[House Report 118-612]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
118th Congress } { Report
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
2nd Session } { 118-612
======================================================================
NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE REAUTHORIZATION ACT
_______
July 25, 2024.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union and ordered to be printed
_______
Mr. Lucas, from the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology,
submitted the following
R E P O R T
[To accompany H.R. 6213]
The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, to whom
was referred the bill (H.R. 6213) to reauthorize the National
Quantum Initiative Act, and for other purposes, having
considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an
amendment and recommends that the bill as amended do pass.
CONTENTS
Page
Purpose and Summary.............................................. 25
Background and Need for Legislation.............................. 25
Legislative History.............................................. 26
Section-by-Section............................................... 26
Committee Views.................................................. 32
Related Committee Hearings....................................... 33
Committee Consideration.......................................... 34
Roll Call Votes.................................................. 35
Application of Law to the Legislative Branch..................... 37
Statement of Oversight Findings and Recommendations of the
Committee...................................................... 37
Statement of General Performance Goals and Objectives............ 37
Duplication of Federal Programs.................................. 37
Federal Advisory Committee Act................................... 37
Unfunded Mandate Statement....................................... 37
Earmark Identification........................................... 37
Committee Cost Estimate.......................................... 37
New Budget Authority, Entitlement Authority, and Tax Expenditures 38
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate........................ 38
Changes to Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported............ 38
The amendment is as follows:
Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the
following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``National Quantum Initiative
Reauthorization Act''.
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
Section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801) is
amended--
(1) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), the first
paragraph (8) (relating to the definition of the ``Subcommittee
on Economic and Security Implications''), and the second
paragraph (8) (relating to the definition of the ``Subcommittee
on Quantum Information Science'') as paragraphs (7), (9), (12),
(13), (15), and (16), respectively;
(2) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following new
paragraphs:
``(4) Federal laboratory.--The term `Federal laboratory' has
the meaning given such term in section 4 of the Stevenson-
Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703).
``(5) Foreign country of concern.--The term `foreign country
of concern' means--
``(A) a country that is a covered nation (as such
term is defined in section 4872(d) of title 10, United
States Code); and
``(B) any country that the Secretary of Commerce, in
consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the
Secretary of State, and the Director of National
Intelligence, determines to be engaged in conduct that
is detrimental to the national security or foreign
policy of the United States.
``(6) Foreign entity of concern.--The term `foreign entity of
concern' means a foreign entity that is--
``(A) designated as a foreign terrorist organization
by the Secretary of State under section 219(a) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189(a));
``(B) included on the list of specially designated
nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office
of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the
Treasury (commonly known as the `SDN list');
``(C) owned by, controlled by, or subject to the
jurisdiction or direction of a government of a foreign
country that is a covered nation (as such term is
defined in section 4872 of title 10, United States
Code);
``(D) alleged by the Attorney General to have been
involved in activities for which a conviction was
obtained under--
``(i) chapter 37 of title 18, United States
Code (commonly known as the `Espionage Act');
``(ii) section 951 or 1030 of title 18,
United States Code;
``(iii) chapter 90 of title 18, United States
Code (commonly known as the `Economic Espionage
Act of 1996');
``(iv) the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C.
2751 et seq.);
``(v) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or 236 of
the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2274,
2275, 2276, 2277, and 2284);
``(vi) the Export Control Reform Act of 2018
(50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or
``(vii) the International Emergency Economic
Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); or
``(E) determined by the Secretary of Commerce, in
consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the
Director of National Intelligence, to be engaged in
unauthorized conduct that is detrimental to the
national security or foreign policy of the United
States.'';
(3) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by striking ``(a)''
each place it appears;
(4) by inserting after paragraph (7), as so redesignated, the
following new paragraph:
``(8) National laboratory.--The term `National Laboratory'
has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801).'';
(5) by inserting after paragraph (9), as so redesignated, the
following new paragraphs:
``(10) Quantum applications.--The term `quantum applications'
means applications that use quantum information science
engineering and technology, including quantum algorithms and
software, quantum computing and quantum-classical hybrids,
quantum sensing, quantum networking, quantum encryption, or
quantum communications applications.
``(11) Quantum computing.--The term `quantum computing' means
any of a variety of quantum computing technologies, including
quantum annealing and quantum gate-model systems that utilize a
variety of qubit architectures, such as superconducting, ion
traps, photonics, neutral atoms, spin atoms, or spin
electrons.'';
(6) by amending paragraph (12), as so redesignated, to read
as follows:
``(12) Quantum information science, technology, and
engineering.--The term `quantum information science,
technology, and engineering' means the understanding,
translation, use, or application of the laws of quantum physics
for the storage, transmission, manipulation, computing,
simulation, or measurement of information.''; and
(7) by inserting after paragraph (13), as so redesignated,
the following new paragraph:
``(14) STEM.--The term `STEM' means the academic and
professional disciplines of science, technology, engineering,
and mathematics, including computer science.''.
SEC. 3. PURPOSES.
Section 3 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8802) is
amended--
(1) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking
``science and its technology applications'' and inserting
``science, engineering, and technology'';
(2) in paragraph (1)--
(A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by
striking ``science and technology'' and inserting
``science, engineering, and technology'';
(B) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows:
``(A) to expand the number of researchers, educators,
and students with training in quantum information
science, engineering, and technology to develop a
domestic workforce pipeline and retain international
talent to the extent consistent with national security
and international competitiveness;'';
(C) in subparagraph (B), by striking ``science at
the'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology at the primary, secondary,'';
(D) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``basic'';
(E) in subparagraph (D)--
(i) by striking ``science and technology''
and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology''; and
(ii) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon;
and
(F) by adding at the end the following new
subparagraphs:
``(F) to support development of quantum applications,
including quantum-hybrid applications, to promote
innovation and commercialization; and
``(G) to support technologies, including artificial
intelligence, that could benefit from or benefit the
development of quantum technology and promote research,
development, demonstration, and application of such
technologies in quantum information science,
engineering, and technology.'';
(3) in paragraph (2), by striking ``science and technology''
and inserting ``science, engineering, and technology'';
(4) in paragraph (3), by striking ``science and technology''
and inserting ``science, engineering, and technology'';
(5) in paragraph (4)--
(A) by inserting ``National Laboratories,'' after
``Federal laboratories,''; and
(B) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon;
(6) in paragraph (5)--
(A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A)--
(i) by inserting ``partnerships, research
collaborations, and'' after ``international'';
and
(ii) by striking ``science and technology
security'' and inserting ``science,
engineering, and technology'';
(B) in subparagraph (A)--
(i) by inserting ``, social benefit,'' after
``innovation''; and
(ii) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon;
(C) in subparagraph (B), by striking the period and
inserting ``; and''; and
(D) by adding at the end the following new
subparagraph:
``(C) to facilitate cooperative investment in quantum
capabilities between the United States and its allies
and partners to strengthen and secure the domestic
supply chain and related ecosystem; and''; and
(7) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
``(6) improving the maturity, scale, and short- and long-term
viability of the quantum technology industry, including small
and medium-sized businesses and startups representing a
diversity of quantum specialties, and commercialization of
domestic quantum capacity across modalities.''.
SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE PROGRAM.
Subsection (b) of section 101 of the National Quantum Initiative Act
(15 U.S.C. 8811) is amended--
(1) in paragraph (1)--
(A) by striking ``development'' and inserting
``research development, and near- and medium-term, and
long-term demonstration'';
(B) by striking ``information science and
technology''; and
(C) by inserting ``in diverse sectors'' after
``applications'';
(2) in paragraph (2)--
(A) by striking ``fundamental'';
(B) by striking ``science and technology'' and
inserting ``science, engineering, and technology''; and
(C) by inserting ``infrastructure,'' after
``demonstration,'';
(3) in paragraph (3)--
(A) by inserting ``and retain'' after ``to develop'';
and
(B) by striking ``science and technology'' and
inserting ``science, engineering, and technology'';
(4) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows:
``(4) provide for interagency planning and coordination of
Federal quantum information science, engineering, and
technology research, development, demonstration, standards
engagement, and other activities under the Program, including
activities authorized pursuant to section 234 of the John S.
McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019
(10 U.S.C. 4001 note), quantum educational activities and
programs authorized pursuant to section 10661 of the Research
and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C.
19261), and activities conducted at any Federal laboratory;'';
and
(5) in paragraph (5)--
(A) by striking ``industry and universities'' and
inserting ``industry, universities, and strategic
allies''; and
(B) by inserting ``, including human resources''
after ``resources''.
SEC. 5. NATIONAL QUANTUM COORDINATION OFFICE.
Section 102 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8812)
is amended--
(1) in subsection (a)(2)--
(A) in subparagraph (A)--
(i) by inserting ``who shall be'' before
``appointed''; and
(ii) by inserting ``, and who shall serve a
four year term, subject to renewal'' before the
semicolon; and
(B) by amending subparagraph (B) to read as follows:
``(B) staff comprised of employees detailed from the
Federal departments and agencies specified in section
103(b).''; and
(2) in subsection (b)--
(A) in paragraph (3), by striking ``science and
technology'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology research and workforce'';
(B) in paragraph (6), by striking ``and'' after the
semicolon;
(C) in paragraph (7), by striking the period at the
end and inserting ``;'';
(D) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows:
``(4) ensure coordination among the collaborative ventures or
consortia established under this Act;'';
(E) in paragraph (7), by inserting ``nonprofit
research organizations,'' after ``universities,''; and
(F) by adding after paragraph (7), the following new
paragraphs:
``(8) promote understanding and adoption of quantum
capabilities throughout the United States economy as
appropriate; and
``(9) track and promote policies that will ensure stability
of the United States quantum workforce, quantum supply chain,
domestic quantum industry, and international trade.''.
SEC. 6. SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.
Section 103 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8813)
is amended--
(1) in subsection (b)--
(A) in paragraph (8), by striking ``and'' after the
semicolon;
(B) by redesignating paragraph (9) as paragraph (14);
and
(C) by inserting after paragraph (8) the following
new paragraphs:
``(9) the Department of Health and Human Services;
``(10) the Department of State;
``(11) the Department of Homeland Security;
``(12) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;
``(13) the Department of Education; and'';
(2) in subsection (d)--
(A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``the quantum
information science and technology research'' and
inserting ``quantum information science, engineering,
and technology research and quantum application
development, demonstration, and commercialization'';
(B) in paragraph (4), by inserting ``, engineering,
and technology'' after ``science'';
(C) in paragraph (5),
(i) by inserting ``, engineering, and
technology'' after ``science''; and
(ii) by inserting ``and conduct comparative
benchmarking of Federal investments and
research strategies relative to those of our
strategic partners and other countries'' after
``development efforts'';
(D) in paragraph (6)--
(i) by striking ``science and technology''
and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology''; and
(ii) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon;
(E) in paragraph (7)--
(i) by inserting ``, engineering and
technology'' after ``science''; and
(ii) by striking the period and inserting ``;
and''; and
(F) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
``(8) facilitate interagency partnership opportunities to
advance quantum applications related to environment, advanced
manufacturing, biotechnology, space, and other sectors.'';
(3) in subsection (h)(2)(A), by inserting ``, including a
description of agency roles and responsibilities'' before the
period; and
(4) by adding at the end the following new subsection:
``(i) Quantum Use Cases.--
``(1) In general.--The Subcommittee shall identify potential
use cases with respect to which quantum computing could advance
the missions of participating agencies, including through on-
premises, cloud-based, hybrid, or networked approaches.
``(2) Quantum on-ramp.--For each potential use case
identified pursuant to paragraph (1), the relevant Federal
agency, in consultation with the Subcommittee, may develop a
plan to enable such agency to address each such potential use
case.
``(3) Reporting.--The Subcommittee, as part of the annual
report on the budget for the Program under subsection (g) shall
report progress in carrying out the activities under this
section, including information relating to the following:
``(A) The potential use cases identified pursuant to
paragraph (1).
``(B) The status of plans developed pursuant to
paragraph (2).
``(C) Any obstacles to addressing such potential use
cases, including lack of funding.''.
SEC. 7. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ADVISORY COMMITTEE.
Section 104 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8814)
is amended--
(1) by amending subsection (b) to read as follows:
``(b) Qualifications.--The Advisory Committee shall consist of
members, appointed by the President, who are--
``(1) representative of industry, including end users likely
to benefit from quantum technology and small and medium-sized
businesses and startups representing a diversity of quantum
specialties. universities, and Federal laboratories; and
``(2) qualified to provide advice and information on quantum
information science, engineering, and technology research,
development, demonstrations, standards, STEM education,
technology transfer, commercial application, or national
security and economic concerns.'';
(2) in subsection (d)(2)--
(A) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``science and
technology'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology'';
(B) by redesignating subparagraphs (D), (E), (F), and
(G) as subparagraphs (E), (F), (G), and (H),
respectively;
(C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following
new subparagraph:
``(D) other countries' quantum programs and the
progress of such countries and such programs relative
to the Program;'';
(D) in subparagraph (E), as so redesignated--
(i) by striking ``to'' and inserting
``promote innovation, foster a robust United
States quantum industry, and''; and
(ii) by striking ``science and technology''
and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology''; and
(E) in subparagraph (F), as so redesignated, by
inserting ``, including to address any gaps that may
exist'' before the semicolon;
(F) in subparagraph (G), as so redesignated, by
striking ``open standards for, quantum information
science and technology; and'' and inserting
``international standards in open and transparent
standardization systems for quantum information
science, engineering, and technology;'';
(G) in subparagraph (H), as so redesignated--
(i) by inserting ``educational,
environmental, health,'' after ``legal,''; and
(ii) by striking the period and inserting
``;''; and
(H) by adding at the end the following new
subparagraphs:
``(I) the domestic and international cooperation
needs and goals of the Program, including needs and
goals related to infrastructure and the supply chain of
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology; and
``(J) the degree to which quantum information
science, engineering, and technology is enhancing or
can enhance the capabilities of the United States
advanced industrial economy and protect or optimize
critical infrastructure (as such term is defined in
section 1016(e) of Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C.
5195c(e))).'';
(3) in subsection (e)--
(A) by inserting ``through December 31, 2030'' after
``thereafter''; and
(B) by adding at the end the following new sentence:
``In the first such report required after the date of
the enactment of this sentence, the Advisory Committee
shall assess the advisability and feasibility of
establishing a quantum communications corridor in which
Federal laboratories, institutions of higher education,
and other entities conducting quantum information
science, engineering, and technology research are
connected via quantum communication networks capable of
rapidly and securely transmitting large quantities of
information.''; and
(4) by amending subsection (g) to read as follows:
``(g) FACA Exemption.--The President shall charter the Advisory
Committee in accordance with chapter 10 of title 5, United States Code
(commonly referred to as the `Federal Advisory Committee Act'), except
that the Advisory Committee shall be exempt from section 1013 of such
title.''.
SEC. 8. SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMIC AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF
QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.
Section 105 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8814a)
is amended--
(1) in subsection (b)--
(A) in paragraph (10), by striking ``and'' after the
semicolon;
(B) by redesignating paragraph (11) as paragraph
(14); and
(C) by inserting after paragraph (10) the following
new paragraphs:
``(11) the Department of Health and Human Services;
``(12) the Department of State;
``(13) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
and'';
(2) in subsection (c)--
(A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``information
science'' and inserting ``information science,
engineering, and technology'';
(B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``or to supply
chains'' before the semicolon;
(C) in paragraph (3), by inserting ``or supply
chains'' before the semicolon;
(D) in paragraph (5)--
(i) by inserting ``and engineering'' after
``quantum information science''; and
(ii) by inserting ``any'' before ``export
controls'';
(E) in paragraph (6), by striking ``information
science'' and inserting ``information science,
engineering, and technology'';
(F) in paragraph (7), by striking ``and'' after the
semicolon;
(G) in paragraph (8)--
(i) by inserting ``nonprofit research
organizations,'' after ``universities,''; and
(ii) by striking the period and inserting a
semicolon; and
(H) by adding at the end the following new
paragraphs:
``(9) in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum
Information Science, identify opportunities to increase
coordination between civilian, military, and intelligence
quantum research entities, reduce unnecessary duplicative
quantum research activities, and facilitate collaboration
between quantum research agencies with specialized capabilities
or expertise in one or more aspects of quantum information
science, engineering, and technology; and
``(10) recommend strategies for attracting and retaining
students and scholars with expertise in quantum related fields
to Federal departments and agencies.''.
SEC. 9. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY.
The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by inserting after
section 105 the following new section:
``SEC. 105A. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY.
``(a) Strategy Required.--Not later than one year after the date of
the enactment of this section, the Director of the Office of Science
and Technology Policy, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce,
the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Energy, the Director of the
National Science Foundation, and the heads of other Federal agencies,
as appropriate, shall develop and submit to the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and
the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on
Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a strategy to--
``(1) establish collaborative international partnerships,
including co-funded international programs, to advance research
and development, testing and evaluation, commercialization, and
interoperability in quantum information science, engineering,
and technology with allies and partners of the United States,
and other countries, when in the security, strategic,
technological, and scientific interests of the United States;
``(2) ensure continued United States participation in
bilateral and multilateral efforts to advance quantum
information science, engineering, and technology on the
international stage;
``(3) promote the integrity and impartiality of international
standards organizations and processes related to quantum
information science, engineering, and technology; and
``(4) ensure ethical application of quantum information
science, engineering, and technology to protect civil liberties
and basic human rights.
``(b) Designation.--The strategy under subsection shall be known as
the `International Quantum Cooperation Strategy' (in this section
referred to as the `Strategy').
``(c) Elements.--In the development of the Strategy, the Director of
the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Quantum
Coordination Office, the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science,
the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications, and the
relevant agencies should consider the following:
``(1) The establishment of international partnerships to
advance research and development in quantum information
science, engineering, and technology.
``(2) Key partners that are allies of the United States and
have demonstrated unique capabilities in one or more areas of
quantum information science, engineering, and technology.
``(3) Efforts and plans to address risks to the national
security and economic interests of the United States during
development and deployment of quantum technologies worldwide,
including plans for diplomatic engagement with allies and
partners, and other countries.
``(4) Efforts and plans to promote responsible global
development and deployment of quantum technologies, including
through international engagement and leadership in the
development of international standards.
``(5) Efforts and plans to develop, attract, and retain
international talent.
``(6) The ability and risks of domestic manufacturers and
suppliers and those of allies and partners of the United States
to meet the needs of the global quantum supply chain, including
raw materials such as Helium-3, plans for engagement with
allies and partners, manufacturers, and suppliers, and options
to mitigate gaps and vulnerabilities in the global quantum
supply chain.
``(7) A plan to safeguard research and technology supported
through international cooperation, as appropriate, in whole or
in part, including in quantum technologies critical to national
security, from malign influence, theft, or exfiltration by
foreign entities of concern.
``(8) As necessary, a description of such legislative or
administrative action needed to carry out the Strategy.
``(d) Briefing.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the
Strategy is completed, the Director shall brief the committees
specified in subsection (a) on the Strategy.''.
SEC. 10. SUNSET.
Section 106(a) of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C.
8815(a)) is amended to read as follows:
``(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the
authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 shall
terminate on December 30, 2030.''.
SEC. 11. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES AND
QUANTUM CONSORTIUM.
Section 201 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8831)
is amended--
(1) in subsection (a)--
(A) in paragraph (1)--
(i) by striking ``basic and applied''; and
(ii) by striking ``science and technology''
and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology'';
(B) in paragraph (2)--
(i) by inserting ``attract, educate, and''
before ``train''; and
(ii) by striking ``science and technology''
and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology'';
(C) by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows:
``(3) shall carry out research to facilitate the development
and standardization of quantum cryptography, post-quantum
cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the
Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526
note; Public Law 117-260)), and practices to replace
cryptographic keys or algorithms with minimal disruption to
current applications and systems;''.
(D) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows:
``(4) shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration projects, as appropriate, to facilitate the
development and standardization of quantum networking,
communications, computing, metrology, sensing technologies and
quantum applications, including quantum supporting
technologies, such as artificial intelligence;''.
(E) by redesignating paragraphs (5), (6), and (7) as
paragraphs (8), (9), and (11), respectively;
(F) by inserting the following after paragraph (4)
the following new paragraphs:
``(5) shall carry out research to support the measurement of
comparative performance and progress of quantum technologies,
including, as practicable, technology readiness assessments of
quantum technologies;
``(6) shall promote United States participation in
international standards organizations related to quantum
information science, engineering, and technology;
``(7) shall establish or expand partnerships with the public
sector and private sector to--
``(A) accelerate the development of domestic quantum
supply chain and supply chain-supporting technologies;
and
``(B) reduce quantum supply chain vulnerabilities;'';
(G) in paragraph (8), as so redesignated, by striking
``infrastructure'' and inserting ``, communications,
sensing, and computing'';
(H) in paragraph (9), as so redesignated--
(i) by inserting ``non-profit research
organizations,'' after ``universities,''; and
(ii) by striking ``and engineering; and'' and
inserting ``, engineering, and technology and
expanding the domestic STEM workforce;''; and
(I) by inserting after paragraph (9) the following
the following new paragraph:
``(10) shall establish such infrastructure as is necessary to
carry out title II; and'';
(2) in subsection (b)--
(A) in paragraph (1)--
(i) by striking ``future'' and inserting
``research''; and
(ii) by striking ``science and technology''
and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology'';
(B) in paragraph (2)--
(i) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as
follows:
``(A) to gather and assess information on the quantum
industry to address the needs identified in paragraph
(1);'';
(ii) by striking subparagraphs (B) and (C)
and inserting the following new subparagraphs:
``(B) to provide recommendations regarding how the
National Institute of Standards and Technology, the
Program, and other Federal agencies, as appropriate,
can address the gaps in the research necessary to meet
the needs identified in paragraph (1) and accelerate
real-world uses of quantum information science,
engineering, and technology;
``(C) to identify enabling technologies and the
relevant supply chain essential to foster research and
industrial competitiveness in quantum information
science, engineering, and technology, and communicate
findings to Federal agencies and other domestic and
international stakeholders;
``(D) to assess and identify key areas for
establishing, expanding, or developing international
partnerships that will facilitate United States
quantum-related business engagement; and
``(E) to provide recommendations on how the National
Institute of Standards and Technology, the Program, and
other Federal agencies, as appropriate, can incorporate
small and medium-sized businesses and startups into
Federal quantum activities and promote the success of
small and medium-sized startups.'';
(C) in paragraph (3)--
(i) by striking ``Not later than 2 years
after the date of enactment of this Act, the''
and inserting ``The''; and
(ii) by inserting ``periodically, but not
less than every five years,'' after ``shall'';
and
(D) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
``(4) Coordination.--As appropriate, the consortium is
encouraged to engage with Federal agencies that fund research,
have a mission to transition or translate research results to
practical quantum applications, or have a mission that could
benefit from the development of quantum technologies, to inform
and accelerate progress in such areas.''; and
(3) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the following
new subsections:
``(c) International Quantum Research and Metrology.--
``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, in coordination with the Secretary of
State and the Director of the National Science Foundation,
shall promote, establish, and support international quantum
information science, engineering, and technology research,
metrology research, and standardization, as appropriate, to
enhance international cooperation, meet United States
commitments, and support United States engagement in
international standards for quantum information science,
engineering, and technology.
``(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this section, the Director
of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall
ensure alignment with the National Quantum Information Science
Strategy and the U.S. Government National Standards Strategy
for Critical and Emerging Technology, or successor strategies.
``(3) Restrictions.--
``(A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds made
available under this section may be obligated or
expended to an institution of higher education that
maintains a contract or agreement between such
institution and a Confucius Institute or any successor
of a Confucius Institute.
``(B) Foreign countries or entities of concern.--None
of the funds made available under this section may be
obligated or expended to promote, establish, or finance
quantum research activities between a United States
entity and a foreign country of concern or foreign
entity of concern, except such restriction shall not
apply to participation by awardees in consensus-based
international standardization activities.
``(d) Post Quantum Cryptography Deployment.--
``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, in consultation with the Secretary of
Homeland Security, the heads of Sector Risk Management Agencies
(as such term is defined in section 2200 of the Homeland
Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 650)), and private sector
entities, as appropriate, shall promote the voluntary
development, adoption, and deployment of standards relating to
post-quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3
of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6
U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117-260)), including by--
``(A) disseminating and making publicly available
guidance and resources to help organizations adopt and
deploy standards relating to post-quantum cryptography
and minimize disruptions to current applications and
systems caused by cryptographic updates;
``(B) providing technical assistance, as practicable,
to entities that are at high risk of quantum
cryptoanalytic attacks, such as entities determined to
be critical infrastructure (as such term is defined in
section 1016(e) of Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C.
5195c(e))) or digital infrastructure providers; and
``(C) conducting such other activities as determined
necessary by the Director to promote the development,
adoption, and deployment across the United States of
standards relating to post-quantum cryptography.
``(2) Grant program.--
``(A) In general.--Subject to the availability of
appropriations and after the date on which the Director
of National Institute of Standards and Technology has
issued standards relating to post-quantum cryptography,
the Director may establish a program to identify and
provide technical assistance through the award of
grants to entities that are at high risk of quantum
cryptoanalytic attacks, including by granting funds for
the adoption of such standards and the remediation of
quantum-related vulnerabilities.
``(B) Use of funds.--Grants awarded to entities under
this paragraph may be used to cover reasonable costs,
up to a specified amount established by the Director of
the National Institute of Standards and Technology, for
activities to adopt standards relating to post-quantum
cryptographic and remediate quantum-related
vulnerabilities.
``(C) Guidance.--The Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology may develop, and
periodically update, guidance, including relating to
eligibility, application disclosure requirements, grant
amount and duration, and any additional requirements
regarding the award of grants under this paragraph.
``(D) Consultation.--If the program described in this
paragraph is established, the Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology shall consult
with the Director of the Cybersecurity and
Infrastructure Security Agency of the Department of
Homeland Security, the heads of other Sector Risk
Management Agencies, and appropriate representatives of
private sector entities, including nonprofit
organizations, to share information regarding the grant
program under this paragraph and guidance developed and
updated under subparagraph (C).
``(e) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for the
National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to section
10211 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act
(Public Law 117-167) for scientific and technical research and services
laboratory activities, there is authorized to be appropriated to the
Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry
out this section up to $85,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024
through 2027.''.
SEC. 12. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM
CENTERS.
Title II of the National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by adding
at the end the following new sections:
``SEC. 202. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM
CENTERS.
``(a) Establishment.--
``(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of
appropriations, the Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, in consultation with the heads of
other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall
carry out a program to establish and operate at least one, but
not more than three, centers to accelerate research,
development, deployment, and standardization of quantum
information science, engineering, and technology.
``(2) Program details.--
``(A) Competitive, merit-reviewed process.--The
centers shall be established through a competitive,
merit-reviewed process.
``(B) Applications.--An eligible applicant described
in subparagraph (C) shall submit to the Director of the
National Institute of Standards and Technology an
application at such time, in such manner, and
containing such information as the Director determines
to be appropriate.
``(C) Eligible applicants.--Eligible applicants
described in this subparagraph are the following:
``(i) Institutions of higher education.
``(ii) Nonprofit organizations.
``(iii) Multi-institutions collaborations,
including multiple types of research
institutions, private sector entities, Federal
laboratories, and nonprofit organizations, or a
consortia thereof.
``(iv) Any other entity the Director
determines appropriate.
``(3) Selection of topics.--The Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology shall solicit proposals
and prioritize the following topics in the initial selection of
centers, subject to merit-review:
``(A) Quantum sensing and measurement.
``(B) Quantum engineering.
``(b) Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, centers
developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under this section
shall serve the mission of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology, for the benefit of the broader United States quantum
information science community, to develop processes for the following
purposes--
``(1) Advancing research and standardization in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology.
``(2) Advancing technology transfer.
``(3) Improving the competitiveness of the United States.
``(c) Coordination.--The Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology shall ensure coordination, and avoid
unnecessary duplication of, the activities carried out under this
section with existing activities of the Institute, other activities
carried out under this Act, and other related programs, as appropriate.
``(d) Selection and Duration.--
``(1) In general.--The centers established under this section
are authorized to carry out activities for a period of five
years.
``(2) Renewal.--Each center established under this section
may be renewed for an additional period of five years following
a successful merit-based review by the Director.
``(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the
National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Director of
the National Institute of Standards and Technology may
terminate an underperforming center for cause during the
performance period.
``(e) Funding.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards
and Technology shall allocate up to $18,000,000 for each center
established under this section for each of fiscal years 2024 through
2028, subject to the availability of appropriations. Amounts made
available to carry out this section shall be derived from amounts
appropriated or otherwise made available to the National Institute of
Standards and Technology.
``SEC. 203. RESEARCH SECURITY.
``The activities authorized under title II shall be applied in a
manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as division B of
Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).''.
SEC. 13. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ACTIVITIES.
Section 301 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841)
is amended--
(1) in the heading, by inserting ``, engineering, and
technology'' after ``science'';
(2) in subsection (a)--
(A) by striking ``basic''; and
(B) by striking ``science and engineering'' and
inserting ``science, engineering, and technology'';
(3) in subsection (b)--
(A) in paragraph (1)--
(i) in subparagraph (A)--
(I) by striking ``basic''; and
(II) by striking ``science and
engineering'' and inserting ``science,
engineering, and technology''; and
(ii) in subparagraph (B)--
(I) by striking ``human resources''
and inserting ``education and
workforce''; and
(II) by striking ``science and
engineering'' and inserting ``science,
engineering, and technology''; and
(B) in paragraph (2)--
(i) in subparagraph (A)--
(I) in clause (i)--
(aa) by striking ``science
and engineering'' and inserting
``science, engineering, and
technology'';
(bb) by inserting ``K-12,
vocational,'' before
``undergraduate''; and
(cc) by striking ``and''
after the semicolon;
(II) in clause (ii), by inserting
``and'' after the semicolon; and
(III) by adding at the end the
following new clause:
``(iii) to pursue research at the frontiers
of quantum information science, engineering,
and technology, and explore solutions to
important challenges for the development,
application, and commercialization of quantum
technologies;'';
(ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking
``science and engineering'' and inserting
``science, engineering, and technology''; and
(iii) in subparagraph (C), by striking
``science and engineering'' and inserting
``science, engineering, and technology'';
(iv) in subparagraph (D), by striking ``and''
after the semicolon;
(v) in subparagraph (E), by striking the
period and inserting ``; and''; and
(vi) by adding at the end the following new
subparagraph:
``(F) providing infrastructure to support academic
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology, including through existing infrastructure
programs and new activities.'';
(4) by amending subsection (c) to read as follows:
``(c) Student Traineeships, Fellowships, and Other Models.--
``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal agencies the
Director considers appropriate, shall award grants to
institutions of higher education or eligible nonprofit
organizations (or consortia thereof) to increase capacity and
broaden participation, including through provisioning of
experiential opportunities, where appropriate, in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology and other
related disciplines.
``(2) Quantum traineeships.--The Director of the National
Science Foundation may establish or use existing programs to
make awards to institutions of higher education or nonprofit
organizations (or consortia thereof) to provide traineeships to
graduate students at institutions of higher education within
the United States who are citizens of the United States and who
choose or plan to pursue masters or doctoral degrees in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology, or related
fields, and by providing students with opportunities for
research experiences in government or industry related to such
students' quantum studies.
``(3) Quantum fellowships and scholarships.--
``(A) In general.--The Director of the National
Science Foundation may establish or use existing
programs to support fellowships and scholarships for
students at institutions of higher education for the
purpose of increasing quantum information science,
engineering, and technology exposure for undergraduate
and graduate STEM students and increasing post-
graduation employment opportunities for STEM students.
``(B) Requirements.--Eligible participants in the
fellowship and scholarship program shall--
``(i) be enrolled in or have graduated from a
STEM degree program at a domestic institution
of higher education; and
``(ii) have taken at least one quantum-
science or quantum-relevant course as part of
their degree programs.
``(C) Considerations.--Eligible fellowships and
scholarships may include temporary quantum-related
positions at State or Federal agencies, national
laboratories, private sector entities, institutions of
higher education, the Quantum Centers and Institute
established in sections 202, 302, 402, and 502, or
other quantum-relevant entities, as determined
appropriate by the Director.
``(D) Competitive awards.--Fellowships and
scholarships shall be competitively awarded through a
merit-review process. The Director of the National
Science Foundation may prioritize fellowships that
include an industry partner that provides financial
assistance to the applicant for direct or indirect
costs.
``(4) Quantum research experiences for undergraduates.--The
Director of the National Science Foundation shall seek to
increase opportunities for quantum research for undergraduate
students by encouraging proposals in quantum information
science, engineering, and technology, through the research
experiences for undergraduates pursuant to section 514 of the
America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C. 1862p-
6).
``(5) Co-operative education programs.--The Director of the
National Science Foundation may establish or use existing
programs to support cooperative education programs between
institutions of higher education and employers that increase
opportunities for undergraduate students to acquire
experiential learning and professional experiences in quantum
information sciences, engineering, and technology.
``(6) Partnerships.--In carrying out the activities under
this subsection, the Director of the National Science
Foundation shall encourage awardees to partner with relevant
Federal agencies, Federal laboratories, industry and other
private sector organizations, and nonprofit organizations to
facilitate the expansion of workforce pathways and hands-on
learning experiences.'';
(5) in subsection (d)--
(A) in the subsection heading, by striking ``QISE''
and inserting ``QISET'';
(B) in paragraph (1)--
(i) by striking ``information science and
engineering (referred to in this subsection as
`QISE')'' and inserting ``information science,
engineering, and technology (referred to in
this subsection as QISET)''; and
(ii) by inserting ``and career and technical
education entities'' after ``colleges'';
(C) in paragraph (2)--
(i) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``QISE''
and inserting ``quantum information science,
engineering, and technology'';
(ii) in subparagraph (D), by inserting ``,
engineering, and technology'' after
``science'';
(iii) in subparagraph (D), by inserting ``,
including those relevant to emerging
technologies, such as artificial intelligence,
microelectronics, and nano technology'' after
``fields''.
(iv) by redesignating subparagraphs (E) and
(F) as subparagraphs (F) and (H), respectively;
(v) by inserting after subparagraph (D) the
following new subparagraph:
``(E) Informal education methods to enhance
experiences of students of all ages with quantum
information science, engineering, and technology
concepts and applications.'';
(vi) by inserting after subparagraph (F), as
so redesignated, the following new
subparagraph:
``(G) Methods to introduce security and other
potential societal dimensions associated with quantum
information science, engineering, and technology into
STEM curricula.''; and
(vii) in subparagraph (H), as so
redesignated, by inserting ``, engineering, and
technology'' after ``science'';
(D) in paragraph (3), by striking ``QISE'' and
inserting ``quantum information science, engineering,
and technology''; and
(E) by striking paragraph (4); and
(6) by adding at the end the following new subsections:
``(e) Quantum Research Experiences for Teachers.--The Director of the
National Science Foundation shall seek to increase opportunities to
engage educators, principals, or other school leaders of K-12 students
in professional learning opportunities to enhance quantum information
science, engineering, and technology knowledge, including by--
``(1) providing hands-on training and research opportunities
for such educators at Federal Laboratories, institutions of
higher education, or in industry; and
``(2) developing best practices.
``(f) Expanding Capacity in Quantum Information Science, Engineering,
and Technology (QISET).--
``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation, in consultation with the heads of Federal agencies
the Director considers appropriate, shall make awards on a
competitive, merit-reviewed basis to eligible institutions of
higher education or eligible nonprofit organizations (or
consortia thereof) to increase research capacity, education and
infrastructure capacity, and broaden participation in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology and related
disciplines, including by--
``(A) supporting curriculum development in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology as
described in section 301(d) of the National Quantum
Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841(d));
``(B) building upon the activities carried out under
the Next Generation Quantum Leaders Pilot Program
authorized under section 10661(f) of the Research and
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (Public
Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19261(f)); and
``(C) leveraging the readiness for the involvement of
local research and education communities to secure a
talent pipeline in quantum information science,
engineering, and technology to meet the workforce needs
of industry, government, and academia.
``(2) Collaborations.--A collaboration receiving an award
under this subsection may include institutions of higher
education, nonprofit organizations, and private sector
entities.
``(3) Eligible institution of higher education defined.--In
this subsection, the term `eligible institution of higher
education' means an institution of higher education, that,
according to the data published by the National Center for
Science and Engineering Statistics, is not, on average, among
the top 100 institutions in Federal research and development
expenditures during the 3- year period prior to the year of the
award.
``(4) Requirements.--To receive an award under this
subsection, an eligible institution shall submit to the
Director of the National Science Foundation an application that
includes the following:
``(A) A plan to sustain proposed activities beyond
the duration of the award.
``(B) Proposed quantum information science,
engineering, and technology disciplines and focus areas
the eligible institution is prepared to engage in to
significantly build up its quantum information science,
engineering, and technology research and education
capacity.
``(C) A plan for education and workforce development,
which may include K-12 and post-secondary education
programs and activities, workforce training and career
and technical education programs and activities,
undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral education,
and informal education programs and activities.
``(5) Activities.--Awards under this subsection to support
research and related activities may include the activities
relating to the following:
``(A) Development or expansion of research programs
in disciplines and focus areas specified in paragraph
(4)(B).
``(B) Faculty recruitment and professional
development in disciplines and focus areas specified in
paragraph (4)(B).
``(C) Bridge programs focused on preparing post-
baccalaureate students for graduate programs in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology.
``(D) To build research capacity and infrastructure
at an eligible institution in disciplines and focus
areas specified in paragraph (4)(B).
``(E) An assessment of capacity-building and research
infrastructure needs identified in paragraph (4)(B).
``(F) Administrative research development support.
``(G) Other activities necessary to build research
capacity in quantum information science, engineering,
and technology.
``(6) Additional considerations.--In making awards under this
subsection, the Director of the National Science Foundation may
also consider the following:
``(A) The extent to which the eligible applicant will
support students from diverse backgrounds, including
first-generation undergraduate students.
``(B) The geographic and institutional diversity of
eligible applicants.
``(C) How the eligible applicant can leverage public-
private partnerships and existing research partnerships
with Federal agencies.
``(7) Duplication.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation shall ensure awards made under this subsection are
complimentary to and not duplicative of existing programs.
``(g) Faculty Mid-career Development Awards.--The Director of the
National Science Foundation may provide awards to support mid-career
scientists and faculty to upgrade, develop, or acquire essential
research instruments to start new research activities, or expand
existing activities, focused on quantum information science,
engineering and technology.
``(h) International Research on Quantum Information Science,
Engineering, and Technology.--
``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the
Secretary of Commerce, shall support international quantum
information science, engineering, and technology research, as
appropriate, to enhance international cooperation and meet
United States commitments, including as part of the terms and
conditions of bilateral or multilateral quantum information
science, engineering, and technology research agreements.
``(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this subsection, the
Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure
alignment with the national Quantum Information Strategy in
accordance with Executive Order 14073 or successor strategies.
``(3) Priority.--The Director shall prioritize research
programs with countries that have signed a Quantum Cooperation
Statement with the United States.
``(4) Restrictions.--
``(A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds made
available under this section may be obligated or
expended to an institution of higher education that
maintains a contract or agreement between such
institution and a Confucius Institute or any successor
of a Confucius Institute.
``(B) Foreign country of concern and foreign entity
of concern.--None of the funds made available under
this section may be obligated or expended to promote,
establish, or finance quantum research activities
between a United States entity and a foreign country of
concern or foreign entity of concern.
``(i) Upgrading and Improving Access to Quantum Research Resources.--
``(1) In general.--In carrying out the activities described
in this section, the Director of the National Science
Foundation, in consultation with the heads of other Federal
departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall award grants to
institutions of higher education or eligible nonprofit
organizations (or consortia thereof) to upgrade research
facilities and improve access to research resources, such as
equipment and instrumentation, that is needed for research and
development in quantum information science, engineering, and
technology.
``(2) Purpose.--Grants under paragraph (1) shall be used to
facilitate quantum information science, engineering, and
technology research and development, including by carrying out
the following:
``(A) Upgrading or adding research resources to
accelerate the development of quantum technologies,
including capabilities focused on addressing the
roadblocks to implementation, and meet the materials,
advanced materials development, high performance
computing, heterogeneous computing, networking,
software, data, clean room, and device needs of the
scientific community and the quantum supply chain.
``(B) Enhancing access to equipment and
instrumentation, including at partnering institutions,
by facilitating information sharing, coordination,
scheduling, education, and training, including
activities that provide meaningful hands-on learning
experiences for students, including at community and
technical colleges.
``(C) Enabling professional staff to support the
operation and improvement of research resources used
for quantum information science, engineering, and
technology.
``(3) Requirements.--An institution of higher education or an
eligible nonprofit organization (or a consortium thereof) and
industry partners seeking funding under this subsection shall
submit to the Director of the National Science Foundation an
application at such time, in such manner, and containing such
information as the Director may require.
``(j) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated to the
National Science Foundation pursuant to section 10303 of the Research
and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (Public Law 117-167)
for research and related activities, there is authorized to be
appropriated to the Director of the National Science Foundation to
carry out this section up to $141,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024
through 2027.''.
SEC. 14. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION.
Section 302 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8842)
is amended--
(1) in subsection (a), by striking ``5'' and inserting
``10'';
(2) in subsection (c)--
(A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by
striking ``basic'';
(B) in paragraph (1), by striking ``science and
engineering'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology''; and
(C) in paragraph (2), by striking ``and engineering''
and inserting ``, engineering, and technology,
including leveraging or expanding activities
established pursuant to section 301(d)'';
(3) in subsection (d)(2)--
(A) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``quantum
science'' and inserting ``quantum information science,
engineering, and technology'';
(B) in subparagraph (B), by inserting ``health,''
after ``chemistry,'';
(C) in subparagraph (C), by inserting ``, including
how each participant will develop and implement
outreach activities to increase the participation of
women and other students from groups historically
underrepresented in STEM'' before the semicolon;
(D) in subparagraph (D), by striking ``and'' after
the semicolon;
(E) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period and
inserting ``; and''; and
(F) by adding at the end the following new
subparagraph:
``(F) how the Center will participate in
international collaborations, as appropriate, to build
a trusted global research network with allies and
partners of the United States and other countries that
share values with the United States, including respect
for international norms of fair competition.'';
(4) in subsection (e), by amending paragraph (2) to read as
follows:
``(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an
additional, subsequent period of 5 years following a
successful, merit-based review.''; and
(5) in subsection (f), by striking ``2019 through 2023'' and
inserting ``2024 through 2028''.
SEC. 15. QUANTUM RESKILLING, EDUCATION, AND WORKFORCE (QREW)
COORDINATION HUB.
Title III of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841 et
seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following new sections:
``SEC. 303. QUANTUM RESKILLING, EDUCATION, AND WORKFORCE (QREW)
COORDINATION HUB.
``(a) In General.--The Director of the National Science Foundation,
in consultation with the Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy, and the heads of
other relevant Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall
make an award to a consortium led by an institution of higher education
or an eligible nonprofit organization to establish a Quantum
Reskilling, Education, and Workforce Coordination Hub (in this section
referred to as the `Hub').
``(b) Consortium.--The Hub established pursuant to subsection (a)
shall include not fewer than four institutions of higher education,
including not fewer than two community colleges, and may include career
and technical schools, nonprofit organizations, and private sector
entities.
``(c) Purpose.--The purpose of this Hub shall be to--
``(1) identify and address cross-cutting workforce
development challenges in quantum information science,
engineering, and technology, and the quantum industry, by
serving as a national and regional clearinghouse; and
``(2) facilitate the establishment of programs to disseminate
to institutions of higher education and career and technical
education entities model curricula, best practices, and
instructional materials.
``(d) Activities.--The activities of the Hub may include the
following:
``(1) Testing, implementing, scaling, disseminating, and
standardizing materials, methods, best practices, and other
outputs developed through activities under this Act.
``(2) Increasing the integration of quantum information
science, engineering, and technology content into STEM
curricula at all education levels, including career and
technical education programs.
``(3) Providing opportunities for STEM degree students to
provide feedback on quantum information science, engineering,
and technology curricula.
``(4) Facilitating post-education employment opportunities
and workforce pathways for STEM degree recipients in quantum-
related industries, including by facilitating opportunities for
internships, externships, fellowships, and other such
activities as determined by the Director, including through the
establishment of a publicly accessible online portal.
``(5) Coordinating with quantum industry and nonprofit
entities and small and medium-sized businesses and startups to
inform and enhance the quality and availability of quantum
education in STEM degree programs, including through the
promotion of post-graduation opportunities for STEM students
outside the classroom to increase exposure to quantum
industries.
``(6) Supporting activities and programs to enhance the
recruitment of students from groups historically
underrepresented in STEM to pursue undergraduate and graduate
studies in quantum information science, engineering, and
technology.
``(7) Developing, testing, implementing, and coordinating
career development programs and strategies for pre-university
and university educators for the purpose of increasing the
number of quantum-informed educators at all levels of
education, including by carrying out the following:
``(A) Hosting career development workshops.
``(B) Developing in-house and distance learning
career development tools for public use.
``(C) Facilitating access to related quantum
technology, tools, and resources.
``(D) Developing training, research, and professional
development programs, including innovative pre-service
and in-service programs.
``(E) Facilitating relationships with State and local
entities to increase awareness of and promote quantum-
related career development activities at the Hub.
``(8) Establishing a framework for performing ongoing regular
data collection and analysis for the quantum workforce to
report on trends, and perform other activities that expand the
understanding of the current and future needs of the quantum
industry, and education capacity or readiness of the quantum
workforce. Such activities shall complement or align with, as
relevant, authorized quantum and STEM workforce studies under
section 10661(d) of the Research and Development, Competition,
and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19261(d)).
``(9) Facilitating public education and outreach activities
to enhance the understanding and awareness of quantum
information science, engineering, and technology to a boarder
community to satisfy broader impact requirements of award
applications.
``(10) Encouraging coordination on quantum education in the
broader STEM community.
``(e) QREW Quantum Fellowship Program.--Subject to the restrictions
outlined in subsection (c) of section 301, the Hub may support
education or policy fellowships for students at entities participating
in the consortium under subsection (a) or at other research centers
established pursuant to this Act at the National Science Foundation,
the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Department of
Energy, or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, for the
purpose of supporting the activities described in subsection (d).
``(f) Industry Coordination.--The Hub shall collaborate with the
Quantum Consortium established in section 201(b) or other industry
consortia to identify, publish, facilitate, or enable quantum-related
education and workforce development opportunities as described in
subsections (c) and (d).
``(g) Application.--A consortium seeking funding under this section
shall submit to the Director of the National Science Foundation an
application at such time, in such manner, and containing such
information as the Director may require. Each application shall include
a description of how the consortium shall carry out the following:
``(1) Contribute to the success of the Hub and fulfill the
purposes of the Hub.
``(2) Include industry participation in fulfilling the
purposes of the Hub.
``(3) Collaborate with other members of the consortium to
share expertise in integrating quantum information science,
engineering, and technology into existing STEM programs and
other relevant fields and disciplines.
``(4) Support long-term and short-term workforce development
in the quantum field.
``(5) Develop and implement outreach activities to increase
the participation of women and other students from groups
historically underrepresented in STEM.
``(h) Selection and Duration.--
``(1) In general.--The Hub established under this section is
authorized to carry out activities for a period of 5 years.
``(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an
additional, subsequent period of 5 years following a
successful, merit-based review.
``(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the
National Science Foundation, the Director of the National
Science Foundation may terminate the Hub if it is
underperforming during the performance period.
``(i) Coordination.--The Hub shall coordinate with other research
centers established under this Act at the National Science Foundation,
the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Department of
Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and other
relevant Federal agencies, as appropriate, on activities and resources.
``(j) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall
allocate up to $10,000,000 for the Hub for each of fiscal years 2024
through 2028, subject to the availability of appropriations. Amounts
made available to carry out this section shall be derived from amounts
appropriated or otherwise made available to the National Science
Foundation.
``SEC. 304. QUANTUM TESTBEDS.
``(a) In General.--Not later than one year after the date of the
enactment of this Act, the Director of the National Science Foundation,
in coordination with the Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy, and the heads of
other Federal agencies, as determined appropriate by the Director of
the National Science Foundation, shall make awards on a competitive,
merit-reviewed basis to institutions of higher education, nonprofit
organizations, Federally Funded Research and Development Centers, or
consortia thereof, to establish not more than five testbeds for quantum
applications research and development.
``(b) Purposes.--The quantum testbeds established under subsection
(a) shall focus on advancing research and development for near-term and
medium-term quantum application use cases by providing accessible
research resources to academia and industry for developing and testing
such use cases, including through proof-of-concept testing,
demonstrations, pilot projects, and prototyping.
``(c) Application Proposals.--An applicant for an award under this
section shall submit to the Director a proposal at such time, in such
manner, and containing such information as the Director may reasonably
require. The proposal shall, at a minimum, describe the following:
``(1) How the applicant will assemble a workforce, including
from populations that are historically underrepresented in
STEM, with the skills needed to operate a quantum testbed.
``(2) How the applicant will ensure broad access to a quantum
testbed, including for start-ups and small businesses.
``(3) How a quantum testbed will operate after Federal
funding has ended.
``(d) Prioritization.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation shall prioritize the following:
``(1) Applicants that ensure not less than 25 percent of the
cost for a testbed awarded under this section is provided by
private or non-Federal entities, including in-kind
contributions.
``(2) Awards for consortia that include quantum industry
participation.
``(e) Roles and Responsibilities.--The Director of the National
Science Foundation shall be responsible for the following:
``(1) Maintaining a record of notable outcomes from each
quantum testbed established under this section.
``(2) Partnering with other Federal agencies to enable
opportunities for quantum testbed outcomes to be appropriately
taken up by such agencies in alignment with the missions of
such agencies.
``(3) Not later than one year after the date of the enactment
of this section and every two years thereafter until December
31, 2030, briefing the appropriate committees of Congress on
the status of such quantum testbeds and providing
recommendations for improving such quantum testbeds.
``(f) Coordination.--In establishing quantum testbeds under this
section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure
coordination with other testbeds and other quantum facilities hosting
Federal quantum technology and infrastructure supported by the National
Science Foundation, including those authorized pursuant to section
10390 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act
(Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 10990), or by other Federal agencies as
determined appropriate by the Director, to avoid duplication and
maximize use of Federal resources.
``(g) Stakeholder Collaboration.--In carrying out this section, the
Director of the National Science Foundation shall collaborate with the
Quantum Consortium established pursuant to section 201(b) to accomplish
the purposes of the quantum testbeds program described in subsection
(b) and ensure there is strong collaboration with industry
stakeholders. The Director may also engage with National Laboratories,
federally funded research and development centers, industry, and other
members of the United States quantum ecosystem.
``(h) Geographic Diversity.--The Director shall ensure regional and
geographic diversity in issuing awards under this section.
``(i) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall
allocate up to $50,000,000 for the quantum testbeds under this section
for each fiscal years 2024 through 2028, subject to the availability of
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this section shall
be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the
National Science Foundation.
``SEC. 305. RESEARCH SECURITY.
``The activities authorized under title III shall be applied in a
manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as division B of
Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).''.
SEC. 16. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH
PROGRAM.
Section 401 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851)
is amended--
(1) by amending subsection (a) to read as follows:
``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall carry out a
research, development, and demonstration program on quantum information
science, engineering, and technology.'';
(2) in subsection (b)--
(A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ``, engineering,
and technology'' after ``science'';
(B) by redesignating paragraphs (3), (4), and (5) as
paragraphs (5), (6), and (7), respectively;
(C) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following
new paragraphs:
``(3) operate National Quantum Information Science Research
Centers to accelerate and scale up scientific and technical
breakthroughs in quantum information science, engineering, and
technology, and maintain state-of-the-art infrastructure for
quantum researchers and industry partners, in accordance with
section 402;
``(4) conduct cooperative research with industry, National
Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and other
research institutions to facilitate the development and
demonstration of quantum information science, engineering, and
technology, including in the fields of--
``(A) quantum information theory;
``(B) quantum physics;
``(C) quantum computational science, including
hardware and software, including artificial
intelligence, machine learning and data science;
``(D) quantum data storage, including hardware and
software for energy efficient data centers;
``(E) applied mathematics and algorithm development;
``(F) quantum communications and networking,
including hardware and software for quantum
communications and networking;
``(G) quantum sensing and detection;
``(H) materials science and engineering;
``(I) quantum modeling and simulation, including
molecular modeling;
``(J) near- and long-term application development in
a range of areas as determined by the Secretary, such
as materials discovery, advanced manufacturing,
cybersecurity, energy efficiency and energy
technologies, energy storage and electric grid
management;
``(K) quantum chemistry;
``(L) quantum biology;
``(M) superconductive and high-performance
microelectronics; and
``(N) quantum security technologies;'';
(D) by amending paragraph (5), as so redesignated, to
read as follows:
``(5) provide research experiences and training for
additional undergraduate and graduate students in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology, including in
the fields specified in paragraph (4);'';
(E) in paragraph (6), as so redesignated--
(i) in subparagraph (E), by striking ``and''
after the semicolon;
(ii) by redesignating subparagraph (F) as
subparagraph (J); and
(iii) by inserting after subparagraph (E) the
following new subparagraphs:
``(F) the Office of Electricity;
``(G) the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security,
and Emergency Response;
``(H) the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon
Management;
``(I) the Office of Technology Transitions; and'';
(F) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by striking
the period and inserting ``and other relevant efforts
as defined by the Secretary of Energy; and''; and
(G) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
``(8) leverage the collective body of knowledge and data,
including experience and resources from existing Federal
research activities and commercially-available quantum
computing hardware and software to the extent practicable.'';
and
(3) by adding at the end the following:
``(c) Quantum High Performance Computing Strategic Plan.--Not later
than one year after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the
Secretary of Energy shall submit to Congress a report containing a 10-
year strategic plan to guide Federal programs in designing, expanding,
commercializing, and procuring hybrid, high performance computing
systems featuring the ability to integrate a diverse set of resources,
including artificial intelligence and machine learning, accelerated by
quantum supercomputers to enable the Department of Energy's computing
facilities to continuously advance computing resources. Such strategic
plan shall include the following:
``(1) A conceptual plan to leverage capabilities and
infrastructure from the exascale computing program, as the
Secretary of Energy determines necessary.
``(2) A plan to minimize disruptions to the advanced
scientific computing workforce.
``(3) A consideration of a diversity of quantum computing
modalities.
``(4) A plan to integrate cloud access of commercially
available quantum hardware and software to complement on-
premises high performance computing systems and resources
consistent with the QUEST program under section 404.
``(5) Implement the plan developed under this section.
``(d) Industry Outreach.--In carrying out the program under
subsection (a) the Secretary of Energy shall support the quantum
technology industry and promote commercialization of applications of
quantum technology relevant to the Department's activities by carrying
out the following:
``(1) Educating--
``(A) the energy industry on near term and
commercially available quantum technologies; and
``(B) the quantum industry on potential energy
applications.
``(2) Accelerating the advancements of United States quantum
computing, communications, networking, sensing, and security
capabilities to protect and optimize the energy sector.
``(3) Advancing relevant domestic supply chains,
manufacturing capabilities, and associated simulations or
modeling capabilities.
``(4) Facilitating commercialization of quantum technologies
from National Laboratories and engaging with the Quantum
Consortium established pursuant to section 201(b) and other
organizations, as applicable, to transition component
technologies to help facilitate, as appropriate, the
development of a quantum supply chain.
``(5) Where appropriate, promoting participation by small and
medium-sized businesses and startups.
``(e) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for the
Department of Energy's Office of Science pursuant to section 317 of the
Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act, there is authorized
to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities under
this section up to $130,000,000 for each fiscal years 2024 through
2027.''.
SEC. 17. DOE QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY PROGRAM.
Title IV of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851 et
seq.) is amended by inserting after section 401 the following new
section:
``SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY
PROGRAM.
``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish a quantum
instrumentation and infrastructure foundry program to carry out the
following:
``(1) Maintain United States leadership in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology.
``(2) Develop domestic quantum supply chains.
``(3) Provide resources for the broader scientific community.
``(4) Support activities carried out under sections 401, 403,
and 404.
``(b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program under
subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall design, build, develop,
purchase, and commercialize specialized equipment, laboratory
infrastructure, and state-of-the-art instrumentation to advance quantum
engineering research and the development of quantum component
technologies at a scale sufficient to meet the needs of the scientific
community and enable commercialization of quantum technology.
``(c) Quantum Foundries.--In carrying out the program under
subsection (a), and in coordination partnership with institutions of
higher education and industry, the Secretary of Energy shall support
the development of quantum foundries focused on meeting the device,
hardware, software, and materials needs of the scientific community and
the quantum supply chain.
``(d) Funding.--The Secretary of Energy shall allocate up to
$25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out
this section, subject to the availability of appropriations. Amounts
made available to carry out this section shall be derived from amounts
appropriated or otherwise made available to the Department of Energy's
Office of Science.''.
SEC. 18. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTERS.
Section 402 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8852)
is amended--
(1) in subsection (a)--
(A) in paragraph (1)--
(i) by striking ``basic'';
(ii) by striking ``science and technology''
and inserting ``science, engineering, and
technology, expand capacity for the domestic
quantum workforce,''; and
(iii) by striking ``section 401'' and
inserting ``sections 401, 403, and 404''; and
(B) in paragraph (2)(C), by inserting ``that may
include one or more commercial entities'' after
``collaborations'';
(2) in subsection (b), by inserting ``, and should be
inclusive of the variety of viable quantum technologies, where
appropriate'' before the period;
(3) in subsection (c),
(A) by striking ``basic''; and
(B) by inserting ``, engineering, and technology,
accelerating quantum workforce development,'' after
``science'';
(4) in subsection (d)(1)--
(A) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``and'' after
the semicolon;
(B) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as subparagraph
(E); and
(C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following
new subparagraph:
``(D) the Office of Technology Transitions; and'';
(5) in subsection (e), by amending paragraph (2) to read as
follows:
``(2) Renewal.--Each Center under this section may be renewed
for an additional period of 5 years following a successful,
merit-based review and approval by the Director.''; and
(6) in subsection (f)--
(A) by striking ``$25,000,000'' and inserting
``$35,000,000''; and
(B) by striking ``2019 through 2023'' and inserting
``2024 through 2028''.
SEC. 19. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.
Section 403 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8853)
is amended--
(1) in subsection (a)--
(A) in paragraph (4)--
(i) by inserting ``, including'' after
``networking''; and
(ii) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon;
(B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period and
inserting a semicolon; and
(C) by adding at the end the following new
paragraphs:
``(6) where applicable, leverage a diversity of modalities
and commercially-available quantum hardware and software; and
``(7) develop education and training pathways related to
quantum network infrastructure investments, aligned with
existing programmatic investments by the Department of
Energy.''; and
(2) in subsection (b)--
(A) in paragraph (1)--
(i) by redesignating subparagraphs (C) and
(D) as subparagraphs (D) and (E), respectively;
and
(ii) by inserting after subparagraph (B) the
following new subparagraph:
``(C) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration;'';
(B) in paragraph (2)--
(i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting
``ground-to-space and'' after ``channels,'';
(ii) in subparagraph (E), by striking
``photon-based'' and inserting ``all applicable
modalities of'';
(iii) in subparagraph (F), by inserting ``,
quantum sensors,'' after ``quantum repeaters'';
(iv) in subparagraph (G)--
(I) by inserting ``data centers,''
after ``repeaters,''; and
(II) by striking ``and'' after the
semicolon;
(v) in subparagraph (H)--
(I) by striking ``the quantum
technology stack'' and inserting
``quantum technology modality stacks'';
and
(II) by striking ``National
Laboratories in'' and inserting
``National Laboratories such as''; and
(vi) by adding at the end the following new
subparagraph:
``(I) development of quantum network and entanglement
distribution protocols or applications, including
development of network stack protocols and protocols
enabling integration with existing technologies or
infrastructure; and
``(J) development of high efficiency room-temperature
photon detectors for quantum photonic applications,
including quantum networking and communications;'';
(C) in paragraph (4)--
(i) by striking ``basic''; and
(ii) by striking ``material'' and inserting
``materials''; and
(D) in paragraph (5), by striking ``fundamental'';
(3) in subsection (c)(6), by inserting ``, including small
and medium-sized businesses and startups'' before the
semicolon; and
(4) in subsection (d), by striking ``basic research'' and
inserting ``research, development, and demonstration''.
SEC. 20. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPANSION FOR SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.
Section 404 of the of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C.
8854) is amended--
(1) in subsection (a)--
(A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by
striking ``and quantum computing clouds'' and inserting
``, software, and cloud-based quantum computers'';
(B) in paragraph (3), by striking ``and'' after the
semicolon;
(C) in paragraph (4), by striking the period and
inserting a semicolon; and
(D) by adding at the end the following new
paragraphs:
``(5) to enable development of software and applications,
including estimation of resources needed to scale applications;
and
``(6) to develop near-term quantum applications to solve
public and private sector problems.'';
(2) in subsection (b)--
(A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' after the
semicolon;
(B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period and
inserting a semicolon; and
(C) by at the end the following new paragraphs:
``(6) enables users to develop algorithms, software tools,
simulators, and applications for quantum systems using cloud-
based quantum computers; and
``(7) partner with appropriate public and private sector
entities to develop training and education opportunities on
prototype and early-state devices.'';
(3) in subsection (c)--
(A) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7),
and (8) as paragraphs (5), (6), (7), (8), and (9),
respectively;
(B) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following
new paragraph:
``(4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;'';
and
(C) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by
inserting ``, including small and medium-sized
businesses and startups'' before the semicolon; and
(4) in subsection (e)--
(A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' after the
semicolon;
(B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period and
inserting ``; and''; and
(C) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
``(6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.''.
SEC. 21. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE TO ENHANCE THE RESILIENCE,
SECURITY, AND EFFICIENCY OF THE ELECTRIC GRID.
(a) In General.--Title IV of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15
U.S.C. 8851 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:
``SEC. 405. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE TO ENHANCE THE RESILIENCE AND
SECURITY OF THE ELECTRIC GRID.
``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this
section as the `Secretary') shall conduct research, development, and
demonstration activities focused on the use of quantum information
science, engineering, and technology, including through quantum
applications and quantum computing, to enhance the resilience,
security, and efficiency of the electric grid in the United States.
``(b) Research Areas.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary
may conduct research in the following areas:
``(1) Fault detection and prediction.
``(2) Grid security and safety, including through post-
quantum cryptography.
``(3) Integrated grid planning.
``(4) Grid optimization.
``(5) Enhanced modeling.
``(6) Energy storage.
``(7) Energy market optimization.
``(8) Any other area in which, in the determination of the
Secretary, quantum information science, engineering, and
technology can enhance the resilience, security, and efficiency
of the electric grid in the United States.
``(c) Cooperation.--To the extent practicable, the Secretary shall
conduct research, development, and demonstration activities under
subsection (a) in cooperation, including through partnerships, as the
Secretary determines to be appropriate, with members of relevant
industries, National Laboratories, institutions of higher education,
and other relevant institutions, including research institutions, as
determined by the Secretary.''.
(b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of contents in section 1(b) of the
National Quantum Initiative Act (Public Law 115-368; 132 Stat. 5092;
136 Stat. 1441) is amended by inserting after the item relating to
section 404 the following:
``Sec. 405. Quantum information science to enhance the resilience and
security of the electric grid.
``Sec. 406. Research security.''.
SEC. 22. RESEARCH SECURITY.
Title IV of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851 et
seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following new section:
``SEC. 406. RESEARCH SECURITY.
``The activities authorized under title IV shall be applied in a
manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as division B of
Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).''.
SEC. 23. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM
ACTIVITIES.
The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by adding at the end
the following new title:
``TITLE V--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM
ACTIVITIES
``SEC. 501. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH FOR SPACE AND AERONAUTICS.
``(a) In General.--The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration is authorized to carry out research on quantum
information science, engineering, and technology.
``(b) Cooperation.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Administrator
of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration--
``(1) shall consider cooperative arrangements with the
Department of Energy and other Federal Government agencies, as
practicable, on areas of shared benefit; and
``(2) may enter into memoranda of understanding or memoranda
of agreement to establish such cooperative arrangements.
``(c) Strategy.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the
enactment of this title, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration shall submit to the appropriate committees of
Congress a strategy for National Aeronautics and Space Administration
research on quantum information science, engineering, and technology.
The strategy shall identify resources required to support
implementation of the strategy, including budgets, workforce, and
infrastructure, describe cooperative efforts with other Federal
Government agencies, and address areas of research and applications,
including the following:
``(1) Quantum sensing.
``(2) Quantum networking.
``(3) Quantum communications, including quantum satellite
communications.
``(4) Quantum computing.
``(5) Science, aeronautics, and exploration-related
applications.
``(6) Any other area on quantum information, science,
engineering, and technology the Administrator determines
necessary.
``(d) Consultation.--In developing the strategy described in
subsection (c), the Administrator may seek input from relevant external
stakeholders, including institutions of higher education, industry, and
nonprofit research organizations.
``SEC. 502. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM
INSTITUTE.
``(a) In General.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, the
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in
consultation with the heads of other Federal departments and agencies,
as appropriate, may carry out a program to establish an institute
focused on space and aeronautics applications of quantum information
science, engineering, and technology.
``(b) Institute Details.--
``(1) Competitive, merit-reviewed process.--The institute
under this section shall be established through a competitive,
merit-reviewed process.
``(2) Applications.--An eligible applicant under this section
shall submit to the Administrator of the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration an application at such time, in such
manner, and containing such information as the Administrator
determines to be appropriate.
``(3) Eligible applicants.--When administering the process
described in paragraph (1), the Administrator of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration shall consider
applications from institutions of higher education, research
centers, multi-institutional collaborations, and any other
entity that the Administrator determines to be appropriate.
``(4) Collaborations.--A collaboration that receives an award
under this section may include multiple types of research
institutions, private sector entities, and nonprofit
organizations.
``(5) Coordination.--The Administrator of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration shall ensure an awardee
under this section coordinates the activities carried out under
this section with the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, and avoids unnecessary duplication of the
existing activities of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, other activities carried out under this Act,
and other related programs, as appropriate.
``(6) Commercial technology.--The institute under this
section may leverage commercially-available hardware and
software to carry out the activities described in subsection
(c).
``(c) Institute Activities.--The institute under this section may
carry out activities that--
``(1) support research focused on developing space and
aeronautics applications for quantum information science,
engineering, and technology, including as related to the
results of the strategy under section 501(c); and
``(2) support quantum information science, engineering, and
technology education and public outreach.
``(d) Institute Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, the
institute under this section shall serve the needs of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration for the benefit of the broader
United States quantum information science community, to create and
develop processes for the purpose of advancing space and aeronautics
applications in quantum information science, engineering, and
technology, and improving the competitiveness of the United States.
``(e) Institute Selection and Duration.--
``(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of
appropriations, the institute under this section may carry out
activities for a period of 5 years.
``(2) Reapplication.--Subject to the availability of
appropriations, an awardee may reapply for an additional,
subsequent period of 5 years following a successful, merit-
based review.
``(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration may terminate the institute for cause during the
performance period.
``SEC. 503. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
``The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration shall allocate up to $25,000,000 to carry out the
activities authorized in sections 501 and 502 for each of fiscal years
2024 through 2028, subject to the availability of appropriations.
Amounts made available to carry out sections 501 and 502 shall be
derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
``SEC. 504. RESEARCH SECURITY.
``The activities authorized under title V shall be applied in a
manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as division B of
Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).''.
SEC. 24. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CRYPTOGRAPHY RESEARCH.
Subsection (a)(1)(A) of section 4 of the Cyber Security Research and
Development Act (15 U.S.C. 7403) is amended by inserting ``, including
post-quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the
Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note;
Public Law 117-260))'' before the semicolon.
SEC. 25. CLERICAL AMENDMENTS.
The table of contents in section 1(b) of the National Quantum
Initiative Act is amended as follows:
(1) By inserting after the item relating to section 105 the
following new item:
``Sec. 105A. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy.''.
(2) By inserting after the item relating to section 201 the
following new items:
``Sec. 202. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum
Centers.'';
(3) By inserting after the item relating to section 302 the
following new items:
``Sec. 303. Quantum Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW)
Coordination Hub.
``Sec. 304. Quantum testbeds.''.
(4) By inserting after the item relating to section 401 the
following new item:
``Sec. 401A. Department of Energy Quantum Instrumentation and Foundry
Program.''.
(5) By adding at the end the following new items:
``TITLE V--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM
ACTIVITIES
``Sec. 501. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology
research for space and aeronautics.
``Sec. 502. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum
institute.
``Sec. 503. Authorization of appropriations.
``Sec. 504. Research security.''.
Purpose and Summary
H.R. 6213 amends and extends programs created by the
National Quantum Initiative Act (Public Law 115-368).
The bill modifies the goals and objectives of many quantum
programs across agencies to ensure quantum information,
science, technology, and engineering research can move beyond
basic science and into use-inspired research, demonstration,
and commercialization.
It also strengthens requirements for public-private
partnerships between research agencies and the quantum
industry. The bill authorizes the creation of new quantum
research centers and institutes at the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Science
Foundation (NSF), and the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) and bolsters support for the Department
of Energy (DOE) centers. This includes a new workforce
coordination hub to build and strengthen workforce pathways
between universities, technical schools, and other institutions
and the quantum industry.
The bill formally adds NASA as a quantum research agency
under the National Quantum Initiative (NQI), bringing its
unique capabilities, perspectives, and testing capacity into
the quantum ecosystem.
The bill addresses competition from China in quantum
information, science, technology, and engineering by requiring
the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy to
develop a strategy to establish new international partnerships
with allies of the United States.
The bill authorizes the creation of Quantum Testbeds to
support translational research for near-term and medium-term
use cases and provide research and testing resources to support
the development of new quantum capabilities across the private
sector. It also authorizes the creation of a new Quantum
Instrumentation and Foundry Program to develop domestic supply
chains and provide resources, including devices, hardware,
software, and materials, for the use of the quantum industry
and research community.
The bill authorizes NSF to extend new traineeships,
fellowships, scholarships, and other workforce-supporting
programs to a broader population of STEM students with the
potential to enter quantum information, science, technology,
and engineering fields.
Background and Need for Legislation
The National Quantum Initiative Act (NQIA) was signed into
law by President Trump on December 21, 2018, ``to accelerate
quantum research and development for the economic and national
security of the United States.'' The NQIA authorized the
National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National
Science Foundation, and the Department of Energy to strengthen
quantum information science programs, centers, and consortia.
The NQIA also called for a coordinated approach to quantum
research and development efforts across the United States
government, including the civilian, defense, and intelligence
sectors by establishing the National Quantum Coordination
Office within the White House Office of Science and Technology
Policy (OSTP).
Quantum technologies have the potential to be
transformative across the scientific, economic, and defense
realms. For that reason, there is a global race among great
powers to develop operational quantum platforms across a
variety of applications. The United States has retained its
lead in the theoretical physics that underpins quantum
computing and related technologies, but adversarial nations
have taken the lead in developing some quantum communications
applications and are rapidly closing the gap in other areas.
Reauthorizing and updating NQIA's quantum programs is
critical to ensuring that the United States' policies reflect
the advances made in quantum information science, engineering,
and technology since the passage of the original Act. A
reauthorization is also necessary to ensure the quantum
industry and ecosystem has access to a robust, educated
workforce and the U.S. is partnering with allied nations to
bolster quantum research and development to counter quantum
advancements by our competitors.
Legislative History
H.R. 6213 was introduced on November 3, 2023, by Committee
on Science, Space, and Technology Chairman Lucas (R-OK) and is
cosponsored by Ranking Member Lofgren (D-CA) and
Representatives Collins (R-GA), Stevens (D-MI), Williams (R-
NY), Bowman (D-NY), Babin (R-TX), Sorensen (D-IL), Obernolte
(R-CA), Foushee (D-NC), Miller (R-OH), Ross (D-NC), Weber, (R-
TX), Casten (D-IL), Baird (R-IL), Mullin (D-CA), Garcia (R-CA),
Salinas (D-OR), Tenney (R-NY), Jackson (D-NC), Kean (R-NJ),
Bonamici (D-OR), Wittman (R-VA), Feenstra (R-IA), Lee (D-PA),
Caraveo (D-CO), Sykes (D-OH), Morelle (D-NY), Neguse (D-CO),
Thanedar (D-MI), Thompson (R-PA), Delegate Norton (D-DC At
Large), DelBene (D-WA), and Allred (D-TX).
Section-by-Section
Section 1. Short title
This section states the short title of the bill.
Section 2. Definitions
This section adds engineering and technology to the
understood definition of ``Quantum Information Science'' to
make it the more inclusive phrase, ``Quantum Information
Science, Engineering, and Technology'' (QISET). It also defines
``STEM,'' ``Foreign Country of Concern,'' ``Quantum
Applications,'' ``Quantum Computing,'' ``Foreign Entity of
Concern,'' ``Federal Laboratory,'' and ``National Laboratory''
consistent with their usein the CHIPS and Science Act and other
laws.
Section 3. Purposes
This section adds the facilitation of cooperative research
investments with allies of the United States, the development
and retention of a quantum workforce, the development of
quantum applications, the promotion of commercialization, and
strengthening and securing the quantum supply chain as purposes
of the Act. It also adds the use and consideration of
technologies such as artificial intelligence as a purpose.
Section 4. National Quantum Initiative program
This section adds near, medium, and long-term demonstration
activities as a component of the quantum ten-year plan. It also
includes changes to ensure relevant quantum provisions of
legislation outside the National Quantum Initiative Act are
considered in interagency planning and coordination activities.
Section 5. National Quantum Coordination Office
This section establishes a four-year term of service for
the Director of the National Quantum Coordination Office,
subject to renewal. It also directs the office to track and
promote workforce and supply chain policies that will benefit
the U.S. in quantum.
Section 6. Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science
This section directs the Subcommittee on Quantum
Information Science (QIS) to promote application development,
demonstration, and commercialization. It formally adds the
Department of Health and Human Services, Department of State,
Department of Homeland Security, the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Education to
the QIS. It also directs the QIS to facilitate interagency
partnerships to advance quantum applications in other advanced
technology sectors. It includes a technical edit to the
application of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C.
App.). It directs the QIS to conduct comparative benchmarking
of Federal investments and research strategies. It directs the
Subcommittee to identify potential use cases for quantum
computing and authorizes it to develop on-ramp plans to enable
such use cases. The section also adds a requirement that the
QIS describe agency roles and responsibilities in its Report on
Quantum Networking and Communications.
Section 7. National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee
This section adds `end users', including those from small
and medium-sized businesses, to the National Quantum Initiative
Advisory Committee and directs the advisory committee to assess
other countries' quantum programs and progress relative to U.S.
quantum programs. It also directs the advisory committee to
assess the needs and goals of the Program, including
infrastructure and supply chain needs. It also tasks the
advisory committee with assessing how quantum technologies can
enhance the advanced industrial economy and protect critical
infrastructure. This section also directs the Committee to
include in its next report an assessment of the advisability
and feasibility of establishing a quantum communications
corridor in the U.S.
Section 8. Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of
Quantum Information Science
This section adds the Department of Health and Human
Services, Department of State, and the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration to the Subcommittee on the Economic and
Security Implications of Quantum Information Science. It
directs the subcommittee to increase coordination between
civilian, military, and intelligence quantum research entities
and reduce unnecessary duplicative efforts, and also requires
the subcommittee to recommend strategies for attracting and
retaining students and scholars in quantum fields.
Section 9. International quantum cooperation strategy
This section directs the Director of the Office of Science
and Technology Policy to develop a strategy to establish
collaborative international partnerships with allies and
partners of the United States, ensure U.S. participation in
bilateral and multilateral quantum science efforts, protect the
integrity and impartiality of international standards
organizations, and ensure ethical application of QISET. The
Director is required to brief Congress on the Strategy once it
is finished.
Section 10. Sunset
This section extends the sunset of the Quantum Office
through December 30, 2030.
Section 11. National Institute of Standards and Technology activities
and quantum consortium
This section adds new activities for NIST to carry out
under the Act, including: carrying out R&D and demonstration
projects to facilitate the development and standardization of
quantum applications; carrying out research to support
measurement of comparative performance and progress of quantum
technologies, including technology readiness assessments;
promoting U.S. participation in international standards
organizations related to quantum; and establishing
infrastructure necessary to advance research programs.
The section also adds the acceleration of real-world uses
of quantum systems to the goals of the Quantum Economic
Development Consortium (QED-C) and directs the QED-C to
identify enabling technologies and supply chains essential to
the scientific and economic competitiveness of the U.S. quantum
ecosystem. Other tasks added to the QED-C include: identifying
supply-chain supporting technology to support quantum efforts;
assessing, identifying, and expanding international research
partnerships; and engaging with other Federal agencies to
promote the use of quantum technologies.
The section also directs NIST to promote, establish, and
support international quantum R&D, metrology research, and
standardization activities to enhance U.S. participation in
international standards and requires such activities align with
the National Quantum Information Science Strategy. It includes
guardrails that prohibit the obligation of funds to foreign
entities of concern.
The section includes a subsection directing NIST to promote
the voluntary development, adoption, and deployment of
standards in post-quantum cryptography. It also authorizes NIST
to establish a grant program through which the agency may
provide technical assistance to entities that are at a high
risk of quantum cryptoanalytic attacks.
The section also authorizes, of the funds provided to NIST
for scientific and technical research and services laboratory
activities in the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, up to $85
million each year until 2027, to carry out the activities in
this section.
Section 12. NIST quantum centers
This section authorizes NIST to establish new, purpose
driven quantum centers. Consistent with existing NSF and DOE
centers, these new quantum centers (up to three) will
accelerate R&D, deployment, and standardization activities at
NIST and will prioritize quantum sensing and measurement and
quantum engineering. The section authorizes up to $18 million
for each fiscal year 2024 through 2028 to support the Centers.
Section 13. National Science Foundation Quantum Information Science
research and education program
This section adds the requirement that National Science
Foundation (NSF) pursue basic and use-inspired research of QIS
and explore solutions to important challenges for the
development and application of QIS to NSF's activities. It also
directs NSF to provide infrastructure to support QISET research
and activities.
It amends and enhances NSF's authorized workforce
development activities by: adding fellowships and other models
to existing traineeship activities at NSF; authorizing the NSF
Director to establish fellowships and scholarships through a
new program or existing programs to increase quantum science
exposure for undergraduate and graduate STEM students;
authorizing NSF to encourage proposals in quantum science as
part of its Research Experiences for Undergraduates program;
and directing NSF to encourage awardees to partner with
industry, nonprofits, and Federal agencies to facilitate the
expansion of workforce pathways.
The section includes an authorization for NSF to make
competitive awards to eligible institutions of higher education
to increase research capacity, education and infrastructure
capacity, and broaden participation in QISET. It also
authorizes faculty mid-career development awards for faculty to
upgrade, develop, or acquire essential research instruments to
start new research activities or expand existing activities in
quantum.
The section also directs NSF to promote, establish, and
support international quantum research, enhance international
cooperation, and meet U.S. obligations or commitments in
bilateral or multilateral quantum research agreements. NSF is
directed to prioritize research with countries that have signed
Quantum Cooperation Statements with the United States and
restrict the use of funds for research activities at Confucius
Institutes or with a foreign country of concern.
NSF is also authorized to make grants to eligible
institutions of higher education to upgrade research facilities
and improve access to research resources needed for QISET.
The section authorizes, of the funds provided to NSF for
research and related activities in the CHIPS and Science Act of
2022, up to $141 million each year until 2027, to carry out the
activities in this section.
Section 14. Multidisciplinary centers for quantum research and
education
This section adds the requirement that center applicants
describe how they will develop and implement activities to
increase participation of women and other groups historically
underrepresented groups from STEM fields (consistent with CHIPS
and Science). It adds the requirement that center applicants
describe how they will participate in international
collaborations and build global research networks with allies
and partners of the United States.
This section authorizes up to $100 million for each fiscal
years 2024 through 2028 to support up to ten Centers.
Section 15. QREW coordination hub and quantum testbeds
This section authorizes NSF to establish a new Quantum
Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW) Coordination Hub.
This hub will be focused on addressing cross-cutting workforce
development challenges in QISET and facilitating the
establishment of programs to disseminate quantum educational
curricula. The hub must be established as a consortium that
includes at least two community colleges, technical schools,
nonprofit organizations, or private sector entities. The
section specifically directs the hub to facilitate post-
education employment opportunities for STEM graduates in the
quantum industry through various activities. The hub shall
coordinate with the QED-C to ensure robust stakeholder
participation and build employment pipelines.
This section authorizes $10 million for each fiscal year
2024 through 2028 to carry out the section.
The section also authorizes NSF to establish new Quantum
Testbeds for quantum technology application research and
development. The testbeds are directed to support translational
research for near-term and medium-term use cases and provide
research and testing resources for likely use-cases. NSF is
tasked with keeping a record of notable technology outcomes,
establishing a process for identifying quantum technologies
with significant utility potential for government use, and
briefing Congress on testbed activities and outcomes. NSF must
coordinate with the QED-C, National Laboratories, other NSF
Centers, and quantum industry.
This section authorizes $50 million for each fiscal year
2024 through 2028 to carry out the section.
Section 16. Department of Energy Quantum Information Science research
program
This section adds cooperative research with industry,
National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and
others as a component of the Department of Energy's research
program. It also adds quantum modeling or simulation and
application development in a range of areas as authorized
research activities. The section directs the Department to
develop a ten-year strategic plan to guide Federal programs in
designing, developing, and commercializing quantum-centric,
high-performance computing systems.
The section authorizes, of the funds provided to Department
of Energy's Office of Science in the CHIPS and Science Act of
2022, up to $130 million each year until fiscal year 2027, to
carry out the activities in this section.
Section 17. DOE quantum instrumentation and foundry program
This section authorizes DOE to establish a quantum
instrumentation and infrastructure program to meet technology
challenges and infrastructure needs unique to quantum supply
chains. It requires DOE to coordinate with academia and
industry to support the program.
This section authorizes $25 million for each fiscal year
2024 through 2028 to carry out the section.
Section 18. National quantum information science research centers
This section makes technical edits to existing DOE centers
and directs the centers to ensure collaborations are inclusive
of the variety of viable quantum technologies and authorizes up
to $175 million for each fiscal year 2024 through 2028 to
support the Centers.
Section 19. Department of Energy quantum network infrastructure
research and development program
This section directs DOE to leverage a diversity of quantum
technologies and commercially available hardware and software,
where applicable, adds coordination with the NASA
Administrator, and strengthens DOE's authorization to develop
quantum network and communications technology.
Section 20. Department of Energy Quantum User Expansion for Science and
Technology program
This section adds the development of software and
applications for near-term use to the QUEST Program. It also
directs DOE to partner with users, the public sector, and the
private sector to develop algorithms and other applications for
cloud-based quantum computers and to develop training and
education opportunities. The section adds NASA to the list of
agencies DOE can partner with to carry out the QUEST Program,
and it extends the authorization of the program for one year,
authorizing $38 million for fiscal year 2028.
Section 21. Quantum Information Science to enhance the resilience,
security, and efficiency of the electric grid
This section directs the Secretary of Energy to conduct
research, development, and demonstration activities applying
quantum technologies, including quantum computing, to enhance
the electric grid. Such activities are authorized to take place
in cooperation with other entities as deemed appropriate by the
Secretary.
Section 22. Research security
Requires all activities in Title IV of the NQIA be
conducted in a manner consistent with research security
requirements as prescribed in Public Law 117-167.
Section 23. NASA quantum activities
This section formally authorizes NASA to carry out basic
and applied research in quantum. It directs NASA to submit a
strategy for its research activities and identify resources
required to support implementation of the strategy.
The section also authorizes NASA to establish its own
Quantum Institute focused on space and aeronautics applications
of quantum science. The NASA institute will meet requirements
for existing NSF and DOE centers.
This section authorizes $25 million for each fiscal year
2024 through 2028 to carry out the section.
Section 24. National Science Foundation cryptography research
This section amends the Cyber Security Research and
Development Act to include post-quantum cryptography in
subsection (a)(1)(A) of section 4.
Section 25. Clerical amendments
Committee Views
In general, it is the view of the committee that NSF should
engage researchers with expertise across disciplines, including
mathematics, computer science, environmental sciences,
biological sciences, chemical sciences, materials science, and
astronomical sciences, to expand the development of quantum
technologies and explore quantum applications in other areas of
scientific research.
Section 7 of H.R. 6213 directs the Quantum Advisory
Committee to complete an assessment of the advisability and
feasibility of establishing a quantum communications corridor
in the United States. The Committee expects that such
assessment shall be completed with the assumption that the
corridor and relevant infrastructure would be constructed with
components sourced domestically or from 19 U.S.C. 2501
compliant sources.
Additionally in Section 7, it is the view of this Committee
that the President may act through the Department of Energy or
other appropriate Federal agencies to stand up this federal
advisory committee.
Throughout H.R. 6213, the Committee has struck ``basic''
from references to ``basic research'' and added references,
authorizations, and directives for agencies to support the
development and commercialization of quantum applications. It
is the view of the Committee that these activities should not
supplant continued support of fundamental research in quantum
physics, quantum materials, quantum and nanoscale engineering,
computational and information sciences, and other relevant
fields. Continued investment in fundamental research
contributes to a sustained innovation ecosystem and is
beneficial to U.S. competitiveness. Further, it is the view of
the committee that in carrying out commercialization
activities, the government activities shall support, not
supplant or duplicate, the development of commercially viable
quantum technologies.
Sections 7, 9, and 11 of H.R. 6213 include language aimed
at increasing participation at international standards
organizations. The existing standards development system,
involving many different types of standards development
organizations producing primarily voluntary, consensus-based
and industry-led technical standards, with appropriate support
from the standards experts at NIST and other Federal agencies,
is beneficial to U.S. competitiveness. Any effort to disrupt
the current system or roles would be harmful. The Committee's
intent is to reinforce and better resource the current system,
not to disrupt or modify existing processes or roles.
With regard to Section 13 and adjustments to student
traineeships, fellowships, and other models, the Committee's
intent is to integrate these education and research activities
into existing programs as practicable. It is the view of the
committee that NSF should prioritize mentorship and
experiential learning, informed by industry, as a part of
fellowships, traineeships, and other awards offered to train
the next generation of quantum-ready workers.
With regard to research infrastructure grants authorized in
Section 13, NSF should consider a balanced portfolio of
projects through existing infrastructure programs such as major
research instrumentation, midscale research infrastructure,
advanced computing programs, and major facilities as well as
new programs dedicated to quantum research infrastructure.
With regard to Section 15 on the QREW Coordination Hub, NSF
should incorporate multiple Directorates, including the
Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships, the
Directorate for STEM Education, and relevant research
Directorates, to broadly capture the education and workforce
development pathways needed for a mature quantum industrial
enterprise including K-12 education, higher education, and
skilled technical workforce. NSF should consider how the
quantum industry ecosystem may evolve different workforce needs
as the technology matures and what pathways are likely to be
needed, such as vocational, apprenticeship, and certification
programs.
With regard to Section 23, the Committee's intent is for
NASA to be the lead Federal agency on basic and applied
research and development, in cooperation with other Federal
government agencies, on quantum information science,
engineering, and technology pertaining to civil space and
aeronautics. With respect to authorization of appropriations,
the Committee's intent is for NASA to determine the appropriate
allocation of resources among basic research and applications
related to quantum information science, engineering, and
technology. Should the Administrator carry out a program to
establish a NASA Quantum Institute, subject to the availability
of appropriations, such institute should seek to establish NASA
and U.S. leadership in the development of applications related
to civil space and aeronautics.
The Committee expects agencies participating in the
National Quantum Initiative to leverage the availability of
commercially viable and prototyped technologies, including
cloud access to quantum computing, where practicable, in
carrying out quantum programs.
Related Committee Hearings
Pursuant to clause 3(c)(6) of rule XIII, the following
hearing was used to develop or consider H.R. 6213.
On June 7, 2023, the Full Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology held a hearing entitled Advancing American
Leadership in Quantum Technology. Members and witnesses
discussed the importance of and need to reauthorize the
National Quantum Initiative Act and maintaining the leadership
role of the United States in quantum technology.
Witnesses:
Dr. Charles Tahan, Director, National
Quantum Coordination Office, OSTP
The Honorable Paul Dabbar, Former Under
Secretary for Science, U.S. Department of Energy
Dr. Eleanor G. Rieffel, Senior Researcher
for Advanced Computing and Data Analytics, NASA/Ames
Research Center
Dr. Celia Merzbacher, Executive Director,
Quantum Economic Development Consortium
Dr. Emily Edwards, Executive Director,
IQUIST, University of Illinois
Committee Consideration
On November 15, 2023, the Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology met in open session to consider H.R. 6213.
Chairman Lucas offered a Manager's Amendment, which made
minor technical and conforming changes to the text of the bill.
The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representative Miller offered an amendment that directs
federal agencies to consider how AI and machine learning could
be used in quantum science and technology and how quantum tech
might also feed into the advancement of AI. The amendment was
adopted by voice vote.
Representative Sykes offered an amendment to prioritize
quantum research and development in the healthcare space. The
amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representative Collins offered an amendment to include
small and medium-sized businesses and startups into quantum
programs. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representative Garcia offered an amendment to direct the
National Quantum Coordination Office to track and promote
policies to support U.S. quantum efforts. It also directs the
National Science and Technology Council to compare federal
investments and research strategies with those made by other
nations. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representative Bowman offered an amendment to ensure the
Department of Education's inclusion in the development of our
quantum strategy and to broaden quantum research and
infrastructure development opportunities. The amendment was
adopted by voice vote.
Representative Stevens offered an amendment to include
advanced manufacturing in eligible use cases for quantum
activities. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representatives Ross and Obernolte offered an amendment to
direct the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science to
identify potential use cases for quantum computing that could
advance the missions of federal agencies and add energy
efficiency and energy technologies to the list of fields for
DOE research. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representative Baird offered an amendment directing the
Quantum Advisory Committee to study the feasibility and
advisability of constructing of a national quantum
communications corridor. The amendment was adopted by voice
vote.
Representatives Jackson and Tenney offered an amendment to
include the Post Quantum Cybersecurity Standards Act in the
reauthorization. This language would advance the rapid
deployment of post quantum cybersecurity standards across the
economy of the United States and support cryptography research
in the U.S. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representative Sykes offered an amendment to accelerate the
development of domestic supply chain and supply chain
supporting technologies and reduce supply chain
vulnerabilities. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representative Crawford offered an amendment to add a new
section under each subtitle requiring all authorized activities
by agencies be conducted consistent with the research security
requirements enacted in the Chips and Science Act (P.L. 117-
167). The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representative Sorensen offered an amendment to support
cooperative education programs between institutions of higher
education and employers. The amendment was adopted by voice
vote.
Representative Baird offered an amendment that adds
language to section 13 of the bill to authorize Research
Experiences for Teachers (RET) in quantum-related fields. The
amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representative Bice offered an amendment to authorize
activities at NSF to provide awards to support mid-career
scientists and faculty to begin new or expand existing research
activities that are focused on quantum information science,
engineering, and technology. The amendment was adopted by voice
vote.
Representatives Kean and McClellan offered an amendment to
include the Expand QISET Act (H.R. 6384) in the
reauthorization. This bill codifies the Expand QISET program,
which expands capacity in quantum information science,
engineering, and technology. The amendment was adopted by voice
vote.
Representatives Salinas and Baird offered an amendment that
directs NSF to award grants to upgrade quantum research
equipment and instrumentation, and to improve coordination to
expand access and build the quantum workforce. The amendment
was adopted by voice vote.
Representatives Obernolte and Stevens offered an amendment
to strengthen quantum testbeds activities at the National
Science Foundation and ensure they are established quickly, in
a fiscally sustainable way, and with the needs of the quantum
industry in mind. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
Representatives Babin and Ross offered an amendment to
require the Secretary of Energy to conduct research on how
quantum information science, technology, and engineering can
enhance the resilience and security of the electric grid. The
amendment was adopted by voice vote.
On November 29, 2023, the Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology reconvened to consider H.R. 6213.
Chairman Lucas moved that Committee favorably report the
bill, H.R. 6213, as amended, to the House of Representatives
with the recommendation that the bill be approved. The motion
was agreed to by a vote of 36-0.
Roll Call Votes
Clause 3(b) of rule XIII requires the Committee to list the
record votes on the motion to report legislation and amendments
thereto. The following reflects the record votes taken during
the Committee consideration:
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Application of Law to the Legislative Branch
The Committee finds that H.R. 6213 does not relate to the
terms and conditions of employment or access to public services
or accommodations within the meaning of section 102(b)(3) of
the Congressional Accountability Act (Public Law 104-1).
Statement of Oversight Findings and Recommendations of the Committee
In compliance with clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII and clause
(2)(b)(1) of rule X, the Committee's oversight findings and
recommendations are reflected in the descriptive portions of
this report.
Statement of General Performance Goals and Objectives
Pursuant to clause (3)(c)(4) of rule XIII, the goal of H.R.
6213 is to modify the goals and objectives of many quantum
programs across agencies to ensure quantum information,
science, technology, and engineering research can move beyond
basic science and into use-inspired research, demonstration,
and commercialization.
Duplication of Federal Programs
Pursuant to clause 3(c)(5) of rule XIII, the Committee
finds that no provision of H.R. 6213 establishes or
reauthorizes a program of the Federal Government known to be
duplicative of another Federal program, including any program
that was included in a report to Congress pursuant to section
21 of Public Law 111-139 or identified in the most recent
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.
Federal Advisory Committee Act
The Committee finds that the legislation does not establish
or authorize the establishment of an advisory committee within
the definition of section 5(b) of the Federal Advisory
Committee Act.
Unfunded Mandate Statement
The Committee adopts as its own the estimate of Federal
mandates prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget
Office pursuant to section 423 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform
Act. At the time this report was filed, the estimate was not
yet available.
Earmark Identification
Pursuant to clauses 9(e), 9(f), and 9(g) of rule XXI, the
Committee finds that H.R. 6213 does not include any
congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff
benefits.
Committee Cost Estimate
Pursuant to clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII, the Committee
adopts as its own the cost estimate prepared by the Director of
the Congressional Budget Office pursuant to section 402 of the
Congressional Budget Act of 1974. At the time this report was
filed, the estimate was not available.
New Budget Authority, Entitlement Authority, and Tax Expenditures
Pursuant to clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII, the Committee
finds that H.R. 6213 would result in no new or increased budget
authority, entitlement authority, or tax expenditures or
revenues.
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate
Pursuant to clause 3(c)(3) of rule XIII, at the time this
report was filed, the cost estimate prepared by the Director of
the Congressional Budget Office pursuant to section 402 of the
Congressional Budget Act of 1974 was not available.
Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported
In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of
the House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by
the bill, as reported, are shown as follows (existing law
proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new
matter is printed in italics, and existing law in which no
change is proposed is shown in roman):
NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ACT
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``National
Quantum Initiative Act''.
(b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is
as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
* * * * * * *
TITLE I--NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE
Sec. 101. National Quantum Initiative Program.
* * * * * * *
Sec. 105A. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy.
* * * * * * *
TITLE II--NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM
ACTIVITIES
Sec. 201. National Institute of Standards and Technology activities and
quantum consortium.
Sec. 202. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum
Centers.
TITLE III--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES
* * * * * * *
Sec. 303. Quantum Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW)
Coordination Hub.
Sec. 304. Quantum testbeds.
TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM ACTIVITIES
Sec. 401. Quantum Information Science Research program.
Sec. 401A. Department of Energy Quantum Instrumentation and Foundry
Program.
* * * * * * *
Sec. 405. Quantum information science to enhance the resilience and
security of the electric grid.
Sec. 406. Research security.
Title V--National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum
activities
Sec. 501. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology
research for space and aeronautics.
Sec. 502. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum
institute.
Sec. 503. Authorization of appropriations.
Sec. 504. Research security.
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) Advisory committee.--The term ``Advisory
Committee'' means the National Quantum Initiative
Advisory Committee established under section 104(a).
(2) Appropriate committees of congress.--The term
``appropriate committees of Congress'' means--
(A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation of the Senate;
(B) the Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources of the Senate; and
(C) the Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology of the House of Representatives.
(3) Coordination office.--The term ``Coordination
Office'' means the National Quantum Coordination Office
established under section 102(a).
(4) Federal laboratory.--The term ``Federal
laboratory'' has the meaning given such term in section
4 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of
1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703).
(5) Foreign country of concern.--The term ``foreign
country of concern'' means--
(A) a country that is a covered nation (as
such term is defined in section 4872(d) of
title 10, United States Code); and
(B) any country that the Secretary of
Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of
Defense, the Secretary of State, and the
Director of National Intelligence, determines
to be engaged in conduct that is detrimental to
the national security or foreign policy of the
United States.
(6) Foreign entity of concern.--The term ``foreign
entity of concern'' means a foreign entity that is--
(A) designated as a foreign terrorist
organization by the Secretary of State under
section 219(a) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189(a));
(B) included on the list of specially
designated nationals and blocked persons
maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets
Control of the Department of the Treasury
(commonly known as the ``SDN list'');
(C) owned by, controlled by, or subject to
the jurisdiction or direction of a government
of a foreign country that is a covered nation
(as such term is defined in section 4872 of
title 10, United States Code);
(D) alleged by the Attorney General to have
been involved in activities for which a
conviction was obtained under--
(i) chapter 37 of title 18, United
States Code (commonly known as the
``Espionage Act'');
(ii) section 951 or 1030 of title 18,
United States Code;
(iii) chapter 90 of title 18, United
States Code (commonly known as the
``Economic Espionage Act of 1996'');
(iv) the Arms Export Control Act (22
U.S.C. 2751 et seq.);
(v) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or
236 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954
(42 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, and
2284);
(vi) the Export Control Reform Act of
2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or
(vii) the International Emergency
Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et
seq.); or
(E) determined by the Secretary of Commerce,
in consultation with the Secretary of Defense
and the Director of National Intelligence, to
be engaged in unauthorized conduct that is
detrimental to the national security or foreign
policy of the United States.
[(4)] (7) Institution of higher education.--The term
``institution of higher education'' has the meaning
given the term in section 101[(a)] of the Higher
Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001[(a)]).
(8) National laboratory.--The term ``National
Laboratory'' has the meaning given such term in section
2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801).
[(5)] (9) Program.--The term ``Program'' means the
National Quantum Initiative Program implemented under
section 101(a).
(10) Quantum applications.--The term ``quantum
applications'' means applications that use quantum
information science engineering and technology,
including quantum algorithms and software, quantum
computing and quantum-classical hybrids, quantum
sensing, quantum networking, quantum encryption, or
quantum communications applications.
(11) Quantum computing.--The term ``quantum
computing'' means any of a variety of quantum computing
technologies, including quantum annealing and quantum
gate-model systems that utilize a variety of qubit
architectures, such as superconducting, ion traps,
photonics, neutral atoms, spin atoms, or spin
electrons.
[(6) Quantum information science.--The term ``quantum
information science'' means the use of the laws of
quantum physics for the storage, transmission,
manipulation, computing, or measurement of
information.]
(12) Quantum information science, technology, and
engineering.--The term ``quantum information science,
technology, and engineering'' means the understanding,
translation, use, or application of the laws of quantum
physics for the storage, transmission, manipulation,
computing, simulation, or measurement of information.
[(7)] (13) Quantum network infrastructure.--The term
``quantum network infrastructure'' means any facility,
expertise, or capability that is necessary to enable
the development and deployment of scalable and diverse
quantum network technologies.
(14) STEM.--The term ``STEM'' means the academic and
professional disciplines of science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics, including computer
science.
[(8)] (15) Subcommittee on economic and security
implications.--The term ``Subcommittee on Economic and
Security Implications'' means the Subcommittee on the
Economic and Security Implications of Quantum
Information Science established under section 105(a).
[(8)] (16) Subcommittee on quantum information
science.--The term ``Subcommittee on Quantum
Information Science'' means the Subcommittee on Quantum
Information Science of the National Science and
Technology Council established under section 103(a).
SEC. 3. PURPOSES.
The purpose of this Act is to ensure the continued leadership
of the United States in quantum information [science and its
technology applications] science, engineering, and technology
by--
(1) supporting research, development, demonstration,
and application of quantum information [science and
technology] science, engineering, and technology--
[(A) to expand the number of researchers,
educators, and students with training in
quantum information science and technology to
develop a workforce pipeline;]
(A) to expand the number of researchers,
educators, and students with training in
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology to develop a domestic workforce
pipeline and retain international talent to the
extent consistent with national security and
international competitiveness;
(B) to promote the development and inclusion
of multidisciplinary curriculum and research
opportunities for quantum information [science
at the] science, engineering, and technology at
the primary, secondary, undergraduate,
graduate, and postdoctoral level;
(C) to address [basic] research knowledge
gaps, including computational research gaps;
(D) to promote the further development of
facilities and centers available for quantum
information [science and technology] science,
engineering, and technology research, testing
and education; [and]
(E) to stimulate research on and promote more
rapid development of quantum-based
technologies;
(F) to support development of quantum
applications, including quantum-hybrid
applications, to promote innovation and
commercialization; and
(G) to support technologies, including
artificial intelligence, that could benefit
from or benefit the development of quantum
technology and promote research, development,
demonstration, and application of such
technologies in quantum information science,
engineering, and technology.
(2) improving the interagency planning and
coordination of Federal research and development of
quantum information [science and technology] science,
engineering, and technology;
(3) maximizing the effectiveness of the Federal
Government's quantum information [science and
technology] science, engineering, and technology
research, development, and demonstration programs;
(4) promoting collaboration among the Federal
Government, Federal laboratories, National
Laboratories, industry, and universities; [and]
(5) promoting the development of international
partnerships, research collaborations, and standards
for quantum information [science and technology
security] science, engineering, and technology--
(A) to facilitate technology innovation,
social benefit, and private sector
commercialization; [and]
(B) to meet economic and national security
goals[.]; and
(C) to facilitate cooperative investment in
quantum capabilities between the United States
and its allies and partners to strengthen and
secure the domestic supply chain and related
ecosystem; and
(6) improving the maturity, scale, and short- and
long-term viability of the quantum technology industry,
including small and medium-sized businesses and
startups representing a diversity of quantum
specialties, and commercialization of domestic quantum
capacity across modalities.
TITLE I--NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE
SEC. 101. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE PROGRAM.
(a) In General.--The President shall implement a National
Quantum Initiative Program.
(b) Requirements.--In carrying out the Program, the
President, acting through Federal agencies, councils, working
groups, subcommittees, and the Coordination Office, as the
President considers appropriate, shall--
(1) establish the goals, priorities, and metrics for
a 10-year plan to accelerate [development] research
development, and near- and medium-term, and long-term
demonstration of quantum [information science and
technology] applications in diverse sectors in the
United States;
(2) invest in [fundamental] Federal quantum
information [science and technology] science,
engineering, and technology research, development,
demonstration, infrastructure, and other activities to
achieve the goals established under paragraph (1);
(3) invest in activities to develop and retain a
quantum information [science and technology] science,
engineering, and technology workforce pipeline;
[(4) provide for interagency planning and
coordination of Federal quantum information science and
technology research, development, demonstration,
standards engagement, and other activities under the
Program;]
(4) provide for interagency planning and coordination
of Federal quantum information science, engineering,
and technology research, development, demonstration,
standards engagement, and other activities under the
Program, including activities authorized pursuant to
section 234 of the John S. McCain National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (10 U.S.C. 4001
note), quantum educational activities and programs
authorized pursuant to section 10661 of the Research
and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42
U.S.C. 19261), and activities conducted at any Federal
laboratory;
(5) partner with [industry and universities]
industry, universities, and strategic allies to
leverage knowledge and resources, including human
resources; and
(6) leverage existing Federal investments efficiently
to advance Program goals and priorities established
under paragraph (1).
SEC. 102. NATIONAL QUANTUM COORDINATION OFFICE.
(a) Establishment.--
(1) In general.--The President shall establish a
National Quantum Coordination Office.
(2) Administration.--The Coordination Office shall
have--
(A) a Director who shall be appointed by the
Director of the Office of Science and
Technology Policy, in consultation with the
Secretary of Commerce, the Director of the
National Science Foundation, and the Secretary
of Energy, and who shall serve a four year
term, subject to renewal; and
[(B) staff comprised of employees detailed
from the Federal departments and agencies
described in section 103(b).]
(B) staff comprised of employees detailed
from the Federal departments and agencies
specified in section 103(b).
(b) Responsibilities.--The Coordination Office shall--
(1) provide technical and administrative support to--
(A) the Subcommitteeon Quantum Information
Science;
(B) the Advisory Committee; and
(C) the Subcommittee on Economic and Security
Implications;
(2) oversee interagency coordination of the Program,
including by encouraging and supporting joint agency
solicitation and selection of applications for funding
of activities under the Program;
(3) serve as the point of contact on Federal civilian
quantum information [science and technology] science,
engineering, and technology research and workforce
activities for Federal departments and agencies,
industry, universities professional societies, State
governments, and such other persons as the Coordination
Office considers appropriate to exchange technical and
programmatic information;
[(4) ensure coordination among the collaborative
ventures or consortia established under section 201(a),
Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and
Education established under section 302(a), and the
National Quantum Information Science Research Centers
established under section 402(a);]
(4) ensure coordination among the collaborative
ventures or consortia established under this Act;
(5) conduct public outreach, including the
dissemination of findings and recommendations of the
Advisory Committee, as appropriate;
(6) promote access to and early application of the
technologies, innovations, and expertise derived from
Program activities to agency missions and systems
across the Federal Government, and to industry,
including startup companies; [and]
(7) promote access, through appropriate Federal
Government agencies, and an open and competitive merit-
reviewed process, to existing quantum computing and
communication systems developed by industry,
universities, nonprofit research organizations, and
Federal laboratories to the general user community in
pursuit of discovery of the new applications of such
systems[.];
(8) promote understanding and adoption of quantum
capabilities throughout the United States economy as
appropriate; and
(9) track and promote policies that will ensure
stability of the United States quantum workforce,
quantum supply chain, domestic quantum industry, and
international trade.
(c) Funding.--Funds necessary to carry out the activities of
the Coordination Office shall be made available each fiscal
year by the Federal departments and agencies described in
section 103(b), as determined by the Director of the Office of
Science and Technology Policy.
SEC. 103. SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.
(a) Establishment.--The President shall establish, through
the National Science and Technology Council, the Subcommittee
on Quantum Information Science.
(b) Membership.--The Subcommittee shall include a
representative of--
(1) the National Institute of Standards and
Technology;
(2) the National Science Foundation;
(3) the Department of Energy;
(4) the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration;
(5) the Department of Defense;
(6) the Office of the Director of National
Intelligence;
(7) the Office of Management and Budget;
(8) the Office of Science and Technology Policy;
[and]
(9) the Department of Health and Human Services;
(10) the Department of State;
(11) the Department of Homeland Security;
(12) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration;
(13) the Department of Education; and
[(9)] (14) such other Federal department or agency as
the President considers appropriate.
(c) Chairpersons.--The Subcommittee shall be jointly chaired
by the Director of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology, the Director of the National Science Foundation,
and the Secretary of Energy.
(d) Responsibilities.--The Subcommittee shall--
(1) coordinate [the quantum information science and
technology research] quantum information science,
engineering, and technology research and quantum
application development, demonstration, and
commercialization, information sharing about
international standards development and use, and
education activities and programs of the Federal
agencies;
(2) establish goals and priorities of the Program,
based on identified knowledge and workforce gaps and
other national needs;
(3) assess and recommend Federal infrastructure needs
to support the Program;
(4) assess the status, development, and diversity of
the United States quantum information science,
engineering, and technology workforce;
(5) assess the global outlook for quantum information
science, engineering, and technology research and
development efforts and conduct comparative
benchmarking of Federal investments and research
strategies relative to those of our strategic partners
and other countries;
(6) evaluate opportunities for international
cooperation with strategic allies on research and
development in quantum information [science and
technology] science, engineering, and technology; [and]
(7) propose a coordinated interagency budget for the
Program to the Office of Management and Budget to
ensure the maintenance of a balanced quantum
information science, engineering and technology
research portfolio and an appropriate level of research
effort[.]; and
(8) facilitate interagency partnership opportunities
to advance quantum applications related to environment,
advanced manufacturing, biotechnology, space, and other
sectors.
(e) Strategic Plans.--In order to guide the activities of the
Program and meet the goals, priorities, and anticipated
outcomes of the Federal departments and agencies described in
subsection (b), the Subcommittee shall--
(1) not later than 1 year after the date of enactment
of this Act, develop a 5-year strategic plan;
(2) not later than 6 years after the date of
enactment of this Act, develop a subsequent 5-year
strategic plan; and
(3) periodically update each plan, as necessary.
(f) Submittal to Congress.--The chairpersons of the
Subcommittee shall submit to the President, the Advisory
Committee, and the appropriate committees of Congress each
strategic plan developed under subsection (e) and any updates
thereto.
(g) Annual Program Budget Report.--
(1) In general.--Each year, concurrent with the
annual budget request submitted by the President to
Congress under section 1105 of title 31, United States
Code, the chairpersons of the Subcommittee shall submit
to the appropriate committees of Congress and such
other committees of Congress as the chairpersons deem
appropriate a report on the budget for the Program.
(2) Contents.--Each report submitted under paragraph
(1) shall include the following:
(A) The budget of the Program for the current
fiscal year, for each Federal department and
agency described in subsection (b).
(B) The budget proposed for the Program for
the next fiscal year, for each Federal
department and agency described in subsection
(b).
(C) An analysis of the progress made toward
achieving the goals and priorities established
under subsection (d)(2).
(h) Report on Quantum Networking and Communications.--
(1) In general.--Not later than January 1, 2026, the
Quantum Networking Working Group within the
Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science of the
National Science and Technology Council, in
coordination with the Subcommittee on the Economic and
Security Implications of Quantum Information Science,
shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress
a report detailing a plan for the advancement of
quantum networking and communications technology in the
United States, building on the report entitled A
Strategic Vision for America's Quantum Networks and A
Coordinated Approach for Quantum Networking Research.
(2) Requirements.--The report under paragraph (1)
shall include the following:
(A) An update to the report entitled
Coordinated Approach to Quantum Networking
Research Report focusing on a framework for
interagency collaboration regarding the
advancement of quantum networking and
communications research, including a
description of agency roles and
responsibilities.
(B) A plan for Federal Government partnership
with the private sector and interagency
collaboration regarding engagement in
international standards for quantum networking
and communications technology, including a list
of Federal priorities for standards relating to
such networking and technology.
(C) A proposal for the protection of national
security interests relating to the advancement
of quantum networking and communications
technology.
(D) An assessment of the relative position of
the United States with respect to other
countries in the global race to develop,
demonstrate, and utilize quantum networking and
communications technology.
(E) Recommendations to Congress for
legislative action relating to the matters
considered under subparagraphs (A), (B), (C),
and (D).
(F) Such other matters as the Quantum Network
Working Group considers necessary to advance
the security of communications and network
infrastructure, remain at the forefront of
scientific discovery in the quantum information
science domain, and transition quantum
information science research into the emerging
quantum technology economy.
(i) Quantum Use Cases.--
(1) In general.--The Subcommittee shall identify
potential use cases with respect to which quantum
computing could advance the missions of participating
agencies, including through on-premises, cloud-based,
hybrid, or networked approaches.
(2) Quantum on-ramp.--For each potential use case
identified pursuant to paragraph (1), the relevant
Federal agency, in consultation with the Subcommittee,
may develop a plan to enable such agency to address
each such potential use case.
(3) Reporting.--The Subcommittee, as part of the
annual report on the budget for the Program under
subsection (g) shall report progress in carrying out
the activities under this section, including
information relating to the following:
(A) The potential use cases identified
pursuant to paragraph (1).
(B) The status of plans developed pursuant to
paragraph (2).
(C) Any obstacles to addressing such
potential use cases, including lack of funding.
SEC. 104. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ADVISORY COMMITTEE.
(a) In General.--The President shall establish a National
Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee.
[(b) Qualifications.--The Advisory Committee shall consist of
members, appointed by the President, who are representative of
industry, universities, and Federal laboratories and are
qualified to provide advice and information on quantum
information science and technology research, development,
demonstrations, standards, education, technology transfer,
commercial application, or national security and economic
concerns.]
(b) Qualifications.--The Advisory Committee shall consist of
members, appointed by the President, who are--
(1) representative of industry, including end users
likely to benefit from quantum technology and small and
medium-sized businesses and startups representing a
diversity of quantum specialties. universities, and
Federal laboratories; and
(2) qualified to provide advice and information on
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology research, development, demonstrations,
standards, STEM education, technology transfer,
commercial application, or national security and
economic concerns.
(c) Membership Consideration.--In selecting the members of
the Advisory Committee, the President may seek and give
consideration to recommendations from the Congress, industry,
the scientific community (including the National Academy of
Sciences, scientific professional societies, and universities),
the defense community, and other appropriate organizations.
(d) Duties.--
(1) In general.--The Advisory Committee shall advise
the President, the Subcommittee on Quantum Information
Science, and the Subcommittee on Economic and Security
Implications and make recommendations for the President
to consider when reviewing and revising the Program.
(2) Independent assessments.--The Advisory Committee
shall conduct periodic, independent assessments of--
(A) any trends or developments in quantum
information [science and technology] science,
engineering, and technology;
(B) the progress made in implementing the
Program;
(C) the management, coordination,
implementation, and activities of the Program;
(D) other countries' quantum programs and the
progress of such countries and such programs
relative to the Program;
[(D)] (E) whether the Program activities and
the goals and priorities established under
section 103(d)(2) are helping [to] promote
innovation, foster a robust United States
quantum industry, and maintain United States
leadership in quantum information [science and
technology] science, engineering, and
technology;
[(E)] (F) whether a need exists to revise the
Program, including to address any gaps that may
exist;
[(F)] (G) whether opportunities exist for
international cooperation with strategic allies
on research and development in, and the
development of [open standards for, quantum
information science and technology; and]
international standards in open and transparent
standardization systems for quantum information
science, engineering, and technology;
[(G)] (H) whether national security,
societal, economic, legal, educational,
environmental, health, and workforce concerns
are adequately addressed by the Program[.];
(I) the domestic and international
cooperation needs and goals of the Program,
including needs and goals related to
infrastructure and the supply chain of quantum
information science, engineering, and
technology; and
(J) the degree to which quantum information
science, engineering, and technology is
enhancing or can enhance the capabilities of
the United States advanced industrial economy
and protect or optimize critical infrastructure
(as such term is defined in section 1016(e) of
Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C. 5195c(e))).
(e) Reports.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
enactment of this Act, and at least biennially thereafter
through December 31, 2030, the Advisory Committee shall submit
to the President, the appropriate committees of Congress, and
such other committees of Congress as the Advisory Committee
deems appropriate a report on the findings of the independent
assessment under subsection (d), including any recommendations
for improvements to the Program. In the first such report
required after the date of the enactment of this sentence, the
Advisory Committee shall assess the advisability and
feasibility of establishing a quantum communications corridor
in which Federal laboratories, institutions of higher
education, and other entities conducting quantum information
science, engineering, and technology research are connected via
quantum communication networks capable of rapidly and securely
transmitting large quantities of information.
(f) Travel Expenses of Non-Federal Members.--Non-Federal
members of the Advisory Committee, while attending meetings of
the Advisory Committee or while otherwise serving at the
request of the head of the Advisory Committee away from their
homes or regular places of business, may be allowed travel
expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as
authorized by section 5703 of title 5, United States Code, for
individuals in the Government serving without pay. Nothing in
this subsection shall be construed to prohibit members of the
Advisory Committee who are officers or employees of the United
States from being allowed travel expenses, including per diem
in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with existing law.
[(g) FACA Exemption.--The Advisory Committee shall be exempt
from section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C.
App.).]
(g) FACA Exemption.--The President shall charter the Advisory
Committee in accordance with chapter 10 of title 5, United
States Code (commonly referred to as the ``Federal Advisory
Committee Act''), except that the Advisory Committee shall be
exempt from section 1013 of such title.
SEC. 105. SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMIC AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF
QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.
(a) Establishment.--The President shall establish, through
the National Science and Technology Council, the Subcommittee
on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum
Information Science.
(b) Membership.--The Subcommittee shall include a
representative of--
(1) the Department of Energy;
(2) the Department of Defense;
(3) the Department of Commerce;
(4) the Department of Homeland Security;
(5) the Office of the Director of National
Intelligence;
(6) the Office of Management and Budget;
(7) the Office of Science and Technology Policy;
(8) the Department of Justice;
(9) the National Science Foundation;
(10) the National Institute of Standards and
Technology; [and]
(11) the Department of Health and Human Services;
(12) the Department of State;
(13) the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration; and
[(11)] (14) such other Federal department or agency
as the President considers appropriate.
(c) Responsibilities.--The Subcommittee shall--
(1) in coordination with the Director of the Office
and Management and Budget, the Director of the National
Quantum Coordination Office, and the Subcommittee on
Quantum Information Science, track investments of the
Federal Government in quantum [information science]
information science, engineering, and technology
research and development;
(2) review and assess any economic or security
implications of such investments or to supply chains;
(3) review and assess any counterintelligence risks
or other foreign threats to such investments or supply
chains;
(4) recommend goals and priorities for the Federal
Government and make recommendations to Federal
departments and agencies and the Director of the
National Quantum Coordination Office to address any
counterintelligence risks or other foreign threats
identified as a result of an assessment under paragraph
(3);
(5) assess the export of technology associated with
quantum information science and engineering and
recommend to the Secretary of Commerce and the
Secretary of State any export controls necessary to
protect the economic and security interests of the
United States as a result of such assessment;
(6) recommend to Federal departments and agencies
investment strategies in quantum [information science]
information science, engineering, and technology that
advance the economic and security interest of the
United States;
(7) recommend to the Director of National
Intelligence and the Secretary of Energy appropriate
protections to address counterintelligence risks or
other foreign threats identified as a result of the
assessment under paragraph (3); [and]
(8) in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum
Information Science, ensure the approach of the United
States to investments of the Federal Government in
quantum information science research and development
reflects a balance between scientific progress and the
potential economic and security implications of such
progress[.];
(9) in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum
Information Science, identify opportunities to increase
coordination between civilian, military, and
intelligence quantum research entities, reduce
unnecessary duplicative quantum research activities,
and facilitate collaboration between quantum research
agencies with specialized capabilities or expertise in
one or more aspects of quantum information science,
engineering, and technology; and
(10) recommend strategies for attracting and
retaining students and scholars with expertise in
quantum related fields to Federal departments and
agencies.
(d) Technical and Administrative Support.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy, the
Director of National Intelligence, and the Director of
the National Quantum Coordination Office may provide to
the Subcommittee personnel, equipment, facilities, and
such other technical and administrative support as may
be necessary for the Subcommittee to carry out the
responsibilities of the Subcommittee under this
section.
(2) Support related to classified information.--The
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy
and the Director of National Intelligence shall provide
to the Subcommittee technical and administrative
support related to the responsibilities of the
Subcommittee that involve classified information,
including support related to sensitive compartmented
information facilities and the storage of classified
information.
SEC. 105A. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY.
(a) Strategy Required.--Not later than one year after the
date of the enactment of this section, the Director of the
Office of Science and Technology Policy, in consultation with
the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of State, the
Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science
Foundation, and the heads of other Federal agencies, as
appropriate, shall develop and submit to the Committee on
Commerce, Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Energy
and Natural Resources, and the Committee on Foreign Relations
of the Senate, and the Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of
Representatives a strategy to--
(1) establish collaborative international
partnerships, including co-funded international
programs, to advance research and development, testing
and evaluation, commercialization, and interoperability
in quantum information science, engineering, and
technology with allies and partners of the United
States, and other countries, when in the security,
strategic, technological, and scientific interests of
the United States;
(2) ensure continued United States participation in
bilateral and multilateral efforts to advance quantum
information science, engineering, and technology on the
international stage;
(3) promote the integrity and impartiality of
international standards organizations and processes
related to quantum information science, engineering,
and technology; and
(4) ensure ethical application of quantum information
science, engineering, and technology to protect civil
liberties and basic human rights.
(b) Designation.--The strategy under subsection shall be
known as the ``International Quantum Cooperation Strategy'' (in
this section referred to as the ``Strategy'').
(c) Elements.--In the development of the Strategy, the
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the
National Quantum Coordination Office, the Subcommittee on
Quantum Information Science, the Subcommittee on the Economic
and Security Implications, and the relevant agencies should
consider the following:
(1) The establishment of international partnerships
to advance research and development in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology.
(2) Key partners that are allies of the United States
and have demonstrated unique capabilities in one or
more areas of quantum information science, engineering,
and technology.
(3) Efforts and plans to address risks to the
national security and economic interests of the United
States during development and deployment of quantum
technologies worldwide, including plans for diplomatic
engagement with allies and partners, and other
countries.
(4) Efforts and plans to promote responsible global
development and deployment of quantum technologies,
including through international engagement and
leadership in the development of international
standards.
(5) Efforts and plans to develop, attract, and retain
international talent.
(6) The ability and risks of domestic manufacturers
and suppliers and those of allies and partners of the
United States to meet the needs of the global quantum
supply chain, including raw materials such as Helium-3,
plans for engagement with allies and partners,
manufacturers, and suppliers, and options to mitigate
gaps and vulnerabilities in the global quantum supply
chain.
(7) A plan to safeguard research and technology
supported through international cooperation, as
appropriate, in whole or in part, including in quantum
technologies critical to national security, from malign
influence, theft, or exfiltration by foreign entities
of concern.
(8) As necessary, a description of such legislative
or administrative action needed to carry out the
Strategy.
(d) Briefing.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which
the Strategy is completed, the Director shall brief the
committees specified in subsection (a) on the Strategy.
SEC. 106. SUNSET.
[(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the
authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105
shall terminate on the date that is 11 years after the date of
enactment of this Act.]
(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the
authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105
shall terminate on December 30, 2030.
(b) Extension.--The President may continue the activities
under such sections if the President determines that such
activities are necessary to meet national economic or national
security needs.
TITLE II--NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM
ACTIVITIES
SEC. 201. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES AND
QUANTUM CONSORTIUM.
(a) National Institute of Standards and Technology
Activities.--As part of the Program, the Director of the
National Institute of Standards and Technology--
(1) shall continue to support and expand [basic and
applied] quantum information [science and technology]
science, engineering, and technology research and
development of measurement and standards infrastructure
necessary to advance commercial development of quantum
applications;
(2) shall use the existing programs of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology, in collaboration
with other Federal departments and agencies, as
appropriate, to attract, educate, and train scientists
in quantum information [science and technology]
science, engineering, and technology to increase
participation in the quantum fields;
[(3) shall carry out research to facilitate the
development and standardization of quantum cryptography
and post-quantum classical cryptography;
[(4) shall carry out research to facilitate the
development and standardization of quantum networking,
communications, and sensing technologies and
applications;]
(3) shall carry out research to facilitate the
development and standardization of quantum
cryptography, post-quantum cryptography (as such term
is defined in section 3 of the Quantum Computing
Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note;
Public Law 117-260)), and practices to replace
cryptographic keys or algorithms with minimal
disruption to current applications and systems;
(4) shall carry out research, development, and
demonstration projects, as appropriate, to facilitate
the development and standardization of quantum
networking, communications, computing, metrology,
sensing technologies and quantum applications,
including quantum supporting technologies, such as
artificial intelligence;
(5) shall carry out research to support the
measurement of comparative performance and progress of
quantum technologies, including, as practicable,
technology readiness assessments of quantum
technologies;
(6) shall promote United States participation in
international standards organizations related to
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology;
(7) shall establish or expand partnerships with the
public sector and private sector to--
(A) accelerate the development of domestic
quantum supply chain and supply chain-
supporting technologies; and
(B) reduce quantum supply chain
vulnerabilities;
[(5)] (8) for quantum technologies determined by the
Director of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology to be at a readiness level sufficient for
standardization, shall provide technical review and
assistance to such other Federal agencies as the
Director considers appropriate for the development of
quantum networking [infrastructure], communications,
sensing, and computing standards;
[(6)] (9) shall establish or expand collaborative
ventures or consortia with other public or private
sector entities, including industry, universities, non-
profit research organizations, and Federal laboratories
for the purpose of advancing the field of quantum
information science [and engineering; and],
engineering, technology and expanding the domestic STEM
workforce;
(10) shall establish such infrastructure as is
necessary to carry out title II; and
[(7)] (11) may enter into and perform such contracts,
including cooperative research and development
arrangements and grants and cooperative agreements or
other transactions, as may be necessary in the conduct
of the work of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology and on such terms as the Director considers
appropriate, in furtherance of the purposes of this
Act.
(b) Quantum Consortium.--
(1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date
of enactment of this Act, the Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology shall convene a
consortium of stakeholders to identify the [future]
research measurement, standards, cybersecurity, and
other appropriate needs for supporting the development
of a robust quantum information [science and
technology] science, engineering, and technology
industry in the United States.
(2) Goals.--The goals of the consortium shall be--
[(A) to assess the current research on the
needs identified in paragraph (1);
[(B) to identify any gaps in the research
necessary to meet the needs identified in
paragraph (1); and
[(C) to provide recommendations on how the
National Institute of Standards and Technology
and the Program can address the gaps in the
necessary research identified in subparagraph
(B).]
(A) to gather and assess information on the
quantum industry to address the needs
identified in paragraph (1);
(B) to provide recommendations regarding how
the National Institute of Standards and
Technology, the Program, and other Federal
agencies, as appropriate, can address the gaps
in the research necessary to meet the needs
identified in paragraph (1) and accelerate
real-world uses of quantum information science,
engineering, and technology;
(C) to identify enabling technologies and the
relevant supply chain essential to foster
research and industrial competitiveness in
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology, and communicate findings to Federal
agencies and other domestic and international
stakeholders;
(D) to assess and identify key areas for
establishing, expanding, or developing
international partnerships that will facilitate
United States quantum-related business
engagement; and
(E) to provide recommendations on how the
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
the Program, and other Federal agencies, as
appropriate, can incorporate small and medium-
sized businesses and startups into Federal
quantum activities and promote the success of
small and medium-sized startups.
(3) Report to congress.--[Not later than 2 years
after the date of enactment of this Act, the] The
Director of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology shall periodically, but not less than every
five years, submit to the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the
Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the
House of Representatives a report summarizing the
findings of the consortium.
(4) Coordination.--As appropriate, the consortium is
encouraged to engage with Federal agencies that fund
research, have a mission to transition or translate
research results to practical quantum applications, or
have a mission that could benefit from the development
of quantum technologies, to inform and accelerate
progress in such areas.
[(c) Funding.--The Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology shall allocate up to $80,000,000 to
carry out the activities under this section for each of fiscal
years 2019 through 2023, subject to the availability of
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this
section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise
made available to the National Institute of Standards and
Technology.]
(c) International Quantum Research and Metrology.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology, in coordination
with the Secretary of State and the Director of the
National Science Foundation, shall promote, establish,
and support international quantum information science,
engineering, and technology research, metrology
research, and standardization, as appropriate, to
enhance international cooperation, meet United States
commitments, and support United States engagement in
international standards for quantum information
science, engineering, and technology.
(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this section, the
Director of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology shall ensure alignment with the National
Quantum Information Science Strategy and the U.S.
Government National Standards Strategy for Critical and
Emerging Technology, or successor strategies.
(3) Restrictions.--
(A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds
made available under this section may be
obligated or expended to an institution of
higher education that maintains a contract or
agreement between such institution and a
Confucius Institute or any successor of a
Confucius Institute.
(B) Foreign countries or entities of
concern.--None of the funds made available
under this section may be obligated or expended
to promote, establish, or finance quantum
research activities between a United States
entity and a foreign country of concern or
foreign entity of concern, except such
restriction shall not apply to participation by
awardees in consensus-based international
standardization activities.
(d) Post Quantum Cryptography Deployment.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology, in consultation
with the Secretary of Homeland Security, the heads of
Sector Risk Management Agencies (as such term is
defined in section 2200 of the Homeland Security Act of
2002 (6 U.S.C. 650)), and private sector entities, as
appropriate, shall promote the voluntary development,
adoption, and deployment of standards relating to post-
quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in
section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity
Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117-
260)), including by--
(A) disseminating and making publicly
available guidance and resources to help
organizations adopt and deploy standards
relating to post-quantum cryptography and
minimize disruptions to current applications
and systems caused by cryptographic updates;
(B) providing technical assistance, as
practicable, to entities that are at high risk
of quantum cryptoanalytic attacks, such as
entities determined to be critical
infrastructure (as such term is defined in
section 1016(e) of Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C.
5195c(e))) or digital infrastructure providers;
and
(C) conducting such other activities as
determined necessary by the Director to promote
the development, adoption, and deployment
across the United States of standards relating
to post-quantum cryptography.
(2) Grant program.--
(A) In general.--Subject to the availability
of appropriations and after the date on which
the Director of National Institute of Standards
and Technology has issued standards relating to
post-quantum cryptography, the Director may
establish a program to identify and provide
technical assistance through the award of
grants to entities that are at high risk of
quantum cryptoanalytic attacks, including by
granting funds for the adoption of such
standards and the remediation of quantum-
related vulnerabilities.
(B) Use of funds.--Grants awarded to entities
under this paragraph may be used to cover
reasonable costs, up to a specified amount
established by the Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology, for
activities to adopt standards relating to post-
quantum cryptographic and remediate quantum-
related vulnerabilities.
(C) Guidance.--The Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology may
develop, and periodically update, guidance,
including relating to eligibility, application
disclosure requirements, grant amount and
duration, and any additional requirements
regarding the award of grants under this
paragraph.
(D) Consultation.--If the program described
in this paragraph is established, the Director
of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology shall consult with the Director of
the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security
Agency of the Department of Homeland Security,
the heads of other Sector Risk Management
Agencies, and appropriate representatives of
private sector entities, including nonprofit
organizations, to share information regarding
the grant program under this paragraph and
guidance developed and updated under
subparagraph (C).
(e) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for
the National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to
section 10211 of the Research and Development, Competition, and
Innovation Act (Public Law 117-167) for scientific and
technical research and services laboratory activities, there is
authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology to carry out this section
up to $85,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2027.
SEC. 202. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM
CENTERS.
(a) Establishment.--
(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of
appropriations, the Director of the National Institute
of Standards and Technology, in consultation with the
heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as
appropriate, shall carry out a program to establish and
operate at least one, but not more than three, centers
to accelerate research, development, deployment, and
standardization of quantum information science,
engineering, and technology.
(2) Program details.--
(A) Competitive, merit-reviewed process.--The
centers shall be established through a
competitive, merit-reviewed process.
(B) Applications.--An eligible applicant
described in subparagraph (C) shall submit to
the Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology an application at such
time, in such manner, and containing such
information as the Director determines to be
appropriate.
(C) Eligible applicants.--Eligible applicants
described in this subparagraph are the
following:
(i) Institutions of higher education.
(ii) Nonprofit organizations.
(iii) Multi-institutions
collaborations, including multiple
types of research institutions, private
sector entities, Federal laboratories,
and nonprofit organizations, or a
consortia thereof.
(iv) Any other entity the Director
determines appropriate.
(3) Selection of topics.--The Director of the
National Institute of Standards and Technology shall
solicit proposals and prioritize the following topics
in the initial selection of centers, subject to merit-
review:
(A) Quantum sensing and measurement.
(B) Quantum engineering.
(b) Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, centers
developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under this
section shall serve the mission of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, for the benefit of the broader United
States quantum information science community, to develop
processes for the following purposes--
(1) Advancing research and standardization in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology.
(2) Advancing technology transfer.
(3) Improving the competitiveness of the United
States.
(c) Coordination.--The Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology shall ensure coordination, and avoid
unnecessary duplication of, the activities carried out under
this section with existing activities of the Institute, other
activities carried out under this Act, and other related
programs, as appropriate.
(d) Selection and Duration.--
(1) In general.--The centers established under this
section are authorized to carry out activities for a
period of five years.
(2) Renewal.--Each center established under this
section may be renewed for an additional period of five
years following a successful merit-based review by the
Director.
(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of
the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the
Director of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology may terminate an underperforming center for
cause during the performance period.
(e) Funding.--The Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology shall allocate up to $18,000,000 for
each center established under this section for each of fiscal
years 2024 through 2028, subject to the availability of
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this
section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise
made available to the National Institute of Standards and
Technology.
SEC. 203. RESEARCH SECURITY.
The activities authorized under title II shall be applied in
a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research
and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as
division B of Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).
TITLE III--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES
SEC. 301. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION PROGRAM.
(a) In General.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation shall carry out a [basic] research and education
program on quantum information [science and engineering]
science, engineering, and technology, including the competitive
award of grants to institutions of higher education or eligible
nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof).
(b) Program Components.--
(1) In general.--In carrying out the program under
subsection (a), the Director of the National Science
Foundation shall carry out activities that--
(A) support [basic] interdisciplinary quantum
information [science and engineering] science,
engineering, and technology research; and
(B) support [human resources] education and
workforce development in all aspects of quantum
information [science and engineering] science,
engineering, and technology.
(2) Requirements.--The activities described in
paragraph (1) shall include--
(A) using the existing programs of the
National Science Foundation, in collaboration
with other Federal departments and agencies, as
appropriate--
(i) to improve the teaching and
learning of quantum information
[science and engineering] science,
engineering, and technology at the K-
12, vocational, undergraduate,
graduate, and postgraduate levels;
[and]
(ii) to increase participation in the
quantum fields, including by
individuals identified in sections 33
and 34 of the Science and Engineering
Equal Opportunities Act (42 U.S.C.
1885a, 1885b); and
(iii) to pursue research at the
frontiers of quantum information
science, engineering, and technology,
and explore solutions to important
challenges for the development,
application, and commercialization of
quantum technologies;
(B) formulating goals for quantum information
[science and engineering] science, engineering,
and technology research and education
activities to be supported by the National
Science Foundation;
(C) leveraging the collective body of
knowledge from existing quantum information
[science and engineering] science, engineering,
and technology research and education
activities;
(D) coordinating research efforts funded
through existing programs across the
directorates of the National Science
Foundation; [and]
(E) engaging with other Federal departments
and agencies, research communities, and
potential users of information produced under
this section[.]; and
(F) providing infrastructure to support
academic quantum information science,
engineering, and technology, including through
existing infrastructure programs and new
activities.
[(c) Graduate Traineeships.--The Director of the National
Science Foundation may establish a program to provide
traineeships to graduate students at institutions of higher
education within the United States who are citizens of the
United States and who choose to pursue masters or doctoral
degrees in quantum information science.]
(c) Student Traineeships, Fellowships, and Other Models.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal
agencies the Director considers appropriate, shall
award grants to institutions of higher education or
eligible nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof)
to increase capacity and broaden participation,
including through provisioning of experiential
opportunities, where appropriate, in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology and
other related disciplines.
(2) Quantum traineeships.--The Director of the
National Science Foundation may establish or use
existing programs to make awards to institutions of
higher education or nonprofit organizations (or
consortia thereof) to provide traineeships to graduate
students at institutions of higher education within the
United States who are citizens of the United States and
who choose or plan to pursue masters or doctoral
degrees in quantum information science, engineering,
and technology, or related fields, and by providing
students with opportunities for research experiences in
government or industry related to such students'
quantum studies.
(3) Quantum fellowships and scholarships.--
(A) In general.--The Director of the National
Science Foundation may establish or use
existing programs to support fellowships and
scholarships for students at institutions of
higher education for the purpose of increasing
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology exposure for undergraduate and
graduate STEM students and increasing post-
graduation employment opportunities for STEM
students.
(B) Requirements.--Eligible participants in
the fellowship and scholarship program shall--
(i) be enrolled in or have graduated
from a STEM degree program at a
domestic institution of higher
education; and
(ii) have taken at least one quantum-
science or quantum-relevant course as
part of their degree programs.
(C) Considerations.--Eligible fellowships and
scholarships may include temporary quantum-
related positions at State or Federal agencies,
national laboratories, private sector entities,
institutions of higher education, the Quantum
Centers and Institute established in sections
202, 302, 402, and 502, or other quantum-
relevant entities, as determined appropriate by
the Director.
(D) Competitive awards.--Fellowships and
scholarships shall be competitively awarded
through a merit-review process. The Director of
the National Science Foundation may prioritize
fellowships that include an industry partner
that provides financial assistance to the
applicant for direct or indirect costs.
(4) Quantum research experiences for
undergraduates.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation shall seek to increase opportunities for
quantum research for undergraduate students by
encouraging proposals in quantum information science,
engineering, and technology, through the research
experiences for undergraduates pursuant to section 514
of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (42
U.S.C. 1862p-6).
(5) Co-operative education programs.--The Director of
the National Science Foundation may establish or use
existing programs to support cooperative education
programs between institutions of higher education and
employers that increase opportunities for undergraduate
students to acquire experiential learning and
professional experiences in quantum information
sciences, engineering, and technology.
(6) Partnerships.--In carrying out the activities
under this subsection, the Director of the National
Science Foundation shall encourage awardees to partner
with relevant Federal agencies, Federal laboratories,
industry and other private sector organizations, and
nonprofit organizations to facilitate the expansion of
workforce pathways and hands-on learning experiences.
(d) Incorporating [QISE] QISET Into STEM Curriculum.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation shall, through programs carried out or
supported by the National Science Foundation, seek to
increase the integration of quantum [information
science and engineering (referred to in this subsection
as ``QISE'')] information science, engineering, and
technology (referred to in this subsection as QISET)
into the STEM curriculum at all education levels,
including community colleges and career and technical
education entities, as considered appropriate by the
Director.
(2) Curriculum integration.--The curriculum
integration under paragraph (1) may include the
following:
(A) Methods to conceptualize [QISE] quantum
information science, engineering, and
technology for elementary, middle, and high
school curricula.
(B) Methods for strengthening foundational
mathematics and science curricula.
(C) Methods for integrating students who are
underserved or historically underrepresented
groups in STEM.
(D) Age-appropriate materials that apply the
principles of quantum information science,
engineering, and technology in STEM fields,
including those relevant to emerging
technologies, such as artificial intelligence,
microelectronics, and nano technology.
(E) Informal education methods to enhance
experiences of students of all ages with
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology concepts and applications.
[(E)] (F) Recommendations for the
standardization of key concepts, definitions,
and curriculum criteria across government,
academia, and industry.
(G) Methods to introduce security and other
potential societal dimensions associated with
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology into STEM curricula.
[(F)] (H) Materials that specifically address
the findings and outcomes of the study to
evaluate and make recommendations for the
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology workforce pursuant to subsection (d)
of section 10661 of the Research and
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act
and strategies to account for the skills and
workforce needs identified through such study.
(3) Coordination.--In carrying out this subsection,
the Director shall coordinate with relevant Federal
agencies, and consult with nongovernmental entities
with expertise in [QISE] quantum information science,
engineering, and technology, as appropriate, which may
include institutions eligible to participate in the
Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research
(EPSCoR).
[(4) Definition.--In this subsection, the term
``STEM'' means the academic and professional
disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics, including computer science.]
(e) Quantum Research Experiences for Teachers.--The Director
of the National Science Foundation shall seek to increase
opportunities to engage educators, principals, or other school
leaders of K-12 students in professional learning opportunities
to enhance quantum information science, engineering, and
technology knowledge, including by--
(1) providing hands-on training and research
opportunities for such educators at Federal
Laboratories, institutions of higher education, or in
industry; and
(2) developing best practices.
(f) Expanding Capacity in Quantum Information Science,
Engineering, and Technology (QISET).--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation, in consultation with the heads of Federal
agencies the Director considers appropriate, shall make
awards on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis to
eligible institutions of higher education or eligible
nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof) to
increase research capacity, education and
infrastructure capacity, and broaden participation in
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology and related disciplines, including by--
(A) supporting curriculum development in
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology as described in section 301(d) of
the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C.
8841(d));
(B) building upon the activities carried out
under the Next Generation Quantum Leaders Pilot
Program authorized under section 10661(f) of
the Research and Development, Competition, and
Innovation Act (Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C.
19261(f)); and
(C) leveraging the readiness for the
involvement of local research and education
communities to secure a talent pipeline in
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology to meet the workforce needs of
industry, government, and academia.
(2) Collaborations.--A collaboration receiving an
award under this subsection may include institutions of
higher education, nonprofit organizations, and private
sector entities.
(3) Eligible institution of higher education
defined.--In this subsection, the term ``eligible
institution of higher education'' means an institution
of higher education, that, according to the data
published by the National Center for Science and
Engineering Statistics, is not, on average, among the
top 100 institutions in Federal research and
development expenditures during the 3- year period
prior to the year of the award.
(4) Requirements.--To receive an award under this
subsection, an eligible institution shall submit to the
Director of the National Science Foundation an
application that includes the following:
(A) A plan to sustain proposed activities
beyond the duration of the award.
(B) Proposed quantum information science,
engineering, and technology disciplines and
focus areas the eligible institution is
prepared to engage in to significantly build up
its quantum information science, engineering,
and technology research and education capacity.
(C) A plan for education and workforce
development, which may include K-12 and post-
secondary education programs and activities,
workforce training and career and technical
education programs and activities,
undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral
education, and informal education programs and
activities.
(5) Activities.--Awards under this subsection to
support research and related activities may include the
activities relating to the following:
(A) Development or expansion of research
programs in disciplines and focus areas
specified in paragraph (4)(B).
(B) Faculty recruitment and professional
development in disciplines and focus areas
specified in paragraph (4)(B).
(C) Bridge programs focused on preparing
post-baccalaureate students for graduate
programs in quantum information science,
engineering, and technology.
(D) To build research capacity and
infrastructure at an eligible institution in
disciplines and focus areas specified in
paragraph (4)(B).
(E) An assessment of capacity-building and
research infrastructure needs identified in
paragraph (4)(B).
(F) Administrative research development
support.
(G) Other activities necessary to build
research capacity in quantum information
science, engineering, and technology.
(6) Additional considerations.--In making awards
under this subsection, the Director of the National
Science Foundation may also consider the following:
(A) The extent to which the eligible
applicant will support students from diverse
backgrounds, including first-generation
undergraduate students.
(B) The geographic and institutional
diversity of eligible applicants.
(C) How the eligible applicant can leverage
public-private partnerships and existing
research partnerships with Federal agencies.
(7) Duplication.--The Director of the National
Science Foundation shall ensure awards made under this
subsection are complimentary to and not duplicative of
existing programs.
(g) Faculty Mid-career Development Awards.--The Director of
the National Science Foundation may provide awards to support
mid-career scientists and faculty to upgrade, develop, or
acquire essential research instruments to start new research
activities, or expand existing activities, focused on quantum
information science, engineering and technology.
(h) International Research on Quantum Information Science,
Engineering, and Technology.--
(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation, in coordination with the Secretary of State
and the Secretary of Commerce, shall support
international quantum information science, engineering,
and technology research, as appropriate, to enhance
international cooperation and meet United States
commitments, including as part of the terms and
conditions of bilateral or multilateral quantum
information science, engineering, and technology
research agreements.
(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this subsection, the
Director of the National Science Foundation shall
ensure alignment with the national Quantum Information
Strategy in accordance with Executive Order 14073 or
successor strategies.
(3) Priority.--The Director shall prioritize research
programs with countries that have signed a Quantum
Cooperation Statement with the United States.
(4) Restrictions.--
(A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds
made available under this section may be
obligated or expended to an institution of
higher education that maintains a contract or
agreement between such institution and a
Confucius Institute or any successor of a
Confucius Institute.
(B) Foreign country of concern and foreign
entity of concern.--None of the funds made
available under this section may be obligated
or expended to promote, establish, or finance
quantum research activities between a United
States entity and a foreign country of concern
or foreign entity of concern.
(i) Upgrading and Improving Access to Quantum Research
Resources.--
(1) In general.--In carrying out the activities
described in this section, the Director of the National
Science Foundation, in consultation with the heads of
other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate,
shall award grants to institutions of higher education
or eligible nonprofit organizations (or consortia
thereof) to upgrade research facilities and improve
access to research resources, such as equipment and
instrumentation, that is needed for research and
development in quantum information science,
engineering, and technology.
(2) Purpose.--Grants under paragraph (1) shall be
used to facilitate quantum information science,
engineering, and technology research and development,
including by carrying out the following:
(A) Upgrading or adding research resources to
accelerate the development of quantum
technologies, including capabilities focused on
addressing the roadblocks to implementation,
and meet the materials, advanced materials
development, high performance computing,
heterogeneous computing, networking, software,
data, clean room, and device needs of the
scientific community and the quantum supply
chain.
(B) Enhancing access to equipment and
instrumentation, including at partnering
institutions, by facilitating information
sharing, coordination, scheduling, education,
and training, including activities that provide
meaningful hands-on learning experiences for
students, including at community and technical
colleges.
(C) Enabling professional staff to support
the operation and improvement of research
resources used for quantum information science,
engineering, and technology.
(3) Requirements.--An institution of higher education
or an eligible nonprofit organization (or a consortium
thereof) and industry partners seeking funding under
this subsection shall submit to the Director of the
National Science Foundation an application at such
time, in such manner, and containing such information
as the Director may require.
(j) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated to
the National Science Foundation pursuant to section 10303 of
the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act
(Public Law 117-167) for research and related activities, there
is authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the
National Science Foundation to carry out this section up to
$141,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2027.
SEC. 302. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION.
(a) In General.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation, in consultation with other Federal departments and
agencies, as appropriate, shall award grants to institutions of
higher education or eligible nonprofit organizations (or
consortia thereof) to establish at least 2, but not more than
[5] 10, Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and
Education (referred to in this section as ``Centers'').
(b) Collaborations.--A collaboration receiving an award under
this subsection may include institutions of higher education,
nonprofit organizations, and private sector entities.
(c) Purpose.--The purpose of the Centers shall be to conduct
[basic] research and education activities in support of the
goals and priorities established under section 103(d)(2),
including by--
(1) continuing to advance quantum information
[science and engineering] science, engineering, and
technology;
(2) supporting curriculum and workforce development
in quantum information science [and engineering],
engineering, and technology, including leveraging or
expanding activities established pursuant to section
301(d); and
(3) fostering innovation by bringing industry
perspectives to quantum research and workforce
development, including by leveraging industry knowledge
and resources.
(d) Requirements.--
(1) In general.--An institution of higher education
or an eligible nonprofit organization (or a consortium
thereof) seeking funding under this section shall
submit an application to the Director of the National
Science Foundation at such time, in such manner, and
containing such information as the Director may
require.
(2) Applications.--Each application under paragraph
(1) shall include a description of--
(A) how the Center will work with other
research institutions and industry partners to
leverage expertise in [quantum science] quantum
information science, engineering, and
technology, education and curriculum
development, and technology transfer;
(B) how the Center will promote active
collaboration among researchers in multiple
disciplines involved in quantum research,
including physics, engineering, mathematics,
computer science, chemistry, health, and
material science;
(C) how the Center will support long-term and
short-term workforce development in the quantum
field, including how each participant will
develop and implement outreach activities to
increase the participation of women and other
students from groups historically
underrepresented in STEM;
(D) how the Center can support an innovation
ecosystem to work with industry to translate
Center research into applications; [and]
(E) a long-term plan to become self-
sustaining after the expiration of funding
under this section[.]; and
(F) how the Center will participate in
international collaborations, as appropriate,
to build a trusted global research network with
allies and partners of the United States and
other countries that share values with the
United States, including respect for
international norms of fair competition.
(e) Selection and Duration.--
(1) In general.--Each Center established under this
section is authorized to carry out activities for a
period of 5 years.
[(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for
additional, subsequent periods of 5 years on a
competitive, merit-reviewed basis.]
(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an
additional, subsequent period of 5 years following a
successful, merit-based review.
(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of
the National Science Foundation, the Director of the
National Science Foundation may terminate an
underperforming Center for cause during the performance
period.
(f) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation
shall allocate up to $10,000,000 for each Center established
under this section for each of fiscal years [2019 through 2023]
2024 through 2028, subject to the availability of
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this
section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise
made available to the National Science Foundation.
SEC. 303. QUANTUM RESKILLING, EDUCATION, AND WORKFORCE (QREW)
COORDINATION HUB.
(a) In General.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation, in consultation with the Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy,
and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and
agencies, as appropriate, shall make an award to a consortium
led by an institution of higher education or an eligible
nonprofit organization to establish a Quantum Reskilling,
Education, and Workforce Coordination Hub (in this section
referred to as the ``Hub'').
(b) Consortium.--The Hub established pursuant to subsection
(a) shall include not fewer than four institutions of higher
education, including not fewer than two community colleges, and
may include career and technical schools, nonprofit
organizations, and private sector entities.
(c) Purpose.--The purpose of this Hub shall be to--
(1) identify and address cross-cutting workforce
development challenges in quantum information science,
engineering, and technology, and the quantum industry,
by serving as a national and regional clearinghouse;
and
(2) facilitate the establishment of programs to
disseminate to institutions of higher education and
career and technical education entities model
curricula, best practices, and instructional materials.
(d) Activities.--The activities of the Hub may include the
following:
(1) Testing, implementing, scaling, disseminating,
and standardizing materials, methods, best practices,
and other outputs developed through activities under
this Act.
(2) Increasing the integration of quantum information
science, engineering, and technology content into STEM
curricula at all education levels, including career and
technical education programs.
(3) Providing opportunities for STEM degree students
to provide feedback on quantum information science,
engineering, and technology curricula.
(4) Facilitating post-education employment
opportunities and workforce pathways for STEM degree
recipients in quantum-related industries, including by
facilitating opportunities for internships,
externships, fellowships, and other such activities as
determined by the Director, including through the
establishment of a publicly accessible online portal.
(5) Coordinating with quantum industry and nonprofit
entities and small and medium-sized businesses and
startups to inform and enhance the quality and
availability of quantum education in STEM degree
programs, including through the promotion of post-
graduation opportunities for STEM students outside the
classroom to increase exposure to quantum industries.
(6) Supporting activities and programs to enhance the
recruitment of students from groups historically
underrepresented in STEM to pursue undergraduate and
graduate studies in quantum information science,
engineering, and technology.
(7) Developing, testing, implementing, and
coordinating career development programs and strategies
for pre-university and university educators for the
purpose of increasing the number of quantum-informed
educators at all levels of education, including by
carrying out the following:
(A) Hosting career development workshops.
(B) Developing in-house and distance learning
career development tools for public use.
(C) Facilitating access to related quantum
technology, tools, and resources.
(D) Developing training, research, and
professional development programs, including
innovative pre-service and in-service programs.
(E) Facilitating relationships with State and
local entities to increase awareness of and
promote quantum-related career development
activities at the Hub.
(8) Establishing a framework for performing ongoing
regular data collection and analysis for the quantum
workforce to report on trends, and perform other
activities that expand the understanding of the current
and future needs of the quantum industry, and education
capacity or readiness of the quantum workforce. Such
activities shall complement or align with, as relevant,
authorized quantum and STEM workforce studies under
section 10661(d) of the Research and Development,
Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19261(d)).
(9) Facilitating public education and outreach
activities to enhance the understanding and awareness
of quantum information science, engineering, and
technology to a boarder community to satisfy broader
impact requirements of award applications.
(10) Encouraging coordination on quantum education in
the broader STEM community.
(e) QREW Quantum Fellowship Program.--Subject to the
restrictions outlined in subsection (c) of section 301, the Hub
may support education or policy fellowships for students at
entities participating in the consortium under subsection (a)
or at other research centers established pursuant to this Act
at the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, the Department of Energy, or the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, for the purpose
of supporting the activities described in subsection (d).
(f) Industry Coordination.--The Hub shall collaborate with
the Quantum Consortium established in section 201(b) or other
industry consortia to identify, publish, facilitate, or enable
quantum-related education and workforce development
opportunities as described in subsections (c) and (d).
(g) Application.--A consortium seeking funding under this
section shall submit to the Director of the National Science
Foundation an application at such time, in such manner, and
containing such information as the Director may require. Each
application shall include a description of how the consortium
shall carry out the following:
(1) Contribute to the success of the Hub and fulfill
the purposes of the Hub.
(2) Include industry participation in fulfilling the
purposes of the Hub.
(3) Collaborate with other members of the consortium
to share expertise in integrating quantum information
science, engineering, and technology into existing STEM
programs and other relevant fields and disciplines.
(4) Support long-term and short-term workforce
development in the quantum field.
(5) Develop and implement outreach activities to
increase the participation of women and other students
from groups historically underrepresented in STEM.
(h) Selection and Duration.--
(1) In general.--The Hub established under this
section is authorized to carry out activities for a
period of 5 years.
(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an
additional, subsequent period of 5 years following a
successful, merit-based review.
(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of
the National Science Foundation, the Director of the
National Science Foundation may terminate the Hub if it
is underperforming during the performance period.
(i) Coordination.--The Hub shall coordinate with other
research centers established under this Act at the National
Science Foundation, the National Institute of Standards and
Technology, the Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, and other relevant Federal agencies,
as appropriate, on activities and resources.
(j) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation
shall allocate up to $10,000,000 for the Hub for each of fiscal
years 2024 through 2028, subject to the availability of
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this
section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise
made available to the National Science Foundation.
SEC. 304. QUANTUM TESTBEDS.
(a) In General.--Not later than one year after the date of
the enactment of this Act, the Director of the National Science
Foundation, in coordination with the Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy,
and the heads of other Federal agencies, as determined
appropriate by the Director of the National Science Foundation,
shall make awards on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis to
institutions of higher education, nonprofit organizations,
Federally Funded Research and Development Centers, or consortia
thereof, to establish not more than five testbeds for quantum
applications research and development.
(b) Purposes.--The quantum testbeds established under
subsection (a) shall focus on advancing research and
development for near-term and medium-term quantum application
use cases by providing accessible research resources to
academia and industry for developing and testing such use
cases, including through proof-of-concept testing,
demonstrations, pilot projects, and prototyping.
(c) Application Proposals.--An applicant for an award under
this section shall submit to the Director a proposal at such
time, in such manner, and containing such information as the
Director may reasonably require. The proposal shall, at a
minimum, describe the following:
(1) How the applicant will assemble a workforce,
including from populations that are historically
underrepresented in STEM, with the skills needed to
operate a quantum testbed.
(2) How the applicant will ensure broad access to a
quantum testbed, including for start-ups and small
businesses.
(3) How a quantum testbed will operate after Federal
funding has ended.
(d) Prioritization.--The Director of the National Science
Foundation shall prioritize the following:
(1) Applicants that ensure not less than 25 percent
of the cost for a testbed awarded under this section is
provided by private or non-Federal entities, including
in-kind contributions.
(2) Awards for consortia that include quantum
industry participation.
(e) Roles and Responsibilities.--The Director of the National
Science Foundation shall be responsible for the following:
(1) Maintaining a record of notable outcomes from
each quantum testbed established under this section.
(2) Partnering with other Federal agencies to enable
opportunities for quantum testbed outcomes to be
appropriately taken up by such agencies in alignment
with the missions of such agencies.
(3) Not later than one year after the date of the
enactment of this section and every two years
thereafter until December 31, 2030, briefing the
appropriate committees of Congress on the status of
such quantum testbeds and providing recommendations for
improving such quantum testbeds.
(f) Coordination.--In establishing quantum testbeds under
this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation
shall ensure coordination with other testbeds and other quantum
facilities hosting Federal quantum technology and
infrastructure supported by the National Science Foundation,
including those authorized pursuant to section 10390 of the
Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act
(Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 10990), or by other Federal
agencies as determined appropriate by the Director, to avoid
duplication and maximize use of Federal resources.
(g) Stakeholder Collaboration.--In carrying out this section,
the Director of the National Science Foundation shall
collaborate with the Quantum Consortium established pursuant to
section 201(b) to accomplish the purposes of the quantum
testbeds program described in subsection (b) and ensure there
is strong collaboration with industry stakeholders. The
Director may also engage with National Laboratories, federally
funded research and development centers, industry, and other
members of the United States quantum ecosystem.
(h) Geographic Diversity.--The Director shall ensure regional
and geographic diversity in issuing awards under this section.
(i) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation
shall allocate up to $50,000,000 for the quantum testbeds under
this section for each fiscal years 2024 through 2028, subject
to the availability of appropriations. Amounts made available
to carry out this section shall be derived from amounts
appropriated or otherwise made available to the National
Science Foundation.
SEC. 305. RESEARCH SECURITY.
The activities authorized under title III shall be applied in
a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research
and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as
division B of Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).
TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM ACTIVITIES
SEC. 401. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM.
[(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall carry out a
basic research program on quantum information science.]
(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall carry out a
research, development, and demonstration program on quantum
information science, engineering, and technology.
(b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program under
subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall--
(1) formulate goals for quantum information science,
engineering, and technology research to be supported by
the Department of Energy;
(2) leverage the collective body of knowledge from
existing quantum information science research;
[[(3)] (5) provide research experiences and training
for additional undergraduate and graduate students in
quantum information science, including in the fields
of--
[(A) quantum information theory;
[(B) quantum physics;
[(C) quantum computational science;
[(D) applied mathematics and algorithm
development;
[(E) quantum networking;
[(F) quantum sensing and detection; and
[(G) materials science and engineering;]
(3) operate National Quantum Information Science
Research Centers to accelerate and scale up scientific
and technical breakthroughs in quantum information
science, engineering, and technology, and maintain
state-of-the-art infrastructure for quantum researchers
and industry partners, in accordance with section 402;
(4) conduct cooperative research with industry,
National Laboratories, institutions of higher
education, and other research institutions to
facilitate the development and demonstration of quantum
information science, engineering, and technology,
including in the fields of--
(A) quantum information theory;
(B) quantum physics;
(C) quantum computational science, including
hardware and software, including artificial
intelligence, machine learning and data
science;
(D) quantum data storage, including hardware
and software for energy efficient data centers;
(E) applied mathematics and algorithm
development;
(F) quantum communications and networking,
including hardware and software for quantum
communications and networking;
(G) quantum sensing and detection;
(H) materials science and engineering;
(I) quantum modeling and simulation,
including molecular modeling;
(J) near- and long-term application
development in a range of areas as determined
by the Secretary, such as materials discovery,
advanced manufacturing, cybersecurity, energy
efficiency and energy technologies, energy
storage and electric grid management;
(K) quantum chemistry;
(L) quantum biology;
(M) superconductive and high-performance
microelectronics; and
(N) quantum security technologies;
(5) provide research experiences and training for
additional undergraduate and graduate students in
quantum information science, engineering, and
technology, including in the fields specified in
paragraph (4);
[(4)] (6) coordinate research efforts funded through
existing programs across the Department of Energy,
including--
(A) the Nanoscale Science Research Centers;
(B) the Energy Frontier Research Centers;
(C) the Energy Innovation Hubs;
(D) the National Laboratories;
(E) the Advanced Research Projects Agency;
[and]
(F) the Office of Electricity;
(G) the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy
Security, and Emergency Response;
(H) the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon
Management;
(I) the Office of Technology Transitions; and
(F) the National Quantum Information Science
Research Centers; and
[(5)] (7) coordinate with other Federal departments
and agencies, research communities, and potential users
of information produced under this section[.] and other
relevant efforts as defined by the Secretary of Energy;
and
(8) leverage the collective body of knowledge and
data, including experience and resources from existing
Federal research activities and commercially-available
quantum computing hardware and software to the extent
practicable.
(c) Quantum High Performance Computing Strategic Plan.--Not
later than one year after the date of the enactment of this
subsection, the Secretary of Energy shall submit to Congress a
report containing a 10-year strategic plan to guide Federal
programs in designing, expanding, commercializing, and
procuring hybrid, high performance computing systems featuring
the ability to integrate a diverse set of resources, including
artificial intelligence and machine learning, accelerated by
quantum supercomputers to enable the Department of Energy's
computing facilities to continuously advance computing
resources. Such strategic plan shall include the following:
(1) A conceptual plan to leverage capabilities and
infrastructure from the exascale computing program, as
the Secretary of Energy determines necessary.
(2) A plan to minimize disruptions to the advanced
scientific computing workforce.
(3) A consideration of a diversity of quantum
computing modalities.
(4) A plan to integrate cloud access of commercially
available quantum hardware and software to complement
on-premises high performance computing systems and
resources consistent with the QUEST program under
section 404.
(5) Implement the plan developed under this section.
(d) Industry Outreach.--In carrying out the program under
subsection (a) the Secretary of Energy shall support the
quantum technology industry and promote commercialization of
applications of quantum technology relevant to the Department's
activities by carrying out the following:
(1) Educating--
(A) the energy industry on near term and
commercially available quantum technologies;
and
(B) the quantum industry on potential energy
applications.
(2) Accelerating the advancements of United States
quantum computing, communications, networking, sensing,
and security capabilities to protect and optimize the
energy sector.
(3) Advancing relevant domestic supply chains,
manufacturing capabilities, and associated simulations
or modeling capabilities.
(4) Facilitating commercialization of quantum
technologies from National Laboratories and engaging
with the Quantum Consortium established pursuant to
section 201(b) and other organizations, as applicable,
to transition component technologies to help
facilitate, as appropriate, the development of a
quantum supply chain.
(5) Where appropriate, promoting participation by
small and medium-sized businesses and startups.
(e) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for
the Department of Energy's Office of Science pursuant to
section 317 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation
Act, there is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to
carry out the activities under this section up to $130,000,000
for each fiscal years 2024 through 2027.
SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY
PROGRAM.
(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish a
quantum instrumentation and infrastructure foundry program to
carry out the following:
(1) Maintain United States leadership in quantum
information science, engineering, and technology.
(2) Develop domestic quantum supply chains.
(3) Provide resources for the broader scientific
community.
(4) Support activities carried out under sections
401, 403, and 404.
(b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program under
subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall design, build,
develop, purchase, and commercialize specialized equipment,
laboratory infrastructure, and state-of-the-art instrumentation
to advance quantum engineering research and the development of
quantum component technologies at a scale sufficient to meet
the needs of the scientific community and enable
commercialization of quantum technology.
(c) Quantum Foundries.--In carrying out the program under
subsection (a), and in coordination partnership with
institutions of higher education and industry, the Secretary of
Energy shall support the development of quantum foundries
focused on meeting the device, hardware, software, and
materials needs of the scientific community and the quantum
supply chain.
(d) Funding.--The Secretary of Energy shall allocate up to
$25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry
out this section, subject to the availability of
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this
section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise
made available to the Department of Energy's Office of Science.
SEC. 402. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTERS.
(a) Establishment.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy, acting
through the Director of the Office of Science (referred
to in this section as the ``Director''), shall ensure
that the Office of Science carries out a program, in
consultation with other Federal departments and
agencies, as appropriate, to establish and operate at
least 2, but not more than 5, National Quantum
Information Science Research Centers (referred to in
this section as ``Centers'') to conduct [basic]
research to accelerate scientific breakthroughs in
quantum information [science and technology] science,
engineering, and technology, expand capacity for the
domestic quantum workforce, and to support research
conducted under [section 401] sections 401, 403, and
404.
(2) Requirements.--
(A) Competitive, merit-reviewed process.--The
Centers shall be established through a
competitive, merit-reviewed process.
(B) Applications.--An eligible applicant
under this subsection shall submit to the
Director an application at such time, in such
manner, and containing such information as the
Director determines to be appropriate.
(C) Eligible applicants.--The Director shall
consider applications from National
Laboratories, institutions of higher education,
research centers, multi-institutional
collaborations that may include one or more
commercial entities, and any other entity that
the Secretary of Energy determines to be
appropriate.
(b) Collaborations.--A collaboration that receives an award
under this section may include multiple types of research
institutions and private sector entities, and should be
inclusive of the variety of viable quantum technologies, where
appropriate.
(c) Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, the
Centers developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under
this section shall serve the needs of the Department of Energy,
industry, the academic community, and other relevant entities
to create and develop processes for the purpose of advancing
[basic] research in quantum information science, engineering,
and technology, accelerating quantum workforce development, and
improving the competitiveness of the United States.
(d) Coordination.--The Secretary of Energy shall ensure the
coordination, and avoid unnecessary duplication, of the
activities of each Center with the activities of--
(1) other research entities of the Department of
Energy, including--
(A) the Nanoscale Science Research Centers;
(B) the Energy Frontier Research Centers;
(C) the Energy Innovation Hubs; [and]
(D) the Office of Technology Transitions; and
[(D)] (E) the National Laboratories;
(2) institutions of higher education; and
(3) industry.
(e) Duration.--
(1) In general.--Each Center established under this
section is authorized to carry out activities for a
period of 5 years.
[(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for
additional, subsequent periods of 5 years. The Director
shall approve or disapprove of each reapplication on a
competitive, merit-reviewed basis.]
(2) Renewal.--Each Center under this section may be
renewed for an additional period of 5 years following a
successful, merit-based review and approval by the
Director.
(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of
the Department of Energy, the Secretary of Energy may
terminate an underperforming Center for cause during
the performance period.
(f) Funding.--The Secretary of Energy shall allocate up to
[$25,000,000] $35,000,000 for each Center established under
this section for each of fiscal years [2019 through 2023] 2024
through 2028, subject to the availability of appropriations.
Amounts made available to carry out this section shall be
derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available
to the Department of Energy.
SEC. 403. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.
(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this
section as the ``Secretary'') shall carry out a research,
development, and demonstration program to accelerate innovation
in quantum network infrastructure in order to--
(1) facilitate the advancement of distributed quantum
computing systems through the internet and intranet;
(2) improve the precision of measurements of
scientific phenomena and physical imaging technologies;
(3) develop secure national quantum communications
technologies and strategies;
(4) demonstrate quantum networking, including
utilizing the Department of Energy's Energy Sciences
Network User Facility; [and]
(5) advance the relevant domestic supply chains,
manufacturing capabilities, and associated simulations
or modeling capabilities[.];
(6) where applicable, leverage a diversity of
modalities and commercially-available quantum hardware
and software; and
(7) develop education and training pathways related
to quantum network infrastructure investments, aligned
with existing programmatic investments by the
Department of Energy.
(b) Program.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary
shall--
(1) coordinate with--
(A) the Director of the National Science
Foundation;
(B) the Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology;
(C) the Administrator of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration;
[(C)] (D) the Chair of the Subcommittee on
Quantum Information Science of the National
Science and Technology Council established
under section 103(a); and
[(D)] (E) the Chair of the Subcommittee on
the Economic and Security Implications of
Quantum Science;
(2) conduct cooperative research with industry,
National Laboratories, institutions of higher
education, and other research institutions to
facilitate new quantum infrastructure methods and
technologies, including--
(A) quantum-limited detectors, ultra-low loss
optical channels, ground-to-space and space-to-
ground connections, and classical networking
and cybersecurity protocols;
(B) entanglement and hyper-entangled state
sources and transmission, control, and
measurement of quantum states;
(C) quantum interconnects that allow short
range local connections between quantum
processors;
(D) transducers for quantum sources and
signals between optical wavelength regimes,
including telecommunications regimes and
quantum computer-relevant domains, including
microwaves;
(E) development of quantum memory buffers and
small-scale quantum computers that are
compatible with [photon-based] all applicable
modalities of quantum bits in the optical or
telecommunications wavelengths;
(F) long-range entanglement distribution,
including allowing entanglement-based protocols
between small- and large scale quantum
processors, at the terrestrial and space-based
level using quantum repeaters, quantum sensors,
and optical or laser communications;
(G) quantum routers, multiplexers, repeaters,
data centers, and related technologies
necessary to create secure long-distance
quantum communication; [and]
(H) integration of systems across [the
quantum technology stack] quantum technology
modality stacks into traditional computing
networks, including the development of remote
controlled, high-performance, and reliable
implementations of key quantum network
components by leveraging the expertise,
infrastructure and supplemental investments at
the [National Laboratories in] National
Laboratories such as the Energy Sciences
Network User Facility;
(I) development of quantum network and
entanglement distribution protocols or
applications, including development of network
stack protocols and protocols enabling
integration with existing technologies or
infrastructure; and
(J) development of high efficiency room-
temperature photon detectors for quantum
photonic applications, including quantum
networking and communications;
(3) engage with the Quantum Economic Development
Consortium and other organizations, as applicable, to
transition component technologies to help facilitate as
appropriate the development of a quantum supply chain
for quantum network technologies;
(4) advance [basic] research in advanced scientific
computing, particle and nuclear physics, and [material]
materials science to enhance the understanding,
prediction, and manipulation of materials, processes,
and physical phenomena relevant to quantum network
infrastructure;
(5) develop experimental tools and testbeds in
collaboration with the Energy Sciences Network User
Facility necessary to support cross-cutting
[fundamental] research and development activities with
diverse stakeholders from industry, National
Laboratories, and institutions of higher education; and
(6) consider quantum network infrastructure
applications that span the Department of Energy's
missions in energy, environment, and national security.
(c) Leveraging.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary
shall leverage resources, infrastructure, and expertise across
the Department of Energy and from--
(1) the National Institute of Standards and
Technology;
(2) the National Science Foundation;
(3) the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration;
(4) other relevant Federal agencies;
(5) the National Laboratories;
(6) industry stakeholders, including small and
medium-sized businesses and startups;
(7) institutions of higher education; and
(8) the National Quantum Information Science Research
Centers.
(d) Research Plan.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
enactment of the Research and Development, Competition, and
Innovation Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives
and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate
a 4-year research plan that identifies and prioritizes [basic
research] research, development, and demonstration needs
relating to quantum network infrastructure.
(e) Standard of Review.--The Secretary shall review
activities carried out under this section to determine the
achievement of technical milestones.
(f) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for
the Department of Energy's Office of Science, there is
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the
activities under this section $100,000,000 for each of fiscal
years 2023 through 2027.
SEC. 404. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPANSION FOR SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.
(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this
section as the ``Secretary'') shall establish and carry out a
program, to be known as the ``Quantum User Expansion for
Science and Technology program'' or ``QUEST program'', to
encourage and facilitate access to United States quantum
computing hardware [and quantum computing clouds], software,
and cloud-based quantum computers for research purposes--
(1) to enhance the United States quantum research
enterprise;
(2) to educate the future quantum computing
workforce;
(3) to accelerate the advancement of United States
quantum computing capabilities; [and]
(4) to advance the relevant domestic supply chains,
manufacturing processes, and associated simulations or
modeling capabilities[.];
(5) to enable development of software and
applications, including estimation of resources needed
to scale applications; and
(6) to develop near-term quantum applications to
solve public and private sector problems.
(b) Program.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary
shall--
(1) coordinate with--
(A) the Director of the National Science
Foundation;
(B) the Director of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology;
(C) the Chair of the Subcommittee on Quantum
Information Science of the National Science and
Technology Council established under section
103(a); and
(D) the Chair of the Subcommittee on the
Economic and Security Implications of Quantum
Science;
(2) provide researchers based within the United
States with access to, and use of, United States
quantum computing resources through a competitive,
merit-reviewed process;
(3) consider applications from the National
Laboratories, multi-institutional collaborations,
institutions of higher education, industry
stakeholders, and any other entities that the Secretary
determines are appropriate to provide national
leadership on quantum computing related issues;
(4) coordinate with private sector stakeholders, the
user community, and interagency partners on program
development and best management practices; [and]
(5) to the extent practicable, balance user access to
commercial prototypes available for use across a broad
class of applications and Federal research prototypes
that enable benchmarking a wider variety of early-stage
devices[.];
(c) Leveraging.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary
shall leverage resources and expertise across the Department of
Energy and from--
(1) the National Institute of Standards and
Technology;
(2) the National Science Foundation;
(3) the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration;
(4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration;
[(4)] (5) other relevant Federal agencies;
[(5)] (6) the National Laboratories;
[(6)] (7) industry stakeholders, including small and
medium-sized businesses and startups;
[(7)] (8) institutions of higher education; and
[(8)] (9) the National Quantum Information Science
Research Centers.
(d) Security.--In carrying out the activities authorized by
this section, the Secretary, in consultation with the Director
of the National Science Foundation and the Director of the
National Institute of Standards and Technology, shall ensure
proper security controls are in place to protect sensitive
information, as appropriate.
(e) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for
the Department of Energy's Office of Science, there are
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the
activities under this section--
(1) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
(2) $31,500,000 for fiscal year 2024;
(3) $33,075,000 for fiscal year 2025;
(4) $34,728,750 for fiscal year 2026; [and]
(5) $36,465,188 for fiscal year 2027[.]; and
(6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.
SEC. 405. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE TO ENHANCE THE RESILIENCE AND
SECURITY OF THE ELECTRIC GRID.
(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this
section as the ``Secretary'') shall conduct research,
development, and demonstration activities focused on the use of
quantum information science, engineering, and technology,
including through quantum applications and quantum computing,
to enhance the resilience, security, and efficiency of the
electric grid in the United States.
(b) Research Areas.--In carrying out subsection (a), the
Secretary may conduct research in the following areas:
(1) Fault detection and prediction.
(2) Grid security and safety, including through post-
quantum cryptography.
(3) Integrated grid planning.
(4) Grid optimization.
(5) Enhanced modeling.
(6) Energy storage.
(7) Energy market optimization.
(8) Any other area in which, in the determination of
the Secretary, quantum information science,
engineering, and technology can enhance the resilience,
security, and efficiency of the electric grid in the
United States.
(c) Cooperation.--To the extent practicable, the Secretary
shall conduct research, development, and demonstration
activities under subsection (a) in cooperation, including
through partnerships, as the Secretary determines to be
appropriate, with members of relevant industries, National
Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and other
relevant institutions, including research institutions, as
determined by the Secretary.
SEC. 406. RESEARCH SECURITY
The activities authorized under title IV shall be applied in
a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research
and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as
division B of Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).
* * * * * * *
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CYBER SECURITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACT
* * * * * * *
SEC. 4. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION RESEARCH.
(a) Computer and Network Security Research Grants.--
(1) In general.--The Director shall award grants for
basic research on innovative approaches to the
structure of computer and network hardware and software
that are aimed at enhancing computer security. Research
areas may include--
(A) authentication, cryptography, and other
secure data communications technology,
including post-quantum cryptography (as such
term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum
Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6
U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117-260));
(B) computer forensics and intrusion
detection;
(C) reliability of computer and network
applications, middleware, operating systems,
control systems, and communications
infrastructure;
(D) privacy and confidentiality;
(E) network security architecture, including
tools for security administration and analysis;
(F) emerging threats;
(G) vulnerability assessments and techniques
for quantifying risk;
(H) remote access and wireless security;
(I) enhancement of law enforcement ability to
detect, investigate, and prosecute cyber-
crimes, including those that involve piracy of
intellectual property;
(J) secure fundamental protocols that are
integral to inter-network communications and
data exchange;
(K) secure software engineering and software
assurance, including--
(i) programming languages and systems
that include fundamental security
features;
(ii) portable or reusable code that
remains secure when deployed in various
environments;
(iii) verification and validation
technologies to ensure that
requirements and specifications have
been implemented; and
(iv) models for comparison and
metrics to assure that required
standards have been met;
(L) holistic system security that--
(i) addresses the building of secure
systems from trusted and untrusted
components;
(ii) proactively reduces
vulnerabilities;
(iii) addresses insider threats; and
(iv) supports privacy in conjunction
with improved security;
(M) monitoring and detection;
(N) mitigation and rapid recovery methods;
(O) security of wireless networks and mobile
devices;
(P) security of cloud infrastructure and
services;
(Q) security of election-dedicated voting
system software and hardware; and
(R) role of the human factor in cybersecurity
and the interplay of computers and humans and
the physical world.
(2) Merit review; competition.--Grants shall be
awarded under this section on a merit-reviewed
competitive basis.
(3) Authorization of appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated to the National Science
Foundation to carry out this subsection--
(A) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2003;
(B) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2004;
(C) $46,000,000 for fiscal year 2005;
(D) $52,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; and
(E) $60,000,000 for fiscal year 2007.
(b) Computer and Network Security Research Centers.--
(1) In general.--The Director shall award multiyear
grants, subject to the availability of appropriations,
to institutions of higher education, nonprofit research
institutions, or consortia thereof to establish
multidisciplinary Centers for Computer and Network
Security Research. Institutions of higher education,
nonprofit research institutions, or consortia thereof
receiving such grants may partner with 1 or more
government laboratories or for-profit institutions, or
other institutions of higher education or nonprofit
research institutions.
(2) Merit review; competition.--Grants shall be
awarded under this subsection on a merit-reviewed
competitive basis.
(3) Purpose.--The purpose of the Centers shall be to
generate innovative approaches to computer and network
security by conducting cutting-edge, multidisciplinary
research in computer and network security, including
improving the security and resiliency of information
technology, reducing cyber vulnerabilities, and
anticipating and mitigating consequences of cyber
attacks on critical infrastructure, by conducting
research in the areas described in subsection (a)(1).
(4) Applications.--An institution of higher
education, nonprofit research institution, or consortia
thereof seeking funding under this subsection shall
submit an application to the Director at such time, in
such manner, and containing such information as the
Director may require. The application shall include, at
a minimum, a description of--
(A) the research projects that will be
undertaken by the Center and the contributions
of each of the participating entities;
(B) how the Center will promote active
collaboration among scientists and engineers
from different disciplines, such as computer
scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and
social science researchers;
(C) how the Center will contribute to
increasing the number and quality of computer
and network security researchers and other
professionals, including individuals from
groups historically underrepresented in these
fields; and
(D) how the Center will disseminate research
results quickly and widely to improve cyber
security in information technology networks,
products, and services.
(5) Criteria.--In evaluating the applications
submitted under paragraph (4), the Director shall
consider, at a minimum--
(A) the ability of the applicant to generate
innovative approaches to computer and network
security and effectively carry out the research
program;
(B) the experience of the applicant in
conducting research on computer and network
security and the capacity of the applicant to
foster new multidisciplinary collaborations;
(C) the capacity of the applicant to attract
and provide adequate support for a diverse
group of undergraduate and graduate students
and postdoctoral fellows to pursue computer and
network security research;
(D) the extent to which the applicant will
partner with government laboratories, for-
profit entities, other institutions of higher
education, or nonprofit research institutions,
and the role the partners will play in the
research undertaken by the Center;
(E) the demonstrated capability of the
applicant to conduct high performance
computation integral to complex computer and
network security research, through on-site or
off-site computing;
(F) the applicant's affiliation with private
sector entities involved with industrial
research described in subsection (a)(1);
(G) the capability of the applicant to
conduct research in a secure environment;
(H) the applicant's affiliation with existing
research programs of the Federal Government;
(I) the applicant's experience managing
public-private partnerships to transition new
technologies into a commercial setting or the
government user community;
(J) the capability of the applicant to
conduct interdisciplinary cybersecurity
research, basic and applied, such as in law,
economics, or behavioral sciences; and
(K) the capability of the applicant to
conduct research in areas such as systems
security, wireless security, networking and
protocols, formal methods and networking and
information technology, nanotechnology, or
industrial control systems.
(6) Annual meeting.--The Director shall convene an
annual meeting of the Centers in order to foster
collaboration and communication between Center
participants.
(7) Authorization of appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated for the National Science
Foundation to carry out this subsection--
(A) $12,000,000 for fiscal year 2003;
(B) $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2004;
(C) $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2005;
(D) $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; and
(E) $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2007.
* * * * * * *
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