[House Report 119-237]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


119th Congress }                                         { Report 
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
  1st Session  }                                         { 119-237
======================================================================
 
              FACILITY FOR RUNWAY OPERATIONS AND SAFE 
                         TRANSPORTATION ACT

                                _______
                                

 September 8, 2025.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on 
            the State of the Union and ordered to be printed

                                _______
                                

 Mr. Graves, from the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, 
                        submitted the following

                              R E P O R T

                        [To accompany H.R. 3423]

      [Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]

    The Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, to whom 
was referred the bill (H.R. 3423) to amend title 49, United 
States Code, to include aircraft deicing storage facilities in 
the definition of airport development, and for other purposes, 
having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an 
amendment and recommends that the bill as amended do pass.

                                CONTENTS

                                                                   Page
Purpose of Legislation...........................................     2
Background and Need for Legislation..............................     2
Hearings.........................................................     3
Legislative History and Consideration............................     3
Committee Votes..................................................     3
Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations.................     3
New Budget Authority and Tax Expenditures........................     3
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate........................     4
Performance Goals and Objectives.................................     4
Duplication of Federal Programs..................................     5
Congressional Earmarks, Limited Tax Benefits, and Limited Tariff 
  Benefits.......................................................     5
Federal Mandates Statement.......................................     5
Preemption Clarification.........................................     5
Advisory Committee Statement.....................................     5
Applicability to Legislative Branch..............................     5
Section-by-Section Analysis of the Legislation...................     5
Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported............     6

    The amendment is as follows:
  Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the 
following:

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

  This Act may be cited as the ``Facility for Runway Operations and 
Safe Transportation Act'' or the ``FROST Act''.

SEC. 2. DEICING EQUIPMENT PROTECTION.

  Section 47102(3)(B)(v) of title 49, United States Code, is amended by 
striking ``and storage facilities for the equipment and fluids''.

                         Purpose of Legislation

    The purpose of H.R. 3423, as amended, is to amend title 49, 
United States Code, to include aircraft deicing storage 
facilities in the definition of airport development in order 
for these facilities to be eligible for Airport Improvement 
Program (AIP) funding, and for other purposes.

                  Background and Need for Legislation

    The AIP is a Federal grant program, administered by the 
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), that provides grants to 
airport sponsors for the planning and development of public-use 
airports that are included in the National Plan of Integrated 
Airport Systems (NPIAS).\1\ Grants received through the AIP can 
be used by eligible public-use airports for projects such as 
enhancing airport safety, capacity, security, and addressing 
environmental concerns.\2\ For large and medium primary hub 
airports, AIP grants typically cover 75 percent of eligible 
project costs or 80 percent for noise abatement program 
implementation. For small primary, reliever, and general 
aviation (GA) airports, AIP grants cover a range of 90 to 95 
percent of eligible project costs.\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\FAA, Overview: What is AIP & What is Eligible? (last updated 
Aug. 2, 2022), available at https://www.faa.ogv/airports/aip/overview.
    \2\Id.
    \3\Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Under current law, AIP funds can be used by an eligible 
airport to acquire aircraft deicing equipment. However, the 
storage facilities that such equipment is housed in are not 
eligible to be acquired with AIP funds. Improper storage of 
such equipment can lead to a shorter shelf life and introduce 
unnecessary risk.
    Deicing equipment is critical for airports to maintain 
aviation safety during cold weather aircraft operations. 
Deicing is a procedure in which frost, ice, or snow is removed 
from the aircraft to provide a clean surface that improves an 
aircraft's aerodynamics.\4\ Conversely, anti-icing is a 
procedure that provides protection against the formation of 
frost, ice, or snow on the surface of an aircraft.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \4\Aircraft Owners and Pilots Ass'n, Deicing and Anti-Icing 
equipment, Safety Spotlight: Precipitation and Icing, available at 
https://www.aopa.org/training-and-safety/online-learning/safety-
spotlights/weather-wise-precipitation-and-icing/deicing-and-anti-icing-
equipment.
    \5\Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    A clean aircraft surface (free from the buildup of ice and 
snow) is vital for ensuring safe aircraft operations and the 
ability to preserve aircraft performance during colder months; 
maintain clear visibility during flight operations; and ensure 
the aircraft meets regulatory compliance standards.
    H.R. 3423, as amended, modifies the definition of ``airport 
development'' in section 47102(3)(B)(v) of title 49, United 
States Code, to ensure that storage facilities for aircraft 
deicing fluids and equipment can be acquired with AIP funds. 
The goal is to harmonize AIP eligibility criteria to ensure a 
public-use airport can acquire both the necessary equipment and 
storage facilities to house such equipment using AIP funds.

                                Hearings

    For the purposes of rule XIII, clause 3(c)(6)(A) of the 
119th Congress the following hearing was used to develop or 
consider H.R. 3423:
    On Tuesday, April 8, 2025, the Subcommittee on Aviation 
held a hearing entitled, ``America Builds: Airport 
Infrastructure, Safety, and Regulatory Environment.'' At the 
hearing, Members received testimony from Mr. Michael Landguth, 
President and Chief Executive Officer, Raleigh-Durham Airport 
Authority; Mr. Lawrence Krauter, Chief Executive Officer, 
Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky International Airport; and Mr. 
Andre Sutton, International Vice President and Director, Air 
Division, Transport Workers Union of America, AFL-CIO. 
Witnesses offered their perspectives on the current airport 
regulatory environment, provided legislative suggestions for 
improvements, and addressed the critical reforms made in the 
FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024.

                 Legislative History and Consideration

    H.R. 3423, the ``FROST Act'', was introduced in the United 
States House of Representatives on May 15, 2025, by Rep. Tony 
Wied (R-WI) and referred to the Committee on Transportation and 
Infrastructure. Rep. Hillary Scholten (D-MI) and Rep. Laura 
Gillen (D-NY) are bill cosponsors. Within the Committee on 
Transportation and Infrastructure, H.R. 3423 was referred to 
the Subcommittee on Aviation. The Subcommittee on Aviation was 
discharged from further consideration of H.R. 3423 on June 11, 
2025.
    The Committee considered H.R. 3423 on June 11, 2025, and 
ordered the measure to be reported to the House with a 
favorable recommendation, with amendment, by voice vote.

                            Committee Votes

    Clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of 
Representatives requires each committee report to include the 
total number of votes cast for and against on each record vote 
on a motion to report and on any amendment offered to the 
measure or matter, and the names of those members voting for 
and against.
    No record votes were requested.

            Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations

    With respect to the requirements of clause 3(c)(1) of Rule 
XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the 
Committee's oversight findings and recommendations are 
reflected in this report.

               New Budget Authority and Tax Expenditures

    Clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of 
Representatives does not apply where a cost estimate and 
comparison prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget 
Office under section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 
1974 has been timely submitted prior to the filing of the 
report and is included in the report. Such a cost estimate is 
included in this report.

               Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate

    With respect to the requirement of clause 3(c)(3) of rule 
XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives and section 
402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, the Committee has 
received the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 3423, as amended, 
from the Director of the Congressional Budget Office:

 


    H.R. 3423 would authorize airport sponsors to use funding 
from the Airport Improvement Program and the Airport 
Infrastructure Grants program to acquire storage facilities for 
equipment and fluids that deice aircraft. Under current law, 
those programs can provide funding for structures and equipment 
that are used to deice aircraft, but not the associated storage 
facilities.
    H.R. 3423 would not provide additional budget authority for 
airport grants or increase existing obligation limitations. 
However, enacting the bill could increase spending of 
previously appropriated amounts that CBO does not expect to be 
spent over the 2025-2035 period under current law. Those 
increased expenditures are treated as direct spending. Using 
information from the FAA, CBO expects that the agency would 
spend a small amount of those balances. On that basis, we 
estimate that enacting the bill would increase direct spending 
by less than $500,000 over the 2025-2035 period.
    The CBO staff contact for this estimate is Aaron Krupkin. 
The estimate was reviewed by H. Samuel Papenfuss, Deputy 
Director of Budget Analysis.

                                         Phillip L. Swagel,
                             Director, Congressional Budget Office.

                    Performance Goals and Objectives

    With respect to the requirement of clause 3(c)(4) of rule 
XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the 
performance goal and objective of this legislation is to modify 
the definition of ``airport development'' in 49 U.S.C. Sec.  
47102(3)(B)(v) to ensure that storage facilities for aircraft 
deicing fluids and equipment--critical to aviation safety in 
colder weather--can be acquired with Airport Improvement 
Program (AIP) funds.

                    Duplication of Federal Programs

    Pursuant to clause 3(c)(5) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 
House of Representatives, the Committee finds that no provision 
of H.R. 3423, as amended, establishes or reauthorizes a program 
of the Federal government known to be duplicative of another 
Federal program, a program that was included in any report from 
the Government Accountability Office to Congress pursuant to 
section 21 of Public Law 111-139, or a program related to a 
program identified in the most recent Catalog of Federal 
Domestic Assistance.

   Congressional Earmarks, Limited Tax Benefits, and Limited Tariff 
                                Benefits

    In compliance with clause 9 of rule XXI of the Rules of the 
House of Representatives, this bill, as reported, contains no 
congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff 
benefits as defined in clause 9(e), 9(f), or 9(g) of the rule 
XXI.

                       Federal Mandates Statement

    An estimate of Federal mandates prepared by the Director of 
the Congressional Budget Office pursuant to section 423 of the 
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act was not made available to the 
Committee in time for the filing of this report. The Chairman 
of the Committee shall cause such estimate to be printed in the 
Congressional Record upon its receipt by the Committee.

                        Preemption Clarification

    Section 423 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 
requires the report of any Committee on a bill or joint 
resolution to include a statement on the extent to which the 
bill or joint resolution is intended to preempt state, local, 
or tribal law. The Committee finds that H.R. 3423 does not 
preempt any state, local, or tribal law.

                      Advisory Committee Statement

    No advisory committees within the definition of Section 
5(b) of the appendix to Title 5, United States Code, are 
created by this legislation.

                  Applicability to Legislative Branch

    The Committee finds that the legislation does not relate to 
the terms and conditions of employment or access to public 
services or accommodations within the meaning of section 
102(b)(3) of the Congressional Accountability Act (Public Law 
104-1).

             Section-by-Section Analysis of the Legislation


Section 1. Short title

    This section details that the bill may be cited as the 
Facility for Runway Operations and Safe Transportation Act or 
the FROST Act.

Section 2. Deicing equipment protection

    This section modifies the definition of ``airport 
development'' to include storage facilities for aircraft 
deicing fluids and equipment. This change would allow public-
use airports to use AIP funding to build these facilities, 
which are not currently eligible for AIP funding.

         Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported

    In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of 
the House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by 
the bill, as reported, are shown as follows (existing law 
proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new 
matter is printed in italic, existing law in which no change is 
proposed is shown in roman):

         Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported

  In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of 
the House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by 
the bill, as reported, are shown as follows (existing law 
proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets and 
existing law in which no change is proposed is shown in roman):

                      TITLE 49, UNITED STATES CODE



           *       *       *       *       *       *       *
SUBTITLE VII--AVIATION PROGRAMS

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


PART B--AIRPORT DEVELOPMENT AND NOISE

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


CHAPTER 471--AIRPORT DEVELOPMENT

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


SUBCHAPTER I--AIRPORT IMPROVEMENT

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


Sec. 47102. Definitions

  In this subchapter--
          (1) ``air carrier'' has the meaning given such term 
        in section 40102.
          (2) ``airport''--
                  (A) means--
                          (i) an area of land or water used or 
                        intended to be used for the landing and 
                        taking off of aircraft;
                          (ii) an appurtenant area used or 
                        intended to be used for airport 
                        buildings or other airport facilities 
                        or rights of way; and
                          (iii) airport buildings and 
                        facilities located in any of those 
                        areas; and
                  (B) includes a heliport.
          (3) ``airport development'' means the following 
        activities, if undertaken by the sponsor, owner, or 
        operator of a public-use airport:
                  (A) constructing, repairing, or improving a 
                public-use airport, including--
                          (i) removing, lowering, relocating, 
                        marking, and lighting an airport 
                        hazard;
                          (ii) preparing a plan or 
                        specification, including carrying out a 
                        field investigation; and
                          (iii) a secondary runway at a nonhub 
                        airport that is equivalent in size and 
                        type to the primary runway of such 
                        airport.
                  (B) acquiring for, or installing at, a 
                public-use airport--
                          (i) a navigation aid or another aid 
                        (including a precision approach system) 
                        used by aircraft for landing at or 
                        taking off from the airport, including 
                        preparing the site as required by the 
                        acquisition or installation;
                          (ii) safety or security equipment, 
                        including explosive detection devices, 
                        universal access systems, and emergency 
                        call boxes, the Secretary requires by 
                        regulation for, or approves as 
                        contributing significantly to, the 
                        safety or security of individuals and 
                        property at the airport and integrated 
                        in-pavement lighting systems for 
                        runways and taxiways and other runway 
                        and taxiway incursion prevention 
                        devices;
                          (iii) equipment to remove snow, to 
                        measure runway surface friction, or for 
                        aviation-related weather reporting, 
                        including closed circuit weather 
                        surveillance equipment and fuel 
                        infrastructure for such equipment to 
                        remove snow if the airport is located 
                        in Alaska;
                          (iv) firefighting and rescue 
                        equipment at an airport that serves 
                        scheduled passenger operations of air 
                        carrier aircraft designed for more than 
                        9 passenger seats;
                          (v) aircraft deicing equipment and 
                        structures (except aircraft deicing 
                        fluids [and storage facilities for the 
                        equipment and fluids]);
                          (vi) interactive training systems;
                          (vii) windshear detection equipment 
                        that is certified by the Administrator 
                        of the Federal Aviation Administration;
                          (viii) stainless steel adjustable 
                        lighting extensions approved by the 
                        Administrator;
                          (ix) engineered materials arresting 
                        systems as described in the Advisory 
                        Circular No. 150/5220-22 published by 
                        the Federal Aviation Administration on 
                        August 21, 1998, including any revision 
                        to the circular;
                          (x) replacement of baggage conveyor 
                        systems, and reconfiguration of 
                        terminal baggage areas, that the 
                        Secretary determines are necessary to 
                        install bulk explosive detection 
                        devices; except that such activities 
                        shall be eligible for funding under 
                        this subchapter only using amounts 
                        apportioned under section 47114; and
                          (xi) a medium intensity approach 
                        lighting system with runway alignment 
                        indicator lights.
                  (C) acquiring an interest in land or 
                airspace, including land for future airport 
                development, that is needed--
                          (i) to carry out airport development 
                        described in subclause (A) or (B) of 
                        this clause; or
                          (ii) to remove or mitigate an 
                        existing airport hazard or prevent or 
                        limit the creation of a new airport 
                        hazard.
                  (D) acquiring land for, or constructing, a 
                burn area training structure on or off the 
                airport to provide live fire drill training for 
                aircraft rescue and firefighting personnel 
                required to receive the training under 
                regulations the Secretary prescribes, including 
                basic equipment and minimum structures to 
                support the training under standards the 
                Administrator of the Federal Aviation 
                Administration prescribes.
                  (E) relocating an air traffic control tower 
                and any navigational aid (including radar) if 
                the relocation is necessary to carry out a 
                project approved by the Secretary under this 
                subchapter or under section 40117.
                  (F) constructing, reconstructing, repairing, 
                or improving an airport, or purchasing capital 
                equipment for an airport, if necessary for 
                compliance with the responsibilities of the 
                operator or owner of the airport under the 
                Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 
                U.S.C. 12101 et seq.), the Clean Air Act (42 
                U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), and the Federal Water 
                Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), 
                except constructing or purchasing capital 
                equipment that would benefit primarily a 
                revenue-producing area of the airport used by a 
                nonaeronautical business.
                  (G) acquiring land for, or work necessary to 
                construct, a pad suitable for deicing aircraft 
                before takeoff at a commercial service airport, 
                including constructing or reconstructing paved 
                areas, drainage collection structures, 
                treatment and discharge systems, appropriate 
                lighting, paved access for deicing vehicles and 
                aircraft, and including acquiring glycol 
                recovery vehicles, but not including acquiring 
                aircraft deicing fluids or constructing or 
                reconstructing storage facilities for aircraft 
                deicing equipment or fluids.
                  (H) routine work to preserve and extend the 
                useful life of runways, taxiways, and aprons at 
                nonhub airports and airports that are not 
                primary airports, under guidelines issued by 
                the Administrator of the Federal Aviation 
                Administration.
                  (I) constructing, reconstructing, or 
                improving an airport, or purchasing nonrevenue 
                generating capital equipment to be owned by an 
                airport, for the purpose of transferring 
                passengers, cargo, or baggage between the 
                aeronautical and ground transportation modes on 
                airport property.
                  (J) constructing an air traffic control tower 
                or acquiring and installing air traffic 
                control, communications, and related equipment 
                at an air traffic control tower under the terms 
                specified in section 47124(b)(4).
                  (K) work necessary to construct or modify 
                airport facilities to provide low-emission fuel 
                systems, gate electrification, and other 
                related air quality improvements at a 
                commercial service airport.
                  (L) a project by a commercial service airport 
                for the acquisition of airport-owned vehicles 
                or ground support equipment equipped with low-
                emission technology if the vehicles are;
                          (i) used exclusively on airport 
                        property; or
                          (ii) used exclusively to transport 
                        passengers and employees between the 
                        airport and the airport's consolidated 
                        rental car facility or an intermodal 
                        surface transportation facility 
                        adjacent to the airport.
                  (M) construction of mobile refueler parking 
                within a fuel farm at a nonprimary airport 
                meeting the requirements of section 112.8 of 
                title 40, Code of Federal Regulations.
                  (N) terminal development under section 
                47119(a).
                  (O) acquiring and installing facilities and 
                equipment to provide air conditioning, heating, 
                or electric power from terminal-based, 
                nonexclusive use facilities to aircraft parked 
                at a public use airport for the purpose of 
                reducing energy use or harmful emissions as 
                compared to the provision of such air 
                conditioning, heating, or electric power from 
                aircraft-based systems.
                  (P) an on-airport project to improve 
                reliability and efficiency of the power supply 
                of the airport or meet current and future 
                electrical power demand and to prevent power 
                disruptions to the airfield, passenger 
                terminal, and any other airport facilities, 
                including the acquisition and installation of 
                electrical generators, renewable energy 
                generation and storage infrastructure 
                (including necessary substation upgrades to 
                support such infrastructure), separation of the 
                airport's main power supply from its redundant 
                power supply, the construction or modification 
                of airport facilities to install a microgrid 
                (as defined in section 641 of the United States 
                Energy Storage Competitiveness Act of 2007 (42 
                U.S.C. 17231)), and smart glass (including 
                electrochromic glass).
                  (Q) converting or retrofitting vehicles and 
                ground support equipment into eligible zero-
                emission vehicles and equipment (as defined in 
                section 47136) and for acquiring, by purchase 
                or lease, eligible zero-emission vehicles and 
                equipment.
                  (R) predevelopment planning, including 
                financial, legal, or procurement consulting 
                services, related to an application or proposed 
                application for an exemption under section 
                47134.
                  (S) acquisition of advanced digital 
                construction management systems and related 
                technology used in the planning, design and 
                engineering, construction, and maintenance of 
                airport facilities when such systems or 
                technologies are acquired to carry out a 
                project approved by the Secretary under this 
                subchapter.
                  (T) improvements, or planning for 
                improvements (including monitoring equipment or 
                services), that would be necessary to sustain 
                commercial service flight operations or permit 
                the resumption of such flight operations 
                following a natural disaster (including an 
                earthquake, flooding, high water, wildfires, 
                hurricane, storm surge, tidal wave, tornado, 
                tsunami, wind driven water, sea level rise, 
                tropical storm, cyclone, land instability, or 
                winter storm) at--
                          (i) a primary airport; or
                          (ii) a nonprimary airport that is 
                        designated as a Federal staging area or 
                        incident support base by the 
                        Administrator of the Federal Emergency 
                        Management Agency.
                  (U) a project to comply with rulemakings and 
                recommendations on airport cybersecurity 
                standards from the aviation rulemaking 
                committee convened under section 395 of the FAA 
                Reauthorization Act of 2024.
                  (V) reconstructing or rehabilitating an 
                existing crosswind runway (regardless of the 
                wind coverage of the primary runway) if the 
                reconstruction or rehabilitation of such 
                crosswind runway is in the most recently 
                approved airport layout plan of the sponsor.
                  (W) constructing or acquiring such airport-
                owned infrastructure or equipment, 
                notwithstanding revenue producing capability of 
                such infrastructure or equipment, as may be 
                required for--
                          (i) the on-airport distribution or 
                        storage of unleaded aviation gasoline 
                        for piston-driven aircraft, including 
                        on-airport construction or expansion of 
                        pipelines, storage tanks, low-emission 
                        fuel systems, and airport-owned fuel 
                        trucks providing exclusively unleaded 
                        aviation fuels (unless the Secretary 
                        determines that an alternative fuel may 
                        be safely used in such fuel truck for a 
                        limited time); or
                          (ii) fueling systems for type 
                        certificated hydrogen-powered aircraft.
                  (X) constructing, reconstructing, or 
                rehabilitating a taxiway or taxilane that 
                serves non-exclusive use aeronautical 
                facilities, including aircraft storage 
                facilities, except for the 50 feet of pavement 
                immediately in front of an ineligible building.
                  (Y) any other activity (excluding terminal 
                development) that the Secretary concludes will 
                reasonably improve the safety of the airport.
          (4) ``airport hazard'' means a structure or object of 
        natural growth located on or near a public-use airport, 
        or a use of land near the airport, that obstructs or 
        otherwise is hazardous to the landing or taking off of 
        aircraft at or from the airport.
          (5) ``airport planning'' means planning as defined by 
        requirements the Secretary prescribes and includes--
                  (A) integrated airport system planning and 
                catchment area analyses;
                  (B) developing an environmental management 
                system;
                  (C) developing a plan for recycling and 
                minimizing the generation of airport solid 
                waste, consistent with applicable State and 
                local recycling laws, including the cost of a 
                waste audit; and
                  (D) assessing current and future electrical 
                power demand for airport airside and landside 
                activities.
          (6) ``amount made available under section 48103'' or 
        ``amount newly made available'' means the amount 
        authorized for grants under section 48103 as that 
        amount may be limited in that year by a subsequent law, 
        but as determined without regard to grant obligation 
        recoveries made in that year or amounts covered by 
        section 47107(f).
          (7) ``commercial service airport'' means a public 
        airport in a State that the Secretary determines has at 
        least 2,500 passenger boardings each year and is 
        receiving scheduled passenger aircraft service.
          (8) ``general aviation airport'' means a public-use 
        airport that is located in a State and that, as 
        determined by the Secretary--
                  (A) does not have scheduled service; or
                  (B) has scheduled service with less than 
                2,500 passenger boardings each year.
          (9) ``integrated airport system planning'' means 
        developing for planning purposes information and 
        guidance to decide the extent, kind, location, and 
        timing of airport development needed in a specific area 
        to establish a viable, balanced, and integrated system 
        of public-use airports, including--
                  (A) identifying system needs;
                  (B) developing an estimate of systemwide 
                development costs;
                  (C) conducting studies, surveys, and other 
                planning actions, including those related to 
                airport access, needed to decide which 
                aeronautical needs should be met by a system of 
                airports; and
                  (D) standards prescribed by a State, except 
                standards for safety of approaches, for airport 
                development at nonprimary public-use airports.
          (10) ``landed weight'' means the weight of aircraft 
        transporting only cargo in intrastate, interstate, and 
        foreign air transportation, as the Secretary determines 
        under regulations the Secretary prescribes.
          (11) ``large hub airport'' means a commercial service 
        airport that has at least 1.0 percent of the passenger 
        boardings.
          (12) ``low-emission technology'' means technology for 
        vehicles and equipment whose emission performance is 
        the best achievable under emission standards 
        established by the Environmental Protection Agency and 
        that relies exclusively on alternative fuels that are 
        substantially nonpetroleum based, as defined by the 
        Department of Energy, but not excluding hybrid systems 
        or natural gas powered vehicles.
          (13) ``medium hub airport'' means a commercial 
        service airport that has at least 0.25 percent but less 
        than 1.0 percent of the passenger boardings.
          (14) ``nonhub airport'' means a commercial service 
        airport that has less than 0.05 percent of the 
        passenger boardings.
          (15) ``passenger boardings''--
                  (A) means, unless the context indicates 
                otherwise, revenue passenger boardings in the 
                United States in the prior calendar year on an 
                aircraft in service in air commerce, as the 
                Secretary determines under regulations the 
                Secretary prescribes; and
                  (B) includes passengers who continue on an 
                aircraft in international flight that stops at 
                an airport in the 48 contiguous States, Alaska, 
                or Hawaii for a nontraffic purpose.
          (16) ``primary airport'' means a commercial service 
        airport the Secretary determines to have more than 
        10,000 passenger boardings each year.
          (17) ``project'' means a project, separate projects 
        included in one project grant application, or all 
        projects to be undertaken at an airport in a fiscal 
        year, to achieve airport development or airport 
        planning.
          (18) ``project cost'' means a cost involved in 
        carrying out a project.
          (19) ``project grant'' means a grant of money the 
        Secretary makes to a sponsor to carry out at least one 
        project.
          (20) ``public agency'' means--
                  (A) a State or political subdivision of a 
                State;
                  (B) a tax-supported organization;
                  (C) an Indian tribe or pueblo; or
                  (D) the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 
                Federated States of Micronesia, and Republic of 
                Palau.
          (21) ``public airport'' means an airport used or 
        intended to be used for public purposes--
                  (A) that is under the control of a public 
                agency; and
                  (B) of which the area used or intended to be 
                used for the landing, taking off, or surface 
                maneuvering of aircraft is publicly owned.
          (22) ``public-use airport'' means--
                  (A) a public airport; or
                  (B) a privately-owned airport used or 
                intended to be used for public purposes that 
                is--
                          (i) a reliever airport; or
                          (ii) determined by the Secretary to 
                        have at least 2,500 passenger boardings 
                        each year and to receive scheduled 
                        passenger aircraft service.
          (23) ``reliever airport'' means an airport the 
        Secretary designates to relieve congestion at a 
        commercial service airport and to provide more general 
        aviation access to the overall community.
          (24) ``revenue producing aeronautical support 
        facilities'' means fuel farms, hangar buildings, self-
        service credit card aeronautical fueling systems, 
        airplane wash racks, major rehabilitation of a hangar 
        owned by a sponsor, or other aeronautical support 
        facilities that the Secretary determines will increase 
        the revenue producing ability of the airport.
          (25) ``small hub airport'' means a commercial service 
        airport that has at least 0.05 percent but less than 
        0.25 percent of the passenger boardings.
          (26) ``sponsor'' means--
                  (A) a public agency that submits to the 
                Secretary under this subchapter an application 
                for financial assistance; and
                  (B) a private owner of a public-use airport 
                that submits to the Secretary under this 
                subchapter an application for financial 
                assistance for the airport.
          (27) ``State'' means a State of the United States, 
        the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin 
        Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, 
        and Guam.
          (28) ``terminal development'' means--
                  (A) development of--
                          (i) an airport passenger terminal 
                        building, including terminal gates;
                          (ii) access roads servicing 
                        exclusively airport traffic that leads 
                        directly to or from an airport 
                        passenger terminal building; and
                          (iii) walkways that lead directly to 
                        or from an airport passenger terminal 
                        building; and
                  (B) the cost of a vehicle for moving 
                passengers and baggage between terminal 
                facilities and between terminal facilities and 
                aircraft.

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