[House Report 119-321]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
119th Congress } { Rept. 119-321
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
1st Session } { Part 1
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BRINGING REAL ACCOUNTABILITY VIA ENFORCEMENT IN
BURMA ACT
----------------
October 3, 2025.--Ordered to be printed
----------------
Mr. Hill of Arkansas, from the Committee on Financial Services,
submitted the following
R E P O R T
[To accompany H.R. 3190]
The Committee on Financial Services, to whom was referred
the bill (H.R. 3190) to amend the Burma Unified through
Rigorous Military Accountability Act of 2022 to extend the
sunset, to require a determination with respect to the
imposition of sanctions on certain persons of Burma, and for
other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably
thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill as
amended do pass.
CONTENTS
Page
Purpose and Summary.............................................. 2
Background and Need for Legislation.............................. 2
Committee Consideration.......................................... 3
Related Hearings................................................. 4
Committee Votes.................................................. 4
Committee Oversight Findings..................................... 7
Performance Goals and Objectives................................. 7
Committee Cost Estimate.......................................... 7
New Budget Authority and CBO Cost Estimate....................... 7
Unfunded Mandates Statement...................................... 7
Earmark Statement................................................ 7
Federal Advisory Committee Act Statement......................... 8
Applicability to the Legislative Branch.......................... 8
Duplication of Federal Programs.................................. 8
Section-by-Section Analysis of the Legislation................... 8
Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported............ 8
The amendment is as follows:
Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the
following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Bringing Real Accountability Via
Enforcement in Burma Act'' or the ``BRAVE Burma Act''
SEC. 2. MODIFICATIONS TO REPORTING REQUIREMENT.
Section 5571(e) of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization
Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (22 U.S.C. 10222(e)) is amended to read as
follows:
``(e) Assessment and Report on Sanctions With Respect to Burmese
Persons.--
``(1) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter for 7 years,
the President shall determine whether the following persons
meet the criteria for sanctions described under subsection (a)
or under Executive Order 14014 (86 Fed. Reg. 9429; relating to
blocking property with respect to the situation in Burma):
``(A) Any Burmese state-owned enterprise described in
subsection (c)(1).
``(B) Myanma Economic Bank.
``(C) Any foreign person that the President
determines operates in the jet fuel sector of the
Burmese economy, including through activities such as
the provision of financial services or the importation,
exportation, reexportation, sale, supply, trade,
storage, or transport, directly or indirectly, of jet
fuel in Burma.
``(2) Report required.--Upon making the determination
required by paragraph (1), the President shall submit to the
appropriate congressional committees a report on the
assessment.
``(3) Form of report.--The report required by paragraph (2)
shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include a
classified annex.''.
SEC. 3. LIMITATION OF SHAREHOLDING BENEFITTING THE STATE ADMINISTRATION
COUNCIL OF BURMA.
(a) In General.--The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the
United States Executive Director at the International Monetary Fund to
use the voice and vote of the United States, when assessing potential
changes to any shareholding formula in connection with a governance
review of the Fund, to limit, as appropriate, an increase to the
shareholding of Burma if the country is subject to the rule of the
State Administration Council.
(b) Waiver.--The President of the United States may waive the
application of subsection (a) upon certifying to the Committee on
Financial Services of the House of Representatives and the Committee on
Foreign Relations of the Senate that the waiver is important to the
national interest of the United States, with a detailed explanation of
the reasons therefor.
Purpose and Summary
H.R. 3190, the BRAVE Burma Act, was introduced on May 5,
2025 by Republican Representative Bill Huizenga (MI-04). H.R.
3190 requires sanctions determinations with respect to certain
Burmese state-owned enterprises, Myanma Economic Bank, and
entities operating in the jet fuel sector of Burma. It also
extends by two years the sunset for sanctions required under
the BURMA Act of 2022. The bill also further requires the U.S.
Executive Director at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to
limit shareholding increases for Burma under any changes to the
IMF's shareholding formula, as long as Burma is subject to the
rule of the State Administration Council. Finally, the
legislation creates a Special Coordinator for Burmese Democracy
at the Department of State to promote human rights and the
restoration of civilian rule in Burma.
Background and Need for Legislation
On February 1, 2021, the Tatmadaw, Myanmar's military,
launched a coup where power was seized from a democratically
elected government. The Tatmadaw's Senior General Min Aung
Hlaing assumed power, imposed a state of emergency, suspended
democratic institutions, and vested authority in the newly
formed State Administration Council (SAC).\1\
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\1\Lindsay Maizland, Myanmar's Troubled History: Coups, Military
Rule, and Ethnic Conflict, COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS (Jan. 31,
2022), https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-
rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya. [hereinafter ``Maizland, Myanmar's
Troubled History''].
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The U.S. has maintained its position on condemning the
junta's coup and supporting the restoration of democracy in
Myanmar, while holding the military accountable for human
rights abuses. Following the coup, the U.S. imposed targeted
sanctions on key senior military officials, their families,\2\
and on military-owned enterprises such as Myanmar Economic
Holdings Limited and Myanmar Economic Corporation Limited.\3\
Myanma Economic Bank is a state-owned institution that is
``allegedly used by military junta to bypass existing U.S.
restrictions, including proceeds from natural gas exports.''\4\
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\2\Press Release, U.S. Dep't of the Treasury, Treasury Sanctions
Governing Body, Officials, and Family Members Connected to Burma's
Military (May 17, 2021), https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/
jy0180.
\3\Press Release, U.S. Dep't of the Treasury, Treasury Sanction
Military Holding Companies in Burma (Mar. 25, 2021), https://
home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0078.
\4\Mega Valentina et al., Calls for U.S. Sanctions on Myanma
Economic Bank (MEB), US-ASEAN BUSINESS COUNCIL (Nov. 26, 2024), https:/
/www.usasean.org/article/calls-us-
sanctions-myanma-economic-bank-meb.
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The jet fuel industry in Burma is a key target for
sanctions because it directly enables the military junta's
unlawful airstrikes against civilians, places of worship,
villages, hospitals, and schools. Depleting Burma's ability to
control and profit from aviation fuel imports and distribution
will inhibit the junta's ability to sustain violence and war
crimes using air power. China, Vietnam, and Singapore have
persisted in defying sanctions by supplying jet fuel--directly
or indirectly--that ultimately ends up in Myanmar.\5\ China has
served as one of Myanmar's largest trading partners and closest
diplomatic allies since the coup, given that the country
borders China.\6\ China has ``funded infrastructure and energy
projects throughout Myanmar as part of its Belt and Road
Initiative . . . oil and natural gas flow through pipelines
from Myanmar to China.''\7\ Russia has also emerged as a strong
supporter of the junta.\8\
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\5\Myanmar: New Data Suggests Military Still Importing Fuel for
Deadly Air Strikes Despite Sanctions, AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL (Jan. 31,
2024), https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/01/myanmar-new-data-
suggests-military-still-importing-fuel-for-deadly-air-strikes-
despite-sanctions/.
\6\Myanmar Trade, https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/MMR
(last visited July 3, 2025).
\7\Maizland, Myanmar's Troubled History.
\8\Id.
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Committee Consideration
119TH CONGRESS
H.R. 3190, the BRAVE Burma Act, was introduced on May 5,
2025 by Representative Huizenga with Representatives Betty
McCollum (D-MN), Ann Wagner (R-MO), and Seth Moulton (D-MA) as
original cosponsors. Representatives Michael Lawler (R-NY),
Jerrold Nadler (D-NY), Young Kim (R-CA), Lloyd Doggett (D-TX),
Jefferson Shreve (R-IN), Del. Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC), Gus
Bilirakis (R-FL), Timothy Kennedy (D-NY), Gregory Meeks (D-NY),
Claudia Tenney (R-NY), Sarah McBride (D-DE), and Brad Sherman
(D-CA), Nikema Williams (D-GA), and Eugene Vindman (D-VA) were
added subsequently as cosponsors. The bill was referred to the
Committee on Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committees
on the Judiciary, and Financial Services.
The bill was attached to the April 1, 2025, hearing titled
``Following the Money: Tools and Techniques to Combat Fraud.''
On June 10, 2025, the Committee on Financial Services met
in open session to consider, among others, H.R. 3190. The
Committee ordered H.R. 3190, as amended, to be favorably
reported to the House of Representatives.
118TH CONGRESS
On June 27, 2024, Representative Huizenga introduced H.R.
8863, the BRAVE Burma Act, with Representatives McCollum,
Wagner, and Sherman as original cosponsors. Representatives
Moulton, Lawler, Bilirakis, Holmes Norton, Tenney, Dina Titus
(D-NV), Blake Moore (R-UT), Andre Carson (D-IN), Dean Phillips
(D-MN), Joe Wilson (R-SC), Anna Eshoo (D-CA), and Kim were
added subsequently as cosponsors. This bill is an earlier
version of H.R. 3190. The bill was referred to the Committee on
Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committees on the
Judiciary, and Financial Services. The bill was attached to
Subcommittee on National Security, Illicit Finance, &
International Financial Institutions of the Committee on
Financial Services hearings on June 27, 2024 titled, ``The Role
of the Export-Import (Ex-Im) Bank of the United States Amid
Intensifying Economic Competition with China'', and September
18, 2024 titled, ``Protecting American's Savings: Examining the
Economics of the Multi-Billion Dollar Romance Confidence Scam
Industry.'' There was no further action on the bill in the
118th Congress.
Related Hearings
Pursuant to clause 3(c)(6) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the following hearing was used to
develop H.R. 3190:
The Subcommittee on National Security, Illicit Finance, &
International Financial Institutions of the Committee on
Financial Services held a hearing on April 1, 2025, hearing
titled ``Following the Money: Tools and Techniques to Combat
Fraud.'' A discussion draft version of the bill was attached to
the hearing. The following witnesses testified: Mr. Darrin
McLaughlin, Executive Vice President-Chief BSA/AML & Sanctions
Officer, Flagstar Bank on behalf of the American Bankers
Association (ABA); Ms. Jacqueline Burns Koven, Head of Cyber
Threat Intelligence, Chainalysis; Mr. Jeff Brabant, Vice
President, Federal Government Relations, National Federation of
Independent Business (NFIB); and Ms. Kathy Stokes, Director,
Fraud Prevention Programs, AARP.
Committee Votes
Clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives requires the Committee Report to include record
votes on the motion to report legislation and amendments
thereto.
On July 22, 2025, the Committee ordered H.R. 3190, as
amended, to be reported favorably to the House by a recorded
vote of 54 yeas and 0 nays. (Record Vote No. FC-179).
Before the question to report was called, the Committee
adopted an amendment in the nature of a substitute offered by
Representative Huizenga, designated as Huizen_024, which made
minor edits and technical changes. This amendment was agreed to
by a voice vote.
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Committee Oversight Findings
Pursuant to clause 3(c) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the findings and recommendations of
the Committee, based on oversight activities under clause
2(b)(1) of rule X of the Rules of the House of Representatives
are incorporated in the descriptive portions of this report.
Performance Goals and Objectives
Pursuant to clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the goal of H.R. 3190 is to further
the scope and extend the term of sanctions with respect to
certain Burmese state-owned enterprises, Myanma Economic Bank,
and entities operating in the jet fuel sector of Burma until
Burma undertakes democratic reforms.
Committee Cost Estimate
Clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives requires an estimate and a comparison of the
costs that would be incurred in carrying out H.R. 3190. The
Committee has requested but not received a cost estimate from
the Director of the Congressional Budget Office. However,
pursuant to clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the Committee will adopt as its own
the cost estimate by the Director of the Congressional Budget
Office once it has been prepared.
New Budget Authority and CBO Cost Estimate
With respect to the requirements of clause 3(c)(2) of rule
XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives and section
308(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 and with respect
to requirements of clause 3(c)(3) of rule XIII of the Rules of
the House of Representatives and section 402 of the
Congressional Budget Act of 1974, the Committee will adopt as
its own the cost estimate for the bill prepared by the Director
of the Congressional Budget Office. However, a cost estimate
was not made available to the Committee in time for the filing
of this report. The Chairman of the Committee shall cause such
estimate to be printed in the Congressional Record upon its
receipt by the Committee.
Unfunded Mandates Statement
The Committee has requested but not received from the
Director of the Congressional Budget Office an estimate of the
Federal mandates pursuant to section 423 of the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act. The Chairman of the Committee shall cause
such estimate to be printed in the Congressional Record upon
its receipt by the Committee.
Earmark Statement
In compliance with clause 9 of rule XXI of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, this bill, as reported, contains no
congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff
benefits as defined in clause 9(e), 9(f), or 9(g) of rule XXI.
Federal Advisory Committee Act Statement
No advisory committees within the meaning of section 5(b)
of the Federal Advisory Committee Act were created by this
legislation.
Applicability to the Legislative Branch
The Committee finds that the legislation does not relate to
the terms and conditions of employment or access to public
services or accommodations within the meaning of section
102(b)(3) of the Congressional Accountability Act.
Duplication of Federal Programs
Pursuant to clause 3(c)(5) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the Committee states that no
provision of the bill establishes or reauthorizes a program of
the Federal Government known to be duplicative of another
Federal program, including any program that was included in a
report to Congress pursuant to section 21 of the Public Law
111-139 or the most recent Catalog of Federal Domestic
Assistance.
Section-by-Section Analysis of the Legislation
Section 1. Short title
Section 1 provides the short title is the ``Bringing Real
Accountability Via Enforcement in Burma Act'' or the ``BRAVE
Burma Act.''
Section 2. Extension of sunset
Section 2 extends by two years the sunset of the Burma
Unified through Rigorous Military Accountability Act of 2022.
Section 3. Modification to reporting requirements
Section 3 requires the President to determine whether
Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, Myanma Economic Bank, or foreign
persons operating in the Burmese jet fuel sector meet the
criteria for sanctions under Executive Order 14014.
Section 4. Limitation of shareholding benefitting the State
Administration Council of Burma
Section 4 requires the Secretary of the Treasury to
instruct the United States Executive Director at the
International Monetary Fund to limit Burma's shareholding at
the Fund while the government is under the rule of the SAC.
Section 5. United States Special Envoy for Burma
Section 5 requires the President to appoint a Special Envoy
for Burma to coordinate all aspects of United States policy
with respect to Burma.
Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported
In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of
the House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by
the bill, as reported, are shown as follows (existing law
proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new
matter is printed in italics, and existing law in which no
change is proposed is shown in roman):
JAMES M. INHOFE NATIONAL DEFENSE
AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2023
* * * * * * *
DIVISION E--NON-DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MATTERS
* * * * * * *
TITLE LV--FOREIGN AFFAIRS MATTERS
* * * * * * *
Subtitle E--Burma Act of 2022
* * * * * * *
PART 2--SANCTIONS AND POLICY
COORDINATION WITH RESPECT TO BURMA
* * * * * * *
SEC. 5571. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES
AND PERPETRATION OF A COUP IN BURMA.
(a) Mandatory Sanctions.--Not later than 180 days after the
date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall impose
the sanctions described in subsection (d) with respect to any
foreign person that the President determines--
(1) is a senior official of--
(A) the Burmese military or security forces
of Burma;
(B) the State Administration Council, the
military-appointed cabinet at the level of
Deputy Minister or higher, or a military-
appointed minister of a Burmese state or
region; or
(C) an entity that primarily operates in the
defense sector of the Burmese economy; or
(2) is a Burmese state-owned commercial enterprise
(other than an entity described in subsections (c)(1)
and (c)(2)) that--
(A) is operating in the industrial or
extractive sectors; and
(B) significantly financially benefits the
Burmese military.
(b) Additional Measure Relating to Facilitation of
Transactions.--The Secretary of the Treasury may, in
consultation with the Secretary of State, prohibit or impose
strict conditions on the opening or maintaining in the United
States of a correspondent account or payable-through account by
a foreign financial institution that the President determines
has, on or after the date of the enactment of this Act,
knowingly conducted or facilitated a significant transaction or
transactions on behalf of a foreign person subject to sanctions
under this section imposed pursuant to subsection (a).
(c) Additional Sanctions.--The President may impose the
sanctions described in subsection (d) with respect to--
(1) the Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise;
(2) any Burmese state-owned enterprise that--
(A) is not operating in the industrial or
extractive sectors; and
(B) significantly financially benefits the
Burmese military;
(3) a spouse or adult child of any person described
in subsection (a)(1);
(4) any foreign person that, leading up to, during,
and since the February 1, 2021, coup d'etat in Burma,
is responsible for or has directly and knowingly
engaged in--
(A) actions or policies that significantly
undermine democratic processes or institutions
in Burma;
(B) actions or policies that significantly
threaten the peace, security, or stability of
Burma;
(C) actions or policies by a Burmese person
that--
(i) significantly prohibit, limit, or
penalize the exercise of freedom of
expression or assembly by people in
Burma; or
(ii) limit access to print, online,
or broadcast media in Burma; or
(D) the orchestration of arbitrary detention
or torture in Burma or other serious human
rights abuses in Burma; or
(5) any Burmese entity that provides materiel to the
Burmese military.
(d) Sanctions Described.--The sanctions described in this
subsection are the following:
(1) Property blocking.--The President may exercise
all powers granted to the President by the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C.
1701 et seq.) to the extent necessary to block and
prohibit all transactions in all property and interests
in property of the foreign person if such property and
interests in property are in the United States, come
within the United States, or are or come within the
possession or control of a United States person.
(2) Foreign exchange.--The President may, pursuant to
such regulations as the President may prescribe,
prohibit any transactions in foreign exchange that are
subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and in
which the foreign person has any interest.
(3) Visas, admission, or parole.--
(A) In general.--An alien who is described in
subsection (a) or (c) is--
(i) inadmissible to the United
States;
(ii) ineligible for a visa or other
documentation to enter the United
States; and
(iii) otherwise ineligible to be
admitted or paroled into the United
States or to receive any other benefit
under the Immigration and Nationality
Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.).
(B) Current visas revoked.--
(i) In general.--The issuing consular
officer, the Secretary of State, or the
Secretary of Homeland Security (or a
designee of one of such Secretaries)
shall, in accordance with section
221(i) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1201(i)),
revoke any visa or other entry
documentation issued to an alien
described in subparagraph (A)
regardless of when the visa or other
entry documentation is issued.
(ii) Effect of revocation.--A
revocation under clause (i)--
(I) shall take effect
immediately; and
(II) shall automatically
cancel any other valid visa or
entry documentation that is in
the alien's possession.
[(e) Assessment and Report on Sanctions With Respect to
Burmese State-owned Enterprise Operating in the Energy
Sector.--
[(1) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the
date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall
conduct an assessment with respect to the Burmese
state-owned enterprise described in subsection (c)(1),
including relevant factors pertaining to the possible
application of sanctions on such enterprise.
[(2) Report required.--Upon making the determination
required by paragraph (1), the President shall submit
to the appropriate congressional committees a report on
the assessment.
[(3) Form of report.--The report required by
paragraph (2) shall be submitted in unclassified form
but may include a classified annex.]
(e) Assessment and Report on Sanctions With Respect to
Burmese Persons.--
(1) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the
date of the enactment of this Act, and annually
thereafter for 7 years, the President shall determine
whether the following persons meet the criteria for
sanctions described under subsection (a) or under
Executive Order 14014 (86 Fed. Reg. 9429; relating to
blocking property with respect to the situation in
Burma):
(A) Any Burmese state-owned enterprise
described in subsection (c)(1).
(B) Myanma Economic Bank.
(C) Any foreign person that the President
determines operates in the jet fuel sector of
the Burmese economy, including through
activities such as the provision of financial
services or the importation, exportation,
reexportation, sale, supply, trade, storage, or
transport, directly or indirectly, of jet fuel
in Burma.
(2) Report required.--Upon making the determination
required by paragraph (1), the President shall submit
to the appropriate congressional committees a report on
the assessment.
(3) Form of report.--The report required by paragraph
(2) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may
include a classified annex.
(f) Exceptions.--
(1) Exception for intelligence, law enforcement, and
national security activities.--Sanctions under this
section shall not apply to any authorized intelligence,
law enforcement, or national security activities of the
United States.
(2) Exception to comply with international
obligations.--Sanctions under subsection (d)(3) shall
not apply with respect to the admission of an alien if
admitting or paroling the alien into the United States
is necessary to permit the United States to comply with
the Agreement regarding the Headquarters of the United
Nations, signed at Lake Success June 26, 1947, and
entered into force November 21, 1947, between the
United Nations and the United States, or other
applicable international obligations.
(3) Exception relating to the provision of
humanitarian assistance.--Sanctions under this section
may not be imposed with respect to transactions or the
facilitation of transactions for--
(A) the sale of agricultural commodities,
food, medicine, or medical devices to Burma;
(B) the provision of humanitarian assistance
to the people of Burma;
(C) financial transactions relating to
humanitarian assistance or for humanitarian
purposes in Burma; or
(D) transporting goods or services that are
necessary to carry out operations relating to
humanitarian assistance or humanitarian
purposes in Burma.
(4) Exception relating to wind-down of projects.--
Sanctions under this section shall not be imposed with
respect to transactions or the facilitation of
transactions related to the disposition of investments
pursuant to--
(A) agreements entered into between United
States persons and the Government of Burma
prior to May 21, 1997;
(B) the exercise of rights pursuant to such
agreements; or
(C) transactions related to the subsequent
operation of the assets encompassed by such
disposed investments.
(g) Waiver.--The President may, on a case-by-case basis waive
the application of sanctions or restrictions imposed with
respect to a foreign person under this section if the President
certifies to the appropriate congressional committees at the
time such waiver is to take effect that the waiver is in the
national interest of the United States.
(h) Implementation; Penalties.--
(1) Implementation.--The President may exercise all
authorities provided to the President under sections
203 and 205 of the International Emergency Economic
Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702 and 1704) to carry out this
section.
(2) Penalties.--The penalties provided for in
subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C.
1705) shall apply to a person that violates, attempts
to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation
of this section or any regulations promulgated under
this section to the same extent that such penalties
apply to a person that commits an unlawful act
described in section 206(a) of that Act.
(i) Report.--Not later than 90 days after the date of the
enactment of this Act and annually thereafter for 8 years, the
Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the
Treasury, shall submit to the appropriate congressional
committees a classified report that--
(1) describes the primary sources of income to which
the Burmese military has access and that the United
States has been unable to reach using sanctions
authorities; and
(2) assesses the impact of the sanctions imposed
pursuant to the authorities under this section on the
Burmese people and the Burmese military.
* * * * * * *
[all]