[House Report 119-4]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
119th Congress} { REPORT
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
1st Session } { 119-4
======================================================================
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION
ON THE BUDGET--
FISCAL YEAR 2025
----------
R E P O R T
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
TO ACCOMPANY
H. Con. Res. 14
ESTABLISHING THE BUDGET FOR THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL
YEAR 2025 AND SETTING FORTH APPROPRIATE BUDGETARY LEVELS FOR FISCAL
YEARS 2026 THROUGH 2034
together with
MINORITY VIEWS
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
February 18, 2025.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on
the State of the Union and ordered to be printed
__________
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
58-853 WASHINGTON : 2025
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET
JODEY C. ARRINGTON, Texas, Chairman
RALPH NORMAN, South Carolina BRENDAN F. BOYLE, Pennsylvania,
TOM McCLINTOCK, California Ranking Member
GLENN GROTHMAN, Wisconsin LLOYD DOGGETT, Texas
LLOYD SMUCKER, Pennsylvania ROBERT C. ``BOBBY'' SCOTT,
EARL L. ``BUDDY'' CARTER, Georgia Virginia
BEN CLINE, Virginia SCOTT H. PETERS, California
JACK BERGMAN, Michigan JIMMY PANETTA, California
CHIP ROY, Texas BONNIE WATSON COLEMAN, New Jersey
MARLIN A. STUTZMAN, Indiana STACEY E. PLASKETT, Virgin Islands
BLAKE D. MOORE, Utah VERONICA ESCOBAR, Texas
RON ESTES, Kansas ILHAN OMAR, Minnesota
JOSH BRECHEEN, Oklahoma BECCA BALINT, Vermont
JAY OBERNOLTE, California MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio
MIKE CAREY, Ohio PRAMILA JAYAPAL, Washington
CHUCK EDWARDS, North Carolina JUDY CHU, California
ANDREW S. CLYDE, Georgia PAUL TONKO, New York
ERIN HOUCHIN, Indiana MORGAN McGARVEY, Kentucky
ADDISON P. McDOWELL, North Carolina GABE AMO, Rhode Island
BRANDON GILL, Texas,
TIM MOORE, North Carolina
PROFESSIONAL STAFF
Gary Andres, Staff Director
Greg Waring, Minority Staff Director
C O N T E N T S
Page
Introduction..................................................... 3
Summary Tables
Table 1. Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Resolution Total Spending
and Revenue................................................ 4
Table 2. Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Resolution Discretionary
Spending................................................... 7
Table 3. Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Resolution Mandatory
Spending................................................... 9
The Economy and Economic Assumptions............................. 11
Table 4. Economic Projections: Administration, CBO, and
Private Forecasters........................................ 13
Table 5. Economic Assumptions of the Fiscal Year 2025 Budget
Resolution................................................. 14
Macroeconomic Feedback Effects of Pro-Growth Policies............ 15
Function-By-Function Presentation................................ 17
Function 050: National Defense............................... 17
Function 150: International Affairs.......................... 19
Function 250: General Science, Space, and Technology......... 21
Function 270: Energy......................................... 23
Function 300: Natural Resources and Environment.............. 25
Function 350: Agriculture.................................... 27
Function 370: Commerce and Housing Credit.................... 29
Function 400: Transportation................................. 31
Function 450: Community and Regional Development............. 33
Function 500: Education, Training, Employment, and Social
Services................................................... 35
Function 550: Medicaid and Other Health...................... 37
Function 570: Medicare....................................... 39
Function 600: Income Security................................ 41
Function 650: Social Security................................ 43
Function 700: Veterans Benefits and Services................. 45
Function 750: Administration of Justice...................... 47
Function 800: General Government............................. 49
Function 900: Net Interest................................... 51
Function 920: Allowances and Function 990: Across-the-Board
Adjustment................................................. 53
Function 930: Government-Wide Savings........................ 55
Function 950: Undistributed Offsetting Receipts.............. 57
Revenue and Tax Reform........................................... 59
Table 6. Tax Expenditure Estimates by Budget Function, Fiscal
Years 2024-2028............................................ 61
The President's Budget: A Brief Summary.......................... 73
Table 7. Summary of Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Resolution....... 74
Table 8. Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Resolution vs. the
President's Budget......................................... 75
Section-by-Section Description................................... 77
Reconciliation................................................... 85
The Congressional Budget Process................................. 87
Table 9. Allocation of Spending Authority to House Committee
on Appropriations.......................................... 89
Table 10. Resolution by Authorizing Committee (On-budget
Amounts)................................................... 90
Enforcing Budgetary Levels....................................... 93
Votes of the Committee........................................... 97
Other Matters Under the Rules of the House of Representatives.... 127
Minority Views................................................... 129
The Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025
(Legislative Text)............................................. 131
119th Congress} { REPORT
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
1st Session } { 119-4
======================================================================
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION ON THE BUDGET--
FISCAL YEAR 2025
_______
ESTABLISHING THE BUDGET FOR THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL
YEARS 2025 AND SETTING FORTH APPROPRIATE BUDGETARY LEVELS FOR FISCAL
YEARS 2026 THROUGH 2034
_______
February 18, 2025.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on
the State of the Union and ordered to be printed
_______
Mr. Arrington, from the Committee on the Budget,
submitted the following
R E P O R T
together with
MINORITY VIEWS
[To accompany H. Con. Res. 14]
INTRODUCTION
----------
Our Nation has reached a breaking point with large and
growing Federal deficits. The gross national debt currently
exceeds the World War II high of 116 percent and is
increasingly driven by higher interest costs. Interest spending
more than doubled under President Biden and currently exceeds
spending on national defense. This is a disastrous result of
his reckless spending spree, which ballooned the debt,
triggered rampant inflation, and increased borrowing costs for
consumers and businesses. It's a perilous path for a nation to
spend more to finance its past than to secure its future. If
interest costs continue to spiral out of control, it will
undermine economic stability and global trust in the dollar. To
realize the benefits of pro-growth policies such as tax reform
and regulatory relief, we must root out wasteful, fraudulent,
and unnecessary spending and restore the fiscal health of our
country. True fiscal discipline is the only path forward.
Reconciliation will pave the way to address our country's
imminent national security threats by bolstering our national
defense and securing our southern border. Additionally, we must
return to the pro-growth policies of Trump 1.0, which will
launch an era of unparalleled strength and prosperity. To
ensure long-term economic strength, we must unleash American
innovation, investment, and job creation. A strong, competitive
economy is built on fiscal discipline and policies that promote
entrepreneurship and economic freedom. By prioritizing growth
and responsible spending, we can restore prosperity and secure
a brighter future for our children and grandchildren.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
THE ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS
----------
President Biden's Reckless Spending and Failed Economic Policies
During President Biden's time in office, Democrats pursued
a radical agenda and vast expansion of the Federal Government.
Under the guise of COVID relief, Democrats' unbridled spending
and President Biden's failed economic policies lit the fuse on
an inflationary firestorm that resulted in soaring interest
rates, a fragile economy, and a Nation on the precipice of an
irreparable debt crisis.
President Biden's ``Inflation Reduction Act'' (IRA) tax-
and-spend monstrosity imposed massive tax hikes on job
creators, strangled domestic oil and gas production, unleashed
an army of Internal Revenue Service agents on working families
and small businesses, expanded Obamacare subsidies for wealthy
Americans, and handed out hundreds of billions of dollars in
green energy tax breaks.
He enacted policies that paid people more to stay home than
to return to their jobs and waived work requirements for able-
bodied adults--creating a labor shortage and trapping a whole
new generation of Americans in poverty and government
dependence.
He unleashed an unprecedented barrage of regulations and
executive actions, adding a record $1.8 trillion in new
regulatory costs on the economy. To put this into perspective,
this is over 3\1/2\ times the regulatory costs added under
President Obama ($494 billion) during his first term in
office.\1\
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\1\Dan Goldbeck, ``The Biden Regulatory Record,'' American Action
Forum, January 29, 2025, https://www.americanactionforum.org/insight/
the-biden-regulatory-record/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
In addition, President Biden launched a whole-of-government
attack on American energy--the lifeblood of our economy, a
cornerstone of our national security, and the blessing of
affordable electricity and gas for families across the country.
All told, his policies resulted in a cost-of-living crisis
as prices have skyrocketed by over 20 percent and real earnings
declined by 3.6 percent, the equivalent of more than $8,000 in
lost real income per worker.
Despite numerous opportunities to recognize this somber
economic reality and reverse course, President Biden repeatedly
doubled down on his increased spending and failed economic
policies--forcing Americans to further tighten their belts.
It is within the context of this economic crisis, and the
plethora of other crises of the past four years, that the
American people reelected President Trump in a landslide
victory--resoundingly rejecting the policies of the Biden
Administration.
The Economic Outlook
While the economic outlook is trending up for Americans,
currently available forecasts inherently assume continuation of
failed Biden-era policies and as such project modest economic
outcomes throughout the decade. The most recent President's
budget, published under President Biden, expects average real
gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 2.1 percent, compared to
expected growth of 1.8 and 2.0 percent by the Congressional
Budget Office (CBO) and Blue Chip, respectively.
Expectations for inflation and 10-year Treasury yields are
roughly identical across forecasters at about 2.2 and 3.8
percent, respectively. A somewhat more noticeable difference
exists in projected short-term rates where CBO projects average
3-month yields of 3.2 percent while the Biden Administration
and Blue Chip projected just 3.0 percent. Yet, a larger
difference between forecasters exists in unemployment
projections.
On average, CBO projects an unemployment rate of 4.4
percent over the decade compared to projections from the
Administration and Blue Chip of 3.8 and 4.1 percent,
respectively.
This budget resolution breaks from the status quo of
sluggish growth by supporting fiscal and economic policies that
restrain spending, cut taxes, and reignite the economy.
Economic Assumptions of the Budget Resolution
Economic growth is essential to reining in our deficits and
reducing our Nation's indebtedness. Growth generates more
revenue for our country, reduces spending by lifting American
families out of poverty and off of government dependence, and
allows people to keep more of their hard-earned money.
To achieve faster economic growth, this budget resolution
combines spending restraint with pro-growth policies including:
Eliminating the regulatory state
Locking in tax cuts, unlocking opportunities
for all
Restoring the dignity of work
Unleashing American energy dominance
As a result of these policies, the Committee on the Budget
estimates that economic growth will average 2.6 percent over
ten years--generating a substantial $2.6 trillion in deficit
reduction.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
MACROECONOMIC FEEDBACK EFFECTS
OF PRO-GROWTH POLICIES
----------
Economic growth is one of the major determinants of revenue
and spending levels--and therefore the size of budget deficits
over a given period. For instance, a higher rate of gross
domestic product (GDP) growth can lead to lower projected
spending if it translates into reduced burdens on government
safety net programs. It can also generate higher revenue due to
increases in taxable incomes. Naturally, such a pattern would
cause a reduction in Federal deficits and debt relative to
current law projections. Conversely, lower rates of growth can
cause the opposite outcomes: higher rates of spending increases
and slower revenue growth.
Federal policies themselves can affect the economy's
potential to grow, generating positive feedback into budgetary
outcomes. Consequently, fiscally responsible policies that
improve the economy's long-term growth prospects can help
reduce the size of budget deficits over a given period.
As noted in the previous section, this budget resolution is
based on an economic forecast that incorporates all of the pro-
growth policies advanced in this budget resolution, including:
regulatory reform; expanding domestic energy production;
building on the success of Republican tax reform; eliminating
disincentives to work; and lower spending.
These initiatives are all a departure from the policies
embedded in current law. Meanwhile, the Congressional Budget
Office (CBO) is obligated to produce an economic forecast that
assumes an indefinite extension of current law, including the
explosion of deficit and debt levels over the next decade. This
is partly why CBO is forecasting average real GDP growth of
just 1.8 percent over the next ten years, well below the long-
term growth trend of 3.1 percent in the United States.
The Committee on the Budget estimates that under the pro-
growth policies in the fiscal year 2025 budget resolution, real
economic growth of 2.6 percent can be achieved over the budget
window.
FUNCTION-BY-FUNCTION PRESENTATION
----------
FUNCTION 050: NATIONAL DEFENSE
----------
Function Summary
The National Defense budget function includes funds to
compensate, train, maintain, and equip the military forces of
the United States. The majority of National Defense programs
are discretionary and funded through the annual appropriations
process. These programs include all military activities of the
Department of Defense (DOD); activities of the Department of
Energy (DOE), including the National Nuclear Security
Administration, environmental clean-up of weapons production,
and research sites; and other defense-related activities
(primarily in connection with counterterrorism). Mandatory
spending primarily funds benefits for military retirees within
the National Defense budget function.
The committees of jurisdiction--the Committee on Armed
Services and Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense--should
continue effective oversight of DOD to ensure resources are
used efficiently to achieve desired results. The Committee on
the Budget's authority applies solely to the budgetary
parameters for each committee of jurisdiction.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $888 billion in budget
authority and $883.8 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 is
$861.6 billion in budget authority and $858.9 billion in
outlays. Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 is $26.5
billion in budget authority and $24.9 billion in outlays. The
10-year totals for budget authority and outlays are $9.9
trillion and $9.7 trillion, respectively.
FUNCTION 150: INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
----------
Function Summary
The International Affairs budget function includes the
Federal Government's spending for the following programs:
international development, food security, and humanitarian
assistance; international security assistance; the conduct of
foreign affairs; foreign information and exchange activities;
and international financial programs. The primary agencies
responsible for executing these programs are the Departments of
Agriculture, State, and the Treasury. The Department of State's
basic operations and foreign aid account for the majority of
discretionary spending within the International Affairs budget
function.
The committees of jurisdiction--the Committee on Foreign
Affairs and Appropriations Subcommittee on National Security,
Department of State, and Related Programs--should continue
effective oversight of the Department of State and related
foreign operations to ensure resources are used efficiently to
achieve desired results. The Committee on the Budget's
authority applies solely to the budgetary parameters for each
committee of jurisdiction.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $66 billion in budget
authority and $69.2 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals
$60.9 billion in budget authority and $74.4 billion in outlays.
Mandatory spending in this function--totaling $5.1 billion in
budget authority and -$5.2 billion in outlays for fiscal year
2025--includes loan guarantee programs, payments to the Foreign
Service Retirement and Disability Fund, and foreign-military
sales programs. The negative figures reflect receipts from
foreign-military sales and financing programs. The 10-year
totals for budget authority and outlays are $690.2 billion and
$675.6 billion, respectively.
FUNCTION 250: GENERAL SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY
----------
Function Summary
The largest component of Function 250--comprising about
half of its total spending--is the space-flight, research, and
supporting activities of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA). Function 250 also contains general
science funding, including the budgets for the National Science
Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of
Science.
The principal authorizing committee in this function is the
Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Funding is
provided by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $42.1 billion in budget
authority and $41.7 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of
that total, discretionary spending totals $41.9 billion in
budget authority and $41.3 billion in outlays, and mandatory
spending totals $214 million in budget authority and $451
million in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and
outlays are $464.3 billion and $452.8 billion, respectively.
FUNCTION 270: ENERGY
----------
Function Summary
Discretionary spending in this function includes some of
the civilian energy and environmental programs of the
Department of Energy (DOE). It also includes funding for the
operations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. A large
majority of the DOE discretionary budget is allocated to
applied research and development (R&D), commercialization, and
deployment of energy technologies in renewable energy, energy
efficiency, fossil energy, nuclear energy, and electricity
delivery and energy reliability. Mandatory spending in this
function includes the remaining civilian energy and
environmental programs of the DOE. It also includes the Rural
Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture, the
Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission.
Authorizing committees of jurisdiction for Function 270
include the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Committee
on Science, Space, and Technology. Funding is provided
primarily by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on
Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies, and
Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $39.8 billion in budget
authority and $37.6 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals
$19.8 billion in budget authority and $13.1 billion in outlays.
Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals $20.1 billion in
budget authority and $24.5 billion in outlays. The 10-year
totals for budget authority and outlays are $415.7 billion and
$441.6 billion, respectively.
FUNCTION 300: NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
----------
Function Summary
The discretionary programs in Function 300 conserve and
manage air, water, and other natural resources as well as the
environment. The activities in this function include
maintaining infrastructure, dams, coastland, and waterways;
sustaining fish, birds, and other wildlife; managing national
parks, forests, and other Federal lands; and providing daily
weather forecasts. The major mandatory spending programs in
this function are conservation programs authorized in the Farm
Bill, outlays from programs supported by excise taxes, and
Superfund activities. The departments and agencies under this
function are the Department of the Interior (DOI), the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Army Corps of
Engineers, conservation and land management activities within
the Department of Agriculture, including the Forest Service,
and the water resources and conservation activities of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Notable
agencies within the DOI include the Bureau of Land Management,
the National Park Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Reclamation.
The Committee on Natural Resources is the primary
authorizing committee in this function. Funding is provided
primarily by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on
Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies, and
Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $88.2 billion in budget
authority and $90.1 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals
$80 billion in budget authority and $67 billion in outlays.
Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals $8.3 billion in
budget authority and $23 billion in outlays. The 10-year totals
for budget authority and outlays are $900 billion and $921
billion, respectively.
FUNCTION 350: AGRICULTURE
----------
Function Summary
Discretionary funding in Function 350 supports agricultural
research, education, and economics; marketing and information
services; and animal and plant health inspection services.
Function 350 is the primary source of funding for the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA), which includes the Farm
Service Agency, the Foreign Agricultural Service, the Risk
Management Agency, and other related programs and activities.
The Committee on Agriculture has complete authority to
determine mandatory spending policies under its jurisdiction
and nothing in this report is intended to predetermine those
specific choices.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $58.5 billion in budget
authority and $41.7 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals
$38.7 billion in budget authority and $19.8 billion in outlays.
Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals $19.8 billion in
budget authority and $22 billion in outlays. The 10-year totals
for budget authority and outlays are $652 billion and $608.5
billion, respectively.
FUNCTION 370: COMMERCE AND HOUSING CREDIT
----------
Function Summary
Function 370 consists of programs that support commercial
activities, including housing credit, deposit insurance,
financial services, and the advancement of commerce. Specific
departments and agencies that are funded within Function 370
include the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Federal Housing
Administration (FHA), some activities and programs of the
Department of Housing and Urban Development, the U.S. Patent
and Trademark Office, the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC), and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB).
Function 370 also includes an off-budget category which is
comprised of the U.S. Postal Service (USPS). The largest
discretionary spending programs in Function 370 are the FHA's
mortgage insurance program, securitization of Government
National Mortgage Association loans, the Census Bureau, and the
National Institute of Standards and Technology. The major
mandatory spending programs in this function are deposit
insurance, the USPS, the Universal Service Fund, and the CFPB.
The authorizing committees of jurisdiction for Function 370
programs include the Committee on Financial Services, Committee
on Small Business, Committee on Energy and Commerce, and the
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Funding is
provided primarily by the Committee on Appropriations
Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related
Agencies and Subcommittee on Financial Services and General
Government.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $12.5
billion in budget authority and -$18.2 billion in outlays. Of
that total, discretionary spending totals -$9.2 billion in
budget authority and $1.1 billion in outlays, and mandatory
spending totals $21.8 billion in budget authority and -$19.3
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and
outlays are $185.8 billion and -$24.8 billion, respectively.
FUNCTION 400: TRANSPORTATION
----------
Function Summary
Function 400 is comprised of the Nation's land, air, water,
and other transportation funding, consisting of both
discretionary and mandatory spending programs. The budget
resolution proposes initiatives to provide the country with a
more competent, well-rounded, and innovative transportation
system that strengthens efficiency and bolsters development at
the state and local levels. The departments and agencies under
this function include: the Department of Transportation, the
Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Highway
Administration, and the highway, motor-carrier safety, and rail
components of the Federal Transit Administration, among others.
The primary authorizing committee for Function 400 is the
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Funding is
provided by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related
Agencies.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $173.2 billion in budget
authority and $144.8 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals
$91.5 billion in budget authority and $142.2 billion in
outlays. Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals $81.7
billion in budget authority and $2.6 billion in outlays. The
10-year totals for budget authority and outlays are $1.8
trillion and $1.7 trillion, respectively.
FUNCTION 450: COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
----------
Function Summary
Function 450 includes programs to improve community
economic conditions and promote rural development. Programs in
this function also assist in natural disaster response and
preparation.
The authorizing committees of jurisdiction for Function 450
are the Committee on Agriculture, the Committee on
Transportation and Infrastructure, the Committee on Financial
Services, and the Committee on Energy and Commerce. Funding is
provided by the Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland
Security, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, and
Related Agencies, and the Subcommittee on Transportation,
Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $87.8 billion in budget
authority and $78.8 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of
that total, discretionary spending totals $86.9 billion in
budget authority and $60.1 billion in outlays, and mandatory
spending totals $869 million in budget authority and $18.6
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and
outlays are $959.8 billion and $818.2 billion, respectively.
FUNCTION 500: EDUCATION, TRAINING, EMPLOYMENT, AND SOCIAL SERVICES
----------
Function Summary
It is a national goal and focus of Federal policymakers to
ensure that all Americans have access to high-quality
education. A robust economy relies on having a well-trained and
educated workforce. Function 500 consists of programs that
receive both mandatory and discretionary funds, and the
activities funded within it fund developmental services to low-
income children, help fund programs for disadvantaged and other
elementary- and secondary-school students, make grants and
loans to post-secondary students, and fund job training and
employment services for people of all ages. The principal
agencies that administer these programs are the U.S. Department
of Education and the U.S. Department of Labor.
The principal authorizing committee for Function 500 is the
Committee on Education and Workforce. Funding is provided by
the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health
and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $149.3
billion in budget authority and $171.9 billion in outlays. Of
that total, discretionary spending totals $111.7 billion in
budget authority and $120.7 billion in outlays, and mandatory
spending totals $37.6 billion in budget authority and $51.3
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and
outlays are $1.6 trillion and $1.6 trillion, respectively.
FUNCTION 550: MEDICAID AND OTHER HEALTH
----------
Function Summary
Function 550 includes all discretionary health programs,
the health insurance marketplace, and Medicaid. This function
is broken into three subfunctions: health care services, health
research and training, and consumer and occupational health and
safety.
Health care services comprise the vast majority of Function
550 spending. This covers most direct health care service
programs run by the Federal Government, with the exception of
Medicare and veterans' health care. The primary component of
Function 550 in terms of spending levels is Medicaid, but this
function also includes the State Children's Health Insurance
Program, Federal employees' health benefits, spending related
to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, most
programs run by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), the Indian Health Service, and others. Most of this
spending is mandatory in nature.
Health research and training includes activities such as
National Institutes of Health research and some CDC activities.
Consumer and occupational health and safety includes funding
for the Food and Drug Administration, the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration, the Consumer Product Safety
Commission, and others. Most spending for health research and
training and consumer and occupational health and safety is
discretionary in nature.
The center of all health care policy assumed in this budget
resolution is the patient. Particularly on the mandatory
spending side, this requires placing the emphasis on real
Americans' health needs.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $945.1
billion in budget authority and $961.2 billion in outlays. Of
that total, discretionary spending totals $90.5 billion in
budget authority and $99.4 billion in outlays, and mandatory
spending totals $854.6 billion in budget authority and $861.8
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and
outlays are $11.3 trillion and $11.2 trillion, respectively.
FUNCTION 570: MEDICARE
----------
Function Summary
Function 570 solely consists of the Medicare health
insurance program. Medicare provides comprehensive health care
coverage for over 65 million individuals who are age 65 or
older, who have a disability that prevents them from working,
or who have end stage renal disease. Medicare's budget is
almost entirely mandatory spending, which consists of payments
to health care service providers and private insurers.
Medicare's discretionary budget funds the administration of the
Medicare program through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services and other agencies.
Medicare program spending appears in Function 570 of the
budget. The function reflects the Medicare Part A Hospital
Insurance Program, Part B Supplementary Medical Insurance
Program, Part C Medicare Advantage Program, and Part D
Prescription Drug Benefit, as well as premiums paid by
qualified aged and disabled beneficiaries. The various parts of
the program are financed in different ways.
Part A benefits are financed primarily by a payroll tax,
the revenues from which are credited to the Hospital Insurance
Trust Fund. For Part B, premiums paid by beneficiaries cover
about one quarter of outlays, and the Treasury General Fund
covers the rest. Payments to private insurance plans under Part
C are financed by a share of funds from Parts A and B.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $950.9
billion in budget authority and $950.6 billion in outlays. Of
that total, discretionary spending totals $8.4 billion in
budget authority and $8.4 billion in outlays, and mandatory
spending totals $942.5 billion in budget authority and $942.2
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and
outlays are $12.8 trillion and $12.8 trillion, respectively.
FUNCTION 600: INCOME SECURITY
----------
Function Summary
Function 600 encompasses a variety of programs aimed at
providing support across different aspects of income security.
These programs are organized into six primary categories:
general retirement and disability insurance, Federal employee
retirement and disability (including military retirement),
unemployment compensation, housing assistance, nutrition
assistance, and an assortment of other income security
programs. These programs cover a wide range of services and
benefits designed to address various needs related to
retirement, housing, nutrition, and financial stability.
Discretionary programs within this function include housing
assistance programs such as tenant-based and project-based
rental assistance, the Low Income Home Energy Assistance
Program, and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for
Women, Infants, and Children.
Mandatory programs in Function 600 include the Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), refundable tax credits,
child nutrition programs, Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income, Federal civilian
and military retirement benefits, and Unemployment
Compensation. Spending levels for these programs are determined
by eligibility criteria and formulas set in law.
Mandatory spending includes a range of programs offering
financial assistance, nutritional support, and retirement
benefits. This includes SNAP, which provides nutrition
assistance, and TANF, which offers temporary financial help and
services aimed at employment. Federal retirement programs cover
civilian and military personnel, providing retirement and
disability benefits.
Tax expenditures related to Function 600 include benefits
such as the exclusion of pension contributions and earnings and
the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit, which are
designed to support income security through the tax code. These
expenditures are an integral part of the fiscal landscape
within this function.
The main authorizing committees responsible for funding
programs under Function 600 are the Committee on Ways and
Means, the Committee on Agriculture, the Committee on Oversight
and Government Reform, and the Committee on Education and
Workforce. Discretionary funding is provided by the Committee
on Appropriations across multiple subcommittees.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $712.4
billion in budget authority and $709.1 billion in outlays. Of
that total, discretionary spending totals $105.1 billion in
budget authority and $107.7 billion in outlays, and mandatory
spending totals $607.4 billion in budget authority and $601.4
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and
outlays are $7.4 trillion and $7.4 trillion, respectively.
FUNCTION 650: SOCIAL SECURITY
----------
Function Summary
Function 650 consists of the Social Security program,
including Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) benefits and
Disability Insurance (DI) benefits. Social Security is the
largest program in terms of dollars in the Federal Government's
budget and is almost entirely mandatory spending.
DI provides income support for almost nine million persons
with disabilities and their families who have not yet reached
retirement age.\2\ Similar to OASI, DI is funded primarily
through payroll tax revenues.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\Social Security Administration, ``Annual Statistical Supplement
to the Social Security Bulletin, 2024,'' December 2024, https://
www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2024/supplement24.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OASI provides retirement benefits to more than 58 million
older Americans or their surviving spouses and children.\3\
Benefits for current recipients are funded primarily through
payroll taxes paid by current workers, and the size of the
benefit is based on the beneficiary's earning history. The
Congressional Budget Office projects the OASI Trust Fund will
be insolvent in 2033.\4\ The Social Security Trustees project
the OASI Trust Fund will be depleted in 2033, at which time the
Fund will only be able to cover 79 percent of its scheduled
benefits.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\Ibid.
\4\Congressional Budget Office, ``Social Security Trust Funds--
Baseline Projections,'' January 17, 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/
files/2025-01/51309-2025-01-trustfund%20.pdf.
\5\The Board Of Trustees, Federal Old-Age And Survivors Insurance
and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds, ``The 2024 Annual Report
of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age And Survivors Insurance
and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds,'' May 6, 2024, https://
www.ssa.gov/OACT/TR/2024/tr2024.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The authorizing committee of jurisdiction for Function 650
is the Committee on Ways and Means. Discretionary funding is
provided by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on
Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related
Agencies.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
Social Security contains both on-budget and off-budget
spending--the latter consisting of benefit payments for the
OASI and DI programs. In fiscal year 2025, on-budget spending
totals $67.3 billion in budget authority and $67.3 billion in
outlays. The 10-year on-budget totals for budget authority and
outlays are $1.0 trillion and $1.0 trillion, respectively.
For off-budget spending, the budget resolution calls for
$1.5 trillion in budget authority and $1.5 trillion in outlays
for fiscal year 2025. The 10-year off-budget totals for budget
authority and outlays are $19.4 trillion and $19.3 trillion,
respectively.
FUNCTION 700: VETERANS BENEFITS AND SERVICES
----------
Function Summary
Function 700 includes discretionary and mandatory spending
for veterans' benefits and services. Discretionary accounts
fund medical care, medical research, construction programs,
information technology, and general operating expenses, among
other activities. Mandatory spending funds the Toxic Exposures
Fund, disability compensation, pensions, vocational
rehabilitation and employment, education, life insurance,
housing, and burial benefits, among other benefits and
services.
The primary committees of jurisdiction for Function 700
include the Committee on Veterans' Affairs and the Committee on
Appropriations Subcommittee on Military Construction, Veterans
Affairs, and Related Agencies.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $361.3
billion in budget authority and $357.8 billion in outlays. Of
that total, discretionary spending totals $129.7 billion in
budget authority and $127.0 billion in outlays, and mandatory
spending totals $231.7 billion in budget authority and $230.8
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and
outlays are $4.6 trillion and $4.5 trillion, respectively.
FUNCTION 750: ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
----------
Function Summary
The principal activities in Function 750 include Federal
law enforcement programs, litigation and judicial activities,
correctional operations, and border security. Function 750
includes most of the Department of Justice (DOJ) and several
components of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Other
agencies funded in this function include the Federal Bureau of
Investigation; the Drug Enforcement Administration; the Bureau
of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; the United States
Attorneys; legal divisions within the DOJ; the Legal Services
Corporation (LSC); the Federal Judiciary; and the Federal
Bureau of Prisons. The small amount of mandatory spending in
the function funds certain immigration activities, the Crime
Victims Fund, the Assets Forfeiture Fund, and the Treasury
Forfeiture Fund.
The authorizing committees of jurisdiction for Function 750
include the Committee on the Judiciary and the Committee on
Homeland Security. Funding is provided by the Appropriations
Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related
Activities, and Subcommittee on Homeland Security.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $83.1 billion in budget
authority and $85.2 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals
$79.2 billion in budget authority and $79.3 billion in outlays.
Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals $3.9 billion in
budget authority and $5.9 billion in outlays. The 10-year
totals for budget authority and outlays are $966.8 billion and
$949.7 billion, respectively.
FUNCTION 800: GENERAL GOVERNMENT
----------
Function Summary
Function 800 includes the activities of the White House and
the Executive Office of the President, the legislative branch,
and programs designed to carry out the legislative and
administrative responsibilities of the Federal Government,
including fiscal operations, personnel management, and real
estate and other property management activities. Other major
departments and agencies that comprise Function 800 include the
U.S. Department of the Treasury, the General Services
Administration, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Federal
Election Commission, the Library of Congress, the Government
Accountability Office, and certain funding for the District of
Columbia.
The authorizing committees of jurisdiction for Function 800
programs include the Committee on Oversight and Government
Reform, Committee on Natural Resources, Committee on Ways and
Means, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and the
Committee on House Administration. Funding is provided
primarily by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on
the Legislative Branch, Subcommittee on Financial Services and
General Government, and Subcommittee on Interior, Environment,
and Related Agencies.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $10.0
billion in budget authority and $38.0 billion in outlays. Of
that total, discretionary spending totals $20.5 billion in
budget authority and $20.7 billion in outlays, and mandatory
spending totals -$10.4 billion in budget authority and $17.3
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and
outlays are $320.4 billion and $375.7 billion, respectively.
FUNCTION 900: NET INTEREST
----------
Function Summary
As the Federal Government runs chronic deficits and adds to
its debt, it continues running up interest costs. These
payments provide no benefits and finance no government service
or operations. They are simply excess costs resulting from a
history of spending beyond the government's means. According to
the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), if government programs
are not reformed, net interest payments are projected to
increase from $881 billion in fiscal year 2024 to $1.7 trillion
in fiscal year 2034.\6\ In fiscal year 2024, interest on the
debt became the government's third largest budget line item,
following only Social Security and Medicare.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\6\Congressional Budget Office, ``The Budget and Economic Outlook:
2025 to 2035,'' January 2025, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2025-01/
60870-Outlook-2025.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
These costs are reflected in Function 900, which presents
the interest paid for the Federal Government's borrowing minus
the interest received by the Federal Government from trust fund
investments and loans to the public. It is a mandatory payment,
in the truest sense of the word, with no policy options and no
discretionary components.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $959.9 billion in mandatory
spending for net interest payments in fiscal year 2025. Over
ten years, interest payments are expected to total $13.1
trillion.
On-budget mandatory spending--or net interest payments
unrelated to Social Security--totals $1.0 trillion in fiscal
year 2025 and $13.6 trillion over ten years. The on-budget
figure is larger than the Function 900 total because the former
is offset by off-budget interest payments to the Social
Security Trust Fund. These off-budget payments are presented as
negative numbers, as they reflect money coming into, rather
than flowing out of, the U.S. Treasury. Off-budget mandatory
spending is -$67.8 billion in fiscal year 2025 and -$464.2
billion over ten years.
FUNCTION 920: ALLOWANCES AND FUNCTION 990: ACROSS-THE-BOARD ADJUSTMENT
----------
Function Summary
The Allowances and Across-the-Board Adjustment categories
represent placeholders for certain budgetary impacts that the
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has yet to assign to a
specific budget function. In the case of this budget
resolution, there are two presented as Function 920 and 990 in
the summary tables. The particulars of the categories are
described below.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
FUNCTION 920
The CBO baseline does not include any projected amounts for
Function 920. Therefore, the budget resolution includes a total
of $0 for budget authority and outlays.
FUNCTION 990
The CBO baseline for Function 990 includes spending of $42
million in budget authority and $0 in outlays over ten years.
The budget resolution recommends no changes in this function.
FUNCTION 930: GOVERNMENT-WIDE SAVINGS
----------
Function Summary
A number of policies assumed in the budget resolution cut
across multiple agencies or functional categories and have
government-wide effects. These are reflected in Function 930.
For ease of understanding, the budget employs this function,
Government-Wide Savings, to describe these assumptions.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for -$120
billion in budget authority and -$120 billion in outlays.
Mandatory spending comprises the entire total in fiscal year
2025 for both budget authority and outlays. The 10-year totals
for budget authority and outlays are -$3.7 trillion and -$3.0
trillion, respectively.
FUNCTION 950: UNDISTRIBUTED OFFSETTING RECEIPTS
----------
Function Summary
Offsetting receipts to the Treasury are recorded in this
function as negative budget authority and outlays. These
receipts are either intra-budgetary (a payment from one Federal
agency to another, such as agency payments to the retirement
trust funds) or proprietary (a payment from the public for some
kind of business transaction with the Federal Government). The
main types of receipts presented are the payments Federal
agencies make to employee retirement and health care funds;
payments made by companies for the right to explore and produce
oil and gas on the Outer Continental Shelf; and payments by
those who bid for the right to buy or use public property or
resources, such as the electromagnetic spectrum. The function
also contains an off-budget component that reflects the Federal
Government's share of Social Security contributions for Federal
employees.
Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution
The budget resolution calls for $127.6 billion in budget
authority and $127.6 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025.
The 10-year totals for budget authority and outlays are $1.5
trillion and $1.5 trillion, respectively.
REVENUE AND TAX REFORM
----------
Summary of Revenue Projections
For the purpose of the budget resolution, revenues
encompass all collected tax monies, fees and fines, and customs
duties. The budget resolution assumes $4.5 trillion in lower
revenues than projected by the Congressional Budget Office
(CBO). The budget resolution assumes $4.7 trillion in revenues
in fiscal year 2025. The 10-year total projection for revenues
is $60.2 trillion.
If combined reconciliation recommendations from committees
instructed to reduce the deficit do not achieve at least $2
trillion in net deficit reduction, then the instruction to the
Committee on Ways and Means would be reduced by a commensurate
amount. If combined reconciliation recommendations from
committees instructed to reduce the deficit achieve more than
$2 trillion in net deficit reduction, then the instruction to
the Committee on Ways and Means would be increased by a
commensurate amount.
This budget resolution provides sufficient room for
extension of expired and expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts
and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) and other improvements to the tax
code.
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
The TCJA made sweeping changes to the way tax law impacts
Americans.\7\ The goal was to advance a bold, pro-growth
overhaul of the Nation's tax code for the first time in over
three decades. In reality, the TCJA accomplished that and much
more, leading to more jobs, higher productivity, bigger
paychecks for American families, and a stronger economy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, Pub. L. No. 115-97, 131 Stat.
2239 (2017).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
On the individual income side, the 2017 tax reform lowered
individual taxes and doubled the standard deduction from $6,500
and $13,000 to $12,000 and $24,000 for individuals and married
couples, respectively. These two changes enable Americans to
keep more of their hard-earned paychecks. For example, a
typical American family earning the median income saw a tax cut
of $2,059.\8\ This is more than $2,000 in the pockets of
Americans--money that eases the strain of inflation on daily
home budgeting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\House Committee on Ways and Means and Senate Committee on
Finance, ``Tax Cuts & Jobs Act: Taxpayer Examples,'' House and Senate
Conference Committee Resources, https://waysandmeans.house.gov/
wpcontent/uploads/2017/12/TCJA
TaxpayerExamples121817.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
On the business side, the TCJA lowered the corporate tax
rate to 21 percent, down from 35 percent. This was vital to
ensure American headquartered employers could remain
internationally competitive. It enabled businesses to grow and
expand by allowing them to write off immediately the full cost
of new equipment. The TJCA eliminated the Corporate Alternative
Minimum Tax and modernized the international tax structure.
Taken together, these and other corporate tax reforms have
already and will continue to provide wide-spread relief for job
creators, helping expand opportunity and the American economy
in the process.
After the TCJA, American workers enjoyed the fastest wage
growth in a decade. This spread to Americans across the income
distribution, with lower-wage workers experiencing 50 percent
higher wage growth than high-income workers.\9\ Higher wages
lead to a rapid growth in household income. In just the two
years after enactment of the tax cuts, real median household
income rose by over $5,000.\10\ In total, TCJA's pro-growth
policies helped contribute to 3.0 percent growth in 2018 and
2.6 percent growth in 2019--well above CBO's pre-TCJA
projections of 2.2 percent and 1.7 percent, respectively.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\9\The White House, ``Two Years On, Tax Cuts Continue Boosting the
United States Economy,'' December 20, 2019, https://
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/press-release-two-years-tax-cuts-
continue-boosting-the-united-states-economy.
\10\House Committee on Ways and Means, ``Six Key Hearing Moments--
Expanding on the Success of the 2017 Trump Tax Cuts,'' April 12, 2024,
https://waysandmeans.house.gov/2024/04/12/six-key-hearing-moments-
expanding-on-the-success-of-the-2017-trump-tax-cuts/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Advancing Pro-Growth Tax Reform
The Committee on Ways and Means has jurisdiction on revenue
measures.
While the TCJA has proven very successful, several of the
law's most important provisions are not permanent policy. Much
of the tax relief for families is set to expire at the end of
fiscal year 2025. Vital provisions that removed tax
disincentives for business investment have already expired or
are phasing out, including expensing for capital expenditures
(also known as bonus depreciation), expensing for research and
development costs, and deductions for interest expenses.
This budget resolution includes reconciliation instructions
allowing the Committee on Ways and Means to work to extend tax
cuts for families and businesses.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
THE PRESIDENT'S BUDGET: A BRIEF SUMMARY
----------
SUMMARY AND MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE PRESIDENT'S FISCAL YEAR 2025 BUDGET
REQUEST\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\11\Office of Management and Budget, The White House, ``The
President's Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Request to Congress,'' March 2024,
https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/budget/2025.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spending. President Biden's fiscal year 2025 budget would
spend $86.6 trillion, or 24.4 percent of gross domestic product
(GDP) (16 percent above the 50-year average), over ten years.
This is the highest sustained level of spending in American
history. Federal spending would exceed the pre-COVID peacetime
record, as a percentage of GDP, in every year of the budget.
However, defense spending would fall to the lowest level as a
percentage of GDP since the attack on Pearl Harbor. Annual
spending is equivalent to $66,000 per household.
Deficits. President Biden's budget proposes deficits of
$16.3 trillion, or 4.6 percent of GDP (24 percent above the 50-
year average), over ten years. This is the highest sustained
level in American history. Annual deficits never fall back to
pre-COVID levels.
Taxes. President Biden's fiscal year 2025 budget proposes
$70.3 trillion, or 19.7 percent of GDP (14 percent above the
50-year average), over ten years. This is the highest sustained
level in American history. By 2031, Federal taxes would be more
than a fifth of GDP, a level previously only reached during the
height of World War II.
Interest Payments on the Debt. President Biden's fiscal
year 2025 budget proposes to spend $12.2 trillion (3.4 percent
of GDP) for interest payments on the debt, over the next ten
years. This is $2.5 trillion more than spending on national
defense over the same period. By 2034, interest payments will
be more than quadruple such spending before President Biden
took office.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
SECTION-BY-SECTION DESCRIPTION
----------
The Fiscal Year 2025 Concurrent Resolution on the Budget
establishes an overall budgetary framework. As required under
the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Budget Act), this
concurrent resolution includes aggregate levels of new budget
authority, outlays, revenues, the amount by which revenues
should be changed, the surplus or deficit, new budget authority
and outlays for each major functional category, debt held by
the public, and debt subject to the statutory limit. This
concurrent resolution also sets appropriate budgetary levels
for fiscal years 2026 through 2034.
This concurrent resolution provides reconciliation
instructions to 11 authorizing committees in the House of
Representatives. This budget resolution follows the convention
of not reconciling Senate committees and assumes that
instructions to Senate authorizing committees will be
incorporated in any final budget agreement. It is envisioned
that the reconciliation process will be used to reduce
mandatory spending by at least $1.5 trillion over ten years in
addition to providing for tax reform, border security, and
defense spending. It also instructs the Committee on Ways and
Means to increase the statutory debt limit by $4 trillion. This
concurrent resolution also includes rulemaking provisions
necessary to enforce the budget resolution, procedures for
adjusting the budget resolution, and certain policy assumptions
underlying the budget resolution.
Section 1. Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025
Subsection (a) establishes the budget for fiscal year 2025
and each of the nine ensuing fiscal years, 2026 through 2034,
at the levels that appear subsequently in the resolution,
replacing all prior concurrent resolutions on the budget.
Section 301(a) of the Budget Act requires the budget resolution
to establish budgetary levels for the fiscal year for which
such resolution is adopted and for at least each of the four
ensuing fiscal years.
Subsection (b) sets out the table of contents of the budget
resolution.
TITLE I--RECOMMENDED LEVELS AND AMOUNTS
Section 1001. Recommended Levels and Amounts
Section 1001, as required by section 301 of the Budget Act,
establishes the recommended levels for revenues, the amount by
which revenues should be changed, total new budget authority,
total outlays, surpluses or deficits, debt subject to the
statutory limit, and debt held by the public.
While the revenue level operates as a floor against which
all revenue legislation is measured, the recommended levels of
new budget authority and outlays serve as a ceiling for
spending legislation. The surplus or deficit levels include
only on-budget outlays and revenue.
Most outlays and receipts related to the Social Security
program and United States Postal Service are not included
because both accounts are statutorily off-budget.
Debt subject to the limit reflects the gross Federal debt,
but excludes debt issued by the Federal Financing Bank or by
non-Treasury agencies. Debt held by the public is the amount of
debt issued and held by entities or individuals other than the
U.S. Government and includes Treasury debt held by the Federal
Reserve system.
Section 1002. Major Functional Categories
Section 1002, as required by section 301(a) of the Budget
Act, establishes the budgetary levels for each major functional
category for fiscal year 2025 and for fiscal years 2026 through
2034.
These major functional categories include:
050 National Defense
150 International Affairs
250 General Science, Space, and Technology
270 Energy
300 Natural Resources and Environment
350 Agriculture
370 Commerce and Housing Credit
400 Transportation
450 Community and Regional Development
500 Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services
550 Health
570 Medicare
600 Income Security
650 Social Security
700 Veterans Benefits and Services
750 Administration of Justice
800 General Government
900 Net Interest
920 Allowances
930 Government-Wide Savings
950 Undistributed Offsetting Receipts
990 Across-the-Board Adjustment
TITLE II--RECONCILIATION AND RELATED MATTERS
Section 2001. Reconciliation in the House of Representatives
Section 2001 sets forth reconciliation instructions to 11
authorizing committees in the House.
Subsection (a) specifies a deadline of March 27, 2025, for
the instructed authorizing committees, pursuant to section 310
of the Budget Act, to submit changes in laws within their
jurisdictions achieving specified amounts of savings or
spending to the Committee on the Budget of the House.
Subsection (b) instructs 11 authorizing Committees in the
House. The committees instructed and their reconciled amounts
over the period of fiscal years 2025 through 2034 are as
follows:
Committee on Agriculture.................. reduce the deficit by at
least $230 billion
Committee on Armed Services............... increase the deficit by no
more than $100 billion
Committee on Education and Workforce...... reduce the deficit by at
least $330 billion
Committee on Energy and Commerce.......... reduce the deficit by at
least $880 billion
Committee on Financial Services........... reduce the deficit by at
least $1 billion
Committee on Homeland Security............ increase the deficit by no
more than $90 billion
Committee on the Judiciary................ increase the deficit by no
more than $110 billion
Committee on Natural Resources............ reduce the deficit by at
least $1 billion
Committee on Oversight and Government reduce the deficit by at
Reform. least $50 billion
Committee on Transportation and reduce the deficit by at
Infrastructure. least $10 billion
Committee on Ways and Means............... increase the deficit by no
more than $4.5 trillion
Reconciliation instructions to reduce the deficit act as a
floor on the required amount of savings for each committee
receiving this type of instruction is required to achieve.
These targets are for the total of the 10-fiscal-year period of
fiscal years 2025 through 2034.
Reconciliation instructions to increase the deficit act as
a ceiling on the amount of spending that each committee
receiving this type of instruction can spend. These targets are
for the total of the 10-fiscal-year period of fiscal years 2025
through 2034.
Subsection (c) instructs the Committee on Ways and Means to
submit changes in laws within its jurisdiction that increase
the statutory debt limit by $4 trillion for the period of
fiscal years 2025 through 2034.
A central tenant of the budget reconciliation process is
that the authorizing committees determine their own policies as
long as they meet their reconciliation targets. Therefore, the
authorizing committees can meet the reconciled amounts with any
combination of policies within their jurisdiction that achieve
the required amount of deficit reduction or increase in the
deficit, as applicable.
All reconciled committees are required to mark up
legislation that meets their reconciliation target and transmit
the legislation to the Committee on the Budget rather than
reporting the legislation to the House.
Other than transmitting their legislation to the Committee
on the Budget, the authorizing committees are expected to
follow regular order in complying with the Rules of the House
of Representatives and Committee rules regarding markup
procedures and reporting requirements.
The Committee on the Budget will then combine all the
submissions and report the bill to the House. Under section
310(b) of the Budget Act, the Committee on the Budget must
report the authorizing committee's submissions without
substantive revision.
TITLE III--RESERVE FUND
Section 3001. Reserve Fund for Reconciliation Legislation
Subsection (a) permits the Chair of the House Committee on
the Budget to adjust the allocations, aggregates, and other
appropriate levels in the budget resolution for reconciliation
legislation considered pursuant to section 2001 by the
necessary amounts to accommodate the budgetary effects of the
legislation if the budgetary effects of the legislation comply
with the reconciliation instructions under this concurrent
resolution.
Subsection (b) stipulates that for purposes of this section
compliance with the reconciliation instructions under this
concurrent resolution shall be determined by the Chair of the
House Committee on the Budget.
Section 3002. Adjustment for Spending Cuts of At Least $2.5 Trillion
Section 3002 motivates the 11 authorizing committees
instructed to reduce the deficit under title II of this
concurrent resolution to achieve $2 trillion in total deficit
reduction over the period of fiscal years 2025 through 2034.
Subsection (a) stipulates that if $2 trillion in total
deficit reduction over the period of fiscal years 2025 through
2034 is not achieved by the 11 authorizing committees
instructed to reduce the deficit under title II of this
concurrent resolution then the Chair of the House Committee on
the Budget is required to reduce the reconciliation instruction
for the Committee on Ways and Means under section 2001(b)(11)
of this concurrent resolution, the allocations to the Committee
on Ways and Means, the aggregate levels of budget authority,
outlays, and revenues, and other appropriate levels in the
budget resolution by an amount that is equal to the difference
between $2 trillion and the total dollar amount of the
reconciliation recommendations submitted by the committees
instructed to reduce the deficit.
Subsection (b) stipulates that if at least $2 trillion in
total deficit reduction over the period of fiscal years 2025
through 2034 is achieved by the 11 authorizing committees
instructed to reduce the deficit under title II of this
concurrent resolution then the Chair of the House Committee on
the Budget is required to increase the reconciliation
instruction for the Committee on Ways and Means under section
2001(b)(11) of this concurrent resolution, the allocations to
the Committee on Ways and Means, the aggregate levels of budget
authority, outlays, and revenues, and other appropriate levels
in the budget resolution by an amount that is equal to the
difference between $2 trillion and the total dollar amount of
the reconciliation recommendations submitted by the committees
instructed to reduce the deficit.
Subsection (c) stipulates that no adjustment under section
3002 may be made unless the Chair of the House Committee on the
Budget, using cost estimates provided by the Congressional
Budget Office and Joint Committee on Taxation (as applicable),
certifies in writing that the applicable reconciliation
recommendations either: (1) do not achieve net deficit
reduction of at least $2 trillion over the period of fiscal
years 2025 through 2034 pursuant to subsection (a); or (2)
achieve net deficit reduction of at least $2 trillion over the
period of fiscal years 2025 through 2034 pursuant to subsection
(b).
Subsection (d) states that the dollar amount resulting from
any adjustment made under section 3002 to the reconciliation
instructions for the Committee on Ways and Means under
subsection 2001(b)(11) shall be substituted for $4.5 trillion
and shall be deemed to be the reconciliation instructions for
the Committee on Ways and Means. Subsection (d) also states
that any recommendations on changes in laws within the
jurisdiction of the Committee shall be consistent with the
goals of this concurrent resolution, including spending
reduction, tax policy changes, reforms, or other measures
deemed appropriate by the Chair of the House Committee on the
Budget.
Subsection (e) states that any reconciliation instructions
receiving an adjustment under section 3002 of this concurrent
resolution shall not be considered in violation of the
budgetary levels established by this concurrent resolution.
TITLE IV--POLICY STATEMENTS
Section 4001. Policy Statement on Economic Growth
Subsection (a) sets out findings.
Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent
resolution to pursue policies that embrace the free market and
promote economic growth policies that reduce Federal spending;
expand American energy production; lower taxes that discourage
work, savings, and investment; deregulate the economy and enact
reforms to diminish bureaucratic red tape; and eliminate
barriers to work so more Americans enter (or reenter) the job
market.
Section 4002. Policy Statement on Mandatory Spending Reduction
Subsection (a) sets out findings.
Subsection (b) states it is the goal of this concurrent
resolution to reduce mandatory spending by $2 trillion over the
budget window and if the combined deficit reduction provided by
the authorizing committees through the reconciliation process
is below this target then it is the policy of the House
Committee on the Budget that the reconciliation instruction
provided to the Committee on Ways and Means should be reduced
by a commensurate amount to offset the difference.
Section 4003. Policy Statement on Government Deregulation
Subsection (a) sets out findings.
Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent
resolution: that Congress continues to examine ways to relieve
the burdens of overregulation throughout the Federal
Government; that Congress is ready to promote initiatives that
will reduce government bureaucracy, enhance Federalism, and
increase economic prosperity through deregulation; and to enact
legislation through the reconciliation process that strengthens
Congress, scales back Federal regulations, limits future
bureaucratic red tape, and unleashes economic growth such as
the Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS)
Act.
TITLE V--OTHER MATTERS
Section 5001. Enforcement Filing in the House of Representatives
Section 5001 requires, if the Fiscal Year 2025 Concurrent
Resolution on the Budget is agreed to by the House of
Representatives and the Senate without the appointment of a
committee of conference, the Chair of the House Committee on
the Budget to submit for printing in the Congressional Record a
statement that includes an allocation for the Committee on
Appropriations for fiscal year 2025 consistent with the budget
resolution and allocations for all authorizing committees,
consistent with the budget resolution, for fiscal year 2025 and
for the period of fiscal years 2025 through 2034.
Section 5002. Budgetary Treatment of Administrative Expenses in the
House of Representatives
Subsection (a) provides that the administrative expenses of
the Social Security Administration and the United States Postal
Service are reflected in the allocation to the Committee on
Appropriations even though both are technically off-budget.
This language is necessary to ensure the Committee on
Appropriations retains control over administrative expenses for
these agencies through the annual appropriations process. This
budgetary treatment is based on the long-term practice of the
House and Senate Committees on the Budget.
Subsection (b) requires administrative expenses to be
included in the cost estimates for the relevant appropriation
measure, which are used to determine if a measure exceeds the
budget resolution's spending limits.
Section 5003. Application and Effect of Changes in Allocations,
Aggregates, and Other Budgetary Levels
Subsection (a) specifies the procedure for adjusting the
levels established by the budget resolution under the reserve
fund and other special procedures in this concurrent
resolution. It provides that the adjustments apply while the
legislation is under consideration and take effect upon
enactment of the legislation. The Chair of the House Committee
on the Budget must submit any adjustments to the budget
resolution for printing in the Congressional Record.
Subsection (b) clarifies that the adjusted levels in the
budget resolution are fully enforceable under the Budget Act
and other budget rules.
Subsection (c) stipulates that the Chair of the House
Committee on the Budget is the ultimate arbiter of the cost
estimates for legislation used to enforce the budget resolution
and budget rules.
Subsection (d) clarifies that legislation for which an
adjustment to the budget resolution is made, such as those in
the reserve fund in title III, is not subject to the point of
order set forth in clause 10 of rule XXI of the Rules of the
House Representatives, commonly referred to as the House Cut-
As-You-Go rule.
Section 5004. Adjustments to Reflect Changes in Concepts and
Definitions in the House of Representatives
Section 5004 authorizes the Chair of the House Committee on
the Budget to adjust the appropriate budgetary levels of this
concurrent resolution for any change in budgetary concepts and
definitions in accordance with section 251(b)(1) of the
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.
Section 5005. Adjustment for Changes in the Baseline
Section 5005 authorizes the Chair of the House Committee on
the Budget to adjust the applicable budgetary levels in this
concurrent resolution to reflect changes from the Congressional
Budget Office's updates to its baseline for fiscal years 2025
to 2034.
Section 5006. Exercise of Rulemaking Powers
Section 5006 affirms the adoption of this concurrent
resolution is an exercise of the rulemaking power of the House
of Representatives and the Senate and that the House of
Representatives and the Senate have the constitutional right to
change these rules.
RECONCILIATION
----------
Section 310 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (2
U.S.C. 641) (Budget Act) sets out a special procedure that
allows a concurrent resolution on the budget to direct one or
more authorizing committees to produce legislation that changes
direct spending, revenue, or the debt limit to bring these
levels into compliance with budget resolution policies.
Reconciliation instructions must be included in a concurrent
resolution on the budget adopted by both the House of
Representatives and the Senate to be valid.
In general, reconciliation instructions include the amount
of budgetary change to be achieved; the time period over which
such budgetary change should be measured; and a deadline for
the authorizing committees to report legislation. When more
than one authorizing committee receives reconciliation
instructions, each committee considers a bill to comply with
these instructions as it would any other bill, but the
legislative text and other materials are submitted to the
Committee on the Budget instead of being reported to the House
of Representatives. The Committee on the Budget then
incorporates all submissions together, without any substantive
revision, into a single bill and reports it to the House of
Representatives. If only one authorizing committee receives
reconciliation instructions, then that committee's bill is
reported directly to the House of Representatives and is not
submitted to the Committee on the Budget.
In the House of Representatives, the Committee on Rules
reports a special rule governing the consideration of a
reconciliation bill. Typically, the rule will allow for 2 or 3
hours of general debate equally divided. The Committee on the
Budget determines whether an authorizing committee is in
compliance with its reconciliation instructions. Under section
310 of the Budget Act, authorizing committees must comply with
reconciliation instructions. If an authorizing committee does
not comply with its instructions, the Committee on Rules may
make in order amendments that achieve the required budgetary
changes pursuant to section 310(d)(5) of the Budget Act.
A reconciliation bill is a privileged measure in the
Senate. Distinct from most Senate bills, debate is limited to
20 hours and only requires a simple majority to pass (51 votes)
rather than the 60 votes otherwise required for cloture. In the
Senate, the ``Byrd Rule'' (section 313 of the Budget Act)
limits the content of a reconciliation bill. The Byrd Rule
prohibits the consideration of extraneous provisions in a
reconciliation bill. If a provision is found to violate the
Byrd Rule, it is removed from the bill or conference report
unless 60 Senators vote to waive it.
This Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year
2025, as reported by the Committee on the Budget, provides for
such reconciliation legislation. It includes reconciliation
instructions to 11 authorizing committees in the House of
Representatives. The reconciliation instructions included in
the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025
create a process to reduce mandatory spending by at least $1.5
trillion over ten years. The reconciliation instructions also
provide for tax reform, border security, and defense spending.
The Committee on Ways and Means is also instructed to increase
the debt limit by $4 trillion. Each authorizing committee must
submit legislative text and associated material to the
Committee on the Budget by March 27, 2025.
For a detailed description of the reconciliation
instructions included in this concurrent resolution on the
budget, see title II of the Section-by-Section Description.
THE CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET PROCESS
----------
The budget resolution's spending levels are implemented
through allocations to the Committee on Appropriations and
authorizing committees.
As required under section 302(a) of the Congressional
Budget Act of 1974 (Budget Act), the budget resolution's
discretionary spending levels are allocated to the Committee on
Appropriations of each House of Congress and the budget
resolution's direct spending levels are allocated to each
authorizing committee in the House of Representatives and the
Senate. These allocations are included in the report
accompanying the concurrent resolution on the budget and are
enforced through points of order (see the section of this
report titled: ``Enforcing Budgetary Levels'').
Section 302 of the Budget Act requires the budget
resolution to provide allocations of budget authority for the
first fiscal year and at least the four ensuing fiscal years
(except for the Committee on Appropriations, which receives an
allocation only for the budget year). This report provides
allocations of budget authority and outlays for the Committee
on Appropriations for the budget year (fiscal year 2025) and
allocations of budget authority and outlays for authorizing
committees for the budget year (fiscal year 2025) and the 10-
year period of fiscal years 2025 through 2034.
Committee on Appropriations--302(a) and 302(b) Allocations
302(a) Allocation. The Committee on Appropriations receives
a lump sum of discretionary budget authority and corresponding
outlays. It is included in the report accompanying a concurrent
resolution on the budget for the fiscal year for which the
budget resolution is adopted. This allocation operates as a
ceiling on the amount of discretionary budget authority that
can be appropriated for that fiscal year. This budget
resolution provides a 302(a) allocation to the Committee on
Appropriations for fiscal year 2025.
302(b) Allocations. Once a 302(a) allocation is provided,
the Committee on Appropriations is then required, in full
committee, to divide this allocation among its 12
subcommittees. The amount each subcommittee receives
constitutes its suballocation under section 302(b) of the
Budget Act. Each subcommittee's regular appropriations bill is
capped at the level of its 302(b) suballocation and the bill is
subject to a point of order if it exceeds this amount. Under
section 302(c) of the Budget Act, once the Committee on
Appropriations receives its 302(a) allocation appropriations
bills may not be considered on the floor of the House of
Representatives until the Committee on Appropriations provides
302(b) suballocations to its subcommittees.
Authorizing Committees--302(a) Allocations
The report accompanying the concurrent resolution on the
budget allocates to each authorizing committee an amount of new
budget authority and corresponding outlays required to
accommodate the direct spending (i.e., mandatory spending)
within each authorizing committee's jurisdiction. If the budget
resolution assumes increases in direct spending for new or
expanded programs with no offsetting reductions in direct
spending, additional budget authority may be allocated to
authorizing committees. Conversely, the allocation may reflect
negative budget authority (relative to the projected current
baseline) if the budget resolution assumes the enactment of
legislation reducing direct spending.
Because the spending authority for these direct spending
programs is multi-year or permanent, the allocations to the
authorizing committees cover both the budget year and the
entire period of the budget resolution. This budget resolution
provides allocations for authorizing committees for fiscal year
2025 and for the 10-year period of fiscal years 2025 through
2034.
Each authorizing committee is provided a single allocation
of new budget authority reflective of the fiscal effects of
expected policy action relative to current law. These
committees are not required to file 302(b) suballocations.
Bills first effective in fiscal year 2025 are measured against
the level for that year included in the fiscal year 2025 budget
resolution and the 10-year period of fiscal years 2025 through
2034.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
ENFORCING BUDGETARY LEVELS
----------
The congressional budget process includes various
mechanisms to enforce the budget resolution, including
provisions of the budget resolution, the Congressional Budget
Act of 1974 (Budget Act), and the Rules and Separate Orders of
the House of Representatives.
The Concurrent Resolution on the Budget
The budget resolution establishes overall limits on
spending and revenue. The report accompanying the budget
resolution contains allocations to congressional committees
that are binding on Congress when it considers subsequent
spending and tax legislation. Legislation breaching the levels
set forth in the budget resolution is subject to points of
order on the floor of the House of Representatives. The budget
resolution is established pursuant to the Budget Act, which
includes various requirements regarding its content and
enforcement. In addition to setting levels of spending,
revenue, deficits, and debt, the budget resolution may also
include special procedures to execute and enforce congressional
budgetary decisions.
The levels established in the budget resolution are not
self-enforcing. Members must raise a point of order against
legislation that breaches the budget resolution's allocations
and aggregate levels. If a point of order is sustained, then
the House of Representatives is precluded from further
consideration of the measure. Some of the points of order in
the Budget Act and budget-related provisions in the Rules of
the House of Representatives are listed below.
Budget Act
Section 302(f). Section 302(f) of the Budget Act prohibits
the consideration of legislation that exceeds a committee's
allocation of budget authority. For authorizing committees,
this section applies to the first fiscal year and the period of
fiscal years covered by the budget resolution. For
appropriations bills, however, it applies only to the first
fiscal year.
Section 303. Section 303 prohibits the consideration of
spending and revenue legislation before the House of
Representatives has passed a budget resolution for a particular
fiscal year. Legislation that changes revenue or increases
budget authority in a fiscal year for which a budget resolution
has not been agreed to violates section 303(a). Section 303(a)
does not apply to budget authority and revenue provisions first
effective in a year following the first fiscal year to which a
budget resolution applies or to appropriations bills after May
15.
Section 311. Section 311 prohibits the consideration of
legislation that would exceed the budget resolution's overall
limits on budget authority and outlays or cause revenue levels
to fall below the revenue floor established by the budget
resolution. If legislation causes the aggregate spending levels
of budget authority or outlays to be exceeded in the first
fiscal year of the budget resolution, then the legislation
violates section 311. Legislation also violates section 311 if
it causes revenue to be lower than the revenue floor in the
first fiscal year or the period of fiscal years covered by the
budget resolution. Section 311 does not apply to legislation
that provides budget authority but does not exceed a
committee's 302(a) allocation.
Section 314(f). Section 314(f) prohibits the consideration
of legislation that causes the statutory spending limits
established in section 251(c) of the Balanced Budget and
Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 to be exceeded.
Budget-Related Provisions Under the Rules of the House of
Representatives
Rule XIII, Clause 8. This clause requires, to the extent
practicable, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and Joint
Committee on Taxation to incorporate the macroeconomic effects
of major legislation into official cost estimates.
Rule XXI, Clause 10. This clause prohibits the
consideration of legislation that increases net direct spending
over two time periods: (1) the current year, the budget year,
and the four fiscal years following that budget year; or (2)
the current year, the budget year, and the nine fiscal years
following that budget year. Any increase in net direct spending
in either of these time periods must be offset by a
corresponding reduction in net direct spending. If an amendment
offered to a measure increases direct spending in either of
these time periods, then the amendment must also reduce direct
spending by at least the same amount. This rule is commonly
referred to as Cut-As-You-Go.
Rule XXIX, Clause 4. This clause specifies that the Chair
of the Committee on the Budget is responsible for providing
authoritative guidance regarding the budgetary impact of a
legislative proposition, including levels of new budget
authority, outlays, direct spending, new entitlement authority,
and revenues.
Section 3, Separate Orders, House Resolution 5 (119th
Congress). House Resolution 5 adopted the rules from the 118th
Congress, with amendments to the standing rules, as the Rules
of the House of Representatives for the 119th Congress and
included additional provisions related to the budget process.
Section 3(c)(1) requires CBO, to the extent practicable, to
prepare an estimate of whether a measure reported by a
committee (other than the Committee on Appropriations), or any
amendment or conference report, would cause a net increase in
direct spending in excess of $2.5 billion in any of the four
consecutive 10-fiscal-year periods beginning with the first
fiscal year occurring ten fiscal years after the current fiscal
year. It also establishes a point of order against
consideration of any bill or joint resolution reported by a
committee, or any amendment or conference report, that causes a
net increase in direct spending in excess of $2.5 billion in
any of the four consecutive 10-fiscal-year periods described
above. For purposes of section 3(c)(1), the levels of any net
increase in direct spending shall be determined on the basis of
estimates provided by the Chair of the Committee on the Budget.
Section 3(c)(3) requires CBO, to the extent practicable, to
provide an estimate of the inflationary impacts of any
legislation that shows changes in direct spending causing a
gross budgetary effect in any fiscal year over a 10-year period
equal to or greater than 0.25 percent of the projected gross
domestic product (GDP) (measured by the Consumer Price Index
for All Urban Consumers) for the current fiscal year. The Chair
of the Committee on the Budget may also request such an
estimate.
Section 3(e)(4) requires CBO, to the extent practicable,
for any estimate of legislation that impacts the Federal
Hospital Insurance Trust Fund or the Old-Age, Survivors, and
Disability Insurance Trust Funds (OASDI) that in any fiscal
year over a 10-year period causes a gross budgetary effect
equal to or greater than 0.25 percent of projected GDP
(measured by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers)
for the current fiscal year to display: (1) the impact such
legislation would have on unfunded liabilities of the Federal
Hospital Insurance Trust Fund over a 25-year projection,
including solvency projections and the net present value of
such liabilities; and (2) the impact on unfunded liabilities of
OASDI over a 75-year projection, including solvency projections
and the net present value of such liabilities. The Chair of the
Committee on the Budget may also request such an estimate.
Section 3(b) requires each general appropriation bill to
include a spending reduction account section and provides for
spending reduction account transfer amendments.
VOTES OF THE COMMITTEE
----------
Clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives requires each committee report to accompany any
bill or resolution of a public character to include the total
number of votes cast for and against on each roll call vote, on
a motion to report and any amendments offered to the measure or
matter, together with the names of those voting for and
against.
Listed below is a summary of the Committee on the Budget's
consideration of the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for
Fiscal Year 2025.
On February 13, 2025, the Committee met in open session, a
quorum being present.
Chairman Arrington asked unanimous consent to be authorized
consistent with clause 1(a)(2) of rule XI of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, to declare a recess at any time
during the committee meeting.
There was no objection to the unanimous consent request.
Chairman Arrington asked unanimous consent that the
document be considered read and open for amendment at any
point.
There was no objection to the unanimous consent request.
The committee considered the following amendments:
Amendment #1 offered by Ranking Member Boyle
to strike title II, Reconciliation and Related Matters,
and title III, Reserve Fund, of the Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #2 offered by Representative
Doggett to strike a reconciliation instruction to the
Committee on Ways and Means. The amendment would strike
section 2001, subsection (b)(11) of the Chairman's
Mark.
Amendment #3 offered by Representative
Jayapal to adjust revenue amounts in the budget
resolution. The amendment would increase amounts in
Section 1001(1)(A) by the following amounts: $140
billion for fiscal year 2025; $199 billion for fiscal
year 2026; $218 billion for fiscal year 2027; $214
billion for fiscal year 2028; $216 billion for fiscal
year 2029; $218 billion for fiscal year 2030; $228
billion for fiscal year 2031; $230 billion for fiscal
year 2032; $234 billion for fiscal year 2033; and $251
billion for fiscal year 2034. The amendment also would
increase amounts in Section 1001(1)(B) by the following
amounts: $140 billion for fiscal year 2025; $199
billion for fiscal year 2026; $218 billion for fiscal
year 2027; $214 billion for fiscal year 2028; $216
billion for fiscal year 2029; $218 billion for fiscal
year 2030; $228 billion for fiscal year 2031; $230
billion for fiscal year 2032; $234 billion for fiscal
year 2033; and $251 billion for fiscal year 2034.
Amendment #4 offered by Representative
Watson Coleman to strike the reconciliation instruction
to the Committee on Energy and Commerce. The amendment
would strike section 2001, subsection (b)(4) of the
Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #5 offered by Representative
Escobar to strike reconciliation instructions to the
Committees on Energy and Commerce, Ways and Means, and
Education and Workforce. The amendment would strike
section 2001, subsections (b)(3), (b)(4), and (b)(11)
of the Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #6 offered by Representative
Balint to strike reconciliation instructions to the
Committees on Energy and Commerce and Ways and Means.
The amendment would strike section 2001, subsections
(b)(4) and (b)(11) of the Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #7 offered by Representative
McGarvey to strike reconciliation instructions to the
Committees on Energy and Commerce, Ways and Means, and
Agriculture. The amendment would strike section 2001,
subsections (b)(1), (b)(4), and (b)(11) of the
Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #8 offered by Representative Scott
to strike the reconciliation instruction to the
Committee on Education and Workforce. The amendment
would strike section 2001, subsection (b)(3) of the
Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #9 offered by Representative Omar
to strike the reconciliation instruction to the
Committee on Agriculture. The amendment would strike
section 2001, subsection (b)(1) of the Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #10 offered by Representative
Kaptur to strike reconciliation instructions to the
Committees on Energy and Commerce, Ways and Means, and
Natural Resources. The amendment would strike section
2001, subsections (b)(4), (b)(8), and (b)(11) of the
Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #11 offered by Representative
Tonko to strike reconciliation instructions to the
Committees on Energy and Commerce and Natural
Resources. The amendment would strike section 2001,
subsections (b)(4) and (b)(8) of the Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #12 offered by Delegate Plaskett
to strike reconciliation instructions to the Committees
on Ways and Means and Oversight and Government Reform.
The amendment would strike section 2001, subsections
(b)(9) and (b)(11) of the Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #13 offered by Representative
Peters to adjust annual deficits. The amendment would
increase deficits by the following amounts: $10 billion
in fiscal year 2025; $30 billion in fiscal year 2026;
$70 billion in fiscal year 2027; $120 billion in fiscal
year 2028; $210 billion in fiscal year 2029; $270
billion in fiscal year 2030; $350 billion in fiscal
year 2031; $430 billion in fiscal year 2032; $520
billion in fiscal year 2033; $590 billion in fiscal
year 2034; and by $2.6 trillion over ten years. The
amendment would also amend section 4001, Policy
Statement on Economic Growth, to include language on
the likely outcome of economic policies in the budget
resolution.
Amendment #14 offered by Representative
Panetta to adjust economic growth assumptions. The
amendment would include the numbers for Gross Domestic
Product in the Chairman's Mark to reflect the following
amounts: $30,136 billion in fiscal year 2025; $31,341
billion in fiscal year 2026; $32,538 billion in fiscal
year 2027; $33,765 billion in fiscal year 2028; $35,047
billion in fiscal year 2029; $36,394 billion in fiscal
year 2030; $37,792 billion in fiscal year 2031; $39,252
billion in fiscal year 2032; $40,768 billion in fiscal
year 2033; and $42,330 billion in fiscal year 2034. The
amendment would also amend section 4001, Policy
Statement on Economic Growth, to include language on
the likely outcome of economic policies in the budget
resolution.
Amendment #15 offered by Representative Chu
to insert a policy statement on Social Security.
Amendment #16 offered by Representative Amo
to insert a policy statement on Medicare.
Amendment #18, considered 17th, offered by
Representative Tonko to insert a policy statement on
Insulin.
Amendment #17, considered 18th, offered by
Representative Scott to insert a deficit neutral
reserve fund related to child care.
Amendment #19 offered by Representative Chu
to adjust Function 800. The amendment would increase
budget authority for Function 800 by the following
amounts: $5 billion in fiscal year 2025; $5 billion in
fiscal year 2026; $5 billion in fiscal year 2027; and
$5 billion in fiscal year 2028. The amendment would
increase outlays for Function 800 by the following
amounts: $2.3 billion in fiscal year 2025; $3.7 billion
in fiscal year 2026; $4.2 billion in fiscal year 2027;
$4.5 billion in fiscal year 2028; $2.5 billion in
fiscal year 2029; $1.2 billion in fiscal year 2030;
$0.7 billion in fiscal year 2031; and $0.5 billion in
fiscal year 2032.
Amendment #20 offered by Representative Omar
to increase revenues. The amendment would increase
amounts in Section 1001(1)(A) by the following amounts:
$122 billion in fiscal year 2025; $125 billion in
fiscal year 2026; $128 billion in fiscal year 2027;
$129 billion in fiscal year 2028; $128 billion in
fiscal year 2029; $129 billion in fiscal year 2030;
$138 billion in fiscal year 2031; $145 billion in
fiscal year 2032; $150 billion in fiscal year 2033; and
$155 billion in fiscal year 2034. The amendment would
also increase amounts in Section 1001(1)(B) by the
following amounts: $122 billion in fiscal year 2025;
$125 billion in fiscal year 2026; $128 billion in
fiscal year 2027; $129 billion in fiscal year 2028;
$128 billion in fiscal year 2029; $129 billion in
fiscal year 2030; $138 billion in fiscal year 2031;
$145 billion in fiscal year 2032; $150 billion in
fiscal year 2033; and $155 billion in fiscal year 2034.
Amendment #21 offered by Representative Amo
to strike reconciliation instructions to the Committees
on Education and Workforce, and Agriculture. The
amendment would strike section 2001, subsections (b)(3)
and (b)(1) of the Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #25, considered 22nd, offered by
Representative Peters to adjust Function 550. The
amendment would increase budget authority for Function
550 by the following amounts: $4.0 billion in fiscal
year 2025; $4.0 billion in fiscal year 2026; $4.0
billion in fiscal year 2027; and $4.0 billion in fiscal
year 2028. The amendment would increase outlays in
Function 550 by the following amounts: $1.0 billion in
fiscal year 2025; $2.0 billion in fiscal year 2026;
$3.0 billion in fiscal year 2027; $4.0 billion in
fiscal year 2028; $3.0 billion in fiscal year 2029;
$2.0 billion in fiscal year 2030; and $1.0 billion in
fiscal year 2031.
Amendment #22, considered 23rd, offered by
Representative Doggett to adjust Function 500. The
amendment would increase budget authority for Function
500 by the following amounts: $14.5 billion in fiscal
year 2025; $14.8 billion in fiscal year 2026; $15.1
billion in fiscal year 2027; and $15.3 billion in
fiscal year 2028. The amendment would increase outlays
for Function 500 by the following amounts: $0.35
billion in fiscal year 2025; $14.6 billion in fiscal
year 2026; $14.7 billion in fiscal year 2027; and $15.0
billion in fiscal year 2028.
Amendment #23, considered 24th, offered by
Representative Panetta to adjust Function 150. The
amendment would increase budget authority for Function
150 by the following amounts: $1.620 billion in fiscal
year 2025; $1.650 billion in fiscal year 2026; $1.690
billion in fiscal year 2027; and $1.720 billion in
fiscal year 2028. The amendment would increase outlays
for Function 150 by the following amounts: $0.680
billion in fiscal year 2025; $1.600 billion in fiscal
year 2026; $1.670 billion in fiscal year 2027; $1.710
billion in fiscal year 2028; $1.020 billion in fiscal
year 2029; and $0.010 billion in fiscal year 2030.
Amendment #24, considered 25th, offered by
Representative McGarvey to adjust Function 600. The
amendment would increase budget authority for Function
600 by the following amounts: $1.700 billion in fiscal
year 2025; $1.700 billion in fiscal year 2026; $1.700
billion in fiscal year 2027; and $1.700 billion in
fiscal year 2028. The amendment would increase outlays
for Function 600 by the following amounts: $1.700
billion in fiscal year 2025; $1.700 billion in fiscal
year 2026; $1.700 billion in fiscal year 2027; and
$1.700 billion in fiscal year 2028.
Amendment #26 offered by Representative
Escobar to adjust Function 750. The amendment would
increase budget authority for Function 750 by the
following amounts: $1.000 billion in fiscal year 2025;
$1.000 billion in fiscal year 2026; $1.000 billion in
fiscal year 2027; and $1.000 billion in fiscal year
2028. The amendment would increase outlays for Function
750 by the following amounts: $1.000 billion in fiscal
year 2025; $1.000 billion in fiscal year 2026; $1.000
billion in fiscal year 2027; and $1.000 billion in
fiscal year 2028.
Amendment #27 offered by Representative
Kaptur to adjust Function 800. The amendment would
increase budget authority for Function 800 by $0.01
billion in fiscal year 2026. The amendment would
increase outlays for Function 800 by $0.01 billion in
fiscal year 2026.
Amendment #28 offered by Representative
Watson Coleman to strike reconciliation instructions to
the Committees on Financial Services and Ways and
Means. The amendment would strike section 2001,
subsection (b)(5) and (b)(11) of the Chairman's Mark.
Amendment #29 offered by Representative
Balint to insert a point of order against certain
Social Security legislation.
Amendment #30 offered by Delegate Plaskett
to insert a point of order against certain Medicare
legislation.
Amendment #31 offered by Representative
Jayapal to insert a restriction in section 3001 that
would prohibit an adjustment for certain legislation
and a point of order against certain Medicaid
legislation.
Amendment #32 offered by Ranking Member
Boyle to insert a policy statement on Article I.
Republican Amendment #1 offered by
Representative Brecheen to insert a policy statement on
government deregulation.
Republican Amendment #2 offered by
Representative Smucker to insert adjustment authority
for spending cuts of at least $2 trillion.
The Committee adopted and ordered reported the Concurrent
Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025.
The Committee on the Budget took the following votes:
1. Vote on Amendment #1 offered by Ranking Member
Boyle--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
2. Vote on Amendment #2 offered by Representative
Doggett--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
3. Vote on Amendment #4 offered by Representative
Watson Coleman--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
4. Vote on Amendment #7 offered by Representative
McGarvey--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
5. Vote on Amendment #8 offered by Representative
Scott--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
6. Vote on Amendment #9 offered by Representative
Omar--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
7. Vote on Amendment #11 offered by Representative
Tonko--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
8. Vote on Amendment #12 offered by Delegate
Plaskett--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
9. Vote on Amendment #13 offered by Representative
Peters--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
10. Vote on Amendment #14 offered by Representative
Panetta--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
11. Vote on Amendment #15 offered by Representative
Chu--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
12. Vote on Amendment #16 offered by Representative
Amo--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
13. Vote on Amendment #26 offered by Representative
Escobar--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
14. Vote on Amendment #27 offered by Representative
Kaptur--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
15. Vote on Amendment #29 offered by Representative
Balint--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
16. Vote on Amendment #30 offered by Delegate
Plaskett--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
17. Vote on Amendment #31 offered by Representative
Jayapal--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
18. Vote on Amendment #32 offered by Ranking Member
Boyle--failed 16 ayes to 21 nays.
19. En bloc vote on Amendments numbered 3, 5, 6, 10,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 28--failed 16
ayes to 21 nays.
20. Vote on Republican Amendment #1 offered by
Representative Brecheen--passed 21 ayes to 16 nays.
21. Vote on Republican Amendment #2 offered by
Representative Smucker--passed 21 ayes to 16 nays.
22. Vote on adopting the budget aggregates,
functional categories, and other appropriate matters--
passed by Voice Vote.
23. Vote on favorably reporting the Concurrent
Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025--passed
21 ayes to 16 nays.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
OTHER MATTERS UNDER THE RULES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
----------
Committee on the Budget Oversight Findings and Recommendations
Clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives requires each committee report to contain
oversight findings and recommendations pursuant to clause
2(b)(1) of rule X. The Committee on the Budget has no findings
to report at this time.
New Budget Authority, Entitlement Authority, and Tax Expenditures
Clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives provides that committee reports must contain
the statement required by section 308(a) of the Congressional
Budget Act of 1974. This report does not contain such a
statement because, as a concurrent resolution setting forth a
blueprint for the congressional budget, the budget resolution
does not provide new budget authority, new entitlement
authority, or changes revenues.
General Performance Goals and Objectives
Clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives requires each committee report on a legislative
measure to contain a statement of general performance goals and
objectives, including outcome-related goals and objectives, for
which the measure authorizes funding. The Committee on the
Budget has no such goals and objectives to report at this time.
Views of Committee Members
Clause 2(l) of rule XI of the Rules of the House of
Representatives requires each committee to afford members of
the committee two days to file minority, additional,
dissenting, or supplemental views on reported legislative
measures, and to include the views in the report accompanying
such legislation. The following views were submitted:
MINORITY VIEWS
----------
FY 2025 Republican Economic Plan to Betray
the Middle Class
There have been areas where we have worked hard and
achieved common ground with our Republican colleagues, but
sadly, this budget is not one of them. This plan is a
Republican betrayal of the middle class. It does not support
hardworking Americans, it undermines them. Instead of investing
in working families, House Republicans have crafted a plan that
takes from working Americans to give to their billionaire
donors.
This budget rips healthcare away from millions while
handing out $4.5 trillion in tax breaks, the overwhelming
majority of which go to billionaires and wealthy corporations.
It slashes at least $230 billion from food assistance programs,
at a time when grocery prices remain at record highs. It
proposes at least $880 billion in cuts to Medicaid and the
Affordable Care Act. About 20 million Americans rely on the
ACA, and more than 72 million people rely on Medicaid. That
includes children, seniors and individuals with disabilities.
Worse yet, these cuts are proposed so Republicans can give
billionaires an even bigger tax cut, that they don't need, and
the hardworking people in this country can't afford that.
Donald Trump promised to lower costs but has obviously broken
that promise. But he is keeping another promise: Donald Trump
and Republicans are keeping their word when it comes to
billionaires. As he said to his billionaire donors gathered at
Mar-a-Lago, ``you're rich as hell, we're going to give you tax
cuts.'' This Republican plan makes good on that Trump promise
at Mar-a-Lago.
The hypocrisy here is staggering. When there's a Democrat
in the White House, our friends on the other side of the aisle
are constantly bemoaning the size of the national debt. But
when Republicans control the House, the Senate and the White
House, where is their debt reduction plan? It's certainly not
here. In fact, they increase the national debt by four trillion
dollars.
We will not stand by on this side of the aisle as
Republicans undermine working Americans. Democrats will fight
back. We're in the minority, but we're not going to give up. We
will do everything we can to educate the American people on
what is in this budget and why it is so bad for them and their
families. We will not stand by while Republicans undermine
working families to put billionaires first.
Democrats offered more than 30 amendments to protect
working families, seniors, children and people with
disabilities, but Republicans opposed every single one. We
offered amendments to stop Republicans from making working
Americans foot the bill for yet another round of tax cuts for
the ultra-wealthy. We offered amendments rejecting cuts to
Medicaid, lowering drug prices, and protecting the Affordable
Care Act. We offered amendments to safeguard veterans, defend
education, and lower costs on food and energy. We offered
amendments to fight climate change and protect federal agencies
and workers. We gave Republicans the chance to commit to
protecting Social Security and Medicare. We fought for child
care, affordable insulin, school lunch, and Meals on Wheels. We
sought to preserve the important work at the Department of
Education, the United States Agency for International
Development, the National Institutes of Health, and the
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Our amendments committed
to shielding taxpayers and their data. But Republicans refused
all of our amendments.
We reject this Republican rip off, and the Republican
betrayal of the middle class of this country.
Sincerely,
Brendan F. Boyle,
Ranking Member.
Lloyd Doggett,
Robert C. ``Bobby'' Scott,
Scott H. Peters,
Jimmy Panetta,
Bonnie Watson Coleman,
Stacey E. Plaskett,
Veronica Escobar,
Ilhan Omar,
Becca Balint,
Marcy Kaptur,
Pramila Jayapal,
Judy Chu,
Paul D. Tonko,
Morgan McGarvey,
Gabe Amo,
Members of Congress.
119th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. CON. RES. 14
Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government
for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels
for fiscal years 2026 through 2034.
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION
Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government
for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels
for fiscal years 2026 through 2034.
Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate
concurring),
SECTION 1. CONCURRENT RESOLUTION ON THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025.
(a) Declaration.--The Congress determines and declares that
prior concurrent resolutions on the budget are replaced as of
fiscal year 2025 and that this concurrent resolution
establishes the budget for fiscal year 2025 and sets forth the
appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through
2034.
(b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this
concurrent resolution is as follows:
Sec. 1. Concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2025.
TITLE I--RECOMMENDED LEVELS AND AMOUNTS
Sec. 1001. Recommended levels and amounts.
Sec. 1002. Major functional categories.
TITLE II--RECONCILIATION AND RELATED MATTERS
Sec. 2001. Reconciliation in the House of Representatives.
TITLE III--RESERVE FUND
Sec. 3001. Reserve fund for reconciliation legislation in the House of
Representatives.
Sec. 3002. Adjustment for spending cuts of at least $2 trillion.
TITLE IV--POLICY STATEMENTS
Sec. 4001. Policy statement on economic growth.
Sec. 4002. Policy statement on mandatory spending reduction.
Sec. 4003. Policy statement on Government deregulation.
TITLE V--OTHER MATTERS
Sec. 5001. Enforcement filing in the House of Representatives.
Sec. 5002. Budgetary treatment of administrative expenses in the House
of Representatives.
Sec. 5003. Application and effect of changes in allocations, aggregates,
and other budgetary levels.
Sec. 5004. Adjustments to reflect changes in concepts and definitions in
the House of Representatives.
Sec. 5005. Adjustment for changes in the baseline.
Sec. 5006. Exercise of rulemaking powers.
TITLE I--RECOMMENDED LEVELS AND AMOUNTS
SEC. 1001. RECOMMENDED LEVELS AND AMOUNTS.
The following budgetary levels are appropriate for each of
fiscal years 2025 through 2034:
(1) Federal revenues.--For purposes of the
enforcement of this concurrent resolution:
(A) The recommended levels of Federal
revenues are as follows:
Fiscal year 2025: $3,408,969,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026: $3,766,668,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027: $4,066,393,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028: $4,186,847,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029: $4,309,831,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030: $4,508,641,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031: $4,730,270,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032: $4,938,712,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033: $5,172,643,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034: $5,410,030,000,000.
(B) The amounts by which the aggregate levels
of Federal revenues should be changed are as
follows:
Fiscal year 2025: -$450,000,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026: -$450,000,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027: -$450,000,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028: -$450,000,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029: -$450,000,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030: -$450,000,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031: -$450,000,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032: -$450,000,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033: -$450,000,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034: -$450,000,000,000.
(2) New budget authority.--For purposes of the
enforcement of this concurrent resolution, the
appropriate levels of total new budget authority are as
follows:
Fiscal year 2025: $5,515,610,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026: $5,605,352,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027: $5,744,975,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028: $5,999,399,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029: $6,173,475,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030: $6,494,898,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031: $6,748,868,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032: $7,048,096,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033: $7,438,116,000,000 .
Fiscal year 2034: $7,610,582,000,000.
(3) Budget outlays.--For purposes of the enforcement
of this concurrent resolution, the appropriate levels
of total budget outlays are as follows:
Fiscal year 2025: $5,490,790,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026: $5,623,085,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027: $5,821,621,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028: $6,088,332,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029: $6,164,293,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030: $6,484,545,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031: $6,720,491,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032: $6,983,637,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033: $7,401,699,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034: $7,529,256,000,000.
(4) Deficits.--For purposes of the enforcement of
this concurrent resolution, the amounts of the deficits
are as follows:
Fiscal year 2025: $2,081,821,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026: $1,856,417,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027: $1,755,228,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028: $1,901,485,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029: $1,854,462,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030: $1,975,904,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031: $1,990,221,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032: $2,044,925,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033: $2,229,056,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034: $2,119,226,000,000.
(5) Debt subject to limit.--The appropriate levels of
debt subject to limit are as follows:
Fiscal year 2025: $37,660,656,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026: $39,839,449,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027: $41,752,932,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028: $43,721,320,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029: $45,725,094,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030: $47,646,893,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031: $49,490,401,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032: $51,311,359,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033: $53,342,100,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034: $55,566,372,000,000.
(6) Debt held by the public.--The appropriate levels
of debt held by the public are as follows:
Fiscal year 2025: $30,430,405,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026: $32,469,082,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027: $34,395,037,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028: $36,452,960,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029: $38,403,594,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030: $40,444,544,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031: $42,449,786,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032: $44,476,114,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033: $46,612,129,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034: $48,599,876,000,000.
SEC. 1002. MAJOR FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES.
Congress determines and declares that the appropriate levels
of new budget authority and outlays for fiscal years 2025
through 2034 for each major functional category are:
(1) National Defense (050):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$888,044,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $883,821,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$913,263,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $895,830,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$935,345,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $913,493,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$956,694,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $940,299,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$979,049,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $950,598,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,002,337,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $977,233,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,026,119,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $996,535,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,050,408,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,016,235,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,076,299,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,050,728,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,101,659,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,067,701,000,000.
(2) International Affairs (150):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$65,962,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $69,206,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$64,270,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $68,458,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$64,856,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $68,013,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$66,169,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $64,433,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$67,655,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $65,177,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$69,175,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $65,601,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$70,699,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $66,643,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$72,220,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $67,916,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$73,809,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $69,332,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$75,431,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $70,768,000,000.
(3) General Science, Space, and Technology (250):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$42,084,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $41,734,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$43,056,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $42,483,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$44,011,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $43,166,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$44,881,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $43,781,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$45,834,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $44,611,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$46,835,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $45,450,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$47,840,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $46,405,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$48,853,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $47,377,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$49,907,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $48,391,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$50,997,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $49,436,000,000.
(4) Energy (270):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$39,842,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $37,587,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$40,172,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $44,518,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$43,579,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $52,928,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$44,493,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $52,542,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$45,633,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $51,237,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$44,014,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $47,297,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$45,460,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $46,521,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$50,176,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $48,864,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$35,184,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $34,040,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$27,122,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $26,021,000,000.
(5) Natural Resources and Environment (300):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$88,219,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $90,074,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$89,760,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $90,428,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$83,830,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $91,282,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$85,498,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $91,754,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$87,319,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $92,172,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$88,970,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $92,442,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$91,016,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $92,640,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$92,975,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $91,686,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$95,254,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $93,640,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$97,211,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $94,831,000,000.
(6) Agriculture (350):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$58,457,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $41,846,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$59,875,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $58,018,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$64,092,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $61,792,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$66,014,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $64,140,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$66,999,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $63,775,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$65,213,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $62,065,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$65,516,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $62,226,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$66,979,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $63,432,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$68,738,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $64,825,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$70,130,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $66,347,000,000.
(7) Commerce and Housing Credit (370):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$12,477,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$18,175,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$33,817,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$207,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$29,807,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $8,387,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority, -
$55,092,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$64,213,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$27,308,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $17,149,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$27,501,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $14,043,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$27,776,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $9,486,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$28,233,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $6,788,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$22,118,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$2,412,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$31,836,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $4,308,000,000.
(8) Transportation (400):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$173,158,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $144,771,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$176,249,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $154,625,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$178,411,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $162,925,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$180,607,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $171,610,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$182,610,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $175,967,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$179,144,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $174,442,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$181,099,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $178,314,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$189,966,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $187,367,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$192,692,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $191,213,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$195,495,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $194,754,000,000.
(9) Community and Regional Development (450):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$87,762,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $78,752,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$89,366,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $69,845,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$91,267,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $74,426,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$92,897,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $75,604,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$94,812,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $77,850,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$96,811,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $82,903,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$98,774,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $86,364,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$100,621,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $88,685,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$102,711,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $90,723,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$104,818,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $93,005,000,000.
(10) Education, Training, Employment, and Social
Services (500):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$149,303,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $171,916,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$152,714,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $151,605,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$155,153,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $150,979,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$157,971,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $152,819,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$160,952,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $155,502,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$163,865,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $158,383,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$166,854,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $161,312,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$170,223,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $164,486,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$173,784,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $167,792,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$176,834,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $170,876,000,000.
(11) Health (550):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$945,070,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $961,180,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$992,460,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $976,705,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,021,428,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,021,884,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,056,522,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,053,318,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,099,999,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,095,100,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,144,066,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,133,456,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,177,723,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,176,648,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,228,051,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,218,203,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,278,134,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,267,299,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,311,280,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,300,233,000,000.
(12) Medicare (570):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$950,891,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $950,641,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,007,431,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,009,161,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,067,229,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,066,832,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,210,420,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,208,952,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,126,357,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,125,928,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,276,602,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,276,291,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,358,554,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,358,476,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,445,982,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,445,966,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,664,590,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,664,595,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,667,328,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,667,321,000,000.
(13) Income Security (600):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$712,446,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $709,132,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$702,007,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $699,086,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$703,592,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $698,238,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$722,280,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $721,948,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$724,420,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $710,279,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$743,824,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $735,068,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$757,021,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $747,723,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$775,456,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $765,416,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$796,775,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $793,408,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$805,597,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $795,238,000,000.
(14) Social Security (650):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$67,259,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $67,259,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$81,690,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $81,690,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$89,447,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $89,447,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$94,419,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $94,419,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$100,138,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $100,138,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$106,208,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $106,208,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$112,114,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $112,114,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$118,485,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $118,485,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$125,325,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $125,325,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$132,539,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $132,539,000,000.
(15) Veterans Benefits and Services (700):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$361,349,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $357,760,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$382,625,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $378,862,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$404,665,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $401,379,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$427,402,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $444,309,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$447,832,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $422,387,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$466,693,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $461,795,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$486,796,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $481,715,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$507,269,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $502,734,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$528,816,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $548,814,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$550,747,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $547,878,000,000.
(16) Administration of Justice (750):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$83,111,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $85,235,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$90,002,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $87,682,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$89,047,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $87,256,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$91,066,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $89,499,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$93,553,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $91,849,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$96,019,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $94,292,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$98,328,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $96,277,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$105,979,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $103,293,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$108,710,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $105,827,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$111,020,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $108,460,000,000.
(17) General Government (800):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$10,089,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $37,960,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$30,678,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $38,289,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$32,078,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $38,267,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$33,007,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $37,965,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$33,784,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $37,804,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$34,628,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $37,998,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$35,261,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $37,038,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$36,204,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $36,321,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$36,975,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $36,772,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$37,697,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $37,281,000,000.
(18) Net Interest (900):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,027,694,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,027,694,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,090,880,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,090,880,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,160,719,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,160,719,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,250,257,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,250,257,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,328,362,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,328,362,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,399,636,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,399,636,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,475,634,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,475,634,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,551,786,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,551,786,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,619,496,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,619,496,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority,
$1,693,863,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $1,693,863,000,000.
(19) Allowances (920):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority, $0.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority, $0.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority, $0.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority, $0.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority, $0.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority, $0.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority, $0.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority, $0.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority, $0.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority, $0.
(B) Outlays, $0.
(20) Government-Wide Savings (930):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority, -
$120,000,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$120,000,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority, -
$299,849,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$179,763,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority, -
$375,694,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$231,910,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority, -
$384,958,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$263,939,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority, -
$393,736,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$296,185,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority, -
$407,056,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$330,476,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority, -
$419,698,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$357,567,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority, -
$431,652,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$381,290,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority, -
$445,094,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$402,008,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority, -
$460,001,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$420,590,000,000.
(21) Undistributed Offsetting Receipts (950):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority, -
$127,603,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$127,603,000,000.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority, -
$135,110,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$135,110,000,000.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority, -
$137,883,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$137,883,000,000.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority, -
$141,145,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$141,165,000,000.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority, -
$145,400,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$145,407,000,000.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority, -
$149,582,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$149,581,000,000.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority, -
$154,014,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$154,013,000,000.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority, -
$160,114,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$160,113,000,000.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority, -
$166,102,000,000.
(B) Outlays, -$166,101,000,000.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority, -
$171,015,000,000.
(B) Outlays,-$171,014,000,000.
(22) Across-the-Board Adjustment (990):
Fiscal year 2025:
(A) New budget authority, -
$4,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2026:
(A) New budget authority, -
$4,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2027:
(A) New budget authority, -
$4,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2028:
(A) New budget authority, -
$4,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2029:
(A) New budget authority, -
$4,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2030:
(A) New budget authority, -
$4,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2031:
(A) New budget authority, -
$4,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2032:
(A) New budget authority, -
$4,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2033:
(A) New budget authority, -
$5,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $0.
Fiscal year 2034:
(A) New budget authority, -
$5,000,000.
(B) Outlays, $0.
TITLE II--RECONCILIATION AND RELATED MATTERS
SEC. 2001. RECONCILIATION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
(a) Submissions.--Not later than March 27, 2025, the
committees named in subsection (b) and subsection (c) shall
submit their recommendations on changes in laws within their
jurisdictions to the Committee on the Budget of the House of
Representatives to carry out this section.
(b) Instructions.--
(1) Committee on agriculture.--The Committee on
Agriculture shall submit changes in laws within its
jurisdiction to reduce the deficit by not less than
$230,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2025
through 2034.
(2) Committee on armed services.--The Committee on
Armed Services shall submit changes in laws within its
jurisdiction that increase the deficit by not more than
$100,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2025
through 2034.
(3) Committee on education and workforce.--The
Committee on Education and Workforce shall submit
changes in laws within its jurisdiction to reduce the
deficit by not less than $330,000,000,000 for the
period of fiscal years 2025 through 2034.
(4) Committee on energy and commerce.--The Committee
on Energy and Commerce shall submit changes in laws
within its jurisdiction to reduce the deficit by not
less than $880,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal
years 2025 through 2034.
(5) Committee on financial services.--The Committee
on Financial Services shall submit changes in laws
within its jurisdiction to reduce the deficit by not
less than $1,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years
2025 through 2034.
(6) Committee on homeland security.--The Committee on
Homeland Security shall submit changes in laws within
its jurisdiction that increase the deficit by not more
than $90,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years
2025 through 2034.
(7) Committee on the judiciary.--The Committee on the
Judiciary shall submit changes in laws within its
jurisdiction that increase the deficit by not more than
$110,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2025
through 2034.
(8) Committee on natural resources.--The Committee on
Natural Resources shall submit changes in laws within
its jurisdiction to reduce the deficit by not less than
$1,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2025
through 2034.
(9) Committee on oversight and government reform.--
The Committee on Oversight and Government Reform shall
submit changes in laws within its jurisdiction to
reduce the deficit by not less than $50,000,000,000 for
the period of fiscal years 2025 through 2034.
(10) Committee on transportation and
infrastructure.--The Committee on Transportation and
Infrastructure shall submit changes in laws within its
jurisdiction to reduce the deficit by not less than
$10,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2025
through 2034.
(11) Committee on ways and means.--The Committee on
Ways and Means shall submit changes in laws within its
jurisdiction that increase the deficit by not more than
$4,500,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2025
through 2034.
(c) Increase in Statutory Debt Limit.--The Committee on Ways
and Means shall submit changes in laws within its jurisdiction
that increase the statutory debt limit by $4,000,000,000,000.
TITLE III--RESERVE FUND
SEC. 3001. RESERVE FUND FOR RECONCILIATION LEGISLATION IN THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES.
(a) In General.--In the House of Representatives, the chair
of the Committee on the Budget may revise the allocations of a
committee or committees, aggregates, and other appropriate
levels in this resolution for any bill or joint resolution
considered pursuant to section 2001 containing the
recommendations of one or more committees, or for one or more
amendments to, a conference report on, or an amendment between
the Houses in relation to such a bill or joint resolution, by
the amounts necessary to accommodate the budgetary effects of
the legislation, if the budgetary effects of the legislation
comply with the reconciliation instructions under this
concurrent resolution.
(b) Determination of Compliance.--For purposes of this
section, compliance with the reconciliation instructions under
this concurrent resolution shall be determined by the chair of
the Committee on the Budget of the House of Representatives.
SEC. 3002. ADJUSTMENT FOR SPENDING CUTS OF AT LEAST $2 TRILLION.
(a) Adjustment if Deficit Reduction Target Not Achieved.--If
one or more committees of the House of Representatives submit
reconciliation recommendations pursuant to paragraphs (1), (3),
(4), (5), (8), (9), or (10) of section 2001(b) and such
recommendations do not, in total, achieve at least
$2,000,000,000,000 in net deficit reduction over the period of
fiscal years 2025 through 2034, the chair of the Committee on
the Budget of the House shall reduce--
(1) the $4,500,000,000 reconciliation instruction for
the Committee on Ways and Means under section
2001(b)(11);
(2) the allocations to the Committee on Ways and
Means under section 302(a) of the Congressional Budget
and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 633(a));
(3) the aggregates of budget authority, outlays, and
revenues; and
(4) any other appropriate level in this concurrent
resolution,
by an amount equal to the difference between $2,000,000,000,000
and the total dollar amount of such recommendations.
(b) Adjustment if Deficit Reduction Target Exceeded.--If one
or more committees of the House of Representatives submit
reconciliation recommendations pursuant to paragraphs (1), (3),
(4), (5), (8), (9), or (10) of section 2001(b) and such
recommendations, in total, achieve at least $2,000,000,000,000
in net deficit reduction over the period of fiscal years 2025
through 2034, the chair of the Committee on the Budget of the
House shall increase the levels described in paragraphs (1)
through (4) of subsection (a) by an amount equal to the
difference between the total dollar amount of such
recommendations and $2,000,000,000,000.
(c) Certification Required for Adjustment.--No adjustment may
be made under subsection (a) or subsection (b) unless the chair
of the Committee on the Budget of the House, using cost
estimates provided by the Congressional Budget Office and the
Joint Committee on Taxation (as appropriate), certifies in
writing that the applicable reconciliation recommendations--
(1) with respect to subsection (a), do not achieve
net deficit reduction of at least $2,000,000,000,000
over the period of fiscal years 2025 through 2034; or
(2) with respect to subsection (b), achieve net
deficit reduction of at least $2,000,000,000,000 over
the period of such fiscal years.
(d) Reconciliation Instruction for Ways and Means.--The
dollar amount resulting from any adjustment made under this
section to the reconciliation instruction for the Committee on
Ways and Means under paragraph (11) of section 2001(b) shall be
substituted for ``$4,500,000,000,000'' in such section and
shall be deemed the reconciliation instructions for such
Committee under such section. Any recommendations on changes in
law within the jurisdiction of the Committee shall be
consistent with the goals of this concurrent resolution,
including with respect to spending reduction, tax policy
changes, reforms, or other measures deemed appropriate by the
chair of the Committee on the Budget of the House.
(e) Consistency With the Resolution.--Any reconciliation
recommendations receiving an allocation adjustment under this
section shall not be considered in violation of the budgetary
levels established by this concurrent resolution.
TITLE IV--POLICY STATEMENTS
SEC. 4001. POLICY STATEMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH.
(a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
(1) The rate of economic growth has a significant
impact on budget deficits. When the rate of gross
domestic product (GDP) increases, projected revenue
grows with it and deficits decline. Conversely, slower
GDP growth can lead to lagging revenues and mounting
deficits.
(2) Federal policies affect the economy's potential
to grow and impact economic performance, influencing
budgetary outcomes. Consequently, fiscally responsible
policies that improve the economy's long-term growth
prospects help reduce the size of budget deficits over
a given period.
(3) The free market, where individuals pursue their
own self-interests, has been responsible for greater
advancements in quality of life and generation of
wealth than any other form of economic system. Federal
policies designed to grow the economy should thus allow
market forces to operate unhindered rather than pick
``winners'' and ``losers''.
(b) Policy on Economic Growth.--It is the policy of this
concurrent resolution to pursue policies that embrace the free
market and promote economic growth policies that--
(1) reduce Federal spending;
(2) expand American energy production;
(3) lower taxes that discourage work, savings, and
investment;
(4) deregulate the economy and enact reforms to
diminish bureaucratic red tape; and
(5) eliminate barriers to work so more Americans
enter (or reenter) the job market.
SEC. 4002. POLICY STATEMENT ON MANDATORY SPENDING REDUCTION.
(a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
(1) The United States faces a significant debt
crisis, with the national debt currently exceeding $36
trillion, or 123 percent of GDP.
(2) Since 2019, mandatory spending has increased by
59 percent.
(3) This debt poses a significant risk to the
country's long-term fiscal sustainability, with
implications for future generations.
(4) Mandatory spending currently accounts for over 70
percent of the entire Federal budget.
(5) The deficit for fiscal year 2025 is projected to
be $1.9 trillion, or 6.2 percent of GDP.
(6) This fiscal year, net interest will total $952
billion, or 3.2 percent of GDP.
(b) Policy on Mandatory Spending Reduction.--It is the goal
of this concurrent resolution to reduce mandatory spending by
$2 trillion over the budget window. If the combined deficit
reduction provided by authorizing committees is below this
target, it is the policy of the Committee on the Budget of the
House that the instruction provided to the Committee on Ways
and Means of the House should be reduced by a commensurate
amount to offset the difference.
SEC. 4003. POLICY STATEMENT ON GOVERNMENT DEREGULATION.
(a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
(1) Regulations throughout the Federal Government
have been a major issue for decades, continuously
growing while negatively impacting the nation's
economic and fiscal standing.
(2) Overregulation has consistently hurt small
businesses, strangled domestic energy production,
weakened labor market conditions, and expanded
government overreach and costs on taxpayers.
(3) Real (inflation-adjusted) spending on regulatory
agencies has increased exponentially since 1960. The
total number of pages in the Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) has increased from 22,877 pages in
1960 to nearly 200,000 today. When compared to 1950,
the CFR contained only 9,745 pages in 1950, making the
size of the CFR today 95% larger than it was in 1950.
(b) Policy Statement on Government Deregulation.--It is the
policy of this concurrent resolution--
(1) that Congress continues to examine ways to
relieve the burdens of overregulation throughout the
Federal Government;
(2) that Congress is ready to promote initiatives
that will reduce government bureaucracy, enhance
Federalism, and increase economic prosperity through
deregulation;
(3) to not only reduce burdensome, costly
regulations, but to also reassert the role of Congress;
and
(4) to enact legislation through reconciliation that
strengthens Congress, scales back Federal regulations,
limits future bureaucratic red tape, and unleashes
economic growth, such as the Regulations from the
Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS) Act.
TITLE V--OTHER MATTERS
SEC. 5001. ENFORCEMENT FILING IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
In the House of Representatives, if a concurrent resolution
on the budget for fiscal year 2025 is adopted without the
appointment of a committee of conference on the disagreeing
votes of the two Houses with respect to this concurrent
resolution on the budget, for the purpose of enforcing the
Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 621 et seq.) and
applicable rules and requirements set forth in the concurrent
resolution on the budget, the allocations provided for in this
section shall apply in the House of Representatives in the same
manner as if such allocations were in a joint explanatory
statement accompanying a conference report on the budget for
fiscal year 2025. The chair of the Committee on the Budget of
the House of Representatives shall submit a statement for
publication in the Congressional Record containing--
(1) for the Committee on Appropriations, committee
allocations for fiscal year 2025 consistent with title
I for the purpose of enforcing section 302 of the
Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 633); and
(2) for all committees other than the Committee on
Appropriations, committee allocations consistent with
title I for fiscal year 2025 and for the period of
fiscal years 2025 through 2034 for the purpose of
enforcing section 302 of the Congressional Budget Act
of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 633).
SEC. 5002. BUDGETARY TREATMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES IN THE HOUSE
OF REPRESENTATIVES.
(a) In General.--In the House of Representatives,
notwithstanding section 302(a)(1) of the Congressional Budget
Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 633(a)(1)), section 13301 of the Budget
Enforcement Act of 1990 (2 U.S.C. 632 note), and section 2009a
of title 39, United States Code, the report or the joint
explanatory statement accompanying this concurrent resolution
on the budget or the statement filed pursuant to section 5001,
as applicable, shall include in an allocation under section
302(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C.
633(a)) to the Committee on Appropriations of the House of
Representatives amounts for the discretionary administrative
expenses of the Social Security Administration and the United
States Postal Service.
(b) Special Rule.--In the House of Representatives, for
purposes of enforcing section 302(f) of the Congressional
Budget Act of 1974 (2 U.S.C. 633(f)), estimates of the level of
total new budget authority and total outlays provided by a
measure shall include any discretionary amounts described in
subsection (a).
SEC. 5003. APPLICATION AND EFFECT OF CHANGES IN ALLOCATIONS,
AGGREGATES, AND OTHER BUDGETARY LEVELS.
(a) Application.--Any adjustments of allocations, aggregates,
and other budgetary levels made pursuant to this concurrent
resolution shall--
(1) apply while that measure is under consideration;
(2) take effect upon the enactment of that measure;
and
(3) be published in the Congressional Record as soon
as practicable.
(b) Effect of Changed Allocations, Aggregates, and Other
Budgetary Levels.--Revised allocations, aggregates, and other
budgetary levels resulting from these adjustments shall be
considered for the purposes of the Congressional Budget Act of
1974 (2 U.S.C. 621 et seq.) as the allocations, aggregates, and
other budgetary levels contained in this concurrent resolution.
(c) Budget Committee Determinations.--For purposes of this
concurrent resolution, the levels of new budget authority,
outlays, direct spending, new entitlement authority, revenues,
deficits, and surpluses for a fiscal year or period of fiscal
years shall be determined on the basis of estimates made by the
chair of the Committee on the Budget of the applicable House of
Congress.
(d) Aggregates, Allocations and Application.--In the House of
Representatives, for purposes of this concurrent resolution and
budget enforcement, the consideration of any bill or joint
resolution, or amendment thereto or conference report thereon,
for which the chair of the Committee on the Budget makes
adjustments or revisions in the allocations, aggregates, and
other budgetary levels of this concurrent resolution shall not
be subject to the point of order set forth in clause 10 of rule
XXI of the Rules of the House of Representatives.
SEC. 5004. ADJUSTMENTS TO REFLECT CHANGES IN CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
In the House of Representatives, the chair of the Committee
on the Budget may adjust the appropriate aggregates,
allocations, and other budgetary levels in this concurrent
resolution for any change in budgetary concepts and definitions
consistent with section 251(b)(1) of the Balanced Budget and
Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (2 U.S.C. 901(b)(1)).
SEC. 5005. ADJUSTMENT FOR CHANGES IN THE BASELINE.
In the House of Representatives, the chair of the Committee
on the Budget may adjust the allocations, aggregates, and other
appropriate budgetary levels in this concurrent resolution to
reflect changes resulting from the Congressional Budget
Office's updates to its baseline for fiscal years 2025 through
2034.
SEC. 5006. EXERCISE OF RULEMAKING POWERS.
Congress adopts the provisions of this title--
(1) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the
Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively,
and as such they shall be considered as part of the
rules of each House or of that House to which they
specifically apply, and such rules shall supersede
other rules only to the extent that they are
inconsistent with such other rules; and
(2) with full recognition of the constitutional right
of either the Senate or the House of Representatives to
change those rules (insofar as they relate to that
House) at any time, in the same manner, and to the same
extent as is the case of any other rule of the Senate
or House of Representatives.
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