[House Report 118-612]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


 118th Congress    }                                     {    Report
                         HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
  2nd Session      }                                     {    118-612

======================================================================



 
            NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE REAUTHORIZATION ACT

                                _______
                                

 July 25, 2024.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the 
              State of the Union and ordered to be printed

                                _______
                                

   Mr. Lucas, from the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, 
                        submitted the following

                              R E P O R T

                        [To accompany H.R. 6213]

    The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, to whom 
was referred the bill (H.R. 6213) to reauthorize the National 
Quantum Initiative Act, and for other purposes, having 
considered the same, reports favorably thereon with an 
amendment and recommends that the bill as amended do pass.


                                CONTENTS

                                                                   Page
Purpose and Summary..............................................    25
Background and Need for Legislation..............................    25
Legislative History..............................................    26
Section-by-Section...............................................    26
Committee Views..................................................    32
Related Committee Hearings.......................................    33
Committee Consideration..........................................    34
Roll Call Votes..................................................    35
Application of Law to the Legislative Branch.....................    37
Statement of Oversight Findings and Recommendations of the 
  Committee......................................................    37
Statement of General Performance Goals and Objectives............    37
Duplication of Federal Programs..................................    37
Federal Advisory Committee Act...................................    37
Unfunded Mandate Statement.......................................    37
Earmark Identification...........................................    37
Committee Cost Estimate..........................................    37
New Budget Authority, Entitlement Authority, and Tax Expenditures    38
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate........................    38
Changes to Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported............    38

    The amendment is as follows:
  Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the 
following:

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

  This Act may be cited as the ``National Quantum Initiative 
Reauthorization Act''.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

  Section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801) is 
amended--
          (1) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), the first 
        paragraph (8) (relating to the definition of the ``Subcommittee 
        on Economic and Security Implications''), and the second 
        paragraph (8) (relating to the definition of the ``Subcommittee 
        on Quantum Information Science'') as paragraphs (7), (9), (12), 
        (13), (15), and (16), respectively;
          (2) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following new 
        paragraphs:
          ``(4) Federal laboratory.--The term `Federal laboratory' has 
        the meaning given such term in section 4 of the Stevenson-
        Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703).
          ``(5) Foreign country of concern.--The term `foreign country 
        of concern' means--
                  ``(A) a country that is a covered nation (as such 
                term is defined in section 4872(d) of title 10, United 
                States Code); and
                  ``(B) any country that the Secretary of Commerce, in 
                consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the 
                Secretary of State, and the Director of National 
                Intelligence, determines to be engaged in conduct that 
                is detrimental to the national security or foreign 
                policy of the United States.
          ``(6) Foreign entity of concern.--The term `foreign entity of 
        concern' means a foreign entity that is--
                  ``(A) designated as a foreign terrorist organization 
                by the Secretary of State under section 219(a) of the 
                Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189(a));
                  ``(B) included on the list of specially designated 
                nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office 
                of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the 
                Treasury (commonly known as the `SDN list');
                  ``(C) owned by, controlled by, or subject to the 
                jurisdiction or direction of a government of a foreign 
                country that is a covered nation (as such term is 
                defined in section 4872 of title 10, United States 
                Code);
                  ``(D) alleged by the Attorney General to have been 
                involved in activities for which a conviction was 
                obtained under--
                          ``(i) chapter 37 of title 18, United States 
                        Code (commonly known as the `Espionage Act');
                          ``(ii) section 951 or 1030 of title 18, 
                        United States Code;
                          ``(iii) chapter 90 of title 18, United States 
                        Code (commonly known as the `Economic Espionage 
                        Act of 1996');
                          ``(iv) the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 
                        2751 et seq.);
                          ``(v) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or 236 of 
                        the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2274, 
                        2275, 2276, 2277, and 2284);
                          ``(vi) the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 
                        (50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or
                          ``(vii) the International Emergency Economic 
                        Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); or
                  ``(E) determined by the Secretary of Commerce, in 
                consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the 
                Director of National Intelligence, to be engaged in 
                unauthorized conduct that is detrimental to the 
                national security or foreign policy of the United 
                States.'';
          (3) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by striking ``(a)'' 
        each place it appears;
          (4) by inserting after paragraph (7), as so redesignated, the 
        following new paragraph:
          ``(8) National laboratory.--The term `National Laboratory' 
        has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the Energy 
        Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801).'';
          (5) by inserting after paragraph (9), as so redesignated, the 
        following new paragraphs:
          ``(10) Quantum applications.--The term `quantum applications' 
        means applications that use quantum information science 
        engineering and technology, including quantum algorithms and 
        software, quantum computing and quantum-classical hybrids, 
        quantum sensing, quantum networking, quantum encryption, or 
        quantum communications applications.
          ``(11) Quantum computing.--The term `quantum computing' means 
        any of a variety of quantum computing technologies, including 
        quantum annealing and quantum gate-model systems that utilize a 
        variety of qubit architectures, such as superconducting, ion 
        traps, photonics, neutral atoms, spin atoms, or spin 
        electrons.'';
          (6) by amending paragraph (12), as so redesignated, to read 
        as follows:
          ``(12) Quantum information science, technology, and 
        engineering.--The term `quantum information science, 
        technology, and engineering' means the understanding, 
        translation, use, or application of the laws of quantum physics 
        for the storage, transmission, manipulation, computing, 
        simulation, or measurement of information.''; and
          (7) by inserting after paragraph (13), as so redesignated, 
        the following new paragraph:
          ``(14) STEM.--The term `STEM' means the academic and 
        professional disciplines of science, technology, engineering, 
        and mathematics, including computer science.''.

SEC. 3. PURPOSES.

  Section 3 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8802) is 
amended--
          (1) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking 
        ``science and its technology applications'' and inserting 
        ``science, engineering, and technology'';
          (2) in paragraph (1)--
                  (A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by 
                striking ``science and technology'' and inserting 
                ``science, engineering, and technology'';
                  (B) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows:
                  ``(A) to expand the number of researchers, educators, 
                and students with training in quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology to develop a 
                domestic workforce pipeline and retain international 
                talent to the extent consistent with national security 
                and international competitiveness;'';
                  (C) in subparagraph (B), by striking ``science at 
                the'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                technology at the primary, secondary,'';
                  (D) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``basic'';
                  (E) in subparagraph (D)--
                          (i) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology''; and
                          (ii) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon; 
                        and
                  (F) by adding at the end the following new 
                subparagraphs:
                  ``(F) to support development of quantum applications, 
                including quantum-hybrid applications, to promote 
                innovation and commercialization; and
                  ``(G) to support technologies, including artificial 
                intelligence, that could benefit from or benefit the 
                development of quantum technology and promote research, 
                development, demonstration, and application of such 
                technologies in quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology.'';
          (3) in paragraph (2), by striking ``science and technology'' 
        and inserting ``science, engineering, and technology'';
          (4) in paragraph (3), by striking ``science and technology'' 
        and inserting ``science, engineering, and technology'';
          (5) in paragraph (4)--
                  (A) by inserting ``National Laboratories,'' after 
                ``Federal laboratories,''; and
                  (B) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon;
          (6) in paragraph (5)--
                  (A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A)--
                          (i) by inserting ``partnerships, research 
                        collaborations, and'' after ``international''; 
                        and
                          (ii) by striking ``science and technology 
                        security'' and inserting ``science, 
                        engineering, and technology'';
                  (B) in subparagraph (A)--
                          (i) by inserting ``, social benefit,'' after 
                        ``innovation''; and
                          (ii) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon;
                  (C) in subparagraph (B), by striking the period and 
                inserting ``; and''; and
                  (D) by adding at the end the following new 
                subparagraph:
                  ``(C) to facilitate cooperative investment in quantum 
                capabilities between the United States and its allies 
                and partners to strengthen and secure the domestic 
                supply chain and related ecosystem; and''; and
          (7) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
          ``(6) improving the maturity, scale, and short- and long-term 
        viability of the quantum technology industry, including small 
        and medium-sized businesses and startups representing a 
        diversity of quantum specialties, and commercialization of 
        domestic quantum capacity across modalities.''.

SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE PROGRAM.

  Subsection (b) of section 101 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 
(15 U.S.C. 8811) is amended--
          (1) in paragraph (1)--
                  (A) by striking ``development'' and inserting 
                ``research development, and near- and medium-term, and 
                long-term demonstration'';
                  (B) by striking ``information science and 
                technology''; and
                  (C) by inserting ``in diverse sectors'' after 
                ``applications'';
          (2) in paragraph (2)--
                  (A) by striking ``fundamental'';
                  (B) by striking ``science and technology'' and 
                inserting ``science, engineering, and technology''; and
                  (C) by inserting ``infrastructure,'' after 
                ``demonstration,'';
          (3) in paragraph (3)--
                  (A) by inserting ``and retain'' after ``to develop''; 
                and
                  (B) by striking ``science and technology'' and 
                inserting ``science, engineering, and technology'';
          (4) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows:
          ``(4) provide for interagency planning and coordination of 
        Federal quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology research, development, demonstration, standards 
        engagement, and other activities under the Program, including 
        activities authorized pursuant to section 234 of the John S. 
        McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 
        (10 U.S.C. 4001 note), quantum educational activities and 
        programs authorized pursuant to section 10661 of the Research 
        and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 
        19261), and activities conducted at any Federal laboratory;''; 
        and
          (5) in paragraph (5)--
                  (A) by striking ``industry and universities'' and 
                inserting ``industry, universities, and strategic 
                allies''; and
                  (B) by inserting ``, including human resources'' 
                after ``resources''.

SEC. 5. NATIONAL QUANTUM COORDINATION OFFICE.

  Section 102 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8812) 
is amended--
          (1) in subsection (a)(2)--
                  (A) in subparagraph (A)--
                          (i) by inserting ``who shall be'' before 
                        ``appointed''; and
                          (ii) by inserting ``, and who shall serve a 
                        four year term, subject to renewal'' before the 
                        semicolon; and
                  (B) by amending subparagraph (B) to read as follows:
                  ``(B) staff comprised of employees detailed from the 
                Federal departments and agencies specified in section 
                103(b).''; and
          (2) in subsection (b)--
                  (A) in paragraph (3), by striking ``science and 
                technology'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                technology research and workforce'';
                  (B) in paragraph (6), by striking ``and'' after the 
                semicolon;
                  (C) in paragraph (7), by striking the period at the 
                end and inserting ``;'';
                  (D) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows:
          ``(4) ensure coordination among the collaborative ventures or 
        consortia established under this Act;'';
                  (E) in paragraph (7), by inserting ``nonprofit 
                research organizations,'' after ``universities,''; and
                  (F) by adding after paragraph (7), the following new 
                paragraphs:
          ``(8) promote understanding and adoption of quantum 
        capabilities throughout the United States economy as 
        appropriate; and
          ``(9) track and promote policies that will ensure stability 
        of the United States quantum workforce, quantum supply chain, 
        domestic quantum industry, and international trade.''.

SEC. 6. SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.

  Section 103 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8813) 
is amended--
          (1) in subsection (b)--
                  (A) in paragraph (8), by striking ``and'' after the 
                semicolon;
                  (B) by redesignating paragraph (9) as paragraph (14); 
                and
                  (C) by inserting after paragraph (8) the following 
                new paragraphs:
          ``(9) the Department of Health and Human Services;
          ``(10) the Department of State;
          ``(11) the Department of Homeland Security;
          ``(12) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;
          ``(13) the Department of Education; and'';
          (2) in subsection (d)--
                  (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``the quantum 
                information science and technology research'' and 
                inserting ``quantum information science, engineering, 
                and technology research and quantum application 
                development, demonstration, and commercialization'';
                  (B) in paragraph (4), by inserting ``, engineering, 
                and technology'' after ``science'';
                  (C) in paragraph (5),
                          (i) by inserting ``, engineering, and 
                        technology'' after ``science''; and
                          (ii) by inserting ``and conduct comparative 
                        benchmarking of Federal investments and 
                        research strategies relative to those of our 
                        strategic partners and other countries'' after 
                        ``development efforts'';
                  (D) in paragraph (6)--
                          (i) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology''; and
                          (ii) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon;
                  (E) in paragraph (7)--
                          (i) by inserting ``, engineering and 
                        technology'' after ``science''; and
                          (ii) by striking the period and inserting ``; 
                        and''; and
                  (F) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
          ``(8) facilitate interagency partnership opportunities to 
        advance quantum applications related to environment, advanced 
        manufacturing, biotechnology, space, and other sectors.'';
          (3) in subsection (h)(2)(A), by inserting ``, including a 
        description of agency roles and responsibilities'' before the 
        period; and
          (4) by adding at the end the following new subsection:
  ``(i) Quantum Use Cases.--
          ``(1) In general.--The Subcommittee shall identify potential 
        use cases with respect to which quantum computing could advance 
        the missions of participating agencies, including through on-
        premises, cloud-based, hybrid, or networked approaches.
          ``(2) Quantum on-ramp.--For each potential use case 
        identified pursuant to paragraph (1), the relevant Federal 
        agency, in consultation with the Subcommittee, may develop a 
        plan to enable such agency to address each such potential use 
        case.
          ``(3) Reporting.--The Subcommittee, as part of the annual 
        report on the budget for the Program under subsection (g) shall 
        report progress in carrying out the activities under this 
        section, including information relating to the following:
                  ``(A) The potential use cases identified pursuant to 
                paragraph (1).
                  ``(B) The status of plans developed pursuant to 
                paragraph (2).
                  ``(C) Any obstacles to addressing such potential use 
                cases, including lack of funding.''.

SEC. 7. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

  Section 104 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8814) 
is amended--
          (1) by amending subsection (b) to read as follows:
  ``(b) Qualifications.--The Advisory Committee shall consist of 
members, appointed by the President, who are--
          ``(1) representative of industry, including end users likely 
        to benefit from quantum technology and small and medium-sized 
        businesses and startups representing a diversity of quantum 
        specialties. universities, and Federal laboratories; and
          ``(2) qualified to provide advice and information on quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology research, 
        development, demonstrations, standards, STEM education, 
        technology transfer, commercial application, or national 
        security and economic concerns.'';
          (2) in subsection (d)(2)--
                  (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``science and 
                technology'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                technology'';
                  (B) by redesignating subparagraphs (D), (E), (F), and 
                (G) as subparagraphs (E), (F), (G), and (H), 
                respectively;
                  (C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following 
                new subparagraph:
                  ``(D) other countries' quantum programs and the 
                progress of such countries and such programs relative 
                to the Program;'';
                  (D) in subparagraph (E), as so redesignated--
                          (i) by striking ``to'' and inserting 
                        ``promote innovation, foster a robust United 
                        States quantum industry, and''; and
                          (ii) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology''; and
                  (E) in subparagraph (F), as so redesignated, by 
                inserting ``, including to address any gaps that may 
                exist'' before the semicolon;
                  (F) in subparagraph (G), as so redesignated, by 
                striking ``open standards for, quantum information 
                science and technology; and'' and inserting 
                ``international standards in open and transparent 
                standardization systems for quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology;'';
                  (G) in subparagraph (H), as so redesignated--
                          (i) by inserting ``educational, 
                        environmental, health,'' after ``legal,''; and
                          (ii) by striking the period and inserting 
                        ``;''; and
                  (H) by adding at the end the following new 
                subparagraphs:
                  ``(I) the domestic and international cooperation 
                needs and goals of the Program, including needs and 
                goals related to infrastructure and the supply chain of 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology; and
                  ``(J) the degree to which quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology is enhancing or 
                can enhance the capabilities of the United States 
                advanced industrial economy and protect or optimize 
                critical infrastructure (as such term is defined in 
                section 1016(e) of Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C. 
                5195c(e))).'';
          (3) in subsection (e)--
                  (A) by inserting ``through December 31, 2030'' after 
                ``thereafter''; and
                  (B) by adding at the end the following new sentence: 
                ``In the first such report required after the date of 
                the enactment of this sentence, the Advisory Committee 
                shall assess the advisability and feasibility of 
                establishing a quantum communications corridor in which 
                Federal laboratories, institutions of higher education, 
                and other entities conducting quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology research are 
                connected via quantum communication networks capable of 
                rapidly and securely transmitting large quantities of 
                information.''; and
          (4) by amending subsection (g) to read as follows:
  ``(g) FACA Exemption.--The President shall charter the Advisory 
Committee in accordance with chapter 10 of title 5, United States Code 
(commonly referred to as the `Federal Advisory Committee Act'), except 
that the Advisory Committee shall be exempt from section 1013 of such 
title.''.

SEC. 8. SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMIC AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF 
                    QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.

  Section 105 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8814a) 
is amended--
          (1) in subsection (b)--
                  (A) in paragraph (10), by striking ``and'' after the 
                semicolon;
                  (B) by redesignating paragraph (11) as paragraph 
                (14); and
                  (C) by inserting after paragraph (10) the following 
                new paragraphs:
          ``(11) the Department of Health and Human Services;
          ``(12) the Department of State;
          ``(13) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; 
        and'';
          (2) in subsection (c)--
                  (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``information 
                science'' and inserting ``information science, 
                engineering, and technology'';
                  (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``or to supply 
                chains'' before the semicolon;
                  (C) in paragraph (3), by inserting ``or supply 
                chains'' before the semicolon;
                  (D) in paragraph (5)--
                          (i) by inserting ``and engineering'' after 
                        ``quantum information science''; and
                          (ii) by inserting ``any'' before ``export 
                        controls'';
                  (E) in paragraph (6), by striking ``information 
                science'' and inserting ``information science, 
                engineering, and technology'';
                  (F) in paragraph (7), by striking ``and'' after the 
                semicolon;
                  (G) in paragraph (8)--
                          (i) by inserting ``nonprofit research 
                        organizations,'' after ``universities,''; and
                          (ii) by striking the period and inserting a 
                        semicolon; and
                  (H) by adding at the end the following new 
                paragraphs:
          ``(9) in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum 
        Information Science, identify opportunities to increase 
        coordination between civilian, military, and intelligence 
        quantum research entities, reduce unnecessary duplicative 
        quantum research activities, and facilitate collaboration 
        between quantum research agencies with specialized capabilities 
        or expertise in one or more aspects of quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology; and
          ``(10) recommend strategies for attracting and retaining 
        students and scholars with expertise in quantum related fields 
        to Federal departments and agencies.''.

SEC. 9. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY.

  The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by inserting after 
section 105 the following new section:

``SEC. 105A. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY.

  ``(a) Strategy Required.--Not later than one year after the date of 
the enactment of this section, the Director of the Office of Science 
and Technology Policy, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, 
the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Energy, the Director of the 
National Science Foundation, and the heads of other Federal agencies, 
as appropriate, shall develop and submit to the Committee on Commerce, 
Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Energy and Natural 
Resources, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and 
the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on 
Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a strategy to--
          ``(1) establish collaborative international partnerships, 
        including co-funded international programs, to advance research 
        and development, testing and evaluation, commercialization, and 
        interoperability in quantum information science, engineering, 
        and technology with allies and partners of the United States, 
        and other countries, when in the security, strategic, 
        technological, and scientific interests of the United States;
          ``(2) ensure continued United States participation in 
        bilateral and multilateral efforts to advance quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology on the 
        international stage;
          ``(3) promote the integrity and impartiality of international 
        standards organizations and processes related to quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology; and
          ``(4) ensure ethical application of quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology to protect civil liberties 
        and basic human rights.
  ``(b) Designation.--The strategy under subsection shall be known as 
the `International Quantum Cooperation Strategy' (in this section 
referred to as the `Strategy').
  ``(c) Elements.--In the development of the Strategy, the Director of 
the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Quantum 
Coordination Office, the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science, 
the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications, and the 
relevant agencies should consider the following:
          ``(1) The establishment of international partnerships to 
        advance research and development in quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology.
          ``(2) Key partners that are allies of the United States and 
        have demonstrated unique capabilities in one or more areas of 
        quantum information science, engineering, and technology.
          ``(3) Efforts and plans to address risks to the national 
        security and economic interests of the United States during 
        development and deployment of quantum technologies worldwide, 
        including plans for diplomatic engagement with allies and 
        partners, and other countries.
          ``(4) Efforts and plans to promote responsible global 
        development and deployment of quantum technologies, including 
        through international engagement and leadership in the 
        development of international standards.
          ``(5) Efforts and plans to develop, attract, and retain 
        international talent.
          ``(6) The ability and risks of domestic manufacturers and 
        suppliers and those of allies and partners of the United States 
        to meet the needs of the global quantum supply chain, including 
        raw materials such as Helium-3, plans for engagement with 
        allies and partners, manufacturers, and suppliers, and options 
        to mitigate gaps and vulnerabilities in the global quantum 
        supply chain.
          ``(7) A plan to safeguard research and technology supported 
        through international cooperation, as appropriate, in whole or 
        in part, including in quantum technologies critical to national 
        security, from malign influence, theft, or exfiltration by 
        foreign entities of concern.
          ``(8) As necessary, a description of such legislative or 
        administrative action needed to carry out the Strategy.
  ``(d) Briefing.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the 
Strategy is completed, the Director shall brief the committees 
specified in subsection (a) on the Strategy.''.

SEC. 10. SUNSET.

  Section 106(a) of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 
8815(a)) is amended to read as follows:
  ``(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the 
authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 shall 
terminate on December 30, 2030.''.

SEC. 11. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES AND 
                    QUANTUM CONSORTIUM.

  Section 201 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8831) 
is amended--
          (1) in subsection (a)--
                  (A) in paragraph (1)--
                          (i) by striking ``basic and applied''; and
                          (ii) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology'';
                  (B) in paragraph (2)--
                          (i) by inserting ``attract, educate, and'' 
                        before ``train''; and
                          (ii) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology'';
                  (C) by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows:
          ``(3) shall carry out research to facilitate the development 
        and standardization of quantum cryptography, post-quantum 
        cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the 
        Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 
        note; Public Law 117-260)), and practices to replace 
        cryptographic keys or algorithms with minimal disruption to 
        current applications and systems;''.
                  (D) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows:
          ``(4) shall carry out research, development, and 
        demonstration projects, as appropriate, to facilitate the 
        development and standardization of quantum networking, 
        communications, computing, metrology, sensing technologies and 
        quantum applications, including quantum supporting 
        technologies, such as artificial intelligence;''.
                  (E) by redesignating paragraphs (5), (6), and (7) as 
                paragraphs (8), (9), and (11), respectively;
                  (F) by inserting the following after paragraph (4) 
                the following new paragraphs:
          ``(5) shall carry out research to support the measurement of 
        comparative performance and progress of quantum technologies, 
        including, as practicable, technology readiness assessments of 
        quantum technologies;
          ``(6) shall promote United States participation in 
        international standards organizations related to quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology;
          ``(7) shall establish or expand partnerships with the public 
        sector and private sector to--
                  ``(A) accelerate the development of domestic quantum 
                supply chain and supply chain-supporting technologies; 
                and
                  ``(B) reduce quantum supply chain vulnerabilities;'';
                  (G) in paragraph (8), as so redesignated, by striking 
                ``infrastructure'' and inserting ``, communications, 
                sensing, and computing'';
                  (H) in paragraph (9), as so redesignated--
                          (i) by inserting ``non-profit research 
                        organizations,'' after ``universities,''; and
                          (ii) by striking ``and engineering; and'' and 
                        inserting ``, engineering, and technology and 
                        expanding the domestic STEM workforce;''; and
                  (I) by inserting after paragraph (9) the following 
                the following new paragraph:
          ``(10) shall establish such infrastructure as is necessary to 
        carry out title II; and'';
          (2) in subsection (b)--
                  (A) in paragraph (1)--
                          (i) by striking ``future'' and inserting 
                        ``research''; and
                          (ii) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology'';
                  (B) in paragraph (2)--
                          (i) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as 
                        follows:
                  ``(A) to gather and assess information on the quantum 
                industry to address the needs identified in paragraph 
                (1);'';
                          (ii) by striking subparagraphs (B) and (C) 
                        and inserting the following new subparagraphs:
                  ``(B) to provide recommendations regarding how the 
                National Institute of Standards and Technology, the 
                Program, and other Federal agencies, as appropriate, 
                can address the gaps in the research necessary to meet 
                the needs identified in paragraph (1) and accelerate 
                real-world uses of quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology;
                  ``(C) to identify enabling technologies and the 
                relevant supply chain essential to foster research and 
                industrial competitiveness in quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology, and communicate 
                findings to Federal agencies and other domestic and 
                international stakeholders;
                  ``(D) to assess and identify key areas for 
                establishing, expanding, or developing international 
                partnerships that will facilitate United States 
                quantum-related business engagement; and
                  ``(E) to provide recommendations on how the National 
                Institute of Standards and Technology, the Program, and 
                other Federal agencies, as appropriate, can incorporate 
                small and medium-sized businesses and startups into 
                Federal quantum activities and promote the success of 
                small and medium-sized startups.'';
                  (C) in paragraph (3)--
                          (i) by striking ``Not later than 2 years 
                        after the date of enactment of this Act, the'' 
                        and inserting ``The''; and
                          (ii) by inserting ``periodically, but not 
                        less than every five years,'' after ``shall''; 
                        and
                  (D) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
          ``(4) Coordination.--As appropriate, the consortium is 
        encouraged to engage with Federal agencies that fund research, 
        have a mission to transition or translate research results to 
        practical quantum applications, or have a mission that could 
        benefit from the development of quantum technologies, to inform 
        and accelerate progress in such areas.''; and
          (3) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the following 
        new subsections:
  ``(c) International Quantum Research and Metrology.--
          ``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Institute of 
        Standards and Technology, in coordination with the Secretary of 
        State and the Director of the National Science Foundation, 
        shall promote, establish, and support international quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology research, 
        metrology research, and standardization, as appropriate, to 
        enhance international cooperation, meet United States 
        commitments, and support United States engagement in 
        international standards for quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology.
          ``(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this section, the Director 
        of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall 
        ensure alignment with the National Quantum Information Science 
        Strategy and the U.S. Government National Standards Strategy 
        for Critical and Emerging Technology, or successor strategies.
          ``(3) Restrictions.--
                  ``(A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds made 
                available under this section may be obligated or 
                expended to an institution of higher education that 
                maintains a contract or agreement between such 
                institution and a Confucius Institute or any successor 
                of a Confucius Institute.
                  ``(B) Foreign countries or entities of concern.--None 
                of the funds made available under this section may be 
                obligated or expended to promote, establish, or finance 
                quantum research activities between a United States 
                entity and a foreign country of concern or foreign 
                entity of concern, except such restriction shall not 
                apply to participation by awardees in consensus-based 
                international standardization activities.
  ``(d) Post Quantum Cryptography Deployment.--
          ``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Institute of 
        Standards and Technology, in consultation with the Secretary of 
        Homeland Security, the heads of Sector Risk Management Agencies 
        (as such term is defined in section 2200 of the Homeland 
        Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 650)), and private sector 
        entities, as appropriate, shall promote the voluntary 
        development, adoption, and deployment of standards relating to 
        post-quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 
        of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 
        U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117-260)), including by--
                  ``(A) disseminating and making publicly available 
                guidance and resources to help organizations adopt and 
                deploy standards relating to post-quantum cryptography 
                and minimize disruptions to current applications and 
                systems caused by cryptographic updates;
                  ``(B) providing technical assistance, as practicable, 
                to entities that are at high risk of quantum 
                cryptoanalytic attacks, such as entities determined to 
                be critical infrastructure (as such term is defined in 
                section 1016(e) of Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C. 
                5195c(e))) or digital infrastructure providers; and
                  ``(C) conducting such other activities as determined 
                necessary by the Director to promote the development, 
                adoption, and deployment across the United States of 
                standards relating to post-quantum cryptography.
          ``(2) Grant program.--
                  ``(A) In general.--Subject to the availability of 
                appropriations and after the date on which the Director 
                of National Institute of Standards and Technology has 
                issued standards relating to post-quantum cryptography, 
                the Director may establish a program to identify and 
                provide technical assistance through the award of 
                grants to entities that are at high risk of quantum 
                cryptoanalytic attacks, including by granting funds for 
                the adoption of such standards and the remediation of 
                quantum-related vulnerabilities.
                  ``(B) Use of funds.--Grants awarded to entities under 
                this paragraph may be used to cover reasonable costs, 
                up to a specified amount established by the Director of 
                the National Institute of Standards and Technology, for 
                activities to adopt standards relating to post-quantum 
                cryptographic and remediate quantum-related 
                vulnerabilities.
                  ``(C) Guidance.--The Director of the National 
                Institute of Standards and Technology may develop, and 
                periodically update, guidance, including relating to 
                eligibility, application disclosure requirements, grant 
                amount and duration, and any additional requirements 
                regarding the award of grants under this paragraph.
                  ``(D) Consultation.--If the program described in this 
                paragraph is established, the Director of the National 
                Institute of Standards and Technology shall consult 
                with the Director of the Cybersecurity and 
                Infrastructure Security Agency of the Department of 
                Homeland Security, the heads of other Sector Risk 
                Management Agencies, and appropriate representatives of 
                private sector entities, including nonprofit 
                organizations, to share information regarding the grant 
                program under this paragraph and guidance developed and 
                updated under subparagraph (C).
  ``(e) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for the 
National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to section 
10211 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act 
(Public Law 117-167) for scientific and technical research and services 
laboratory activities, there is authorized to be appropriated to the 
Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry 
out this section up to $85,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 
through 2027.''.

SEC. 12. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM 
                    CENTERS.

  Title II of the National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by adding 
at the end the following new sections:

``SEC. 202. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM 
                    CENTERS.

  ``(a) Establishment.--
          ``(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of 
        appropriations, the Director of the National Institute of 
        Standards and Technology, in consultation with the heads of 
        other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall 
        carry out a program to establish and operate at least one, but 
        not more than three, centers to accelerate research, 
        development, deployment, and standardization of quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology.
          ``(2) Program details.--
                  ``(A) Competitive, merit-reviewed process.--The 
                centers shall be established through a competitive, 
                merit-reviewed process.
                  ``(B) Applications.--An eligible applicant described 
                in subparagraph (C) shall submit to the Director of the 
                National Institute of Standards and Technology an 
                application at such time, in such manner, and 
                containing such information as the Director determines 
                to be appropriate.
                  ``(C) Eligible applicants.--Eligible applicants 
                described in this subparagraph are the following:
                          ``(i) Institutions of higher education.
                          ``(ii) Nonprofit organizations.
                          ``(iii) Multi-institutions collaborations, 
                        including multiple types of research 
                        institutions, private sector entities, Federal 
                        laboratories, and nonprofit organizations, or a 
                        consortia thereof.
                          ``(iv) Any other entity the Director 
                        determines appropriate.
          ``(3) Selection of topics.--The Director of the National 
        Institute of Standards and Technology shall solicit proposals 
        and prioritize the following topics in the initial selection of 
        centers, subject to merit-review:
                  ``(A) Quantum sensing and measurement.
                  ``(B) Quantum engineering.
  ``(b) Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, centers 
developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under this section 
shall serve the mission of the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology, for the benefit of the broader United States quantum 
information science community, to develop processes for the following 
purposes--
          ``(1) Advancing research and standardization in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology.
          ``(2) Advancing technology transfer.
          ``(3) Improving the competitiveness of the United States.
  ``(c) Coordination.--The Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology shall ensure coordination, and avoid 
unnecessary duplication of, the activities carried out under this 
section with existing activities of the Institute, other activities 
carried out under this Act, and other related programs, as appropriate.
  ``(d) Selection and Duration.--
          ``(1) In general.--The centers established under this section 
        are authorized to carry out activities for a period of five 
        years.
          ``(2) Renewal.--Each center established under this section 
        may be renewed for an additional period of five years following 
        a successful merit-based review by the Director.
          ``(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the 
        National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Director of 
        the National Institute of Standards and Technology may 
        terminate an underperforming center for cause during the 
        performance period.
  ``(e) Funding.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards 
and Technology shall allocate up to $18,000,000 for each center 
established under this section for each of fiscal years 2024 through 
2028, subject to the availability of appropriations. Amounts made 
available to carry out this section shall be derived from amounts 
appropriated or otherwise made available to the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology.

``SEC. 203. RESEARCH SECURITY.

  ``The activities authorized under title II shall be applied in a 
manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and 
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as division B of 
Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).''.

SEC. 13. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE 
                    RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ACTIVITIES.

  Section 301 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841) 
is amended--
          (1) in the heading, by inserting ``, engineering, and 
        technology'' after ``science'';
          (2) in subsection (a)--
                  (A) by striking ``basic''; and
                  (B) by striking ``science and engineering'' and 
                inserting ``science, engineering, and technology'';
          (3) in subsection (b)--
                  (A) in paragraph (1)--
                          (i) in subparagraph (A)--
                                  (I) by striking ``basic''; and
                                  (II) by striking ``science and 
                                engineering'' and inserting ``science, 
                                engineering, and technology''; and
                          (ii) in subparagraph (B)--
                                  (I) by striking ``human resources'' 
                                and inserting ``education and 
                                workforce''; and
                                  (II) by striking ``science and 
                                engineering'' and inserting ``science, 
                                engineering, and technology''; and
                  (B) in paragraph (2)--
                          (i) in subparagraph (A)--
                                  (I) in clause (i)--
                                          (aa) by striking ``science 
                                        and engineering'' and inserting 
                                        ``science, engineering, and 
                                        technology'';
                                          (bb) by inserting ``K-12, 
                                        vocational,'' before 
                                        ``undergraduate''; and
                                          (cc) by striking ``and'' 
                                        after the semicolon;
                                  (II) in clause (ii), by inserting 
                                ``and'' after the semicolon; and
                                  (III) by adding at the end the 
                                following new clause:
                          ``(iii) to pursue research at the frontiers 
                        of quantum information science, engineering, 
                        and technology, and explore solutions to 
                        important challenges for the development, 
                        application, and commercialization of quantum 
                        technologies;'';
                          (ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking 
                        ``science and engineering'' and inserting 
                        ``science, engineering, and technology''; and
                          (iii) in subparagraph (C), by striking 
                        ``science and engineering'' and inserting 
                        ``science, engineering, and technology'';
                          (iv) in subparagraph (D), by striking ``and'' 
                        after the semicolon;
                          (v) in subparagraph (E), by striking the 
                        period and inserting ``; and''; and
                          (vi) by adding at the end the following new 
                        subparagraph:
                  ``(F) providing infrastructure to support academic 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology, including through existing infrastructure 
                programs and new activities.'';
          (4) by amending subsection (c) to read as follows:
  ``(c) Student Traineeships, Fellowships, and Other Models.--
          ``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal agencies the 
        Director considers appropriate, shall award grants to 
        institutions of higher education or eligible nonprofit 
        organizations (or consortia thereof) to increase capacity and 
        broaden participation, including through provisioning of 
        experiential opportunities, where appropriate, in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology and other 
        related disciplines.
          ``(2) Quantum traineeships.--The Director of the National 
        Science Foundation may establish or use existing programs to 
        make awards to institutions of higher education or nonprofit 
        organizations (or consortia thereof) to provide traineeships to 
        graduate students at institutions of higher education within 
        the United States who are citizens of the United States and who 
        choose or plan to pursue masters or doctoral degrees in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology, or related 
        fields, and by providing students with opportunities for 
        research experiences in government or industry related to such 
        students' quantum studies.
          ``(3) Quantum fellowships and scholarships.--
                  ``(A) In general.--The Director of the National 
                Science Foundation may establish or use existing 
                programs to support fellowships and scholarships for 
                students at institutions of higher education for the 
                purpose of increasing quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology exposure for undergraduate 
                and graduate STEM students and increasing post-
                graduation employment opportunities for STEM students.
                  ``(B) Requirements.--Eligible participants in the 
                fellowship and scholarship program shall--
                          ``(i) be enrolled in or have graduated from a 
                        STEM degree program at a domestic institution 
                        of higher education; and
                          ``(ii) have taken at least one quantum-
                        science or quantum-relevant course as part of 
                        their degree programs.
                  ``(C) Considerations.--Eligible fellowships and 
                scholarships may include temporary quantum-related 
                positions at State or Federal agencies, national 
                laboratories, private sector entities, institutions of 
                higher education, the Quantum Centers and Institute 
                established in sections 202, 302, 402, and 502, or 
                other quantum-relevant entities, as determined 
                appropriate by the Director.
                  ``(D) Competitive awards.--Fellowships and 
                scholarships shall be competitively awarded through a 
                merit-review process. The Director of the National 
                Science Foundation may prioritize fellowships that 
                include an industry partner that provides financial 
                assistance to the applicant for direct or indirect 
                costs.
          ``(4) Quantum research experiences for undergraduates.--The 
        Director of the National Science Foundation shall seek to 
        increase opportunities for quantum research for undergraduate 
        students by encouraging proposals in quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology, through the research 
        experiences for undergraduates pursuant to section 514 of the 
        America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C. 1862p-
        6).
          ``(5) Co-operative education programs.--The Director of the 
        National Science Foundation may establish or use existing 
        programs to support cooperative education programs between 
        institutions of higher education and employers that increase 
        opportunities for undergraduate students to acquire 
        experiential learning and professional experiences in quantum 
        information sciences, engineering, and technology.
          ``(6) Partnerships.--In carrying out the activities under 
        this subsection, the Director of the National Science 
        Foundation shall encourage awardees to partner with relevant 
        Federal agencies, Federal laboratories, industry and other 
        private sector organizations, and nonprofit organizations to 
        facilitate the expansion of workforce pathways and hands-on 
        learning experiences.'';
          (5) in subsection (d)--
                  (A) in the subsection heading, by striking ``QISE'' 
                and inserting ``QISET'';
                  (B) in paragraph (1)--
                          (i) by striking ``information science and 
                        engineering (referred to in this subsection as 
                        `QISE')'' and inserting ``information science, 
                        engineering, and technology (referred to in 
                        this subsection as QISET)''; and
                          (ii) by inserting ``and career and technical 
                        education entities'' after ``colleges'';
                  (C) in paragraph (2)--
                          (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``QISE'' 
                        and inserting ``quantum information science, 
                        engineering, and technology'';
                          (ii) in subparagraph (D), by inserting ``, 
                        engineering, and technology'' after 
                        ``science'';
                          (iii) in subparagraph (D), by inserting ``, 
                        including those relevant to emerging 
                        technologies, such as artificial intelligence, 
                        microelectronics, and nano technology'' after 
                        ``fields''.
                          (iv) by redesignating subparagraphs (E) and 
                        (F) as subparagraphs (F) and (H), respectively;
                          (v) by inserting after subparagraph (D) the 
                        following new subparagraph:
                  ``(E) Informal education methods to enhance 
                experiences of students of all ages with quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology 
                concepts and applications.'';
                          (vi) by inserting after subparagraph (F), as 
                        so redesignated, the following new 
                        subparagraph:
                  ``(G) Methods to introduce security and other 
                potential societal dimensions associated with quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology into 
                STEM curricula.''; and
                          (vii) in subparagraph (H), as so 
                        redesignated, by inserting ``, engineering, and 
                        technology'' after ``science'';
                  (D) in paragraph (3), by striking ``QISE'' and 
                inserting ``quantum information science, engineering, 
                and technology''; and
                  (E) by striking paragraph (4); and
          (6) by adding at the end the following new subsections:
  ``(e) Quantum Research Experiences for Teachers.--The Director of the 
National Science Foundation shall seek to increase opportunities to 
engage educators, principals, or other school leaders of K-12 students 
in professional learning opportunities to enhance quantum information 
science, engineering, and technology knowledge, including by--
          ``(1) providing hands-on training and research opportunities 
        for such educators at Federal Laboratories, institutions of 
        higher education, or in industry; and
          ``(2) developing best practices.
  ``(f) Expanding Capacity in Quantum Information Science, Engineering, 
and Technology (QISET).--
          ``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in consultation with the heads of Federal agencies 
        the Director considers appropriate, shall make awards on a 
        competitive, merit-reviewed basis to eligible institutions of 
        higher education or eligible nonprofit organizations (or 
        consortia thereof) to increase research capacity, education and 
        infrastructure capacity, and broaden participation in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology and related 
        disciplines, including by--
                  ``(A) supporting curriculum development in quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology as 
                described in section 301(d) of the National Quantum 
                Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841(d));
                  ``(B) building upon the activities carried out under 
                the Next Generation Quantum Leaders Pilot Program 
                authorized under section 10661(f) of the Research and 
                Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (Public 
                Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19261(f)); and
                  ``(C) leveraging the readiness for the involvement of 
                local research and education communities to secure a 
                talent pipeline in quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology to meet the workforce needs 
                of industry, government, and academia.
          ``(2) Collaborations.--A collaboration receiving an award 
        under this subsection may include institutions of higher 
        education, nonprofit organizations, and private sector 
        entities.
          ``(3) Eligible institution of higher education defined.--In 
        this subsection, the term `eligible institution of higher 
        education' means an institution of higher education, that, 
        according to the data published by the National Center for 
        Science and Engineering Statistics, is not, on average, among 
        the top 100 institutions in Federal research and development 
        expenditures during the 3- year period prior to the year of the 
        award.
          ``(4) Requirements.--To receive an award under this 
        subsection, an eligible institution shall submit to the 
        Director of the National Science Foundation an application that 
        includes the following:
                  ``(A) A plan to sustain proposed activities beyond 
                the duration of the award.
                  ``(B) Proposed quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology disciplines and focus areas 
                the eligible institution is prepared to engage in to 
                significantly build up its quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology research and education 
                capacity.
                  ``(C) A plan for education and workforce development, 
                which may include K-12 and post-secondary education 
                programs and activities, workforce training and career 
                and technical education programs and activities, 
                undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral education, 
                and informal education programs and activities.
          ``(5) Activities.--Awards under this subsection to support 
        research and related activities may include the activities 
        relating to the following:
                  ``(A) Development or expansion of research programs 
                in disciplines and focus areas specified in paragraph 
                (4)(B).
                  ``(B) Faculty recruitment and professional 
                development in disciplines and focus areas specified in 
                paragraph (4)(B).
                  ``(C) Bridge programs focused on preparing post-
                baccalaureate students for graduate programs in quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology.
                  ``(D) To build research capacity and infrastructure 
                at an eligible institution in disciplines and focus 
                areas specified in paragraph (4)(B).
                  ``(E) An assessment of capacity-building and research 
                infrastructure needs identified in paragraph (4)(B).
                  ``(F) Administrative research development support.
                  ``(G) Other activities necessary to build research 
                capacity in quantum information science, engineering, 
                and technology.
          ``(6) Additional considerations.--In making awards under this 
        subsection, the Director of the National Science Foundation may 
        also consider the following:
                  ``(A) The extent to which the eligible applicant will 
                support students from diverse backgrounds, including 
                first-generation undergraduate students.
                  ``(B) The geographic and institutional diversity of 
                eligible applicants.
                  ``(C) How the eligible applicant can leverage public-
                private partnerships and existing research partnerships 
                with Federal agencies.
          ``(7) Duplication.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation shall ensure awards made under this subsection are 
        complimentary to and not duplicative of existing programs.
  ``(g) Faculty Mid-career Development Awards.--The Director of the 
National Science Foundation may provide awards to support mid-career 
scientists and faculty to upgrade, develop, or acquire essential 
research instruments to start new research activities, or expand 
existing activities, focused on quantum information science, 
engineering and technology.
  ``(h) International Research on Quantum Information Science, 
Engineering, and Technology.--
          ``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the 
        Secretary of Commerce, shall support international quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology research, as 
        appropriate, to enhance international cooperation and meet 
        United States commitments, including as part of the terms and 
        conditions of bilateral or multilateral quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology research agreements.
          ``(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this subsection, the 
        Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure 
        alignment with the national Quantum Information Strategy in 
        accordance with Executive Order 14073 or successor strategies.
          ``(3) Priority.--The Director shall prioritize research 
        programs with countries that have signed a Quantum Cooperation 
        Statement with the United States.
          ``(4) Restrictions.--
                  ``(A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds made 
                available under this section may be obligated or 
                expended to an institution of higher education that 
                maintains a contract or agreement between such 
                institution and a Confucius Institute or any successor 
                of a Confucius Institute.
                  ``(B) Foreign country of concern and foreign entity 
                of concern.--None of the funds made available under 
                this section may be obligated or expended to promote, 
                establish, or finance quantum research activities 
                between a United States entity and a foreign country of 
                concern or foreign entity of concern.
  ``(i) Upgrading and Improving Access to Quantum Research Resources.--
          ``(1) In general.--In carrying out the activities described 
        in this section, the Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in consultation with the heads of other Federal 
        departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall award grants to 
        institutions of higher education or eligible nonprofit 
        organizations (or consortia thereof) to upgrade research 
        facilities and improve access to research resources, such as 
        equipment and instrumentation, that is needed for research and 
        development in quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology.
          ``(2) Purpose.--Grants under paragraph (1) shall be used to 
        facilitate quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology research and development, including by carrying out 
        the following:
                  ``(A) Upgrading or adding research resources to 
                accelerate the development of quantum technologies, 
                including capabilities focused on addressing the 
                roadblocks to implementation, and meet the materials, 
                advanced materials development, high performance 
                computing, heterogeneous computing, networking, 
                software, data, clean room, and device needs of the 
                scientific community and the quantum supply chain.
                  ``(B) Enhancing access to equipment and 
                instrumentation, including at partnering institutions, 
                by facilitating information sharing, coordination, 
                scheduling, education, and training, including 
                activities that provide meaningful hands-on learning 
                experiences for students, including at community and 
                technical colleges.
                  ``(C) Enabling professional staff to support the 
                operation and improvement of research resources used 
                for quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology.
          ``(3) Requirements.--An institution of higher education or an 
        eligible nonprofit organization (or a consortium thereof) and 
        industry partners seeking funding under this subsection shall 
        submit to the Director of the National Science Foundation an 
        application at such time, in such manner, and containing such 
        information as the Director may require.
  ``(j) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated to the 
National Science Foundation pursuant to section 10303 of the Research 
and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (Public Law 117-167) 
for research and related activities, there is authorized to be 
appropriated to the Director of the National Science Foundation to 
carry out this section up to $141,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 
through 2027.''.

SEC. 14. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION.

  Section 302 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8842) 
is amended--
          (1) in subsection (a), by striking ``5'' and inserting 
        ``10'';
          (2) in subsection (c)--
                  (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 
                striking ``basic'';
                  (B) in paragraph (1), by striking ``science and 
                engineering'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                technology''; and
                  (C) in paragraph (2), by striking ``and engineering'' 
                and inserting ``, engineering, and technology, 
                including leveraging or expanding activities 
                established pursuant to section 301(d)'';
          (3) in subsection (d)(2)--
                  (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``quantum 
                science'' and inserting ``quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology'';
                  (B) in subparagraph (B), by inserting ``health,'' 
                after ``chemistry,'';
                  (C) in subparagraph (C), by inserting ``, including 
                how each participant will develop and implement 
                outreach activities to increase the participation of 
                women and other students from groups historically 
                underrepresented in STEM'' before the semicolon;
                  (D) in subparagraph (D), by striking ``and'' after 
                the semicolon;
                  (E) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period and 
                inserting ``; and''; and
                  (F) by adding at the end the following new 
                subparagraph:
                  ``(F) how the Center will participate in 
                international collaborations, as appropriate, to build 
                a trusted global research network with allies and 
                partners of the United States and other countries that 
                share values with the United States, including respect 
                for international norms of fair competition.'';
          (4) in subsection (e), by amending paragraph (2) to read as 
        follows:
          ``(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an 
        additional, subsequent period of 5 years following a 
        successful, merit-based review.''; and
          (5) in subsection (f), by striking ``2019 through 2023'' and 
        inserting ``2024 through 2028''.

SEC. 15. QUANTUM RESKILLING, EDUCATION, AND WORKFORCE (QREW) 
                    COORDINATION HUB.

  Title III of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841 et 
seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following new sections:

``SEC. 303. QUANTUM RESKILLING, EDUCATION, AND WORKFORCE (QREW) 
                    COORDINATION HUB.

  ``(a) In General.--The Director of the National Science Foundation, 
in consultation with the Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy, and the heads of 
other relevant Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall 
make an award to a consortium led by an institution of higher education 
or an eligible nonprofit organization to establish a Quantum 
Reskilling, Education, and Workforce Coordination Hub (in this section 
referred to as the `Hub').
  ``(b) Consortium.--The Hub established pursuant to subsection (a) 
shall include not fewer than four institutions of higher education, 
including not fewer than two community colleges, and may include career 
and technical schools, nonprofit organizations, and private sector 
entities.
  ``(c) Purpose.--The purpose of this Hub shall be to--
          ``(1) identify and address cross-cutting workforce 
        development challenges in quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology, and the quantum industry, by 
        serving as a national and regional clearinghouse; and
          ``(2) facilitate the establishment of programs to disseminate 
        to institutions of higher education and career and technical 
        education entities model curricula, best practices, and 
        instructional materials.
  ``(d) Activities.--The activities of the Hub may include the 
following:
          ``(1) Testing, implementing, scaling, disseminating, and 
        standardizing materials, methods, best practices, and other 
        outputs developed through activities under this Act.
          ``(2) Increasing the integration of quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology content into STEM 
        curricula at all education levels, including career and 
        technical education programs.
          ``(3) Providing opportunities for STEM degree students to 
        provide feedback on quantum information science, engineering, 
        and technology curricula.
          ``(4) Facilitating post-education employment opportunities 
        and workforce pathways for STEM degree recipients in quantum-
        related industries, including by facilitating opportunities for 
        internships, externships, fellowships, and other such 
        activities as determined by the Director, including through the 
        establishment of a publicly accessible online portal.
          ``(5) Coordinating with quantum industry and nonprofit 
        entities and small and medium-sized businesses and startups to 
        inform and enhance the quality and availability of quantum 
        education in STEM degree programs, including through the 
        promotion of post-graduation opportunities for STEM students 
        outside the classroom to increase exposure to quantum 
        industries.
          ``(6) Supporting activities and programs to enhance the 
        recruitment of students from groups historically 
        underrepresented in STEM to pursue undergraduate and graduate 
        studies in quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology.
          ``(7) Developing, testing, implementing, and coordinating 
        career development programs and strategies for pre-university 
        and university educators for the purpose of increasing the 
        number of quantum-informed educators at all levels of 
        education, including by carrying out the following:
                  ``(A) Hosting career development workshops.
                  ``(B) Developing in-house and distance learning 
                career development tools for public use.
                  ``(C) Facilitating access to related quantum 
                technology, tools, and resources.
                  ``(D) Developing training, research, and professional 
                development programs, including innovative pre-service 
                and in-service programs.
                  ``(E) Facilitating relationships with State and local 
                entities to increase awareness of and promote quantum-
                related career development activities at the Hub.
          ``(8) Establishing a framework for performing ongoing regular 
        data collection and analysis for the quantum workforce to 
        report on trends, and perform other activities that expand the 
        understanding of the current and future needs of the quantum 
        industry, and education capacity or readiness of the quantum 
        workforce. Such activities shall complement or align with, as 
        relevant, authorized quantum and STEM workforce studies under 
        section 10661(d) of the Research and Development, Competition, 
        and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19261(d)).
          ``(9) Facilitating public education and outreach activities 
        to enhance the understanding and awareness of quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology to a boarder 
        community to satisfy broader impact requirements of award 
        applications.
          ``(10) Encouraging coordination on quantum education in the 
        broader STEM community.
  ``(e) QREW Quantum Fellowship Program.--Subject to the restrictions 
outlined in subsection (c) of section 301, the Hub may support 
education or policy fellowships for students at entities participating 
in the consortium under subsection (a) or at other research centers 
established pursuant to this Act at the National Science Foundation, 
the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Department of 
Energy, or the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, for the 
purpose of supporting the activities described in subsection (d).
  ``(f) Industry Coordination.--The Hub shall collaborate with the 
Quantum Consortium established in section 201(b) or other industry 
consortia to identify, publish, facilitate, or enable quantum-related 
education and workforce development opportunities as described in 
subsections (c) and (d).
  ``(g) Application.--A consortium seeking funding under this section 
shall submit to the Director of the National Science Foundation an 
application at such time, in such manner, and containing such 
information as the Director may require. Each application shall include 
a description of how the consortium shall carry out the following:
          ``(1) Contribute to the success of the Hub and fulfill the 
        purposes of the Hub.
          ``(2) Include industry participation in fulfilling the 
        purposes of the Hub.
          ``(3) Collaborate with other members of the consortium to 
        share expertise in integrating quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology into existing STEM programs and 
        other relevant fields and disciplines.
          ``(4) Support long-term and short-term workforce development 
        in the quantum field.
          ``(5) Develop and implement outreach activities to increase 
        the participation of women and other students from groups 
        historically underrepresented in STEM.
  ``(h) Selection and Duration.--
          ``(1) In general.--The Hub established under this section is 
        authorized to carry out activities for a period of 5 years.
          ``(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an 
        additional, subsequent period of 5 years following a 
        successful, merit-based review.
          ``(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the 
        National Science Foundation, the Director of the National 
        Science Foundation may terminate the Hub if it is 
        underperforming during the performance period.
  ``(i) Coordination.--The Hub shall coordinate with other research 
centers established under this Act at the National Science Foundation, 
the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Department of 
Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and other 
relevant Federal agencies, as appropriate, on activities and resources.
  ``(j) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall 
allocate up to $10,000,000 for the Hub for each of fiscal years 2024 
through 2028, subject to the availability of appropriations. Amounts 
made available to carry out this section shall be derived from amounts 
appropriated or otherwise made available to the National Science 
Foundation.

``SEC. 304. QUANTUM TESTBEDS.

  ``(a) In General.--Not later than one year after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Director of the National Science Foundation, 
in coordination with the Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy, and the heads of 
other Federal agencies, as determined appropriate by the Director of 
the National Science Foundation, shall make awards on a competitive, 
merit-reviewed basis to institutions of higher education, nonprofit 
organizations, Federally Funded Research and Development Centers, or 
consortia thereof, to establish not more than five testbeds for quantum 
applications research and development.
  ``(b) Purposes.--The quantum testbeds established under subsection 
(a) shall focus on advancing research and development for near-term and 
medium-term quantum application use cases by providing accessible 
research resources to academia and industry for developing and testing 
such use cases, including through proof-of-concept testing, 
demonstrations, pilot projects, and prototyping.
  ``(c) Application Proposals.--An applicant for an award under this 
section shall submit to the Director a proposal at such time, in such 
manner, and containing such information as the Director may reasonably 
require. The proposal shall, at a minimum, describe the following:
          ``(1) How the applicant will assemble a workforce, including 
        from populations that are historically underrepresented in 
        STEM, with the skills needed to operate a quantum testbed.
          ``(2) How the applicant will ensure broad access to a quantum 
        testbed, including for start-ups and small businesses.
          ``(3) How a quantum testbed will operate after Federal 
        funding has ended.
  ``(d) Prioritization.--The Director of the National Science 
Foundation shall prioritize the following:
          ``(1) Applicants that ensure not less than 25 percent of the 
        cost for a testbed awarded under this section is provided by 
        private or non-Federal entities, including in-kind 
        contributions.
          ``(2) Awards for consortia that include quantum industry 
        participation.
  ``(e) Roles and Responsibilities.--The Director of the National 
Science Foundation shall be responsible for the following:
          ``(1) Maintaining a record of notable outcomes from each 
        quantum testbed established under this section.
          ``(2) Partnering with other Federal agencies to enable 
        opportunities for quantum testbed outcomes to be appropriately 
        taken up by such agencies in alignment with the missions of 
        such agencies.
          ``(3) Not later than one year after the date of the enactment 
        of this section and every two years thereafter until December 
        31, 2030, briefing the appropriate committees of Congress on 
        the status of such quantum testbeds and providing 
        recommendations for improving such quantum testbeds.
  ``(f) Coordination.--In establishing quantum testbeds under this 
section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure 
coordination with other testbeds and other quantum facilities hosting 
Federal quantum technology and infrastructure supported by the National 
Science Foundation, including those authorized pursuant to section 
10390 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act 
(Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 10990), or by other Federal agencies as 
determined appropriate by the Director, to avoid duplication and 
maximize use of Federal resources.
  ``(g) Stakeholder Collaboration.--In carrying out this section, the 
Director of the National Science Foundation shall collaborate with the 
Quantum Consortium established pursuant to section 201(b) to accomplish 
the purposes of the quantum testbeds program described in subsection 
(b) and ensure there is strong collaboration with industry 
stakeholders. The Director may also engage with National Laboratories, 
federally funded research and development centers, industry, and other 
members of the United States quantum ecosystem.
  ``(h) Geographic Diversity.--The Director shall ensure regional and 
geographic diversity in issuing awards under this section.
  ``(i) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall 
allocate up to $50,000,000 for the quantum testbeds under this section 
for each fiscal years 2024 through 2028, subject to the availability of 
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this section shall 
be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the 
National Science Foundation.

``SEC. 305. RESEARCH SECURITY.

  ``The activities authorized under title III shall be applied in a 
manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and 
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as division B of 
Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).''.

SEC. 16. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH 
                    PROGRAM.

  Section 401 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851) 
is amended--
          (1) by amending subsection (a) to read as follows:
  ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall carry out a 
research, development, and demonstration program on quantum information 
science, engineering, and technology.'';
          (2) in subsection (b)--
                  (A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ``, engineering, 
                and technology'' after ``science'';
                  (B) by redesignating paragraphs (3), (4), and (5) as 
                paragraphs (5), (6), and (7), respectively;
                  (C) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following 
                new paragraphs:
          ``(3) operate National Quantum Information Science Research 
        Centers to accelerate and scale up scientific and technical 
        breakthroughs in quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology, and maintain state-of-the-art infrastructure for 
        quantum researchers and industry partners, in accordance with 
        section 402;
          ``(4) conduct cooperative research with industry, National 
        Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and other 
        research institutions to facilitate the development and 
        demonstration of quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology, including in the fields of--
                  ``(A) quantum information theory;
                  ``(B) quantum physics;
                  ``(C) quantum computational science, including 
                hardware and software, including artificial 
                intelligence, machine learning and data science;
                  ``(D) quantum data storage, including hardware and 
                software for energy efficient data centers;
                  ``(E) applied mathematics and algorithm development;
                  ``(F) quantum communications and networking, 
                including hardware and software for quantum 
                communications and networking;
                  ``(G) quantum sensing and detection;
                  ``(H) materials science and engineering;
                  ``(I) quantum modeling and simulation, including 
                molecular modeling;
                  ``(J) near- and long-term application development in 
                a range of areas as determined by the Secretary, such 
                as materials discovery, advanced manufacturing, 
                cybersecurity, energy efficiency and energy 
                technologies, energy storage and electric grid 
                management;
                  ``(K) quantum chemistry;
                  ``(L) quantum biology;
                  ``(M) superconductive and high-performance 
                microelectronics; and
                  ``(N) quantum security technologies;'';
                  (D) by amending paragraph (5), as so redesignated, to 
                read as follows:
          ``(5) provide research experiences and training for 
        additional undergraduate and graduate students in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology, including in 
        the fields specified in paragraph (4);'';
                  (E) in paragraph (6), as so redesignated--
                          (i) in subparagraph (E), by striking ``and'' 
                        after the semicolon;
                          (ii) by redesignating subparagraph (F) as 
                        subparagraph (J); and
                          (iii) by inserting after subparagraph (E) the 
                        following new subparagraphs:
                  ``(F) the Office of Electricity;
                  ``(G) the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, 
                and Emergency Response;
                  ``(H) the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon 
                Management;
                  ``(I) the Office of Technology Transitions; and'';
                  (F) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by striking 
                the period and inserting ``and other relevant efforts 
                as defined by the Secretary of Energy; and''; and
                  (G) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
          ``(8) leverage the collective body of knowledge and data, 
        including experience and resources from existing Federal 
        research activities and commercially-available quantum 
        computing hardware and software to the extent practicable.''; 
        and
          (3) by adding at the end the following:
  ``(c) Quantum High Performance Computing Strategic Plan.--Not later 
than one year after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the 
Secretary of Energy shall submit to Congress a report containing a 10-
year strategic plan to guide Federal programs in designing, expanding, 
commercializing, and procuring hybrid, high performance computing 
systems featuring the ability to integrate a diverse set of resources, 
including artificial intelligence and machine learning, accelerated by 
quantum supercomputers to enable the Department of Energy's computing 
facilities to continuously advance computing resources. Such strategic 
plan shall include the following:
          ``(1) A conceptual plan to leverage capabilities and 
        infrastructure from the exascale computing program, as the 
        Secretary of Energy determines necessary.
          ``(2) A plan to minimize disruptions to the advanced 
        scientific computing workforce.
          ``(3) A consideration of a diversity of quantum computing 
        modalities.
          ``(4) A plan to integrate cloud access of commercially 
        available quantum hardware and software to complement on-
        premises high performance computing systems and resources 
        consistent with the QUEST program under section 404.
          ``(5) Implement the plan developed under this section.
  ``(d) Industry Outreach.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a) the Secretary of Energy shall support the quantum 
technology industry and promote commercialization of applications of 
quantum technology relevant to the Department's activities by carrying 
out the following:
          ``(1) Educating--
                  ``(A) the energy industry on near term and 
                commercially available quantum technologies; and
                  ``(B) the quantum industry on potential energy 
                applications.
          ``(2) Accelerating the advancements of United States quantum 
        computing, communications, networking, sensing, and security 
        capabilities to protect and optimize the energy sector.
          ``(3) Advancing relevant domestic supply chains, 
        manufacturing capabilities, and associated simulations or 
        modeling capabilities.
          ``(4) Facilitating commercialization of quantum technologies 
        from National Laboratories and engaging with the Quantum 
        Consortium established pursuant to section 201(b) and other 
        organizations, as applicable, to transition component 
        technologies to help facilitate, as appropriate, the 
        development of a quantum supply chain.
          ``(5) Where appropriate, promoting participation by small and 
        medium-sized businesses and startups.
  ``(e) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for the 
Department of Energy's Office of Science pursuant to section 317 of the 
Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act, there is authorized 
to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities under 
this section up to $130,000,000 for each fiscal years 2024 through 
2027.''.

SEC. 17. DOE QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY PROGRAM.

  Title IV of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851 et 
seq.) is amended by inserting after section 401 the following new 
section:

``SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY 
                    PROGRAM.

  ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish a quantum 
instrumentation and infrastructure foundry program to carry out the 
following:
          ``(1) Maintain United States leadership in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology.
          ``(2) Develop domestic quantum supply chains.
          ``(3) Provide resources for the broader scientific community.
          ``(4) Support activities carried out under sections 401, 403, 
        and 404.
  ``(b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall design, build, develop, 
purchase, and commercialize specialized equipment, laboratory 
infrastructure, and state-of-the-art instrumentation to advance quantum 
engineering research and the development of quantum component 
technologies at a scale sufficient to meet the needs of the scientific 
community and enable commercialization of quantum technology.
  ``(c) Quantum Foundries.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a), and in coordination partnership with institutions of 
higher education and industry, the Secretary of Energy shall support 
the development of quantum foundries focused on meeting the device, 
hardware, software, and materials needs of the scientific community and 
the quantum supply chain.
  ``(d) Funding.--The Secretary of Energy shall allocate up to 
$25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry out 
this section, subject to the availability of appropriations. Amounts 
made available to carry out this section shall be derived from amounts 
appropriated or otherwise made available to the Department of Energy's 
Office of Science.''.

SEC. 18. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTERS.

  Section 402 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8852) 
is amended--
          (1) in subsection (a)--
                  (A) in paragraph (1)--
                          (i) by striking ``basic'';
                          (ii) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology, expand capacity for the domestic 
                        quantum workforce,''; and
                          (iii) by striking ``section 401'' and 
                        inserting ``sections 401, 403, and 404''; and
                  (B) in paragraph (2)(C), by inserting ``that may 
                include one or more commercial entities'' after 
                ``collaborations'';
          (2) in subsection (b), by inserting ``, and should be 
        inclusive of the variety of viable quantum technologies, where 
        appropriate'' before the period;
          (3) in subsection (c),
                  (A) by striking ``basic''; and
                  (B) by inserting ``, engineering, and technology, 
                accelerating quantum workforce development,'' after 
                ``science'';
          (4) in subsection (d)(1)--
                  (A) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``and'' after 
                the semicolon;
                  (B) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as subparagraph 
                (E); and
                  (C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following 
                new subparagraph:
                  ``(D) the Office of Technology Transitions; and'';
          (5) in subsection (e), by amending paragraph (2) to read as 
        follows:
          ``(2) Renewal.--Each Center under this section may be renewed 
        for an additional period of 5 years following a successful, 
        merit-based review and approval by the Director.''; and
          (6) in subsection (f)--
                  (A) by striking ``$25,000,000'' and inserting 
                ``$35,000,000''; and
                  (B) by striking ``2019 through 2023'' and inserting 
                ``2024 through 2028''.

SEC. 19. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 
                    AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.

  Section 403 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8853) 
is amended--
          (1) in subsection (a)--
                  (A) in paragraph (4)--
                          (i) by inserting ``, including'' after 
                        ``networking''; and
                          (ii) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon;
                  (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period and 
                inserting a semicolon; and
                  (C) by adding at the end the following new 
                paragraphs:
          ``(6) where applicable, leverage a diversity of modalities 
        and commercially-available quantum hardware and software; and
          ``(7) develop education and training pathways related to 
        quantum network infrastructure investments, aligned with 
        existing programmatic investments by the Department of 
        Energy.''; and
          (2) in subsection (b)--
                  (A) in paragraph (1)--
                          (i) by redesignating subparagraphs (C) and 
                        (D) as subparagraphs (D) and (E), respectively; 
                        and
                          (ii) by inserting after subparagraph (B) the 
                        following new subparagraph:
                  ``(C) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics 
                and Space Administration;'';
                  (B) in paragraph (2)--
                          (i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 
                        ``ground-to-space and'' after ``channels,'';
                          (ii) in subparagraph (E), by striking 
                        ``photon-based'' and inserting ``all applicable 
                        modalities of'';
                          (iii) in subparagraph (F), by inserting ``, 
                        quantum sensors,'' after ``quantum repeaters'';
                          (iv) in subparagraph (G)--
                                  (I) by inserting ``data centers,'' 
                                after ``repeaters,''; and
                                  (II) by striking ``and'' after the 
                                semicolon;
                          (v) in subparagraph (H)--
                                  (I) by striking ``the quantum 
                                technology stack'' and inserting 
                                ``quantum technology modality stacks''; 
                                and
                                  (II) by striking ``National 
                                Laboratories in'' and inserting 
                                ``National Laboratories such as''; and
                          (vi) by adding at the end the following new 
                        subparagraph:
                  ``(I) development of quantum network and entanglement 
                distribution protocols or applications, including 
                development of network stack protocols and protocols 
                enabling integration with existing technologies or 
                infrastructure; and
                  ``(J) development of high efficiency room-temperature 
                photon detectors for quantum photonic applications, 
                including quantum networking and communications;'';
                  (C) in paragraph (4)--
                          (i) by striking ``basic''; and
                          (ii) by striking ``material'' and inserting 
                        ``materials''; and
                  (D) in paragraph (5), by striking ``fundamental'';
          (3) in subsection (c)(6), by inserting ``, including small 
        and medium-sized businesses and startups'' before the 
        semicolon; and
          (4) in subsection (d), by striking ``basic research'' and 
        inserting ``research, development, and demonstration''.

SEC. 20. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPANSION FOR SCIENCE AND 
                    TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.

  Section 404 of the of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 
8854) is amended--
          (1) in subsection (a)--
                  (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 
                striking ``and quantum computing clouds'' and inserting 
                ``, software, and cloud-based quantum computers'';
                  (B) in paragraph (3), by striking ``and'' after the 
                semicolon;
                  (C) in paragraph (4), by striking the period and 
                inserting a semicolon; and
                  (D) by adding at the end the following new 
                paragraphs:
          ``(5) to enable development of software and applications, 
        including estimation of resources needed to scale applications; 
        and
          ``(6) to develop near-term quantum applications to solve 
        public and private sector problems.'';
          (2) in subsection (b)--
                  (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' after the 
                semicolon;
                  (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period and 
                inserting a semicolon; and
                  (C) by at the end the following new paragraphs:
          ``(6) enables users to develop algorithms, software tools, 
        simulators, and applications for quantum systems using cloud-
        based quantum computers; and
          ``(7) partner with appropriate public and private sector 
        entities to develop training and education opportunities on 
        prototype and early-state devices.'';
          (3) in subsection (c)--
                  (A) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), 
                and (8) as paragraphs (5), (6), (7), (8), and (9), 
                respectively;
                  (B) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following 
                new paragraph:
          ``(4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;''; 
        and
                  (C) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by 
                inserting ``, including small and medium-sized 
                businesses and startups'' before the semicolon; and
          (4) in subsection (e)--
                  (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' after the 
                semicolon;
                  (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period and 
                inserting ``; and''; and
                  (C) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
          ``(6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.''.

SEC. 21. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE TO ENHANCE THE RESILIENCE, 
                    SECURITY, AND EFFICIENCY OF THE ELECTRIC GRID.

  (a) In General.--Title IV of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 
U.S.C. 8851 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

``SEC. 405. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE TO ENHANCE THE RESILIENCE AND 
                    SECURITY OF THE ELECTRIC GRID.

  ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this 
section as the `Secretary') shall conduct research, development, and 
demonstration activities focused on the use of quantum information 
science, engineering, and technology, including through quantum 
applications and quantum computing, to enhance the resilience, 
security, and efficiency of the electric grid in the United States.
  ``(b) Research Areas.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary 
may conduct research in the following areas:
          ``(1) Fault detection and prediction.
          ``(2) Grid security and safety, including through post-
        quantum cryptography.
          ``(3) Integrated grid planning.
          ``(4) Grid optimization.
          ``(5) Enhanced modeling.
          ``(6) Energy storage.
          ``(7) Energy market optimization.
          ``(8) Any other area in which, in the determination of the 
        Secretary, quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology can enhance the resilience, security, and efficiency 
        of the electric grid in the United States.
  ``(c) Cooperation.--To the extent practicable, the Secretary shall 
conduct research, development, and demonstration activities under 
subsection (a) in cooperation, including through partnerships, as the 
Secretary determines to be appropriate, with members of relevant 
industries, National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, 
and other relevant institutions, including research institutions, as 
determined by the Secretary.''.
  (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of contents in section 1(b) of the 
National Quantum Initiative Act (Public Law 115-368; 132 Stat. 5092; 
136 Stat. 1441) is amended by inserting after the item relating to 
section 404 the following:

``Sec. 405. Quantum information science to enhance the resilience and 
security of the electric grid.
``Sec. 406. Research security.''.

SEC. 22. RESEARCH SECURITY.

  Title IV of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851 et 
seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following new section:

``SEC. 406. RESEARCH SECURITY.

  ``The activities authorized under title IV shall be applied in a 
manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and 
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as division B of 
Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).''.

SEC. 23. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM 
                    ACTIVITIES.

  The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by adding at the end 
the following new title:

   ``TITLE V--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM 
                               ACTIVITIES

``SEC. 501. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY 
                    RESEARCH FOR SPACE AND AERONAUTICS.

  ``(a) In General.--The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration is authorized to carry out research on quantum 
information science, engineering, and technology.
  ``(b) Cooperation.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Administrator 
of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration--
          ``(1) shall consider cooperative arrangements with the 
        Department of Energy and other Federal Government agencies, as 
        practicable, on areas of shared benefit; and
          ``(2) may enter into memoranda of understanding or memoranda 
        of agreement to establish such cooperative arrangements.
  ``(c) Strategy.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the 
enactment of this title, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics 
and Space Administration shall submit to the appropriate committees of 
Congress a strategy for National Aeronautics and Space Administration 
research on quantum information science, engineering, and technology. 
The strategy shall identify resources required to support 
implementation of the strategy, including budgets, workforce, and 
infrastructure, describe cooperative efforts with other Federal 
Government agencies, and address areas of research and applications, 
including the following:
          ``(1) Quantum sensing.
          ``(2) Quantum networking.
          ``(3) Quantum communications, including quantum satellite 
        communications.
          ``(4) Quantum computing.
          ``(5) Science, aeronautics, and exploration-related 
        applications.
          ``(6) Any other area on quantum information, science, 
        engineering, and technology the Administrator determines 
        necessary.
  ``(d) Consultation.--In developing the strategy described in 
subsection (c), the Administrator may seek input from relevant external 
stakeholders, including institutions of higher education, industry, and 
nonprofit research organizations.

``SEC. 502. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM 
                    INSTITUTE.

  ``(a) In General.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, the 
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in 
consultation with the heads of other Federal departments and agencies, 
as appropriate, may carry out a program to establish an institute 
focused on space and aeronautics applications of quantum information 
science, engineering, and technology.
  ``(b) Institute Details.--
          ``(1) Competitive, merit-reviewed process.--The institute 
        under this section shall be established through a competitive, 
        merit-reviewed process.
          ``(2) Applications.--An eligible applicant under this section 
        shall submit to the Administrator of the National Aeronautics 
        and Space Administration an application at such time, in such 
        manner, and containing such information as the Administrator 
        determines to be appropriate.
          ``(3) Eligible applicants.--When administering the process 
        described in paragraph (1), the Administrator of the National 
        Aeronautics and Space Administration shall consider 
        applications from institutions of higher education, research 
        centers, multi-institutional collaborations, and any other 
        entity that the Administrator determines to be appropriate.
          ``(4) Collaborations.--A collaboration that receives an award 
        under this section may include multiple types of research 
        institutions, private sector entities, and nonprofit 
        organizations.
          ``(5) Coordination.--The Administrator of the National 
        Aeronautics and Space Administration shall ensure an awardee 
        under this section coordinates the activities carried out under 
        this section with the National Aeronautics and Space 
        Administration, and avoids unnecessary duplication of the 
        existing activities of the National Aeronautics and Space 
        Administration, other activities carried out under this Act, 
        and other related programs, as appropriate.
          ``(6) Commercial technology.--The institute under this 
        section may leverage commercially-available hardware and 
        software to carry out the activities described in subsection 
        (c).
  ``(c) Institute Activities.--The institute under this section may 
carry out activities that--
          ``(1) support research focused on developing space and 
        aeronautics applications for quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology, including as related to the 
        results of the strategy under section 501(c); and
          ``(2) support quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology education and public outreach.
  ``(d) Institute Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, the 
institute under this section shall serve the needs of the National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration for the benefit of the broader 
United States quantum information science community, to create and 
develop processes for the purpose of advancing space and aeronautics 
applications in quantum information science, engineering, and 
technology, and improving the competitiveness of the United States.
  ``(e) Institute Selection and Duration.--
          ``(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of 
        appropriations, the institute under this section may carry out 
        activities for a period of 5 years.
          ``(2) Reapplication.--Subject to the availability of 
        appropriations, an awardee may reapply for an additional, 
        subsequent period of 5 years following a successful, merit-
        based review.
          ``(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the 
        National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the 
        Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space 
        Administration may terminate the institute for cause during the 
        performance period.

``SEC. 503. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

  ``The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration shall allocate up to $25,000,000 to carry out the 
activities authorized in sections 501 and 502 for each of fiscal years 
2024 through 2028, subject to the availability of appropriations. 
Amounts made available to carry out sections 501 and 502 shall be 
derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

``SEC. 504. RESEARCH SECURITY.

  ``The activities authorized under title V shall be applied in a 
manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and 
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as division B of 
Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).''.

SEC. 24. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CRYPTOGRAPHY RESEARCH.

  Subsection (a)(1)(A) of section 4 of the Cyber Security Research and 
Development Act (15 U.S.C. 7403) is amended by inserting ``, including 
post-quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the 
Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note; 
Public Law 117-260))'' before the semicolon.

SEC. 25. CLERICAL AMENDMENTS.

  The table of contents in section 1(b) of the National Quantum 
Initiative Act is amended as follows:
          (1) By inserting after the item relating to section 105 the 
        following new item:

``Sec. 105A. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy.''.

          (2) By inserting after the item relating to section 201 the 
        following new items:

``Sec. 202. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum 
Centers.'';

          (3) By inserting after the item relating to section 302 the 
        following new items:

``Sec. 303. Quantum Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW) 
Coordination Hub.
``Sec. 304. Quantum testbeds.''.

          (4) By inserting after the item relating to section 401 the 
        following new item:

``Sec. 401A. Department of Energy Quantum Instrumentation and Foundry 
Program.''.

          (5) By adding at the end the following new items:

   ``TITLE V--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM 
                               ACTIVITIES

``Sec. 501. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology 
research for space and aeronautics.
``Sec. 502. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum 
institute.
``Sec. 503. Authorization of appropriations.
``Sec. 504. Research security.''.

                          Purpose and Summary

    H.R. 6213 amends and extends programs created by the 
National Quantum Initiative Act (Public Law 115-368).
    The bill modifies the goals and objectives of many quantum 
programs across agencies to ensure quantum information, 
science, technology, and engineering research can move beyond 
basic science and into use-inspired research, demonstration, 
and commercialization.
    It also strengthens requirements for public-private 
partnerships between research agencies and the quantum 
industry. The bill authorizes the creation of new quantum 
research centers and institutes at the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Science 
Foundation (NSF), and the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration (NASA) and bolsters support for the Department 
of Energy (DOE) centers. This includes a new workforce 
coordination hub to build and strengthen workforce pathways 
between universities, technical schools, and other institutions 
and the quantum industry.
    The bill formally adds NASA as a quantum research agency 
under the National Quantum Initiative (NQI), bringing its 
unique capabilities, perspectives, and testing capacity into 
the quantum ecosystem.
    The bill addresses competition from China in quantum 
information, science, technology, and engineering by requiring 
the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy to 
develop a strategy to establish new international partnerships 
with allies of the United States.
    The bill authorizes the creation of Quantum Testbeds to 
support translational research for near-term and medium-term 
use cases and provide research and testing resources to support 
the development of new quantum capabilities across the private 
sector. It also authorizes the creation of a new Quantum 
Instrumentation and Foundry Program to develop domestic supply 
chains and provide resources, including devices, hardware, 
software, and materials, for the use of the quantum industry 
and research community.
    The bill authorizes NSF to extend new traineeships, 
fellowships, scholarships, and other workforce-supporting 
programs to a broader population of STEM students with the 
potential to enter quantum information, science, technology, 
and engineering fields.

                  Background and Need for Legislation

    The National Quantum Initiative Act (NQIA) was signed into 
law by President Trump on December 21, 2018, ``to accelerate 
quantum research and development for the economic and national 
security of the United States.'' The NQIA authorized the 
National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National 
Science Foundation, and the Department of Energy to strengthen 
quantum information science programs, centers, and consortia. 
The NQIA also called for a coordinated approach to quantum 
research and development efforts across the United States 
government, including the civilian, defense, and intelligence 
sectors by establishing the National Quantum Coordination 
Office within the White House Office of Science and Technology 
Policy (OSTP).
    Quantum technologies have the potential to be 
transformative across the scientific, economic, and defense 
realms. For that reason, there is a global race among great 
powers to develop operational quantum platforms across a 
variety of applications. The United States has retained its 
lead in the theoretical physics that underpins quantum 
computing and related technologies, but adversarial nations 
have taken the lead in developing some quantum communications 
applications and are rapidly closing the gap in other areas.
    Reauthorizing and updating NQIA's quantum programs is 
critical to ensuring that the United States' policies reflect 
the advances made in quantum information science, engineering, 
and technology since the passage of the original Act. A 
reauthorization is also necessary to ensure the quantum 
industry and ecosystem has access to a robust, educated 
workforce and the U.S. is partnering with allied nations to 
bolster quantum research and development to counter quantum 
advancements by our competitors.

                          Legislative History

    H.R. 6213 was introduced on November 3, 2023, by Committee 
on Science, Space, and Technology Chairman Lucas (R-OK) and is 
cosponsored by Ranking Member Lofgren (D-CA) and 
Representatives Collins (R-GA), Stevens (D-MI), Williams (R-
NY), Bowman (D-NY), Babin (R-TX), Sorensen (D-IL), Obernolte 
(R-CA), Foushee (D-NC), Miller (R-OH), Ross (D-NC), Weber, (R-
TX), Casten (D-IL), Baird (R-IL), Mullin (D-CA), Garcia (R-CA), 
Salinas (D-OR), Tenney (R-NY), Jackson (D-NC), Kean (R-NJ), 
Bonamici (D-OR), Wittman (R-VA), Feenstra (R-IA), Lee (D-PA), 
Caraveo (D-CO), Sykes (D-OH), Morelle (D-NY), Neguse (D-CO), 
Thanedar (D-MI), Thompson (R-PA), Delegate Norton (D-DC At 
Large), DelBene (D-WA), and Allred (D-TX).

                           Section-by-Section


Section 1. Short title

    This section states the short title of the bill.

Section 2. Definitions

    This section adds engineering and technology to the 
understood definition of ``Quantum Information Science'' to 
make it the more inclusive phrase, ``Quantum Information 
Science, Engineering, and Technology'' (QISET). It also defines 
``STEM,'' ``Foreign Country of Concern,'' ``Quantum 
Applications,'' ``Quantum Computing,'' ``Foreign Entity of 
Concern,'' ``Federal Laboratory,'' and ``National Laboratory'' 
consistent with their usein the CHIPS and Science Act and other 
laws.

Section 3. Purposes

    This section adds the facilitation of cooperative research 
investments with allies of the United States, the development 
and retention of a quantum workforce, the development of 
quantum applications, the promotion of commercialization, and 
strengthening and securing the quantum supply chain as purposes 
of the Act. It also adds the use and consideration of 
technologies such as artificial intelligence as a purpose.

Section 4. National Quantum Initiative program

    This section adds near, medium, and long-term demonstration 
activities as a component of the quantum ten-year plan. It also 
includes changes to ensure relevant quantum provisions of 
legislation outside the National Quantum Initiative Act are 
considered in interagency planning and coordination activities.

Section 5. National Quantum Coordination Office

    This section establishes a four-year term of service for 
the Director of the National Quantum Coordination Office, 
subject to renewal. It also directs the office to track and 
promote workforce and supply chain policies that will benefit 
the U.S. in quantum.

Section 6. Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science

    This section directs the Subcommittee on Quantum 
Information Science (QIS) to promote application development, 
demonstration, and commercialization. It formally adds the 
Department of Health and Human Services, Department of State, 
Department of Homeland Security, the National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Education to 
the QIS. It also directs the QIS to facilitate interagency 
partnerships to advance quantum applications in other advanced 
technology sectors. It includes a technical edit to the 
application of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. 
App.). It directs the QIS to conduct comparative benchmarking 
of Federal investments and research strategies. It directs the 
Subcommittee to identify potential use cases for quantum 
computing and authorizes it to develop on-ramp plans to enable 
such use cases. The section also adds a requirement that the 
QIS describe agency roles and responsibilities in its Report on 
Quantum Networking and Communications.

Section 7. National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee

    This section adds `end users', including those from small 
and medium-sized businesses, to the National Quantum Initiative 
Advisory Committee and directs the advisory committee to assess 
other countries' quantum programs and progress relative to U.S. 
quantum programs. It also directs the advisory committee to 
assess the needs and goals of the Program, including 
infrastructure and supply chain needs. It also tasks the 
advisory committee with assessing how quantum technologies can 
enhance the advanced industrial economy and protect critical 
infrastructure. This section also directs the Committee to 
include in its next report an assessment of the advisability 
and feasibility of establishing a quantum communications 
corridor in the U.S.

Section 8. Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of 
        Quantum Information Science

    This section adds the Department of Health and Human 
Services, Department of State, and the National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration to the Subcommittee on the Economic and 
Security Implications of Quantum Information Science. It 
directs the subcommittee to increase coordination between 
civilian, military, and intelligence quantum research entities 
and reduce unnecessary duplicative efforts, and also requires 
the subcommittee to recommend strategies for attracting and 
retaining students and scholars in quantum fields.

Section 9. International quantum cooperation strategy

    This section directs the Director of the Office of Science 
and Technology Policy to develop a strategy to establish 
collaborative international partnerships with allies and 
partners of the United States, ensure U.S. participation in 
bilateral and multilateral quantum science efforts, protect the 
integrity and impartiality of international standards 
organizations, and ensure ethical application of QISET. The 
Director is required to brief Congress on the Strategy once it 
is finished.

Section 10. Sunset

    This section extends the sunset of the Quantum Office 
through December 30, 2030.

Section 11. National Institute of Standards and Technology activities 
        and quantum consortium

    This section adds new activities for NIST to carry out 
under the Act, including: carrying out R&D and demonstration 
projects to facilitate the development and standardization of 
quantum applications; carrying out research to support 
measurement of comparative performance and progress of quantum 
technologies, including technology readiness assessments; 
promoting U.S. participation in international standards 
organizations related to quantum; and establishing 
infrastructure necessary to advance research programs.
    The section also adds the acceleration of real-world uses 
of quantum systems to the goals of the Quantum Economic 
Development Consortium (QED-C) and directs the QED-C to 
identify enabling technologies and supply chains essential to 
the scientific and economic competitiveness of the U.S. quantum 
ecosystem. Other tasks added to the QED-C include: identifying 
supply-chain supporting technology to support quantum efforts; 
assessing, identifying, and expanding international research 
partnerships; and engaging with other Federal agencies to 
promote the use of quantum technologies.
    The section also directs NIST to promote, establish, and 
support international quantum R&D, metrology research, and 
standardization activities to enhance U.S. participation in 
international standards and requires such activities align with 
the National Quantum Information Science Strategy. It includes 
guardrails that prohibit the obligation of funds to foreign 
entities of concern.
    The section includes a subsection directing NIST to promote 
the voluntary development, adoption, and deployment of 
standards in post-quantum cryptography. It also authorizes NIST 
to establish a grant program through which the agency may 
provide technical assistance to entities that are at a high 
risk of quantum cryptoanalytic attacks.
    The section also authorizes, of the funds provided to NIST 
for scientific and technical research and services laboratory 
activities in the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, up to $85 
million each year until 2027, to carry out the activities in 
this section.

Section 12. NIST quantum centers

    This section authorizes NIST to establish new, purpose 
driven quantum centers. Consistent with existing NSF and DOE 
centers, these new quantum centers (up to three) will 
accelerate R&D, deployment, and standardization activities at 
NIST and will prioritize quantum sensing and measurement and 
quantum engineering. The section authorizes up to $18 million 
for each fiscal year 2024 through 2028 to support the Centers.

Section 13. National Science Foundation Quantum Information Science 
        research and education program

    This section adds the requirement that National Science 
Foundation (NSF) pursue basic and use-inspired research of QIS 
and explore solutions to important challenges for the 
development and application of QIS to NSF's activities. It also 
directs NSF to provide infrastructure to support QISET research 
and activities.
    It amends and enhances NSF's authorized workforce 
development activities by: adding fellowships and other models 
to existing traineeship activities at NSF; authorizing the NSF 
Director to establish fellowships and scholarships through a 
new program or existing programs to increase quantum science 
exposure for undergraduate and graduate STEM students; 
authorizing NSF to encourage proposals in quantum science as 
part of its Research Experiences for Undergraduates program; 
and directing NSF to encourage awardees to partner with 
industry, nonprofits, and Federal agencies to facilitate the 
expansion of workforce pathways.
    The section includes an authorization for NSF to make 
competitive awards to eligible institutions of higher education 
to increase research capacity, education and infrastructure 
capacity, and broaden participation in QISET. It also 
authorizes faculty mid-career development awards for faculty to 
upgrade, develop, or acquire essential research instruments to 
start new research activities or expand existing activities in 
quantum.
    The section also directs NSF to promote, establish, and 
support international quantum research, enhance international 
cooperation, and meet U.S. obligations or commitments in 
bilateral or multilateral quantum research agreements. NSF is 
directed to prioritize research with countries that have signed 
Quantum Cooperation Statements with the United States and 
restrict the use of funds for research activities at Confucius 
Institutes or with a foreign country of concern.
    NSF is also authorized to make grants to eligible 
institutions of higher education to upgrade research facilities 
and improve access to research resources needed for QISET.
    The section authorizes, of the funds provided to NSF for 
research and related activities in the CHIPS and Science Act of 
2022, up to $141 million each year until 2027, to carry out the 
activities in this section.

Section 14. Multidisciplinary centers for quantum research and 
        education

    This section adds the requirement that center applicants 
describe how they will develop and implement activities to 
increase participation of women and other groups historically 
underrepresented groups from STEM fields (consistent with CHIPS 
and Science). It adds the requirement that center applicants 
describe how they will participate in international 
collaborations and build global research networks with allies 
and partners of the United States.
    This section authorizes up to $100 million for each fiscal 
years 2024 through 2028 to support up to ten Centers.

Section 15. QREW coordination hub and quantum testbeds

    This section authorizes NSF to establish a new Quantum 
Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW) Coordination Hub. 
This hub will be focused on addressing cross-cutting workforce 
development challenges in QISET and facilitating the 
establishment of programs to disseminate quantum educational 
curricula. The hub must be established as a consortium that 
includes at least two community colleges, technical schools, 
nonprofit organizations, or private sector entities. The 
section specifically directs the hub to facilitate post-
education employment opportunities for STEM graduates in the 
quantum industry through various activities. The hub shall 
coordinate with the QED-C to ensure robust stakeholder 
participation and build employment pipelines.
    This section authorizes $10 million for each fiscal year 
2024 through 2028 to carry out the section.
    The section also authorizes NSF to establish new Quantum 
Testbeds for quantum technology application research and 
development. The testbeds are directed to support translational 
research for near-term and medium-term use cases and provide 
research and testing resources for likely use-cases. NSF is 
tasked with keeping a record of notable technology outcomes, 
establishing a process for identifying quantum technologies 
with significant utility potential for government use, and 
briefing Congress on testbed activities and outcomes. NSF must 
coordinate with the QED-C, National Laboratories, other NSF 
Centers, and quantum industry.
    This section authorizes $50 million for each fiscal year 
2024 through 2028 to carry out the section.

Section 16. Department of Energy Quantum Information Science research 
        program

    This section adds cooperative research with industry, 
National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and 
others as a component of the Department of Energy's research 
program. It also adds quantum modeling or simulation and 
application development in a range of areas as authorized 
research activities. The section directs the Department to 
develop a ten-year strategic plan to guide Federal programs in 
designing, developing, and commercializing quantum-centric, 
high-performance computing systems.
    The section authorizes, of the funds provided to Department 
of Energy's Office of Science in the CHIPS and Science Act of 
2022, up to $130 million each year until fiscal year 2027, to 
carry out the activities in this section.

Section 17. DOE quantum instrumentation and foundry program

    This section authorizes DOE to establish a quantum 
instrumentation and infrastructure program to meet technology 
challenges and infrastructure needs unique to quantum supply 
chains. It requires DOE to coordinate with academia and 
industry to support the program.
    This section authorizes $25 million for each fiscal year 
2024 through 2028 to carry out the section.

Section 18. National quantum information science research centers

    This section makes technical edits to existing DOE centers 
and directs the centers to ensure collaborations are inclusive 
of the variety of viable quantum technologies and authorizes up 
to $175 million for each fiscal year 2024 through 2028 to 
support the Centers.

Section 19. Department of Energy quantum network infrastructure 
        research and development program

    This section directs DOE to leverage a diversity of quantum 
technologies and commercially available hardware and software, 
where applicable, adds coordination with the NASA 
Administrator, and strengthens DOE's authorization to develop 
quantum network and communications technology.

Section 20. Department of Energy Quantum User Expansion for Science and 
        Technology program

    This section adds the development of software and 
applications for near-term use to the QUEST Program. It also 
directs DOE to partner with users, the public sector, and the 
private sector to develop algorithms and other applications for 
cloud-based quantum computers and to develop training and 
education opportunities. The section adds NASA to the list of 
agencies DOE can partner with to carry out the QUEST Program, 
and it extends the authorization of the program for one year, 
authorizing $38 million for fiscal year 2028.

Section 21. Quantum Information Science to enhance the resilience, 
        security, and efficiency of the electric grid

    This section directs the Secretary of Energy to conduct 
research, development, and demonstration activities applying 
quantum technologies, including quantum computing, to enhance 
the electric grid. Such activities are authorized to take place 
in cooperation with other entities as deemed appropriate by the 
Secretary.

Section 22. Research security

    Requires all activities in Title IV of the NQIA be 
conducted in a manner consistent with research security 
requirements as prescribed in Public Law 117-167.

Section 23. NASA quantum activities

    This section formally authorizes NASA to carry out basic 
and applied research in quantum. It directs NASA to submit a 
strategy for its research activities and identify resources 
required to support implementation of the strategy.
    The section also authorizes NASA to establish its own 
Quantum Institute focused on space and aeronautics applications 
of quantum science. The NASA institute will meet requirements 
for existing NSF and DOE centers.
    This section authorizes $25 million for each fiscal year 
2024 through 2028 to carry out the section.

Section 24. National Science Foundation cryptography research

    This section amends the Cyber Security Research and 
Development Act to include post-quantum cryptography in 
subsection (a)(1)(A) of section 4.

Section 25. Clerical amendments

                            Committee Views

    In general, it is the view of the committee that NSF should 
engage researchers with expertise across disciplines, including 
mathematics, computer science, environmental sciences, 
biological sciences, chemical sciences, materials science, and 
astronomical sciences, to expand the development of quantum 
technologies and explore quantum applications in other areas of 
scientific research.
    Section 7 of H.R. 6213 directs the Quantum Advisory 
Committee to complete an assessment of the advisability and 
feasibility of establishing a quantum communications corridor 
in the United States. The Committee expects that such 
assessment shall be completed with the assumption that the 
corridor and relevant infrastructure would be constructed with 
components sourced domestically or from 19 U.S.C. 2501 
compliant sources.
    Additionally in Section 7, it is the view of this Committee 
that the President may act through the Department of Energy or 
other appropriate Federal agencies to stand up this federal 
advisory committee.
    Throughout H.R. 6213, the Committee has struck ``basic'' 
from references to ``basic research'' and added references, 
authorizations, and directives for agencies to support the 
development and commercialization of quantum applications. It 
is the view of the Committee that these activities should not 
supplant continued support of fundamental research in quantum 
physics, quantum materials, quantum and nanoscale engineering, 
computational and information sciences, and other relevant 
fields. Continued investment in fundamental research 
contributes to a sustained innovation ecosystem and is 
beneficial to U.S. competitiveness. Further, it is the view of 
the committee that in carrying out commercialization 
activities, the government activities shall support, not 
supplant or duplicate, the development of commercially viable 
quantum technologies.
    Sections 7, 9, and 11 of H.R. 6213 include language aimed 
at increasing participation at international standards 
organizations. The existing standards development system, 
involving many different types of standards development 
organizations producing primarily voluntary, consensus-based 
and industry-led technical standards, with appropriate support 
from the standards experts at NIST and other Federal agencies, 
is beneficial to U.S. competitiveness. Any effort to disrupt 
the current system or roles would be harmful. The Committee's 
intent is to reinforce and better resource the current system, 
not to disrupt or modify existing processes or roles.
    With regard to Section 13 and adjustments to student 
traineeships, fellowships, and other models, the Committee's 
intent is to integrate these education and research activities 
into existing programs as practicable. It is the view of the 
committee that NSF should prioritize mentorship and 
experiential learning, informed by industry, as a part of 
fellowships, traineeships, and other awards offered to train 
the next generation of quantum-ready workers.
    With regard to research infrastructure grants authorized in 
Section 13, NSF should consider a balanced portfolio of 
projects through existing infrastructure programs such as major 
research instrumentation, midscale research infrastructure, 
advanced computing programs, and major facilities as well as 
new programs dedicated to quantum research infrastructure.
    With regard to Section 15 on the QREW Coordination Hub, NSF 
should incorporate multiple Directorates, including the 
Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships, the 
Directorate for STEM Education, and relevant research 
Directorates, to broadly capture the education and workforce 
development pathways needed for a mature quantum industrial 
enterprise including K-12 education, higher education, and 
skilled technical workforce. NSF should consider how the 
quantum industry ecosystem may evolve different workforce needs 
as the technology matures and what pathways are likely to be 
needed, such as vocational, apprenticeship, and certification 
programs.
    With regard to Section 23, the Committee's intent is for 
NASA to be the lead Federal agency on basic and applied 
research and development, in cooperation with other Federal 
government agencies, on quantum information science, 
engineering, and technology pertaining to civil space and 
aeronautics. With respect to authorization of appropriations, 
the Committee's intent is for NASA to determine the appropriate 
allocation of resources among basic research and applications 
related to quantum information science, engineering, and 
technology. Should the Administrator carry out a program to 
establish a NASA Quantum Institute, subject to the availability 
of appropriations, such institute should seek to establish NASA 
and U.S. leadership in the development of applications related 
to civil space and aeronautics.
    The Committee expects agencies participating in the 
National Quantum Initiative to leverage the availability of 
commercially viable and prototyped technologies, including 
cloud access to quantum computing, where practicable, in 
carrying out quantum programs.

                       Related Committee Hearings

    Pursuant to clause 3(c)(6) of rule XIII, the following 
hearing was used to develop or consider H.R. 6213.
    On June 7, 2023, the Full Committee on Science, Space, and 
Technology held a hearing entitled Advancing American 
Leadership in Quantum Technology. Members and witnesses 
discussed the importance of and need to reauthorize the 
National Quantum Initiative Act and maintaining the leadership 
role of the United States in quantum technology.
    Witnesses:
           Dr. Charles Tahan, Director, National 
        Quantum Coordination Office, OSTP
           The Honorable Paul Dabbar, Former Under 
        Secretary for Science, U.S. Department of Energy
           Dr. Eleanor G. Rieffel, Senior Researcher 
        for Advanced Computing and Data Analytics, NASA/Ames 
        Research Center
           Dr. Celia Merzbacher, Executive Director, 
        Quantum Economic Development Consortium
           Dr. Emily Edwards, Executive Director, 
        IQUIST, University of Illinois

                        Committee Consideration

    On November 15, 2023, the Committee on Science, Space, and 
Technology met in open session to consider H.R. 6213.
    Chairman Lucas offered a Manager's Amendment, which made 
minor technical and conforming changes to the text of the bill. 
The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Miller offered an amendment that directs 
federal agencies to consider how AI and machine learning could 
be used in quantum science and technology and how quantum tech 
might also feed into the advancement of AI. The amendment was 
adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Sykes offered an amendment to prioritize 
quantum research and development in the healthcare space. The 
amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Collins offered an amendment to include 
small and medium-sized businesses and startups into quantum 
programs. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Garcia offered an amendment to direct the 
National Quantum Coordination Office to track and promote 
policies to support U.S. quantum efforts. It also directs the 
National Science and Technology Council to compare federal 
investments and research strategies with those made by other 
nations. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Bowman offered an amendment to ensure the 
Department of Education's inclusion in the development of our 
quantum strategy and to broaden quantum research and 
infrastructure development opportunities. The amendment was 
adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Stevens offered an amendment to include 
advanced manufacturing in eligible use cases for quantum 
activities. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representatives Ross and Obernolte offered an amendment to 
direct the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science to 
identify potential use cases for quantum computing that could 
advance the missions of federal agencies and add energy 
efficiency and energy technologies to the list of fields for 
DOE research. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Baird offered an amendment directing the 
Quantum Advisory Committee to study the feasibility and 
advisability of constructing of a national quantum 
communications corridor. The amendment was adopted by voice 
vote.
    Representatives Jackson and Tenney offered an amendment to 
include the Post Quantum Cybersecurity Standards Act in the 
reauthorization. This language would advance the rapid 
deployment of post quantum cybersecurity standards across the 
economy of the United States and support cryptography research 
in the U.S. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Sykes offered an amendment to accelerate the 
development of domestic supply chain and supply chain 
supporting technologies and reduce supply chain 
vulnerabilities. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Crawford offered an amendment to add a new 
section under each subtitle requiring all authorized activities 
by agencies be conducted consistent with the research security 
requirements enacted in the Chips and Science Act (P.L. 117-
167). The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Sorensen offered an amendment to support 
cooperative education programs between institutions of higher 
education and employers. The amendment was adopted by voice 
vote.
    Representative Baird offered an amendment that adds 
language to section 13 of the bill to authorize Research 
Experiences for Teachers (RET) in quantum-related fields. The 
amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representative Bice offered an amendment to authorize 
activities at NSF to provide awards to support mid-career 
scientists and faculty to begin new or expand existing research 
activities that are focused on quantum information science, 
engineering, and technology. The amendment was adopted by voice 
vote.
    Representatives Kean and McClellan offered an amendment to 
include the Expand QISET Act (H.R. 6384) in the 
reauthorization. This bill codifies the Expand QISET program, 
which expands capacity in quantum information science, 
engineering, and technology. The amendment was adopted by voice 
vote.
    Representatives Salinas and Baird offered an amendment that 
directs NSF to award grants to upgrade quantum research 
equipment and instrumentation, and to improve coordination to 
expand access and build the quantum workforce. The amendment 
was adopted by voice vote.
    Representatives Obernolte and Stevens offered an amendment 
to strengthen quantum testbeds activities at the National 
Science Foundation and ensure they are established quickly, in 
a fiscally sustainable way, and with the needs of the quantum 
industry in mind. The amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    Representatives Babin and Ross offered an amendment to 
require the Secretary of Energy to conduct research on how 
quantum information science, technology, and engineering can 
enhance the resilience and security of the electric grid. The 
amendment was adopted by voice vote.
    On November 29, 2023, the Committee on Science, Space, and 
Technology reconvened to consider H.R. 6213.
    Chairman Lucas moved that Committee favorably report the 
bill, H.R. 6213, as amended, to the House of Representatives 
with the recommendation that the bill be approved. The motion 
was agreed to by a vote of 36-0.

                            Roll Call Votes

    Clause 3(b) of rule XIII requires the Committee to list the 
record votes on the motion to report legislation and amendments 
thereto. The following reflects the record votes taken during 
the Committee consideration:

[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Application of Law to the Legislative Branch

    The Committee finds that H.R. 6213 does not relate to the 
terms and conditions of employment or access to public services 
or accommodations within the meaning of section 102(b)(3) of 
the Congressional Accountability Act (Public Law 104-1).

  Statement of Oversight Findings and Recommendations of the Committee

    In compliance with clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII and clause 
(2)(b)(1) of rule X, the Committee's oversight findings and 
recommendations are reflected in the descriptive portions of 
this report.

         Statement of General Performance Goals and Objectives

    Pursuant to clause (3)(c)(4) of rule XIII, the goal of H.R. 
6213 is to modify the goals and objectives of many quantum 
programs across agencies to ensure quantum information, 
science, technology, and engineering research can move beyond 
basic science and into use-inspired research, demonstration, 
and commercialization.

                    Duplication of Federal Programs

    Pursuant to clause 3(c)(5) of rule XIII, the Committee 
finds that no provision of H.R. 6213 establishes or 
reauthorizes a program of the Federal Government known to be 
duplicative of another Federal program, including any program 
that was included in a report to Congress pursuant to section 
21 of Public Law 111-139 or identified in the most recent 
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.

                     Federal Advisory Committee Act

    The Committee finds that the legislation does not establish 
or authorize the establishment of an advisory committee within 
the definition of section 5(b) of the Federal Advisory 
Committee Act.

                       Unfunded Mandate Statement

    The Committee adopts as its own the estimate of Federal 
mandates prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget 
Office pursuant to section 423 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform 
Act. At the time this report was filed, the estimate was not 
yet available.

                         Earmark Identification

    Pursuant to clauses 9(e), 9(f), and 9(g) of rule XXI, the 
Committee finds that H.R. 6213 does not include any 
congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff 
benefits.

                        Committee Cost Estimate

    Pursuant to clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII, the Committee 
adopts as its own the cost estimate prepared by the Director of 
the Congressional Budget Office pursuant to section 402 of the 
Congressional Budget Act of 1974. At the time this report was 
filed, the estimate was not available.

   New Budget Authority, Entitlement Authority, and Tax Expenditures

    Pursuant to clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII, the Committee 
finds that H.R. 6213 would result in no new or increased budget 
authority, entitlement authority, or tax expenditures or 
revenues.

               Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate

    Pursuant to clause 3(c)(3) of rule XIII, at the time this 
report was filed, the cost estimate prepared by the Director of 
the Congressional Budget Office pursuant to section 402 of the 
Congressional Budget Act of 1974 was not available.

         Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported

  In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of 
the House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by 
the bill, as reported, are shown as follows (existing law 
proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new 
matter is printed in italics, and existing law in which no 
change is proposed is shown in roman):

                    NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ACT

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

  (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``National 
Quantum Initiative Act''.
  (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is 
as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
     * * * * * * *

                  TITLE I--NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE

Sec. 101. National Quantum Initiative Program.
     * * * * * * *
Sec. 105A. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy.
     * * * * * * *

    TITLE II--NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM 
                               ACTIVITIES

Sec. 201. National Institute of Standards and Technology activities and 
          quantum consortium.
Sec. 202. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum 
          Centers.

        TITLE III--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES

     * * * * * * *
Sec. 303. Quantum Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW) 
          Coordination Hub.
Sec. 304. Quantum testbeds.

            TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM ACTIVITIES

Sec. 401. Quantum Information Science Research program.
Sec. 401A. Department of Energy Quantum Instrumentation and Foundry 
          Program.
     * * * * * * *
Sec. 405. Quantum information science to enhance the resilience and 
          security of the electric grid.
Sec. 406. Research security.

     Title V--National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum 
                               activities

Sec. 501. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology 
          research for space and aeronautics.
Sec. 502. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum 
          institute.
Sec. 503. Authorization of appropriations.
Sec. 504. Research security.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

  In this Act:
          (1) Advisory committee.--The term ``Advisory 
        Committee'' means the National Quantum Initiative 
        Advisory Committee established under section 104(a).
          (2) Appropriate committees of congress.--The term 
        ``appropriate committees of Congress'' means--
                  (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and 
                Transportation of the Senate;
                  (B) the Committee on Energy and Natural 
                Resources of the Senate; and
                  (C) the Committee on Science, Space, and 
                Technology of the House of Representatives.
          (3) Coordination office.--The term ``Coordination 
        Office'' means the National Quantum Coordination Office 
        established under section 102(a).
          (4) Federal laboratory.--The term ``Federal 
        laboratory'' has the meaning given such term in section 
        4 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 
        1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703).
          (5) Foreign country of concern.--The term ``foreign 
        country of concern'' means--
                  (A) a country that is a covered nation (as 
                such term is defined in section 4872(d) of 
                title 10, United States Code); and
                  (B) any country that the Secretary of 
                Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of 
                Defense, the Secretary of State, and the 
                Director of National Intelligence, determines 
                to be engaged in conduct that is detrimental to 
                the national security or foreign policy of the 
                United States.
          (6) Foreign entity of concern.--The term ``foreign 
        entity of concern'' means a foreign entity that is--
                  (A) designated as a foreign terrorist 
                organization by the Secretary of State under 
                section 219(a) of the Immigration and 
                Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189(a));
                  (B) included on the list of specially 
                designated nationals and blocked persons 
                maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets 
                Control of the Department of the Treasury 
                (commonly known as the ``SDN list'');
                  (C) owned by, controlled by, or subject to 
                the jurisdiction or direction of a government 
                of a foreign country that is a covered nation 
                (as such term is defined in section 4872 of 
                title 10, United States Code);
                  (D) alleged by the Attorney General to have 
                been involved in activities for which a 
                conviction was obtained under--
                          (i) chapter 37 of title 18, United 
                        States Code (commonly known as the 
                        ``Espionage Act'');
                          (ii) section 951 or 1030 of title 18, 
                        United States Code;
                          (iii) chapter 90 of title 18, United 
                        States Code (commonly known as the 
                        ``Economic Espionage Act of 1996'');
                          (iv) the Arms Export Control Act (22 
                        U.S.C. 2751 et seq.);
                          (v) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or 
                        236 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 
                        (42 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, and 
                        2284);
                          (vi) the Export Control Reform Act of 
                        2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or
                          (vii) the International Emergency 
                        Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et 
                        seq.); or
                  (E) determined by the Secretary of Commerce, 
                in consultation with the Secretary of Defense 
                and the Director of National Intelligence, to 
                be engaged in unauthorized conduct that is 
                detrimental to the national security or foreign 
                policy of the United States.
          [(4)] (7) Institution of higher education.--The term 
        ``institution of higher education'' has the meaning 
        given the term in section 101[(a)] of the Higher 
        Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001[(a)]).
          (8) National laboratory.--The term ``National 
        Laboratory'' has the meaning given such term in section 
        2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801).
          [(5)] (9) Program.--The term ``Program'' means the 
        National Quantum Initiative Program implemented under 
        section 101(a).
          (10) Quantum applications.--The term ``quantum 
        applications'' means applications that use quantum 
        information science engineering and technology, 
        including quantum algorithms and software, quantum 
        computing and quantum-classical hybrids, quantum 
        sensing, quantum networking, quantum encryption, or 
        quantum communications applications.
          (11) Quantum computing.--The term ``quantum 
        computing'' means any of a variety of quantum computing 
        technologies, including quantum annealing and quantum 
        gate-model systems that utilize a variety of qubit 
        architectures, such as superconducting, ion traps, 
        photonics, neutral atoms, spin atoms, or spin 
        electrons.
          [(6) Quantum information science.--The term ``quantum 
        information science'' means the use of the laws of 
        quantum physics for the storage, transmission, 
        manipulation, computing, or measurement of 
        information.]
          (12) Quantum information science, technology, and 
        engineering.--The term ``quantum information science, 
        technology, and engineering'' means the understanding, 
        translation, use, or application of the laws of quantum 
        physics for the storage, transmission, manipulation, 
        computing, simulation, or measurement of information.
          [(7)] (13) Quantum network infrastructure.--The term 
        ``quantum network infrastructure'' means any facility, 
        expertise, or capability that is necessary to enable 
        the development and deployment of scalable and diverse 
        quantum network technologies.
          (14) STEM.--The term ``STEM'' means the academic and 
        professional disciplines of science, technology, 
        engineering, and mathematics, including computer 
        science.
          [(8)] (15) Subcommittee on economic and security 
        implications.--The term ``Subcommittee on Economic and 
        Security Implications'' means the Subcommittee on the 
        Economic and Security Implications of Quantum 
        Information Science established under section 105(a).
          [(8)] (16) Subcommittee on quantum information 
        science.--The term ``Subcommittee on Quantum 
        Information Science'' means the Subcommittee on Quantum 
        Information Science of the National Science and 
        Technology Council established under section 103(a).

SEC. 3. PURPOSES.

  The purpose of this Act is to ensure the continued leadership 
of the United States in quantum information [science and its 
technology applications] science, engineering, and technology 
by--
          (1) supporting research, development, demonstration, 
        and application of quantum information [science and 
        technology] science, engineering, and technology--
                  [(A) to expand the number of researchers, 
                educators, and students with training in 
                quantum information science and technology to 
                develop a workforce pipeline;]
                  (A) to expand the number of researchers, 
                educators, and students with training in 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology to develop a domestic workforce 
                pipeline and retain international talent to the 
                extent consistent with national security and 
                international competitiveness;
                  (B) to promote the development and inclusion 
                of multidisciplinary curriculum and research 
                opportunities for quantum information [science 
                at the] science, engineering, and technology at 
                the primary, secondary, undergraduate, 
                graduate, and postdoctoral level;
                  (C) to address [basic] research knowledge 
                gaps, including computational research gaps;
                  (D) to promote the further development of 
                facilities and centers available for quantum 
                information [science and technology] science, 
                engineering, and technology research, testing 
                and education; [and]
                  (E) to stimulate research on and promote more 
                rapid development of quantum-based 
                technologies;
                  (F) to support development of quantum 
                applications, including quantum-hybrid 
                applications, to promote innovation and 
                commercialization; and
                  (G) to support technologies, including 
                artificial intelligence, that could benefit 
                from or benefit the development of quantum 
                technology and promote research, development, 
                demonstration, and application of such 
                technologies in quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology.
          (2) improving the interagency planning and 
        coordination of Federal research and development of 
        quantum information [science and technology] science, 
        engineering, and technology;
          (3) maximizing the effectiveness of the Federal 
        Government's quantum information [science and 
        technology] science, engineering, and technology 
        research, development, and demonstration programs;
          (4) promoting collaboration among the Federal 
        Government, Federal laboratories, National 
        Laboratories, industry, and universities; [and]
          (5) promoting the development of international 
        partnerships, research collaborations, and standards 
        for quantum information [science and technology 
        security] science, engineering, and technology--
                  (A) to facilitate technology innovation, 
                social benefit, and private sector 
                commercialization; [and]
                  (B) to meet economic and national security 
                goals[.]; and
                  (C) to facilitate cooperative investment in 
                quantum capabilities between the United States 
                and its allies and partners to strengthen and 
                secure the domestic supply chain and related 
                ecosystem; and
          (6) improving the maturity, scale, and short- and 
        long-term viability of the quantum technology industry, 
        including small and medium-sized businesses and 
        startups representing a diversity of quantum 
        specialties, and commercialization of domestic quantum 
        capacity across modalities.

                  TITLE I--NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE

SEC. 101. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE PROGRAM.

  (a) In General.--The President shall implement a National 
Quantum Initiative Program.
  (b) Requirements.--In carrying out the Program, the 
President, acting through Federal agencies, councils, working 
groups, subcommittees, and the Coordination Office, as the 
President considers appropriate, shall--
          (1) establish the goals, priorities, and metrics for 
        a 10-year plan to accelerate [development] research 
        development, and near- and medium-term, and long-term 
        demonstration of quantum [information science and 
        technology] applications in diverse sectors in the 
        United States;
          (2) invest in [fundamental] Federal quantum 
        information [science and technology] science, 
        engineering, and technology research, development, 
        demonstration, infrastructure, and other activities to 
        achieve the goals established under paragraph (1);
          (3) invest in activities to develop and retain a 
        quantum information [science and technology] science, 
        engineering, and technology workforce pipeline;
          [(4) provide for interagency planning and 
        coordination of Federal quantum information science and 
        technology research, development, demonstration, 
        standards engagement, and other activities under the 
        Program;]
          (4) provide for interagency planning and coordination 
        of Federal quantum information science, engineering, 
        and technology research, development, demonstration, 
        standards engagement, and other activities under the 
        Program, including activities authorized pursuant to 
        section 234 of the John S. McCain National Defense 
        Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (10 U.S.C. 4001 
        note), quantum educational activities and programs 
        authorized pursuant to section 10661 of the Research 
        and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 
        U.S.C. 19261), and activities conducted at any Federal 
        laboratory;
          (5) partner with [industry and universities] 
        industry, universities, and strategic allies to 
        leverage knowledge and resources, including human 
        resources; and
          (6) leverage existing Federal investments efficiently 
        to advance Program goals and priorities established 
        under paragraph (1).

SEC. 102. NATIONAL QUANTUM COORDINATION OFFICE.

  (a) Establishment.--
          (1) In general.--The President shall establish a 
        National Quantum Coordination Office.
          (2) Administration.--The Coordination Office shall 
        have--
                  (A) a Director who shall be appointed by the 
                Director of the Office of Science and 
                Technology Policy, in consultation with the 
                Secretary of Commerce, the Director of the 
                National Science Foundation, and the Secretary 
                of Energy, and who shall serve a four year 
                term, subject to renewal; and
                  [(B) staff comprised of employees detailed 
                from the Federal departments and agencies 
                described in section 103(b).]
                  (B) staff comprised of employees detailed 
                from the Federal departments and agencies 
                specified in section 103(b).
  (b) Responsibilities.--The Coordination Office shall--
          (1) provide technical and administrative support to--
                  (A) the Subcommitteeon Quantum Information 
                Science;
                  (B) the Advisory Committee; and
                  (C) the Subcommittee on Economic and Security 
                Implications;
          (2) oversee interagency coordination of the Program, 
        including by encouraging and supporting joint agency 
        solicitation and selection of applications for funding 
        of activities under the Program;
          (3) serve as the point of contact on Federal civilian 
        quantum information [science and technology] science, 
        engineering, and technology research and workforce 
        activities for Federal departments and agencies, 
        industry, universities professional societies, State 
        governments, and such other persons as the Coordination 
        Office considers appropriate to exchange technical and 
        programmatic information;
          [(4) ensure coordination among the collaborative 
        ventures or consortia established under section 201(a), 
        Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and 
        Education established under section 302(a), and the 
        National Quantum Information Science Research Centers 
        established under section 402(a);]
          (4) ensure coordination among the collaborative 
        ventures or consortia established under this Act;
          (5) conduct public outreach, including the 
        dissemination of findings and recommendations of the 
        Advisory Committee, as appropriate;
          (6) promote access to and early application of the 
        technologies, innovations, and expertise derived from 
        Program activities to agency missions and systems 
        across the Federal Government, and to industry, 
        including startup companies; [and]
          (7) promote access, through appropriate Federal 
        Government agencies, and an open and competitive merit-
        reviewed process, to existing quantum computing and 
        communication systems developed by industry, 
        universities, nonprofit research organizations, and 
        Federal laboratories to the general user community in 
        pursuit of discovery of the new applications of such 
        systems[.];
          (8) promote understanding and adoption of quantum 
        capabilities throughout the United States economy as 
        appropriate; and
          (9) track and promote policies that will ensure 
        stability of the United States quantum workforce, 
        quantum supply chain, domestic quantum industry, and 
        international trade.
  (c) Funding.--Funds necessary to carry out the activities of 
the Coordination Office shall be made available each fiscal 
year by the Federal departments and agencies described in 
section 103(b), as determined by the Director of the Office of 
Science and Technology Policy.

SEC. 103. SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.

  (a) Establishment.--The President shall establish, through 
the National Science and Technology Council, the Subcommittee 
on Quantum Information Science.
  (b) Membership.--The Subcommittee shall include a 
representative of--
          (1) the National Institute of Standards and 
        Technology;
          (2) the National Science Foundation;
          (3) the Department of Energy;
          (4) the National Aeronautics and Space 
        Administration;
          (5) the Department of Defense;
          (6) the Office of the Director of National 
        Intelligence;
          (7) the Office of Management and Budget;
          (8) the Office of Science and Technology Policy; 
        [and]
          (9) the Department of Health and Human Services;
          (10) the Department of State;
          (11) the Department of Homeland Security;
          (12) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
        Administration;
          (13) the Department of Education; and
          [(9)] (14) such other Federal department or agency as 
        the President considers appropriate.
  (c) Chairpersons.--The Subcommittee shall be jointly chaired 
by the Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology, the Director of the National Science Foundation, 
and the Secretary of Energy.
  (d) Responsibilities.--The Subcommittee shall--
          (1) coordinate [the quantum information science and 
        technology research] quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology research and quantum 
        application development, demonstration, and 
        commercialization, information sharing about 
        international standards development and use, and 
        education activities and programs of the Federal 
        agencies;
          (2) establish goals and priorities of the Program, 
        based on identified knowledge and workforce gaps and 
        other national needs;
          (3) assess and recommend Federal infrastructure needs 
        to support the Program;
          (4) assess the status, development, and diversity of 
        the United States quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology workforce;
          (5) assess the global outlook for quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology research and 
        development efforts and conduct comparative 
        benchmarking of Federal investments and research 
        strategies relative to those of our strategic partners 
        and other countries;
          (6) evaluate opportunities for international 
        cooperation with strategic allies on research and 
        development in quantum information [science and 
        technology] science, engineering, and technology; [and]
          (7) propose a coordinated interagency budget for the 
        Program to the Office of Management and Budget to 
        ensure the maintenance of a balanced quantum 
        information science, engineering and technology 
        research portfolio and an appropriate level of research 
        effort[.]; and
          (8) facilitate interagency partnership opportunities 
        to advance quantum applications related to environment, 
        advanced manufacturing, biotechnology, space, and other 
        sectors.
  (e) Strategic Plans.--In order to guide the activities of the 
Program and meet the goals, priorities, and anticipated 
outcomes of the Federal departments and agencies described in 
subsection (b), the Subcommittee shall--
          (1) not later than 1 year after the date of enactment 
        of this Act, develop a 5-year strategic plan;
          (2) not later than 6 years after the date of 
        enactment of this Act, develop a subsequent 5-year 
        strategic plan; and
          (3) periodically update each plan, as necessary.
  (f) Submittal to Congress.--The chairpersons of the 
Subcommittee shall submit to the President, the Advisory 
Committee, and the appropriate committees of Congress each 
strategic plan developed under subsection (e) and any updates 
thereto.
  (g) Annual Program Budget Report.--
          (1) In general.--Each year, concurrent with the 
        annual budget request submitted by the President to 
        Congress under section 1105 of title 31, United States 
        Code, the chairpersons of the Subcommittee shall submit 
        to the appropriate committees of Congress and such 
        other committees of Congress as the chairpersons deem 
        appropriate a report on the budget for the Program.
          (2) Contents.--Each report submitted under paragraph 
        (1) shall include the following:
                  (A) The budget of the Program for the current 
                fiscal year, for each Federal department and 
                agency described in subsection (b).
                  (B) The budget proposed for the Program for 
                the next fiscal year, for each Federal 
                department and agency described in subsection 
                (b).
                  (C) An analysis of the progress made toward 
                achieving the goals and priorities established 
                under subsection (d)(2).
  (h) Report on Quantum Networking and Communications.--
          (1) In general.--Not later than January 1, 2026, the 
        Quantum Networking Working Group within the 
        Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science of the 
        National Science and Technology Council, in 
        coordination with the Subcommittee on the Economic and 
        Security Implications of Quantum Information Science, 
        shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress 
        a report detailing a plan for the advancement of 
        quantum networking and communications technology in the 
        United States, building on the report entitled A 
        Strategic Vision for America's Quantum Networks and A 
        Coordinated Approach for Quantum Networking Research.
          (2) Requirements.--The report under paragraph (1) 
        shall include the following:
                  (A) An update to the report entitled 
                Coordinated Approach to Quantum Networking 
                Research Report focusing on a framework for 
                interagency collaboration regarding the 
                advancement of quantum networking and 
                communications research, including a 
                description of agency roles and 
                responsibilities.
                  (B) A plan for Federal Government partnership 
                with the private sector and interagency 
                collaboration regarding engagement in 
                international standards for quantum networking 
                and communications technology, including a list 
                of Federal priorities for standards relating to 
                such networking and technology.
                  (C) A proposal for the protection of national 
                security interests relating to the advancement 
                of quantum networking and communications 
                technology.
                  (D) An assessment of the relative position of 
                the United States with respect to other 
                countries in the global race to develop, 
                demonstrate, and utilize quantum networking and 
                communications technology.
                  (E) Recommendations to Congress for 
                legislative action relating to the matters 
                considered under subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), 
                and (D).
                  (F) Such other matters as the Quantum Network 
                Working Group considers necessary to advance 
                the security of communications and network 
                infrastructure, remain at the forefront of 
                scientific discovery in the quantum information 
                science domain, and transition quantum 
                information science research into the emerging 
                quantum technology economy.
  (i) Quantum Use Cases.--
          (1) In general.--The Subcommittee shall identify 
        potential use cases with respect to which quantum 
        computing could advance the missions of participating 
        agencies, including through on-premises, cloud-based, 
        hybrid, or networked approaches.
          (2) Quantum on-ramp.--For each potential use case 
        identified pursuant to paragraph (1), the relevant 
        Federal agency, in consultation with the Subcommittee, 
        may develop a plan to enable such agency to address 
        each such potential use case.
          (3) Reporting.--The Subcommittee, as part of the 
        annual report on the budget for the Program under 
        subsection (g) shall report progress in carrying out 
        the activities under this section, including 
        information relating to the following:
                  (A) The potential use cases identified 
                pursuant to paragraph (1).
                  (B) The status of plans developed pursuant to 
                paragraph (2).
                  (C) Any obstacles to addressing such 
                potential use cases, including lack of funding.

SEC. 104. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

  (a) In General.--The President shall establish a National 
Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee.
  [(b) Qualifications.--The Advisory Committee shall consist of 
members, appointed by the President, who are representative of 
industry, universities, and Federal laboratories and are 
qualified to provide advice and information on quantum 
information science and technology research, development, 
demonstrations, standards, education, technology transfer, 
commercial application, or national security and economic 
concerns.]
  (b) Qualifications.--The Advisory Committee shall consist of 
members, appointed by the President, who are--
          (1) representative of industry, including end users 
        likely to benefit from quantum technology and small and 
        medium-sized businesses and startups representing a 
        diversity of quantum specialties. universities, and 
        Federal laboratories; and
          (2) qualified to provide advice and information on 
        quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology research, development, demonstrations, 
        standards, STEM education, technology transfer, 
        commercial application, or national security and 
        economic concerns.
  (c) Membership Consideration.--In selecting the members of 
the Advisory Committee, the President may seek and give 
consideration to recommendations from the Congress, industry, 
the scientific community (including the National Academy of 
Sciences, scientific professional societies, and universities), 
the defense community, and other appropriate organizations.
  (d) Duties.--
          (1) In general.--The Advisory Committee shall advise 
        the President, the Subcommittee on Quantum Information 
        Science, and the Subcommittee on Economic and Security 
        Implications and make recommendations for the President 
        to consider when reviewing and revising the Program.
          (2) Independent assessments.--The Advisory Committee 
        shall conduct periodic, independent assessments of--
                  (A) any trends or developments in quantum 
                information [science and technology] science, 
                engineering, and technology;
                  (B) the progress made in implementing the 
                Program;
                  (C) the management, coordination, 
                implementation, and activities of the Program;
                  (D) other countries' quantum programs and the 
                progress of such countries and such programs 
                relative to the Program;
                  [(D)] (E) whether the Program activities and 
                the goals and priorities established under 
                section 103(d)(2) are helping [to] promote 
                innovation, foster a robust United States 
                quantum industry, and maintain United States 
                leadership in quantum information [science and 
                technology] science, engineering, and 
                technology;
                  [(E)] (F) whether a need exists to revise the 
                Program, including to address any gaps that may 
                exist;
                  [(F)] (G) whether opportunities exist for 
                international cooperation with strategic allies 
                on research and development in, and the 
                development of [open standards for, quantum 
                information science and technology; and] 
                international standards in open and transparent 
                standardization systems for quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology;
                  [(G)] (H) whether national security, 
                societal, economic, legal, educational, 
                environmental, health, and workforce concerns 
                are adequately addressed by the Program[.];
                  (I) the domestic and international 
                cooperation needs and goals of the Program, 
                including needs and goals related to 
                infrastructure and the supply chain of quantum 
                information science, engineering, and 
                technology; and
                  (J) the degree to which quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology is 
                enhancing or can enhance the capabilities of 
                the United States advanced industrial economy 
                and protect or optimize critical infrastructure 
                (as such term is defined in section 1016(e) of 
                Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C. 5195c(e))).
  (e) Reports.--Not later than 180 days after the date of 
enactment of this Act, and at least biennially thereafter 
through December 31, 2030, the Advisory Committee shall submit 
to the President, the appropriate committees of Congress, and 
such other committees of Congress as the Advisory Committee 
deems appropriate a report on the findings of the independent 
assessment under subsection (d), including any recommendations 
for improvements to the Program. In the first such report 
required after the date of the enactment of this sentence, the 
Advisory Committee shall assess the advisability and 
feasibility of establishing a quantum communications corridor 
in which Federal laboratories, institutions of higher 
education, and other entities conducting quantum information 
science, engineering, and technology research are connected via 
quantum communication networks capable of rapidly and securely 
transmitting large quantities of information.
  (f) Travel Expenses of Non-Federal Members.--Non-Federal 
members of the Advisory Committee, while attending meetings of 
the Advisory Committee or while otherwise serving at the 
request of the head of the Advisory Committee away from their 
homes or regular places of business, may be allowed travel 
expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as 
authorized by section 5703 of title 5, United States Code, for 
individuals in the Government serving without pay. Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to prohibit members of the 
Advisory Committee who are officers or employees of the United 
States from being allowed travel expenses, including per diem 
in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with existing law.
  [(g) FACA Exemption.--The Advisory Committee shall be exempt 
from section 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. 
App.).]
  (g) FACA Exemption.--The President shall charter the Advisory 
Committee in accordance with chapter 10 of title 5, United 
States Code (commonly referred to as the ``Federal Advisory 
Committee Act''), except that the Advisory Committee shall be 
exempt from section 1013 of such title.

SEC. 105. SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMIC AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF 
                    QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.

  (a) Establishment.--The President shall establish, through 
the National Science and Technology Council, the Subcommittee 
on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum 
Information Science.
  (b) Membership.--The Subcommittee shall include a 
representative of--
          (1) the Department of Energy;
          (2) the Department of Defense;
          (3) the Department of Commerce;
          (4) the Department of Homeland Security;
          (5) the Office of the Director of National 
        Intelligence;
          (6) the Office of Management and Budget;
          (7) the Office of Science and Technology Policy;
          (8) the Department of Justice;
          (9) the National Science Foundation;
          (10) the National Institute of Standards and 
        Technology; [and]
          (11) the Department of Health and Human Services;
          (12) the Department of State;
          (13) the National Aeronautics and Space 
        Administration; and
          [(11)] (14) such other Federal department or agency 
        as the President considers appropriate.
  (c) Responsibilities.--The Subcommittee shall--
          (1) in coordination with the Director of the Office 
        and Management and Budget, the Director of the National 
        Quantum Coordination Office, and the Subcommittee on 
        Quantum Information Science, track investments of the 
        Federal Government in quantum [information science] 
        information science, engineering, and technology 
        research and development;
          (2) review and assess any economic or security 
        implications of such investments or to supply chains;
          (3) review and assess any counterintelligence risks 
        or other foreign threats to such investments or supply 
        chains;
          (4) recommend goals and priorities for the Federal 
        Government and make recommendations to Federal 
        departments and agencies and the Director of the 
        National Quantum Coordination Office to address any 
        counterintelligence risks or other foreign threats 
        identified as a result of an assessment under paragraph 
        (3);
          (5) assess the export of technology associated with 
        quantum information science and engineering and 
        recommend to the Secretary of Commerce and the 
        Secretary of State any export controls necessary to 
        protect the economic and security interests of the 
        United States as a result of such assessment;
          (6) recommend to Federal departments and agencies 
        investment strategies in quantum [information science] 
        information science, engineering, and technology that 
        advance the economic and security interest of the 
        United States;
          (7) recommend to the Director of National 
        Intelligence and the Secretary of Energy appropriate 
        protections to address counterintelligence risks or 
        other foreign threats identified as a result of the 
        assessment under paragraph (3); [and]
          (8) in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum 
        Information Science, ensure the approach of the United 
        States to investments of the Federal Government in 
        quantum information science research and development 
        reflects a balance between scientific progress and the 
        potential economic and security implications of such 
        progress[.];
          (9) in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum 
        Information Science, identify opportunities to increase 
        coordination between civilian, military, and 
        intelligence quantum research entities, reduce 
        unnecessary duplicative quantum research activities, 
        and facilitate collaboration between quantum research 
        agencies with specialized capabilities or expertise in 
        one or more aspects of quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology; and
          (10) recommend strategies for attracting and 
        retaining students and scholars with expertise in 
        quantum related fields to Federal departments and 
        agencies.
  (d) Technical and Administrative Support.--
          (1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy, the 
        Director of National Intelligence, and the Director of 
        the National Quantum Coordination Office may provide to 
        the Subcommittee personnel, equipment, facilities, and 
        such other technical and administrative support as may 
        be necessary for the Subcommittee to carry out the 
        responsibilities of the Subcommittee under this 
        section.
          (2) Support related to classified information.--The 
        Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy 
        and the Director of National Intelligence shall provide 
        to the Subcommittee technical and administrative 
        support related to the responsibilities of the 
        Subcommittee that involve classified information, 
        including support related to sensitive compartmented 
        information facilities and the storage of classified 
        information.

SEC. 105A. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY.

  (a) Strategy Required.--Not later than one year after the 
date of the enactment of this section, the Director of the 
Office of Science and Technology Policy, in consultation with 
the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of State, the 
Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science 
Foundation, and the heads of other Federal agencies, as 
appropriate, shall develop and submit to the Committee on 
Commerce, Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Energy 
and Natural Resources, and the Committee on Foreign Relations 
of the Senate, and the Committee on Science, Space, and 
Technology and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of 
Representatives a strategy to--
          (1) establish collaborative international 
        partnerships, including co-funded international 
        programs, to advance research and development, testing 
        and evaluation, commercialization, and interoperability 
        in quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology with allies and partners of the United 
        States, and other countries, when in the security, 
        strategic, technological, and scientific interests of 
        the United States;
          (2) ensure continued United States participation in 
        bilateral and multilateral efforts to advance quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology on the 
        international stage;
          (3) promote the integrity and impartiality of 
        international standards organizations and processes 
        related to quantum information science, engineering, 
        and technology; and
          (4) ensure ethical application of quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology to protect civil 
        liberties and basic human rights.
  (b) Designation.--The strategy under subsection shall be 
known as the ``International Quantum Cooperation Strategy'' (in 
this section referred to as the ``Strategy'').
  (c) Elements.--In the development of the Strategy, the 
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the 
National Quantum Coordination Office, the Subcommittee on 
Quantum Information Science, the Subcommittee on the Economic 
and Security Implications, and the relevant agencies should 
consider the following:
          (1) The establishment of international partnerships 
        to advance research and development in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology.
          (2) Key partners that are allies of the United States 
        and have demonstrated unique capabilities in one or 
        more areas of quantum information science, engineering, 
        and technology.
          (3) Efforts and plans to address risks to the 
        national security and economic interests of the United 
        States during development and deployment of quantum 
        technologies worldwide, including plans for diplomatic 
        engagement with allies and partners, and other 
        countries.
          (4) Efforts and plans to promote responsible global 
        development and deployment of quantum technologies, 
        including through international engagement and 
        leadership in the development of international 
        standards.
          (5) Efforts and plans to develop, attract, and retain 
        international talent.
          (6) The ability and risks of domestic manufacturers 
        and suppliers and those of allies and partners of the 
        United States to meet the needs of the global quantum 
        supply chain, including raw materials such as Helium-3, 
        plans for engagement with allies and partners, 
        manufacturers, and suppliers, and options to mitigate 
        gaps and vulnerabilities in the global quantum supply 
        chain.
          (7) A plan to safeguard research and technology 
        supported through international cooperation, as 
        appropriate, in whole or in part, including in quantum 
        technologies critical to national security, from malign 
        influence, theft, or exfiltration by foreign entities 
        of concern.
          (8) As necessary, a description of such legislative 
        or administrative action needed to carry out the 
        Strategy.
  (d) Briefing.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which 
the Strategy is completed, the Director shall brief the 
committees specified in subsection (a) on the Strategy.

SEC. 106. SUNSET.

  [(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the 
authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 
shall terminate on the date that is 11 years after the date of 
enactment of this Act.]
  (a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the 
authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 
shall terminate on December 30, 2030.
  (b) Extension.--The President may continue the activities 
under such sections if the President determines that such 
activities are necessary to meet national economic or national 
security needs.

   TITLE II--NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM 
                               ACTIVITIES

SEC. 201. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES AND 
                    QUANTUM CONSORTIUM.

  (a) National Institute of Standards and Technology 
Activities.--As part of the Program, the Director of the 
National Institute of Standards and Technology--
          (1) shall continue to support and expand [basic and 
        applied] quantum information [science and technology] 
        science, engineering, and technology research and 
        development of measurement and standards infrastructure 
        necessary to advance commercial development of quantum 
        applications;
          (2) shall use the existing programs of the National 
        Institute of Standards and Technology, in collaboration 
        with other Federal departments and agencies, as 
        appropriate, to attract, educate, and train scientists 
        in quantum information [science and technology] 
        science, engineering, and technology to increase 
        participation in the quantum fields;
          [(3) shall carry out research to facilitate the 
        development and standardization of quantum cryptography 
        and post-quantum classical cryptography;
          [(4) shall carry out research to facilitate the 
        development and standardization of quantum networking, 
        communications, and sensing technologies and 
        applications;]
          (3) shall carry out research to facilitate the 
        development and standardization of quantum 
        cryptography, post-quantum cryptography (as such term 
        is defined in section 3 of the Quantum Computing 
        Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note; 
        Public Law 117-260)), and practices to replace 
        cryptographic keys or algorithms with minimal 
        disruption to current applications and systems;
          (4) shall carry out research, development, and 
        demonstration projects, as appropriate, to facilitate 
        the development and standardization of quantum 
        networking, communications, computing, metrology, 
        sensing technologies and quantum applications, 
        including quantum supporting technologies, such as 
        artificial intelligence;
          (5) shall carry out research to support the 
        measurement of comparative performance and progress of 
        quantum technologies, including, as practicable, 
        technology readiness assessments of quantum 
        technologies;
          (6) shall promote United States participation in 
        international standards organizations related to 
        quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology;
          (7) shall establish or expand partnerships with the 
        public sector and private sector to--
                  (A) accelerate the development of domestic 
                quantum supply chain and supply chain-
                supporting technologies; and
                  (B) reduce quantum supply chain 
                vulnerabilities;
          [(5)] (8) for quantum technologies determined by the 
        Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
        Technology to be at a readiness level sufficient for 
        standardization, shall provide technical review and 
        assistance to such other Federal agencies as the 
        Director considers appropriate for the development of 
        quantum networking [infrastructure], communications, 
        sensing, and computing standards;
          [(6)] (9) shall establish or expand collaborative 
        ventures or consortia with other public or private 
        sector entities, including industry, universities, non-
        profit research organizations, and Federal laboratories 
        for the purpose of advancing the field of quantum 
        information science [and engineering; and], 
        engineering, technology and expanding the domestic STEM 
        workforce;
          (10) shall establish such infrastructure as is 
        necessary to carry out title II; and
          [(7)] (11) may enter into and perform such contracts, 
        including cooperative research and development 
        arrangements and grants and cooperative agreements or 
        other transactions, as may be necessary in the conduct 
        of the work of the National Institute of Standards and 
        Technology and on such terms as the Director considers 
        appropriate, in furtherance of the purposes of this 
        Act.
  (b) Quantum Consortium.--
          (1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date 
        of enactment of this Act, the Director of the National 
        Institute of Standards and Technology shall convene a 
        consortium of stakeholders to identify the [future] 
        research measurement, standards, cybersecurity, and 
        other appropriate needs for supporting the development 
        of a robust quantum information [science and 
        technology] science, engineering, and technology 
        industry in the United States.
          (2) Goals.--The goals of the consortium shall be--
                  [(A) to assess the current research on the 
                needs identified in paragraph (1);
                  [(B) to identify any gaps in the research 
                necessary to meet the needs identified in 
                paragraph (1); and
                  [(C) to provide recommendations on how the 
                National Institute of Standards and Technology 
                and the Program can address the gaps in the 
                necessary research identified in subparagraph 
                (B).]
                  (A) to gather and assess information on the 
                quantum industry to address the needs 
                identified in paragraph (1);
                  (B) to provide recommendations regarding how 
                the National Institute of Standards and 
                Technology, the Program, and other Federal 
                agencies, as appropriate, can address the gaps 
                in the research necessary to meet the needs 
                identified in paragraph (1) and accelerate 
                real-world uses of quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology;
                  (C) to identify enabling technologies and the 
                relevant supply chain essential to foster 
                research and industrial competitiveness in 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology, and communicate findings to Federal 
                agencies and other domestic and international 
                stakeholders;
                  (D) to assess and identify key areas for 
                establishing, expanding, or developing 
                international partnerships that will facilitate 
                United States quantum-related business 
                engagement; and
                  (E) to provide recommendations on how the 
                National Institute of Standards and Technology, 
                the Program, and other Federal agencies, as 
                appropriate, can incorporate small and medium-
                sized businesses and startups into Federal 
                quantum activities and promote the success of 
                small and medium-sized startups.
          (3) Report to congress.--[Not later than 2 years 
        after the date of enactment of this Act, the] The 
        Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
        Technology shall periodically, but not less than every 
        five years, submit to the Committee on Commerce, 
        Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the 
        Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the 
        House of Representatives a report summarizing the 
        findings of the consortium.
          (4) Coordination.--As appropriate, the consortium is 
        encouraged to engage with Federal agencies that fund 
        research, have a mission to transition or translate 
        research results to practical quantum applications, or 
        have a mission that could benefit from the development 
        of quantum technologies, to inform and accelerate 
        progress in such areas.
  [(c) Funding.--The Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology shall allocate up to $80,000,000 to 
carry out the activities under this section for each of fiscal 
years 2019 through 2023, subject to the availability of 
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this 
section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise 
made available to the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology.]
  (c) International Quantum Research and Metrology.--
          (1) In general.--The Director of the National 
        Institute of Standards and Technology, in coordination 
        with the Secretary of State and the Director of the 
        National Science Foundation, shall promote, establish, 
        and support international quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology research, metrology 
        research, and standardization, as appropriate, to 
        enhance international cooperation, meet United States 
        commitments, and support United States engagement in 
        international standards for quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology.
          (2) Alignment.--In carrying out this section, the 
        Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
        Technology shall ensure alignment with the National 
        Quantum Information Science Strategy and the U.S. 
        Government National Standards Strategy for Critical and 
        Emerging Technology, or successor strategies.
          (3) Restrictions.--
                  (A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds 
                made available under this section may be 
                obligated or expended to an institution of 
                higher education that maintains a contract or 
                agreement between such institution and a 
                Confucius Institute or any successor of a 
                Confucius Institute.
                  (B) Foreign countries or entities of 
                concern.--None of the funds made available 
                under this section may be obligated or expended 
                to promote, establish, or finance quantum 
                research activities between a United States 
                entity and a foreign country of concern or 
                foreign entity of concern, except such 
                restriction shall not apply to participation by 
                awardees in consensus-based international 
                standardization activities.
  (d) Post Quantum Cryptography Deployment.--
          (1) In general.--The Director of the National 
        Institute of Standards and Technology, in consultation 
        with the Secretary of Homeland Security, the heads of 
        Sector Risk Management Agencies (as such term is 
        defined in section 2200 of the Homeland Security Act of 
        2002 (6 U.S.C. 650)), and private sector entities, as 
        appropriate, shall promote the voluntary development, 
        adoption, and deployment of standards relating to post-
        quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in 
        section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity 
        Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117-
        260)), including by--
                  (A) disseminating and making publicly 
                available guidance and resources to help 
                organizations adopt and deploy standards 
                relating to post-quantum cryptography and 
                minimize disruptions to current applications 
                and systems caused by cryptographic updates;
                  (B) providing technical assistance, as 
                practicable, to entities that are at high risk 
                of quantum cryptoanalytic attacks, such as 
                entities determined to be critical 
                infrastructure (as such term is defined in 
                section 1016(e) of Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C. 
                5195c(e))) or digital infrastructure providers; 
                and
                  (C) conducting such other activities as 
                determined necessary by the Director to promote 
                the development, adoption, and deployment 
                across the United States of standards relating 
                to post-quantum cryptography.
          (2) Grant program.--
                  (A) In general.--Subject to the availability 
                of appropriations and after the date on which 
                the Director of National Institute of Standards 
                and Technology has issued standards relating to 
                post-quantum cryptography, the Director may 
                establish a program to identify and provide 
                technical assistance through the award of 
                grants to entities that are at high risk of 
                quantum cryptoanalytic attacks, including by 
                granting funds for the adoption of such 
                standards and the remediation of quantum-
                related vulnerabilities.
                  (B) Use of funds.--Grants awarded to entities 
                under this paragraph may be used to cover 
                reasonable costs, up to a specified amount 
                established by the Director of the National 
                Institute of Standards and Technology, for 
                activities to adopt standards relating to post-
                quantum cryptographic and remediate quantum-
                related vulnerabilities.
                  (C) Guidance.--The Director of the National 
                Institute of Standards and Technology may 
                develop, and periodically update, guidance, 
                including relating to eligibility, application 
                disclosure requirements, grant amount and 
                duration, and any additional requirements 
                regarding the award of grants under this 
                paragraph.
                  (D) Consultation.--If the program described 
                in this paragraph is established, the Director 
                of the National Institute of Standards and 
                Technology shall consult with the Director of 
                the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security 
                Agency of the Department of Homeland Security, 
                the heads of other Sector Risk Management 
                Agencies, and appropriate representatives of 
                private sector entities, including nonprofit 
                organizations, to share information regarding 
                the grant program under this paragraph and 
                guidance developed and updated under 
                subparagraph (C).
  (e) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for 
the National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to 
section 10211 of the Research and Development, Competition, and 
Innovation Act (Public Law 117-167) for scientific and 
technical research and services laboratory activities, there is 
authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the National 
Institute of Standards and Technology to carry out this section 
up to $85,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2027.

SEC. 202. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM 
                    CENTERS.

  (a) Establishment.--
          (1) In general.--Subject to the availability of 
        appropriations, the Director of the National Institute 
        of Standards and Technology, in consultation with the 
        heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as 
        appropriate, shall carry out a program to establish and 
        operate at least one, but not more than three, centers 
        to accelerate research, development, deployment, and 
        standardization of quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology.
          (2) Program details.--
                  (A) Competitive, merit-reviewed process.--The 
                centers shall be established through a 
                competitive, merit-reviewed process.
                  (B) Applications.--An eligible applicant 
                described in subparagraph (C) shall submit to 
                the Director of the National Institute of 
                Standards and Technology an application at such 
                time, in such manner, and containing such 
                information as the Director determines to be 
                appropriate.
                  (C) Eligible applicants.--Eligible applicants 
                described in this subparagraph are the 
                following:
                          (i) Institutions of higher education.
                          (ii) Nonprofit organizations.
                          (iii) Multi-institutions 
                        collaborations, including multiple 
                        types of research institutions, private 
                        sector entities, Federal laboratories, 
                        and nonprofit organizations, or a 
                        consortia thereof.
                          (iv) Any other entity the Director 
                        determines appropriate.
          (3) Selection of topics.--The Director of the 
        National Institute of Standards and Technology shall 
        solicit proposals and prioritize the following topics 
        in the initial selection of centers, subject to merit-
        review:
                  (A) Quantum sensing and measurement.
                  (B) Quantum engineering.
  (b) Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, centers 
developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under this 
section shall serve the mission of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology, for the benefit of the broader United 
States quantum information science community, to develop 
processes for the following purposes--
          (1) Advancing research and standardization in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology.
          (2) Advancing technology transfer.
          (3) Improving the competitiveness of the United 
        States.
  (c) Coordination.--The Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology shall ensure coordination, and avoid 
unnecessary duplication of, the activities carried out under 
this section with existing activities of the Institute, other 
activities carried out under this Act, and other related 
programs, as appropriate.
  (d) Selection and Duration.--
          (1) In general.--The centers established under this 
        section are authorized to carry out activities for a 
        period of five years.
          (2) Renewal.--Each center established under this 
        section may be renewed for an additional period of five 
        years following a successful merit-based review by the 
        Director.
          (3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of 
        the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the 
        Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
        Technology may terminate an underperforming center for 
        cause during the performance period.
  (e) Funding.--The Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology shall allocate up to $18,000,000 for 
each center established under this section for each of fiscal 
years 2024 through 2028, subject to the availability of 
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this 
section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise 
made available to the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology.

SEC. 203. RESEARCH SECURITY.

  The activities authorized under title II shall be applied in 
a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research 
and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as 
division B of Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).

       TITLE III--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES

SEC. 301. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY 
                    RESEARCH AND EDUCATION PROGRAM.

  (a) In General.--The Director of the National Science 
Foundation shall carry out a [basic] research and education 
program on quantum information [science and engineering] 
science, engineering, and technology, including the competitive 
award of grants to institutions of higher education or eligible 
nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof).
  (b) Program Components.--
          (1) In general.--In carrying out the program under 
        subsection (a), the Director of the National Science 
        Foundation shall carry out activities that--
                  (A) support [basic] interdisciplinary quantum 
                information [science and engineering] science, 
                engineering, and technology research; and
                  (B) support [human resources] education and 
                workforce development in all aspects of quantum 
                information [science and engineering] science, 
                engineering, and technology.
          (2) Requirements.--The activities described in 
        paragraph (1) shall include--
                  (A) using the existing programs of the 
                National Science Foundation, in collaboration 
                with other Federal departments and agencies, as 
                appropriate--
                          (i) to improve the teaching and 
                        learning of quantum information 
                        [science and engineering] science, 
                        engineering, and technology at the K-
                        12, vocational, undergraduate, 
                        graduate, and postgraduate levels; 
                        [and]
                          (ii) to increase participation in the 
                        quantum fields, including by 
                        individuals identified in sections 33 
                        and 34 of the Science and Engineering 
                        Equal Opportunities Act (42 U.S.C. 
                        1885a, 1885b); and
                          (iii) to pursue research at the 
                        frontiers of quantum information 
                        science, engineering, and technology, 
                        and explore solutions to important 
                        challenges for the development, 
                        application, and commercialization of 
                        quantum technologies;
                  (B) formulating goals for quantum information 
                [science and engineering] science, engineering, 
                and technology research and education 
                activities to be supported by the National 
                Science Foundation;
                  (C) leveraging the collective body of 
                knowledge from existing quantum information 
                [science and engineering] science, engineering, 
                and technology research and education 
                activities;
                  (D) coordinating research efforts funded 
                through existing programs across the 
                directorates of the National Science 
                Foundation; [and]
                  (E) engaging with other Federal departments 
                and agencies, research communities, and 
                potential users of information produced under 
                this section[.]; and
                  (F) providing infrastructure to support 
                academic quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology, including through 
                existing infrastructure programs and new 
                activities.
  [(c) Graduate Traineeships.--The Director of the National 
Science Foundation may establish a program to provide 
traineeships to graduate students at institutions of higher 
education within the United States who are citizens of the 
United States and who choose to pursue masters or doctoral 
degrees in quantum information science.]
  (c) Student Traineeships, Fellowships, and Other Models.--
          (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal 
        agencies the Director considers appropriate, shall 
        award grants to institutions of higher education or 
        eligible nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof) 
        to increase capacity and broaden participation, 
        including through provisioning of experiential 
        opportunities, where appropriate, in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology and 
        other related disciplines.
          (2) Quantum traineeships.--The Director of the 
        National Science Foundation may establish or use 
        existing programs to make awards to institutions of 
        higher education or nonprofit organizations (or 
        consortia thereof) to provide traineeships to graduate 
        students at institutions of higher education within the 
        United States who are citizens of the United States and 
        who choose or plan to pursue masters or doctoral 
        degrees in quantum information science, engineering, 
        and technology, or related fields, and by providing 
        students with opportunities for research experiences in 
        government or industry related to such students' 
        quantum studies.
          (3) Quantum fellowships and scholarships.--
                  (A) In general.--The Director of the National 
                Science Foundation may establish or use 
                existing programs to support fellowships and 
                scholarships for students at institutions of 
                higher education for the purpose of increasing 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology exposure for undergraduate and 
                graduate STEM students and increasing post-
                graduation employment opportunities for STEM 
                students.
                  (B) Requirements.--Eligible participants in 
                the fellowship and scholarship program shall--
                          (i) be enrolled in or have graduated 
                        from a STEM degree program at a 
                        domestic institution of higher 
                        education; and
                          (ii) have taken at least one quantum-
                        science or quantum-relevant course as 
                        part of their degree programs.
                  (C) Considerations.--Eligible fellowships and 
                scholarships may include temporary quantum-
                related positions at State or Federal agencies, 
                national laboratories, private sector entities, 
                institutions of higher education, the Quantum 
                Centers and Institute established in sections 
                202, 302, 402, and 502, or other quantum-
                relevant entities, as determined appropriate by 
                the Director.
                  (D) Competitive awards.--Fellowships and 
                scholarships shall be competitively awarded 
                through a merit-review process. The Director of 
                the National Science Foundation may prioritize 
                fellowships that include an industry partner 
                that provides financial assistance to the 
                applicant for direct or indirect costs.
          (4) Quantum research experiences for 
        undergraduates.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation shall seek to increase opportunities for 
        quantum research for undergraduate students by 
        encouraging proposals in quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology, through the research 
        experiences for undergraduates pursuant to section 514 
        of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (42 
        U.S.C. 1862p-6).
          (5) Co-operative education programs.--The Director of 
        the National Science Foundation may establish or use 
        existing programs to support cooperative education 
        programs between institutions of higher education and 
        employers that increase opportunities for undergraduate 
        students to acquire experiential learning and 
        professional experiences in quantum information 
        sciences, engineering, and technology.
          (6) Partnerships.--In carrying out the activities 
        under this subsection, the Director of the National 
        Science Foundation shall encourage awardees to partner 
        with relevant Federal agencies, Federal laboratories, 
        industry and other private sector organizations, and 
        nonprofit organizations to facilitate the expansion of 
        workforce pathways and hands-on learning experiences.
  (d) Incorporating [QISE] QISET Into STEM Curriculum.--
          (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation shall, through programs carried out or 
        supported by the National Science Foundation, seek to 
        increase the integration of quantum [information 
        science and engineering (referred to in this subsection 
        as ``QISE'')] information science, engineering, and 
        technology (referred to in this subsection as QISET) 
        into the STEM curriculum at all education levels, 
        including community colleges and career and technical 
        education entities, as considered appropriate by the 
        Director.
          (2) Curriculum integration.--The curriculum 
        integration under paragraph (1) may include the 
        following:
                  (A) Methods to conceptualize [QISE] quantum 
                information science, engineering, and 
                technology for elementary, middle, and high 
                school curricula.
                  (B) Methods for strengthening foundational 
                mathematics and science curricula.
                  (C) Methods for integrating students who are 
                underserved or historically underrepresented 
                groups in STEM.
                  (D) Age-appropriate materials that apply the 
                principles of quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology in STEM fields, 
                including those relevant to emerging 
                technologies, such as artificial intelligence, 
                microelectronics, and nano technology.
                  (E) Informal education methods to enhance 
                experiences of students of all ages with 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology concepts and applications.
                  [(E)] (F) Recommendations for the 
                standardization of key concepts, definitions, 
                and curriculum criteria across government, 
                academia, and industry.
                  (G) Methods to introduce security and other 
                potential societal dimensions associated with 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology into STEM curricula.
                  [(F)] (H) Materials that specifically address 
                the findings and outcomes of the study to 
                evaluate and make recommendations for the 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology workforce pursuant to subsection (d) 
                of section 10661 of the Research and 
                Development, Competition, and Innovation Act 
                and strategies to account for the skills and 
                workforce needs identified through such study.
          (3) Coordination.--In carrying out this subsection, 
        the Director shall coordinate with relevant Federal 
        agencies, and consult with nongovernmental entities 
        with expertise in [QISE] quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology, as appropriate, which may 
        include institutions eligible to participate in the 
        Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research 
        (EPSCoR).
          [(4) Definition.--In this subsection, the term 
        ``STEM'' means the academic and professional 
        disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and 
        mathematics, including computer science.]
  (e) Quantum Research Experiences for Teachers.--The Director 
of the National Science Foundation shall seek to increase 
opportunities to engage educators, principals, or other school 
leaders of K-12 students in professional learning opportunities 
to enhance quantum information science, engineering, and 
technology knowledge, including by--
          (1) providing hands-on training and research 
        opportunities for such educators at Federal 
        Laboratories, institutions of higher education, or in 
        industry; and
          (2) developing best practices.
  (f) Expanding Capacity in Quantum Information Science, 
Engineering, and Technology (QISET).--
          (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in consultation with the heads of Federal 
        agencies the Director considers appropriate, shall make 
        awards on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis to 
        eligible institutions of higher education or eligible 
        nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof) to 
        increase research capacity, education and 
        infrastructure capacity, and broaden participation in 
        quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology and related disciplines, including by--
                  (A) supporting curriculum development in 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology as described in section 301(d) of 
                the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 
                8841(d));
                  (B) building upon the activities carried out 
                under the Next Generation Quantum Leaders Pilot 
                Program authorized under section 10661(f) of 
                the Research and Development, Competition, and 
                Innovation Act (Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 
                19261(f)); and
                  (C) leveraging the readiness for the 
                involvement of local research and education 
                communities to secure a talent pipeline in 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology to meet the workforce needs of 
                industry, government, and academia.
          (2) Collaborations.--A collaboration receiving an 
        award under this subsection may include institutions of 
        higher education, nonprofit organizations, and private 
        sector entities.
          (3) Eligible institution of higher education 
        defined.--In this subsection, the term ``eligible 
        institution of higher education'' means an institution 
        of higher education, that, according to the data 
        published by the National Center for Science and 
        Engineering Statistics, is not, on average, among the 
        top 100 institutions in Federal research and 
        development expenditures during the 3- year period 
        prior to the year of the award.
          (4) Requirements.--To receive an award under this 
        subsection, an eligible institution shall submit to the 
        Director of the National Science Foundation an 
        application that includes the following:
                  (A) A plan to sustain proposed activities 
                beyond the duration of the award.
                  (B) Proposed quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology disciplines and 
                focus areas the eligible institution is 
                prepared to engage in to significantly build up 
                its quantum information science, engineering, 
                and technology research and education capacity.
                  (C) A plan for education and workforce 
                development, which may include K-12 and post-
                secondary education programs and activities, 
                workforce training and career and technical 
                education programs and activities, 
                undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral 
                education, and informal education programs and 
                activities.
          (5) Activities.--Awards under this subsection to 
        support research and related activities may include the 
        activities relating to the following:
                  (A) Development or expansion of research 
                programs in disciplines and focus areas 
                specified in paragraph (4)(B).
                  (B) Faculty recruitment and professional 
                development in disciplines and focus areas 
                specified in paragraph (4)(B).
                  (C) Bridge programs focused on preparing 
                post-baccalaureate students for graduate 
                programs in quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology.
                  (D) To build research capacity and 
                infrastructure at an eligible institution in 
                disciplines and focus areas specified in 
                paragraph (4)(B).
                  (E) An assessment of capacity-building and 
                research infrastructure needs identified in 
                paragraph (4)(B).
                  (F) Administrative research development 
                support.
                  (G) Other activities necessary to build 
                research capacity in quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology.
          (6) Additional considerations.--In making awards 
        under this subsection, the Director of the National 
        Science Foundation may also consider the following:
                  (A) The extent to which the eligible 
                applicant will support students from diverse 
                backgrounds, including first-generation 
                undergraduate students.
                  (B) The geographic and institutional 
                diversity of eligible applicants.
                  (C) How the eligible applicant can leverage 
                public-private partnerships and existing 
                research partnerships with Federal agencies.
          (7) Duplication.--The Director of the National 
        Science Foundation shall ensure awards made under this 
        subsection are complimentary to and not duplicative of 
        existing programs.
  (g) Faculty Mid-career Development Awards.--The Director of 
the National Science Foundation may provide awards to support 
mid-career scientists and faculty to upgrade, develop, or 
acquire essential research instruments to start new research 
activities, or expand existing activities, focused on quantum 
information science, engineering and technology.
  (h) International Research on Quantum Information Science, 
Engineering, and Technology.--
          (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in coordination with the Secretary of State 
        and the Secretary of Commerce, shall support 
        international quantum information science, engineering, 
        and technology research, as appropriate, to enhance 
        international cooperation and meet United States 
        commitments, including as part of the terms and 
        conditions of bilateral or multilateral quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology 
        research agreements.
          (2) Alignment.--In carrying out this subsection, the 
        Director of the National Science Foundation shall 
        ensure alignment with the national Quantum Information 
        Strategy in accordance with Executive Order 14073 or 
        successor strategies.
          (3) Priority.--The Director shall prioritize research 
        programs with countries that have signed a Quantum 
        Cooperation Statement with the United States.
          (4) Restrictions.--
                  (A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds 
                made available under this section may be 
                obligated or expended to an institution of 
                higher education that maintains a contract or 
                agreement between such institution and a 
                Confucius Institute or any successor of a 
                Confucius Institute.
                  (B) Foreign country of concern and foreign 
                entity of concern.--None of the funds made 
                available under this section may be obligated 
                or expended to promote, establish, or finance 
                quantum research activities between a United 
                States entity and a foreign country of concern 
                or foreign entity of concern.
  (i) Upgrading and Improving Access to Quantum Research 
Resources.--
          (1) In general.--In carrying out the activities 
        described in this section, the Director of the National 
        Science Foundation, in consultation with the heads of 
        other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, 
        shall award grants to institutions of higher education 
        or eligible nonprofit organizations (or consortia 
        thereof) to upgrade research facilities and improve 
        access to research resources, such as equipment and 
        instrumentation, that is needed for research and 
        development in quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology.
          (2) Purpose.--Grants under paragraph (1) shall be 
        used to facilitate quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology research and development, 
        including by carrying out the following:
                  (A) Upgrading or adding research resources to 
                accelerate the development of quantum 
                technologies, including capabilities focused on 
                addressing the roadblocks to implementation, 
                and meet the materials, advanced materials 
                development, high performance computing, 
                heterogeneous computing, networking, software, 
                data, clean room, and device needs of the 
                scientific community and the quantum supply 
                chain.
                  (B) Enhancing access to equipment and 
                instrumentation, including at partnering 
                institutions, by facilitating information 
                sharing, coordination, scheduling, education, 
                and training, including activities that provide 
                meaningful hands-on learning experiences for 
                students, including at community and technical 
                colleges.
                  (C) Enabling professional staff to support 
                the operation and improvement of research 
                resources used for quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology.
          (3) Requirements.--An institution of higher education 
        or an eligible nonprofit organization (or a consortium 
        thereof) and industry partners seeking funding under 
        this subsection shall submit to the Director of the 
        National Science Foundation an application at such 
        time, in such manner, and containing such information 
        as the Director may require.
  (j) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated to 
the National Science Foundation pursuant to section 10303 of 
the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act 
(Public Law 117-167) for research and related activities, there 
is authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the 
National Science Foundation to carry out this section up to 
$141,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2027.

SEC. 302. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION.

  (a) In General.--The Director of the National Science 
Foundation, in consultation with other Federal departments and 
agencies, as appropriate, shall award grants to institutions of 
higher education or eligible nonprofit organizations (or 
consortia thereof) to establish at least 2, but not more than 
[5] 10, Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and 
Education (referred to in this section as ``Centers'').
  (b) Collaborations.--A collaboration receiving an award under 
this subsection may include institutions of higher education, 
nonprofit organizations, and private sector entities.
  (c) Purpose.--The purpose of the Centers shall be to conduct 
[basic] research and education activities in support of the 
goals and priorities established under section 103(d)(2), 
including by--
          (1) continuing to advance quantum information 
        [science and engineering] science, engineering, and 
        technology;
          (2) supporting curriculum and workforce development 
        in quantum information science [and engineering], 
        engineering, and technology, including leveraging or 
        expanding activities established pursuant to section 
        301(d); and
          (3) fostering innovation by bringing industry 
        perspectives to quantum research and workforce 
        development, including by leveraging industry knowledge 
        and resources.
  (d) Requirements.--
          (1) In general.--An institution of higher education 
        or an eligible nonprofit organization (or a consortium 
        thereof) seeking funding under this section shall 
        submit an application to the Director of the National 
        Science Foundation at such time, in such manner, and 
        containing such information as the Director may 
        require.
          (2) Applications.--Each application under paragraph 
        (1) shall include a description of--
                  (A) how the Center will work with other 
                research institutions and industry partners to 
                leverage expertise in [quantum science] quantum 
                information science, engineering, and 
                technology, education and curriculum 
                development, and technology transfer;
                  (B) how the Center will promote active 
                collaboration among researchers in multiple 
                disciplines involved in quantum research, 
                including physics, engineering, mathematics, 
                computer science, chemistry, health, and 
                material science;
                  (C) how the Center will support long-term and 
                short-term workforce development in the quantum 
                field, including how each participant will 
                develop and implement outreach activities to 
                increase the participation of women and other 
                students from groups historically 
                underrepresented in STEM;
                  (D) how the Center can support an innovation 
                ecosystem to work with industry to translate 
                Center research into applications; [and]
                  (E) a long-term plan to become self-
                sustaining after the expiration of funding 
                under this section[.]; and
                  (F) how the Center will participate in 
                international collaborations, as appropriate, 
                to build a trusted global research network with 
                allies and partners of the United States and 
                other countries that share values with the 
                United States, including respect for 
                international norms of fair competition.
  (e) Selection and Duration.--
          (1) In general.--Each Center established under this 
        section is authorized to carry out activities for a 
        period of 5 years.
          [(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for 
        additional, subsequent periods of 5 years on a 
        competitive, merit-reviewed basis.]
          (2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an 
        additional, subsequent period of 5 years following a 
        successful, merit-based review.
          (3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of 
        the National Science Foundation, the Director of the 
        National Science Foundation may terminate an 
        underperforming Center for cause during the performance 
        period.
  (f) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation 
shall allocate up to $10,000,000 for each Center established 
under this section for each of fiscal years [2019 through 2023] 
2024 through 2028, subject to the availability of 
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this 
section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise 
made available to the National Science Foundation.

SEC. 303. QUANTUM RESKILLING, EDUCATION, AND WORKFORCE (QREW) 
                    COORDINATION HUB.

  (a) In General.--The Director of the National Science 
Foundation, in consultation with the Director of the National 
Institute of Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy, 
and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and 
agencies, as appropriate, shall make an award to a consortium 
led by an institution of higher education or an eligible 
nonprofit organization to establish a Quantum Reskilling, 
Education, and Workforce Coordination Hub (in this section 
referred to as the ``Hub'').
  (b) Consortium.--The Hub established pursuant to subsection 
(a) shall include not fewer than four institutions of higher 
education, including not fewer than two community colleges, and 
may include career and technical schools, nonprofit 
organizations, and private sector entities.
  (c) Purpose.--The purpose of this Hub shall be to--
          (1) identify and address cross-cutting workforce 
        development challenges in quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology, and the quantum industry, 
        by serving as a national and regional clearinghouse; 
        and
          (2) facilitate the establishment of programs to 
        disseminate to institutions of higher education and 
        career and technical education entities model 
        curricula, best practices, and instructional materials.
  (d) Activities.--The activities of the Hub may include the 
following:
          (1) Testing, implementing, scaling, disseminating, 
        and standardizing materials, methods, best practices, 
        and other outputs developed through activities under 
        this Act.
          (2) Increasing the integration of quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology content into STEM 
        curricula at all education levels, including career and 
        technical education programs.
          (3) Providing opportunities for STEM degree students 
        to provide feedback on quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology curricula.
          (4) Facilitating post-education employment 
        opportunities and workforce pathways for STEM degree 
        recipients in quantum-related industries, including by 
        facilitating opportunities for internships, 
        externships, fellowships, and other such activities as 
        determined by the Director, including through the 
        establishment of a publicly accessible online portal.
          (5) Coordinating with quantum industry and nonprofit 
        entities and small and medium-sized businesses and 
        startups to inform and enhance the quality and 
        availability of quantum education in STEM degree 
        programs, including through the promotion of post-
        graduation opportunities for STEM students outside the 
        classroom to increase exposure to quantum industries.
          (6) Supporting activities and programs to enhance the 
        recruitment of students from groups historically 
        underrepresented in STEM to pursue undergraduate and 
        graduate studies in quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology.
          (7) Developing, testing, implementing, and 
        coordinating career development programs and strategies 
        for pre-university and university educators for the 
        purpose of increasing the number of quantum-informed 
        educators at all levels of education, including by 
        carrying out the following:
                  (A) Hosting career development workshops.
                  (B) Developing in-house and distance learning 
                career development tools for public use.
                  (C) Facilitating access to related quantum 
                technology, tools, and resources.
                  (D) Developing training, research, and 
                professional development programs, including 
                innovative pre-service and in-service programs.
                  (E) Facilitating relationships with State and 
                local entities to increase awareness of and 
                promote quantum-related career development 
                activities at the Hub.
          (8) Establishing a framework for performing ongoing 
        regular data collection and analysis for the quantum 
        workforce to report on trends, and perform other 
        activities that expand the understanding of the current 
        and future needs of the quantum industry, and education 
        capacity or readiness of the quantum workforce. Such 
        activities shall complement or align with, as relevant, 
        authorized quantum and STEM workforce studies under 
        section 10661(d) of the Research and Development, 
        Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19261(d)).
          (9) Facilitating public education and outreach 
        activities to enhance the understanding and awareness 
        of quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology to a boarder community to satisfy broader 
        impact requirements of award applications.
          (10) Encouraging coordination on quantum education in 
        the broader STEM community.
  (e) QREW Quantum Fellowship Program.--Subject to the 
restrictions outlined in subsection (c) of section 301, the Hub 
may support education or policy fellowships for students at 
entities participating in the consortium under subsection (a) 
or at other research centers established pursuant to this Act 
at the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology, the Department of Energy, or the 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, for the purpose 
of supporting the activities described in subsection (d).
  (f) Industry Coordination.--The Hub shall collaborate with 
the Quantum Consortium established in section 201(b) or other 
industry consortia to identify, publish, facilitate, or enable 
quantum-related education and workforce development 
opportunities as described in subsections (c) and (d).
  (g) Application.--A consortium seeking funding under this 
section shall submit to the Director of the National Science 
Foundation an application at such time, in such manner, and 
containing such information as the Director may require. Each 
application shall include a description of how the consortium 
shall carry out the following:
          (1) Contribute to the success of the Hub and fulfill 
        the purposes of the Hub.
          (2) Include industry participation in fulfilling the 
        purposes of the Hub.
          (3) Collaborate with other members of the consortium 
        to share expertise in integrating quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology into existing STEM 
        programs and other relevant fields and disciplines.
          (4) Support long-term and short-term workforce 
        development in the quantum field.
          (5) Develop and implement outreach activities to 
        increase the participation of women and other students 
        from groups historically underrepresented in STEM.
  (h) Selection and Duration.--
          (1) In general.--The Hub established under this 
        section is authorized to carry out activities for a 
        period of 5 years.
          (2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an 
        additional, subsequent period of 5 years following a 
        successful, merit-based review.
          (3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of 
        the National Science Foundation, the Director of the 
        National Science Foundation may terminate the Hub if it 
        is underperforming during the performance period.
  (i) Coordination.--The Hub shall coordinate with other 
research centers established under this Act at the National 
Science Foundation, the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology, the Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics 
and Space Administration, and other relevant Federal agencies, 
as appropriate, on activities and resources.
  (j) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation 
shall allocate up to $10,000,000 for the Hub for each of fiscal 
years 2024 through 2028, subject to the availability of 
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this 
section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise 
made available to the National Science Foundation.

SEC. 304. QUANTUM TESTBEDS.

  (a) In General.--Not later than one year after the date of 
the enactment of this Act, the Director of the National Science 
Foundation, in coordination with the Director of the National 
Institute of Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy, 
and the heads of other Federal agencies, as determined 
appropriate by the Director of the National Science Foundation, 
shall make awards on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis to 
institutions of higher education, nonprofit organizations, 
Federally Funded Research and Development Centers, or consortia 
thereof, to establish not more than five testbeds for quantum 
applications research and development.
  (b) Purposes.--The quantum testbeds established under 
subsection (a) shall focus on advancing research and 
development for near-term and medium-term quantum application 
use cases by providing accessible research resources to 
academia and industry for developing and testing such use 
cases, including through proof-of-concept testing, 
demonstrations, pilot projects, and prototyping.
  (c) Application Proposals.--An applicant for an award under 
this section shall submit to the Director a proposal at such 
time, in such manner, and containing such information as the 
Director may reasonably require. The proposal shall, at a 
minimum, describe the following:
          (1) How the applicant will assemble a workforce, 
        including from populations that are historically 
        underrepresented in STEM, with the skills needed to 
        operate a quantum testbed.
          (2) How the applicant will ensure broad access to a 
        quantum testbed, including for start-ups and small 
        businesses.
          (3) How a quantum testbed will operate after Federal 
        funding has ended.
  (d) Prioritization.--The Director of the National Science 
Foundation shall prioritize the following:
          (1) Applicants that ensure not less than 25 percent 
        of the cost for a testbed awarded under this section is 
        provided by private or non-Federal entities, including 
        in-kind contributions.
          (2) Awards for consortia that include quantum 
        industry participation.
  (e) Roles and Responsibilities.--The Director of the National 
Science Foundation shall be responsible for the following:
          (1) Maintaining a record of notable outcomes from 
        each quantum testbed established under this section.
          (2) Partnering with other Federal agencies to enable 
        opportunities for quantum testbed outcomes to be 
        appropriately taken up by such agencies in alignment 
        with the missions of such agencies.
          (3) Not later than one year after the date of the 
        enactment of this section and every two years 
        thereafter until December 31, 2030, briefing the 
        appropriate committees of Congress on the status of 
        such quantum testbeds and providing recommendations for 
        improving such quantum testbeds.
  (f) Coordination.--In establishing quantum testbeds under 
this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation 
shall ensure coordination with other testbeds and other quantum 
facilities hosting Federal quantum technology and 
infrastructure supported by the National Science Foundation, 
including those authorized pursuant to section 10390 of the 
Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act 
(Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 10990), or by other Federal 
agencies as determined appropriate by the Director, to avoid 
duplication and maximize use of Federal resources.
  (g) Stakeholder Collaboration.--In carrying out this section, 
the Director of the National Science Foundation shall 
collaborate with the Quantum Consortium established pursuant to 
section 201(b) to accomplish the purposes of the quantum 
testbeds program described in subsection (b) and ensure there 
is strong collaboration with industry stakeholders. The 
Director may also engage with National Laboratories, federally 
funded research and development centers, industry, and other 
members of the United States quantum ecosystem.
  (h) Geographic Diversity.--The Director shall ensure regional 
and geographic diversity in issuing awards under this section.
  (i) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation 
shall allocate up to $50,000,000 for the quantum testbeds under 
this section for each fiscal years 2024 through 2028, subject 
to the availability of appropriations. Amounts made available 
to carry out this section shall be derived from amounts 
appropriated or otherwise made available to the National 
Science Foundation.

SEC. 305. RESEARCH SECURITY.

  The activities authorized under title III shall be applied in 
a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research 
and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as 
division B of Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).

           TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM ACTIVITIES

SEC. 401. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM.

  [(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall carry out a 
basic research program on quantum information science.]
  (a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall carry out a 
research, development, and demonstration program on quantum 
information science, engineering, and technology.
  (b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall--
          (1) formulate goals for quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology research to be supported by 
        the Department of Energy;
          (2) leverage the collective body of knowledge from 
        existing quantum information science research;
          [[(3)] (5) provide research experiences and training 
        for additional undergraduate and graduate students in 
        quantum information science, including in the fields 
        of--
                  [(A) quantum information theory;
                  [(B) quantum physics;
                  [(C) quantum computational science;
                  [(D) applied mathematics and algorithm 
                development;
                  [(E) quantum networking;
                  [(F) quantum sensing and detection; and
                  [(G) materials science and engineering;]
          (3) operate National Quantum Information Science 
        Research Centers to accelerate and scale up scientific 
        and technical breakthroughs in quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology, and maintain 
        state-of-the-art infrastructure for quantum researchers 
        and industry partners, in accordance with section 402;
          (4) conduct cooperative research with industry, 
        National Laboratories, institutions of higher 
        education, and other research institutions to 
        facilitate the development and demonstration of quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology, 
        including in the fields of--
                  (A) quantum information theory;
                  (B) quantum physics;
                  (C) quantum computational science, including 
                hardware and software, including artificial 
                intelligence, machine learning and data 
                science;
                  (D) quantum data storage, including hardware 
                and software for energy efficient data centers;
                  (E) applied mathematics and algorithm 
                development;
                  (F) quantum communications and networking, 
                including hardware and software for quantum 
                communications and networking;
                  (G) quantum sensing and detection;
                  (H) materials science and engineering;
                  (I) quantum modeling and simulation, 
                including molecular modeling;
                  (J) near- and long-term application 
                development in a range of areas as determined 
                by the Secretary, such as materials discovery, 
                advanced manufacturing, cybersecurity, energy 
                efficiency and energy technologies, energy 
                storage and electric grid management;
                  (K) quantum chemistry;
                  (L) quantum biology;
                  (M) superconductive and high-performance 
                microelectronics; and
                  (N) quantum security technologies;
          (5) provide research experiences and training for 
        additional undergraduate and graduate students in 
        quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology, including in the fields specified in 
        paragraph (4);
          [(4)] (6) coordinate research efforts funded through 
        existing programs across the Department of Energy, 
        including--
                  (A) the Nanoscale Science Research Centers;
                  (B) the Energy Frontier Research Centers;
                  (C) the Energy Innovation Hubs;
                  (D) the National Laboratories;
                  (E) the Advanced Research Projects Agency; 
                [and]
                  (F) the Office of Electricity;
                  (G) the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy 
                Security, and Emergency Response;
                  (H) the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon 
                Management;
                  (I) the Office of Technology Transitions; and
                  (F) the National Quantum Information Science 
                Research Centers; and
          [(5)] (7) coordinate with other Federal departments 
        and agencies, research communities, and potential users 
        of information produced under this section[.] and other 
        relevant efforts as defined by the Secretary of Energy; 
        and
          (8) leverage the collective body of knowledge and 
        data, including experience and resources from existing 
        Federal research activities and commercially-available 
        quantum computing hardware and software to the extent 
        practicable.
  (c) Quantum High Performance Computing Strategic Plan.--Not 
later than one year after the date of the enactment of this 
subsection, the Secretary of Energy shall submit to Congress a 
report containing a 10-year strategic plan to guide Federal 
programs in designing, expanding, commercializing, and 
procuring hybrid, high performance computing systems featuring 
the ability to integrate a diverse set of resources, including 
artificial intelligence and machine learning, accelerated by 
quantum supercomputers to enable the Department of Energy's 
computing facilities to continuously advance computing 
resources. Such strategic plan shall include the following:
          (1) A conceptual plan to leverage capabilities and 
        infrastructure from the exascale computing program, as 
        the Secretary of Energy determines necessary.
          (2) A plan to minimize disruptions to the advanced 
        scientific computing workforce.
          (3) A consideration of a diversity of quantum 
        computing modalities.
          (4) A plan to integrate cloud access of commercially 
        available quantum hardware and software to complement 
        on-premises high performance computing systems and 
        resources consistent with the QUEST program under 
        section 404.
          (5) Implement the plan developed under this section.
  (d) Industry Outreach.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a) the Secretary of Energy shall support the 
quantum technology industry and promote commercialization of 
applications of quantum technology relevant to the Department's 
activities by carrying out the following:
          (1) Educating--
                  (A) the energy industry on near term and 
                commercially available quantum technologies; 
                and
                  (B) the quantum industry on potential energy 
                applications.
          (2) Accelerating the advancements of United States 
        quantum computing, communications, networking, sensing, 
        and security capabilities to protect and optimize the 
        energy sector.
          (3) Advancing relevant domestic supply chains, 
        manufacturing capabilities, and associated simulations 
        or modeling capabilities.
          (4) Facilitating commercialization of quantum 
        technologies from National Laboratories and engaging 
        with the Quantum Consortium established pursuant to 
        section 201(b) and other organizations, as applicable, 
        to transition component technologies to help 
        facilitate, as appropriate, the development of a 
        quantum supply chain.
          (5) Where appropriate, promoting participation by 
        small and medium-sized businesses and startups.
  (e) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for 
the Department of Energy's Office of Science pursuant to 
section 317 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation 
Act, there is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to 
carry out the activities under this section up to $130,000,000 
for each fiscal years 2024 through 2027.

SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY 
                    PROGRAM.

  (a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish a 
quantum instrumentation and infrastructure foundry program to 
carry out the following:
          (1) Maintain United States leadership in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology.
          (2) Develop domestic quantum supply chains.
          (3) Provide resources for the broader scientific 
        community.
          (4) Support activities carried out under sections 
        401, 403, and 404.
  (b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall design, build, 
develop, purchase, and commercialize specialized equipment, 
laboratory infrastructure, and state-of-the-art instrumentation 
to advance quantum engineering research and the development of 
quantum component technologies at a scale sufficient to meet 
the needs of the scientific community and enable 
commercialization of quantum technology.
  (c) Quantum Foundries.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a), and in coordination partnership with 
institutions of higher education and industry, the Secretary of 
Energy shall support the development of quantum foundries 
focused on meeting the device, hardware, software, and 
materials needs of the scientific community and the quantum 
supply chain.
  (d) Funding.--The Secretary of Energy shall allocate up to 
$25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028 to carry 
out this section, subject to the availability of 
appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this 
section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise 
made available to the Department of Energy's Office of Science.

SEC. 402. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTERS.

  (a) Establishment.--
          (1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy, acting 
        through the Director of the Office of Science (referred 
        to in this section as the ``Director''), shall ensure 
        that the Office of Science carries out a program, in 
        consultation with other Federal departments and 
        agencies, as appropriate, to establish and operate at 
        least 2, but not more than 5, National Quantum 
        Information Science Research Centers (referred to in 
        this section as ``Centers'') to conduct [basic] 
        research to accelerate scientific breakthroughs in 
        quantum information [science and technology] science, 
        engineering, and technology, expand capacity for the 
        domestic quantum workforce, and to support research 
        conducted under [section 401] sections 401, 403, and 
        404.
          (2) Requirements.--
                  (A) Competitive, merit-reviewed process.--The 
                Centers shall be established through a 
                competitive, merit-reviewed process.
                  (B) Applications.--An eligible applicant 
                under this subsection shall submit to the 
                Director an application at such time, in such 
                manner, and containing such information as the 
                Director determines to be appropriate.
                  (C) Eligible applicants.--The Director shall 
                consider applications from National 
                Laboratories, institutions of higher education, 
                research centers, multi-institutional 
                collaborations that may include one or more 
                commercial entities, and any other entity that 
                the Secretary of Energy determines to be 
                appropriate.
  (b) Collaborations.--A collaboration that receives an award 
under this section may include multiple types of research 
institutions and private sector entities, and should be 
inclusive of the variety of viable quantum technologies, where 
appropriate.
  (c) Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, the 
Centers developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under 
this section shall serve the needs of the Department of Energy, 
industry, the academic community, and other relevant entities 
to create and develop processes for the purpose of advancing 
[basic] research in quantum information science, engineering, 
and technology, accelerating quantum workforce development, and 
improving the competitiveness of the United States.
  (d) Coordination.--The Secretary of Energy shall ensure the 
coordination, and avoid unnecessary duplication, of the 
activities of each Center with the activities of--
          (1) other research entities of the Department of 
        Energy, including--
                  (A) the Nanoscale Science Research Centers;
                  (B) the Energy Frontier Research Centers;
                  (C) the Energy Innovation Hubs; [and]
                  (D) the Office of Technology Transitions; and
                  [(D)] (E) the National Laboratories;
          (2) institutions of higher education; and
          (3) industry.
  (e) Duration.--
          (1) In general.--Each Center established under this 
        section is authorized to carry out activities for a 
        period of 5 years.
          [(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for 
        additional, subsequent periods of 5 years. The Director 
        shall approve or disapprove of each reapplication on a 
        competitive, merit-reviewed basis.]
          (2) Renewal.--Each Center under this section may be 
        renewed for an additional period of 5 years following a 
        successful, merit-based review and approval by the 
        Director.
          (3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of 
        the Department of Energy, the Secretary of Energy may 
        terminate an underperforming Center for cause during 
        the performance period.
  (f) Funding.--The Secretary of Energy shall allocate up to 
[$25,000,000] $35,000,000 for each Center established under 
this section for each of fiscal years [2019 through 2023] 2024 
through 2028, subject to the availability of appropriations. 
Amounts made available to carry out this section shall be 
derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available 
to the Department of Energy.

SEC. 403. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 
                    AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.

  (a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this 
section as the ``Secretary'') shall carry out a research, 
development, and demonstration program to accelerate innovation 
in quantum network infrastructure in order to--
          (1) facilitate the advancement of distributed quantum 
        computing systems through the internet and intranet;
          (2) improve the precision of measurements of 
        scientific phenomena and physical imaging technologies;
          (3) develop secure national quantum communications 
        technologies and strategies;
          (4) demonstrate quantum networking, including 
        utilizing the Department of Energy's Energy Sciences 
        Network User Facility; [and]
          (5) advance the relevant domestic supply chains, 
        manufacturing capabilities, and associated simulations 
        or modeling capabilities[.];
          (6) where applicable, leverage a diversity of 
        modalities and commercially-available quantum hardware 
        and software; and
          (7) develop education and training pathways related 
        to quantum network infrastructure investments, aligned 
        with existing programmatic investments by the 
        Department of Energy.
  (b) Program.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary 
shall--
          (1) coordinate with--
                  (A) the Director of the National Science 
                Foundation;
                  (B) the Director of the National Institute of 
                Standards and Technology;
                  (C) the Administrator of the National 
                Aeronautics and Space Administration;
                  [(C)] (D) the Chair of the Subcommittee on 
                Quantum Information Science of the National 
                Science and Technology Council established 
                under section 103(a); and
                  [(D)] (E) the Chair of the Subcommittee on 
                the Economic and Security Implications of 
                Quantum Science;
          (2) conduct cooperative research with industry, 
        National Laboratories, institutions of higher 
        education, and other research institutions to 
        facilitate new quantum infrastructure methods and 
        technologies, including--
                  (A) quantum-limited detectors, ultra-low loss 
                optical channels, ground-to-space and space-to-
                ground connections, and classical networking 
                and cybersecurity protocols;
                  (B) entanglement and hyper-entangled state 
                sources and transmission, control, and 
                measurement of quantum states;
                  (C) quantum interconnects that allow short 
                range local connections between quantum 
                processors;
                  (D) transducers for quantum sources and 
                signals between optical wavelength regimes, 
                including telecommunications regimes and 
                quantum computer-relevant domains, including 
                microwaves;
                  (E) development of quantum memory buffers and 
                small-scale quantum computers that are 
                compatible with [photon-based] all applicable 
                modalities of quantum bits in the optical or 
                telecommunications wavelengths;
                  (F) long-range entanglement distribution, 
                including allowing entanglement-based protocols 
                between small- and large scale quantum 
                processors, at the terrestrial and space-based 
                level using quantum repeaters, quantum sensors, 
                and optical or laser communications;
                  (G) quantum routers, multiplexers, repeaters, 
                data centers, and related technologies 
                necessary to create secure long-distance 
                quantum communication; [and]
                  (H) integration of systems across [the 
                quantum technology stack] quantum technology 
                modality stacks into traditional computing 
                networks, including the development of remote 
                controlled, high-performance, and reliable 
                implementations of key quantum network 
                components by leveraging the expertise, 
                infrastructure and supplemental investments at 
                the [National Laboratories in] National 
                Laboratories such as the Energy Sciences 
                Network User Facility;
                  (I) development of quantum network and 
                entanglement distribution protocols or 
                applications, including development of network 
                stack protocols and protocols enabling 
                integration with existing technologies or 
                infrastructure; and
                  (J) development of high efficiency room-
                temperature photon detectors for quantum 
                photonic applications, including quantum 
                networking and communications;
          (3) engage with the Quantum Economic Development 
        Consortium and other organizations, as applicable, to 
        transition component technologies to help facilitate as 
        appropriate the development of a quantum supply chain 
        for quantum network technologies;
          (4) advance [basic] research in advanced scientific 
        computing, particle and nuclear physics, and [material] 
        materials science to enhance the understanding, 
        prediction, and manipulation of materials, processes, 
        and physical phenomena relevant to quantum network 
        infrastructure;
          (5) develop experimental tools and testbeds in 
        collaboration with the Energy Sciences Network User 
        Facility necessary to support cross-cutting 
        [fundamental] research and development activities with 
        diverse stakeholders from industry, National 
        Laboratories, and institutions of higher education; and
          (6) consider quantum network infrastructure 
        applications that span the Department of Energy's 
        missions in energy, environment, and national security.
  (c) Leveraging.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary 
shall leverage resources, infrastructure, and expertise across 
the Department of Energy and from--
          (1) the National Institute of Standards and 
        Technology;
          (2) the National Science Foundation;
          (3) the National Aeronautics and Space 
        Administration;
          (4) other relevant Federal agencies;
          (5) the National Laboratories;
          (6) industry stakeholders, including small and 
        medium-sized businesses and startups;
          (7) institutions of higher education; and
          (8) the National Quantum Information Science Research 
        Centers.
  (d) Research Plan.--Not later than 180 days after the date of 
enactment of the Research and Development, Competition, and 
Innovation Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on 
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives 
and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate 
a 4-year research plan that identifies and prioritizes [basic 
research] research, development, and demonstration needs 
relating to quantum network infrastructure.
  (e) Standard of Review.--The Secretary shall review 
activities carried out under this section to determine the 
achievement of technical milestones.
  (f) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for 
the Department of Energy's Office of Science, there is 
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the 
activities under this section $100,000,000 for each of fiscal 
years 2023 through 2027.

SEC. 404. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPANSION FOR SCIENCE AND 
                    TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.

  (a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this 
section as the ``Secretary'') shall establish and carry out a 
program, to be known as the ``Quantum User Expansion for 
Science and Technology program'' or ``QUEST program'', to 
encourage and facilitate access to United States quantum 
computing hardware [and quantum computing clouds], software, 
and cloud-based quantum computers for research purposes--
          (1) to enhance the United States quantum research 
        enterprise;
          (2) to educate the future quantum computing 
        workforce;
          (3) to accelerate the advancement of United States 
        quantum computing capabilities; [and]
          (4) to advance the relevant domestic supply chains, 
        manufacturing processes, and associated simulations or 
        modeling capabilities[.];
          (5) to enable development of software and 
        applications, including estimation of resources needed 
        to scale applications; and
          (6) to develop near-term quantum applications to 
        solve public and private sector problems.
  (b) Program.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary 
shall--
          (1) coordinate with--
                  (A) the Director of the National Science 
                Foundation;
                  (B) the Director of the National Institute of 
                Standards and Technology;
                  (C) the Chair of the Subcommittee on Quantum 
                Information Science of the National Science and 
                Technology Council established under section 
                103(a); and
                  (D) the Chair of the Subcommittee on the 
                Economic and Security Implications of Quantum 
                Science;
          (2) provide researchers based within the United 
        States with access to, and use of, United States 
        quantum computing resources through a competitive, 
        merit-reviewed process;
          (3) consider applications from the National 
        Laboratories, multi-institutional collaborations, 
        institutions of higher education, industry 
        stakeholders, and any other entities that the Secretary 
        determines are appropriate to provide national 
        leadership on quantum computing related issues;
          (4) coordinate with private sector stakeholders, the 
        user community, and interagency partners on program 
        development and best management practices; [and]
          (5) to the extent practicable, balance user access to 
        commercial prototypes available for use across a broad 
        class of applications and Federal research prototypes 
        that enable benchmarking a wider variety of early-stage 
        devices[.];
  (c) Leveraging.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary 
shall leverage resources and expertise across the Department of 
Energy and from--
          (1) the National Institute of Standards and 
        Technology;
          (2) the National Science Foundation;
          (3) the National Aeronautics and Space 
        Administration;
          (4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
        Administration;
          [(4)] (5) other relevant Federal agencies;
          [(5)] (6) the National Laboratories;
          [(6)] (7) industry stakeholders, including small and 
        medium-sized businesses and startups;
          [(7)] (8) institutions of higher education; and
          [(8)] (9) the National Quantum Information Science 
        Research Centers.
  (d) Security.--In carrying out the activities authorized by 
this section, the Secretary, in consultation with the Director 
of the National Science Foundation and the Director of the 
National Institute of Standards and Technology, shall ensure 
proper security controls are in place to protect sensitive 
information, as appropriate.
  (e) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for 
the Department of Energy's Office of Science, there are 
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the 
activities under this section--
          (1) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
          (2) $31,500,000 for fiscal year 2024;
          (3) $33,075,000 for fiscal year 2025;
          (4) $34,728,750 for fiscal year 2026; [and]
          (5) $36,465,188 for fiscal year 2027[.]; and
          (6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.

SEC. 405. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE TO ENHANCE THE RESILIENCE AND 
                    SECURITY OF THE ELECTRIC GRID.

  (a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this 
section as the ``Secretary'') shall conduct research, 
development, and demonstration activities focused on the use of 
quantum information science, engineering, and technology, 
including through quantum applications and quantum computing, 
to enhance the resilience, security, and efficiency of the 
electric grid in the United States.
  (b) Research Areas.--In carrying out subsection (a), the 
Secretary may conduct research in the following areas:
          (1) Fault detection and prediction.
          (2) Grid security and safety, including through post-
        quantum cryptography.
          (3) Integrated grid planning.
          (4) Grid optimization.
          (5) Enhanced modeling.
          (6) Energy storage.
          (7) Energy market optimization.
          (8) Any other area in which, in the determination of 
        the Secretary, quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology can enhance the resilience, 
        security, and efficiency of the electric grid in the 
        United States.
  (c) Cooperation.--To the extent practicable, the Secretary 
shall conduct research, development, and demonstration 
activities under subsection (a) in cooperation, including 
through partnerships, as the Secretary determines to be 
appropriate, with members of relevant industries, National 
Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and other 
relevant institutions, including research institutions, as 
determined by the Secretary.

SEC. 406. RESEARCH SECURITY

  The activities authorized under title IV shall be applied in 
a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research 
and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as 
division B of Public Law 117-167; 42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *

                              ----------                              


              CYBER SECURITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACT



           *       *       *       *       *       *       *
SEC. 4. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION RESEARCH.

  (a) Computer and Network Security Research Grants.--
          (1) In general.--The Director shall award grants for 
        basic research on innovative approaches to the 
        structure of computer and network hardware and software 
        that are aimed at enhancing computer security. Research 
        areas may include--
                  (A) authentication, cryptography, and other 
                secure data communications technology, 
                including post-quantum cryptography (as such 
                term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum 
                Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 
                U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117-260));
                  (B) computer forensics and intrusion 
                detection;
                  (C) reliability of computer and network 
                applications, middleware, operating systems, 
                control systems, and communications 
                infrastructure;
                  (D) privacy and confidentiality;
                  (E) network security architecture, including 
                tools for security administration and analysis;
                  (F) emerging threats;
                  (G) vulnerability assessments and techniques 
                for quantifying risk;
                  (H) remote access and wireless security;
                  (I) enhancement of law enforcement ability to 
                detect, investigate, and prosecute cyber-
                crimes, including those that involve piracy of 
                intellectual property;
                  (J) secure fundamental protocols that are 
                integral to inter-network communications and 
                data exchange;
                  (K) secure software engineering and software 
                assurance, including--
                          (i) programming languages and systems 
                        that include fundamental security 
                        features;
                          (ii) portable or reusable code that 
                        remains secure when deployed in various 
                        environments;
                          (iii) verification and validation 
                        technologies to ensure that 
                        requirements and specifications have 
                        been implemented; and
                          (iv) models for comparison and 
                        metrics to assure that required 
                        standards have been met;
                  (L) holistic system security that--
                          (i) addresses the building of secure 
                        systems from trusted and untrusted 
                        components;
                          (ii) proactively reduces 
                        vulnerabilities;
                          (iii) addresses insider threats; and
                          (iv) supports privacy in conjunction 
                        with improved security;
                  (M) monitoring and detection;
                  (N) mitigation and rapid recovery methods;
                  (O) security of wireless networks and mobile 
                devices;
                  (P) security of cloud infrastructure and 
                services;
                  (Q) security of election-dedicated voting 
                system software and hardware; and
                  (R) role of the human factor in cybersecurity 
                and the interplay of computers and humans and 
                the physical world.
          (2) Merit review; competition.--Grants shall be 
        awarded under this section on a merit-reviewed 
        competitive basis.
          (3) Authorization of appropriations.--There are 
        authorized to be appropriated to the National Science 
        Foundation to carry out this subsection--
                  (A) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2003;
                  (B) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2004;
                  (C) $46,000,000 for fiscal year 2005;
                  (D) $52,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; and
                  (E) $60,000,000 for fiscal year 2007.
  (b) Computer and Network Security Research Centers.--
          (1) In general.--The Director shall award multiyear 
        grants, subject to the availability of appropriations, 
        to institutions of higher education, nonprofit research 
        institutions, or consortia thereof to establish 
        multidisciplinary Centers for Computer and Network 
        Security Research. Institutions of higher education, 
        nonprofit research institutions, or consortia thereof 
        receiving such grants may partner with 1 or more 
        government laboratories or for-profit institutions, or 
        other institutions of higher education or nonprofit 
        research institutions.
          (2) Merit review; competition.--Grants shall be 
        awarded under this subsection on a merit-reviewed 
        competitive basis.
          (3) Purpose.--The purpose of the Centers shall be to 
        generate innovative approaches to computer and network 
        security by conducting cutting-edge, multidisciplinary 
        research in computer and network security, including 
        improving the security and resiliency of information 
        technology, reducing cyber vulnerabilities, and 
        anticipating and mitigating consequences of cyber 
        attacks on critical infrastructure, by conducting 
        research in the areas described in subsection (a)(1).
          (4) Applications.--An institution of higher 
        education, nonprofit research institution, or consortia 
        thereof seeking funding under this subsection shall 
        submit an application to the Director at such time, in 
        such manner, and containing such information as the 
        Director may require. The application shall include, at 
        a minimum, a description of--
                  (A) the research projects that will be 
                undertaken by the Center and the contributions 
                of each of the participating entities;
                  (B) how the Center will promote active 
                collaboration among scientists and engineers 
                from different disciplines, such as computer 
                scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and 
                social science researchers;
                  (C) how the Center will contribute to 
                increasing the number and quality of computer 
                and network security researchers and other 
                professionals, including individuals from 
                groups historically underrepresented in these 
                fields; and
                  (D) how the Center will disseminate research 
                results quickly and widely to improve cyber 
                security in information technology networks, 
                products, and services.
          (5) Criteria.--In evaluating the applications 
        submitted under paragraph (4), the Director shall 
        consider, at a minimum--
                  (A) the ability of the applicant to generate 
                innovative approaches to computer and network 
                security and effectively carry out the research 
                program;
                  (B) the experience of the applicant in 
                conducting research on computer and network 
                security and the capacity of the applicant to 
                foster new multidisciplinary collaborations;
                  (C) the capacity of the applicant to attract 
                and provide adequate support for a diverse 
                group of undergraduate and graduate students 
                and postdoctoral fellows to pursue computer and 
                network security research;
                  (D) the extent to which the applicant will 
                partner with government laboratories, for-
                profit entities, other institutions of higher 
                education, or nonprofit research institutions, 
                and the role the partners will play in the 
                research undertaken by the Center;
                  (E) the demonstrated capability of the 
                applicant to conduct high performance 
                computation integral to complex computer and 
                network security research, through on-site or 
                off-site computing;
                  (F) the applicant's affiliation with private 
                sector entities involved with industrial 
                research described in subsection (a)(1);
                  (G) the capability of the applicant to 
                conduct research in a secure environment;
                  (H) the applicant's affiliation with existing 
                research programs of the Federal Government;
                  (I) the applicant's experience managing 
                public-private partnerships to transition new 
                technologies into a commercial setting or the 
                government user community;
                  (J) the capability of the applicant to 
                conduct interdisciplinary cybersecurity 
                research, basic and applied, such as in law, 
                economics, or behavioral sciences; and
                  (K) the capability of the applicant to 
                conduct research in areas such as systems 
                security, wireless security, networking and 
                protocols, formal methods and networking and 
                information technology, nanotechnology, or 
                industrial control systems.
          (6) Annual meeting.--The Director shall convene an 
        annual meeting of the Centers in order to foster 
        collaboration and communication between Center 
        participants.
          (7) Authorization of appropriations.--There are 
        authorized to be appropriated for the National Science 
        Foundation to carry out this subsection--
                  (A) $12,000,000 for fiscal year 2003;
                  (B) $24,000,000 for fiscal year 2004;
                  (C) $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2005;
                  (D) $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2006; and
                  (E) $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2007.

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