clause 9(e), 9(f), or 9(g) of rule XXI.
FEDERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ACT STATEMENT
No advisory committees within the meaning of section 5(b)
of the Federal Advisory Committee Act were created by this
legislation.
APPLICABILITY TO THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
The Committee finds that the legislation does not relate to
the terms and conditions of employment or access to public
services or accommodations within the meaning of section
102(b)(3) of the Congressional Accountability Act.
DUPLICATION OF FEDERAL PROGRAMS
Pursuant to clause 3(c)(5) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the Committee states that no
provision of the bill establishes or reauthorizes a program of
the Federal Government known to be duplicative of another
Federal program, including any program that was included in a
report to Congress pursuant to section 21 of the Public Law
111-139 or the most recent Catalog of Federal Domestic
Assistance.
SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATION
Section 1. Short title
Section 1 provides the short title is the ``Artificial
Intelligence Practices, Logistics, Actions, and Necessities
Act'' or the ``AI PLAN Act''.
Section 2. Strategy to defend against risks posed by the use of
artificial intelligence by adversarial actors
Section 2 requires that the Departments of Treasury,
Homeland Security, and Commerce, in consultation with other
relevant federal agencies, submit a report to Congress
detailing interagency policies, procedures, working groups,
collaborative arrangements and public-private partnerships
designed to protect U.S. financial markets, businesses, and
supply chains from adversarial actors' misuse of AI. The report
must also include an itemized assessment of currently available
federal resources and their capabilities, limitations, and
tradeoffs, along with an analysis of additional hardware,
software, technologies, personnel, and budgetary requirements
needed to strengthen these efforts against AI-enabled financial
crimes. In addition, the report must include recommendations
for legislation and best practices to better mitigate risks
associated with such misuse, including deepfakes, voice
cloning, foreign election interference, synthetic identities,
false flags and signals disrupting markets, AI-supported social
engineering, AI-driven market response, cyber breaches, number
spoofing, and overall digital fraud and scams.
CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW MADE BY THE BILL, AS REPORTED
H.R. 2152 does not repeal or amend any section of a
statute. Therefore, the Office of Legislative Counsel did not
prepare the report required under clause 3(e) of rule XIII of
the House of Representatives.
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