[House Report 118-568]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


118th Congress }                                             {  Report
   
                         HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES            
2d Session     }                                              {118-568
                               
                                                              
_______________________________________________________________________


                         CONCURRENT RESOLUTION
                            ON THE BUDGET--
                            FISCAL YEAR 2025

                               ----------                              

                              R E P O R T

                                 OF THE

                        COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                              to accompany

                            H. Con. Res. 117

  ESTABLISHING THE BUDGET FOR THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL 
  YEAR 2025 AND SETTING FORTH APPROPRIATE BUDGETARY LEVELS FOR FISCAL 
                        YEARS 2026 THROUGH 2034

                             together with

                             MINORITY VIEWS




 June 27, 2024.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the 
              State of the Union and ordered to be printed
              
              
              

         CONCURRENT RESOLUTION ON THE BUDGET--FISCAL YEAR 2025
         
         
         
         
         
                                     

  
118th Congress }                                             {  Report

 2d Session    }         HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES                 
                                                             {118-568
_______________________________________________________________________


                         CONCURRENT RESOLUTION

                            ON THE BUDGET--

                            FISCAL YEAR 2025

                               __________

                              R E P O R T

                                 OF THE

                        COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET

                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                              to accompany

                            H. Con. Res. 117

  ESTABLISHING THE BUDGET FOR THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL 
  YEAR 2025 AND SETTING FORTH APPROPRIATE BUDGETARY LEVELS FOR FISCAL 
                        YEARS 2026 THROUGH 2034

                             together with

                             MINORITY VIEWS




 June 27, 2024.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the 
              State of the Union and ordered to be printed
              
              
              
                         ______

             U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 
 56-074          WASHINGTON : 2024            
              
              
              
              
                        COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET

                  JODEY C. ARRINGTON, Texas, Chairman
RALPH NORMAN, South Carolina         BRENDAN F. BOYLE, Pennsylvania,
TOM McCLINTOCK, California             Ranking Member
GLENN GROTHMAN, Wisconsin            JANICE D. SCHAKOWSKY, Illinois
LLOYD SMUCKER, Pennsylvania          EARL BLUMENAUER, Oregon
MICHAEL C. BURGESS, Texas            DANIEL T. KILDEE, Michigan
EARL L. ``BUDDY'' CARTER, Georgia    SCOTT H. PETERS, California
BEN CLINE, Virginia                  BARBARA LEE, California
BOB GOOD, Virginia                   LLOYD DOGGETT, Texas
JACK BERGMAN, Michigan               JIMMY PANETTA, California
A. DREW FERGUSON IV, Georgia         JENNIFER WEXTON, Virginia
CHIP ROY, Texas                      SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas
BLAKE D. MOORE, Utah                 ILHAN OMAR, Minnesota,
DAVID G. VALADAO, California           Vice Ranking Member
RON ESTES, Kansas                    DAVID J. TRONE, Maryland
LISA C. McCLAIN, Michigan            BECCA BALINT, Vermont
MICHELLE FISCHBACH, Minnesota        ROBERT C. ``BOBBY'' SCOTT, 
RUDY YAKYM III, Indiana                  Virginia
JOSH BRECHEEN, Oklahoma              ADRIANO ESPAILLAT, New York
CHUCK EDWARDS, North Carolina

                           PROFESSIONAL STAFF

                      Gary Andres, Staff Director
                  Greg Waring, Minority Staff Director
                            C O N T E N T S

                                                                   Page
Introduction.....................................................     3
    Table 1. Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Resolution Total Spending 
      and Revenue................................................     6
    Table 2. Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Resolution Discretionary 
      Spending...................................................     9
    Table 3. Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Resolution Mandatory 
      Spending...................................................    11
Long-Term Budget Outlook.........................................    13
The Economy and Economic Assumptions.............................    14
    Table 4. Economic Projections: Administration, CBO, and 
      Private Forecasters........................................    17
    Table 5. Economic Assumptions of the Fiscal Year 2025 Budget 
      Resolution.................................................    18
Macroeconomic Feedback Effects of Pro-Growth Policies............    19
    Function-By-Function Presentation............................    21
    Function 050: National Defense...............................    21
    Function 150: International Affairs..........................    23
    Function 250: General Science, Space, and Technology.........    25
    Function 270: Energy.........................................    27
    Function 300: Natural Resources and Environment..............    29
    Function 350: Agriculture....................................    31
    Function 370: Commerce and Housing Credit....................    33
    Function 400: Transportation.................................    35
    Function 450: Community and Regional Development.............    37
    Function 500: Education, Training, Employment, and Social 
      Services...................................................    39
    Function 550: Medicaid and Other Health......................    43
    Function 570: Medicare.......................................    47
    Function 600: Income Security................................    51
    Function 650: Social Security................................    55
    Function 700: Veterans Benefits and Services.................    57
    Function 750: Administration of Justice......................    59
    Function 800: General Government.............................    61
    Function 900: Net Interest...................................    63
    Function 920: Allowances.....................................    65
    Function 930: Government-Wide Savings........................    67
    Function 950: Undistributed Offsetting Receipts..............    69
Revenue and Tax Reform...........................................    71
    Table 6. Tax Expenditure Estimates by Budget Function, Fiscal 
      Years 2023-2027............................................    73
The President's Budget: A Brief Summary..........................    85
    Table 7. Summary of Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Resolution.......    86
    Table 8. Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Resolution vs. the 
      President's Budget.........................................    87
Section-by-Section Description...................................    89
The Congressional Budget Process.................................    99
    Table 9. Allocation of Spending Authority to House Committee 
      on Appropriations..........................................   101
    Table 10. Resolution by Authorizing Committee (On-budget 
      Amounts)...................................................   102
Enforcing Budgetary Levels.......................................   105
Accounts Identified for Advance Appropriations...................   109
Votes of the Committee...........................................   111
Amendments Considered by the Committee on the Budget.............   119
Other Matters Under the Rules of the House of Representatives....   125
Minority Views...................................................   127
Legislative Text.................................................   129



118th Congress }                                             {    Report
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
 2d Session    }                                             {  118-568

======================================================================



 
         CONCURRENT RESOLUTION ON THE BUDGET--FISCAL YEAR 2025

                                _______
                                

  ESTABLISHING THE BUDGET FOR THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL 
  YEAR 2025 AND SETTING FORTH APPROPRIATE BUDGETARY LEVELS FOR FISCAL 
                         YEAR 2026 THROUGH 2034

                                _______
                                

 June 27, 2024.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the 
              State of the Union and ordered to be printed

                                _______
                                

           Mr. Arrington, from the Committee on the Budget, 
                        submitted the following

                              R E P O R T

                             together with

                             MINORITY VIEWS

                    [To accompany H. Con. Res. 117]

                              INTRODUCTION

                              ----------                              


    In a letter to Henry Lee in 1790, James Madison said ``A 
public debt is a public curse.'' Today, the Nation's 
unsustainable debt and out-of-control deficit spending embodies 
this curse and poses the greatest long-term threat to the 
country's future. Both parties have contributed to creating not 
a Republican problem or Democrat problem, but an American 
problem. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) 
projects that over the next decade $20 trillion will be added 
to the national debt, and interest payments will more than 
double and become the third largest expenditure item in the 
Federal Government. According to the 2024 Trustees Report, 
Social Security and Medicare face looming insolvency. CBO 
projects in its 30-year outlook that the country will have $120 
trillion in unfunded liabilities. If leaders of this country do 
not act on the mathematical reality the Nation faces, one of 
two scenarios could emerge. The country could see a slow and 
painful economic demise from sustained stagnation, or a swift 
and catastrophic sovereign debt crisis. Both scenarios would 
imperil the Nation's future, making this the first generation 
of leaders to fail to leave the country better than they found 
it for their children. The fiscal state of the Nation is 
unsustainable, but not unfixable.
    The Fiscal Year 2025 Concurrent Resolution on the Budget 
(budget resolution) reverses the curse of the national debt by 
focusing on two main objectives: reducing spending and 
promoting economic growth. Over the next decade, the budget 
resolution reduces deficit spending by $14 trillion and results 
in a $44 billion dollar surplus in fiscal year 2034. The budget 
resolution calls for spending $241 billion lower than in the 
CBO baseline in fiscal year 2025. Reducing spending will help 
to reduce inflationary pressures and reverse the cost-of-living 
crisis that has been escalated by irresponsible fiscal and 
monetary policy. The budget resolution also incorporates pro-
growth policies including eliminating the regulatory state, 
locking in tax cuts and unlocking opportunities for all, 
expanding America first trade, restoring the dignity of work, 
and unleashing American energy dominance. These policies create 
an average economic growth rate of three percent over ten 
years, one percentage point faster than CBO's projected growth 
rate, and comparable to the long-term United States average 
growth rate of 3.1 percent. The economic growth created by this 
budget resolution will be the tide that lifts all boats, 
resulting in more jobs, higher wages, lower unemployment and 
poverty rates, and an overall improved standard of living for 
all Americans. The budget resolution represents a bold and 
optimistic vision for America's fiscal future by centering on 
five important strategies:

                  Rightsizing the Bloated Bureaucracy

    The budget resolution right sizes the bureaucracy and reins 
in wasteful Washington spending by setting discretionary 
spending at $1.606 trillion for fiscal year 2025 and providing 
additional savings thereafter by aligning spending with the 
Limit, Save, Grow Act. The budget resolution does not 
negatively impact national priorities such as a strong defense, 
a commitment to veterans, and other critical services by 
incorporating the flexibility to prioritize mission essential 
areas. The budget resolution makes the investment to refocus on 
American troops, as well as recognizing that border security is 
national security and providing the necessary resources to the 
Department of Homeland Security.

                    Reversing Biden's Spending Spree

    President Biden's reckless spending has led to record 
inflation. The budget resolution dismantles the army of 
Internal Revenue Service agents established with the $80 
billion allocated by the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). The IRA 
also included hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars for 
unreliable, unproven, and expensive green technologies. The 
budget resolution repeals this green corporate welfare, in 
addition to rolling back the Obamacare subsidies granted to the 
highest earners, saving taxpayers billions of dollars.

                 Reining in Runaway Mandatory Spending

    To reverse the curse and put America back on track, the 
budget resolution addresses the biggest drivers of the United 
States' debt. The American people deserve affordable, 
accessible, and personalized health care from a competitive 
market that delivers low-cost, high-value options. The budget 
resolution relies on four pillars to put health care decisions 
back in the hands of individuals, families, and their doctors: 
enhancing the doctor-patient relationship and empowering 
effective consumers; combating waste, fraud, and abuse; 
unleashing the power of American innovation; and fostering 
healthy and competitive markets. The Federal Government 
operates nearly 100 different welfare programs, and as welfare 
enrollment has grown, welfare spending has skyrocketed. The 
budget resolution promotes opportunity and temporary 
assistance, instead of cradle-to-grave dependence. As the debt 
continues to grow, so do interest payments. By 2034, interest 
payments will consume over 20 percent of revenue. American 
families are seeing more and more of their money going toward 
government interest payments for which they get nothing in 
return. The budget resolution reduces interest payments on the 
debt by $2.7 trillion--over 20 percent--compared to CBO 
projections.

          Rooting Out Waste and Fraud in Entitlement Programs

    The Federal Government is estimated to have made $2.7 
trillion in improper payments since 2003. According to the 
Office of Management and Budget, some of the error rates 
include 33.5 percent for the Earned Income Tax Credit, 32.3 
percent for the Unemployment Insurance system, 8.6 percent for 
Medicaid, and 6.5 percent for Medicare. These figures are not 
mere rounding errors. The budget resolution includes efforts to 
aggressively curtail the government-wide waste, fraud, and 
abuse, with a goal of saving $1 trillion over ten years.

                    Reigniting Growth and Prosperity

    Economic growth is essential to reducing the Nation's 
indebtedness. Growth generates more revenues for the country, 
lifts American families out of poverty and off of government 
dependence, and allows more people to keep their hard-earned 
money, which in turn will strengthen America's credit-
worthiness, bring down interest costs, and fund the Nation's 
priorities. The budget resolution unleashes growth by 
eliminating the Biden Administration's regulatory burden and 
rolling back big government interference which will provide 
historic relief and permanently prevent unaccountable 
Washington bureaucrats from adding costly and unnecessary red 
tape to the economy. To reduce the tax burden on American 
families and job creators, the budget resolution assumes 
permanent extension of policies such as the nearly doubled 
standard deduction and lower individual income tax rates, and 
that Congress will lock in key provisions that have 
successfully boosted investment and job creation. The budget 
resolution supports free and fair trade policies by expanding 
trade with U.S. allies and moving supply chains out of 
adversarial nations, and ensuring fair and reciprocal trade for 
American farmers, workers, and manufacturers. The dignity of 
work--an essential part of the American story--is restored and 
participation in the workforce is encouraged through expanded 
work requirements for able-bodied adults. The budget resolution 
unleashes American energy production by enacting H.R. 1, the 
Lower Energy Costs Act, which increases the production and 
export of American energy and reduces the regulatory burdens 
that make it harder to build American infrastructure and grow 
the economy.



                      THE LONG-TERM BUDGET OUTLOOK

                              ----------                              


    The United States faces a perilous long-term fiscal 
trajectory. Gross Federal debt as a share of the economy is 
123.6 percent this year and will rise to 130.6 percent of the 
economy over the next ten years, according to the Congressional 
Budget Office.\1\ That debt share would be the highest in 
American history and twice the average level over the past 50 
years. Under long-term fiscal projections of current law, the 
debt share of gross domestic product (GDP) will rise even 
higher in subsequent decades, increasing to $152 trillion or 
more than $1 million per American household, equivalent to 179 
percent of GDP by 2054. As a result, debt service costs will 
absorb a growing share of national income and the country will 
have to increase borrowing each year, likely in the face of 
higher interest rates, in order to fund ongoing services and 
support previous debt commitments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\Congressional Budget Office, ``The Budget and Economic Outlook: 
2024-2034,'' February 2024, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2024-02/
59710-Outlook-2024.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Over the past three years, interest costs on the debt have 
risen from $352 billion in 2021 to $870 billion in 2024, an 
increase of $518 billion or 147 percent. Interest spending on 
the debt is projected to grow from 3.1 percent of GDP in 2024 
to 6.3 percent by 2054. Annual interest payments on the 
national debt are poised to exceed annual defense spending this 
year, all discretionary spending by 2044, spending on Medicare 
next year, and Social Security by 2051. Interest spending will 
consume 35 percent of all tax revenues by 2054, growing from 
less than ten percent as recently as 2022.
    Expanding Federal debt tends to soak up private domestic 
savings and, therefore, ``crowds out'' private investment that 
would otherwise contribute to growing the economy. Elevated 
debt levels also tend to lead to higher government borrowing 
rates as investors become more cautious about the country's 
fiscal situation and its ability to repay debt commitments. A 
sharp rise in interest rates would immediately ripple 
throughout the economy. It would increase the economy-wide cost 
of credit because nearly all consumer-borrowing rates are 
linked to longer-term Treasury rates. As Treasury rates 
increase, rates on mortgages, credit cards, and car loans would 
soon follow. Higher interest rates and a crowding out of 
private investment would ultimately have a severe, negative 
impact on growth and jobs and would lead to a reduced standard 
of living for future generations.
    The main driver of long-term deficits and debt is ever-
growing Federal spending, which will grow from its 50-year 
average of 21.0 percent of GDP to 27.3 percent of GDP by 2054. 
It is imperative that policymakers in Congress work to improve 
the budget outlook in order to keep the promise of future 
prosperity for all Americans.

                  THE ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS

                              ----------                              


    President Biden's Reckless Spending and Failed Economic Policies

    During President Biden's first two years in office, 
Democrats financed their radical agenda and vast expansion of 
the Federal Government with an unprecedented $11 trillion in 
spending--$6 trillion of which has been added to the national 
debt. Under the guise of COVID relief, Democrats' unbridled 
spending and President Biden's failed economic policies have 
lit the fuse on an inflationary firestorm resulting in soaring 
interest rates, a fragile economy, and a Nation barreling 
towards the precipice of an irreparable debt crisis.
    President Biden's ``Inflation Reduction Act'' (IRA) tax-
and-spend monstrosity imposed massive tax hikes on job 
creators, strangled domestic oil and gas production, unleashed 
an army of Internal Revenue Service agents on working families 
and small businesses, expanded Obamacare subsidies for wealthy 
Americans, and handed out hundreds of billions of dollars in 
green energy tax breaks.
    The President exacerbated inflation and weakened America's 
competitiveness with higher taxes.
    He enacted policies that pay people more to stay home than 
to return to their jobs and waived work requirements for able-
bodied adults--creating a labor shortage and trapping a whole 
new generation of Americans in poverty and government 
dependence.
    He has unleashed an unprecedented barrage of regulations 
and executive actions, adding a record $1.5 trillion in new 
regulatory costs on the economy. To put this into perspective, 
this is five times the regulatory costs added under President 
Obama ($303 billion) over the same period in his 
Administration.\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \2\Dan Goldbeck, ``A Trillion-dollar Year,'' American Action Forum, 
April 29, 2024, https://www.americanactionforum.org/week-in-regulation/
a-trillion-dollar-year/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    In addition, the President has launched a whole-of-
government attack on American energy--the lifeblood of our 
economy, a cornerstone of our national security, and the 
blessing of affordable electricity and gas for families across 
the country.
    Americans are suffering from a cost-of-living crisis as 
prices have skyrocketed by 19 percent while real wages remain 
4.0 percent less per week than they were just three years ago, 
the equivalent of more than $6,000 in lost income per worker.
    In the President's budget last year, President Biden had 
the opportunity to recognize this somber economic reality, 
reverse course, and do what the American people have had to 
do--tighten their belts and change their spending habits. 
Instead, the President doubled down on his socialist spending 
and failed economic policies, his woke and weaponized 
bureaucracy, and the big government that is bankrupting our 
country.
    President Biden's vast expansion of the Federal bureaucracy 
and radical reimagination of the government's role in the lives 
of our citizens not only jeopardizes economic prosperity and 
security for future generations, but threatens to unravel the 
very fabric of our great Nation.

                          The Economic Outlook

    As a result of these policies, forecasters expect modest 
economic growth and high interest rates throughout the decade--
with the Biden Administration holding a more optimistic view of 
the economy. During the next ten years, the Administration 
expects average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 2.1 
percent, compared to expected growth of 2.0 and 1.9 percent by 
the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and Blue Chip, 
respectively.
    Expectations for inflation and short-term interest rates 
are nearly identical across each of the forecasts. However, CBO 
projects higher unemployment rates and higher yields on 10-year 
Treasury notes than either the Administration or Blue Chip.
    On average, CBO projects an unemployment rate of 4.4 
percent over the decade compared to projections from the 
Administration and Blue Chip of 3.8 and 4.0 percent, 
respectively. The yield on 10-year Treasury notes is expected 
to average 4.0 percent by CBO while the Administration and Blue 
Chip project 3.8 and 3.6 percent, respectively.
    This budget resolution breaks from the status quo of 
sluggish growth and high interest rates by supporting fiscal 
and economic policies that restrain spending, reduce interest 
costs, and ignite the economy.

             Economic Assumptions of the Budget Resolution 

    Economic growth is essential to reining in our deficits and 
reducing our Nation's indebtedness. Growth generates more 
revenue for our country, reduces spending by lifting American 
families out of poverty and off of government dependence, and 
allows people to keep more of their hard-earned money. These 
lower deficits will strengthen America's credit-worthiness, 
bring down our interest costs, and fund our Nation's 
priorities.
    In order to achieve $14 trillion in deficit reduction and a 
balanced budget, this budget resolution combines spending 
restraint with pro-growth policies including:
           Eliminating the regulatory state
           Locking in tax cuts, unlocking opportunities 
        for all
           Expanding America first trade
           Restoring the dignity of work
           Unleashing American energy dominance
    As a result of these policies, the Committee on the Budget 
estimates that economic growth will average three percent over 
ten years--one percentage point faster than CBO's projected 
growth rate--generating a substantial $3 trillion in deficit 
reduction. The Committee on the Budget's growth rate is 
comparable to the long-term U.S. average growth rate of 3.1 
percent and the growth experienced during the 1970s, 1980s, and 
1990s.


         MACROECONOMIC FEEDBACK EFFECTS OF PRO-GROWTH POLICIES

                              ----------                              


    Economic growth is one of the major determinants of revenue 
and spending levels--and therefore the size of budget 
deficits--over a given period. For instance, a higher rate of 
gross domestic product (GDP) growth can lead to lower projected 
spending if it translates into reduced burdens on government 
safety net programs. It can also generate higher revenue due to 
increases in taxable incomes. Naturally, such a pattern would 
cause a reduction in Federal deficits and debt relative to 
current law projections. Conversely, lower rates of growth can 
cause the opposite outcomes: higher rates of spending increases 
and slower revenue growth.
    Federal policies themselves can affect the economy's 
potential to grow, generating positive feedback into budgetary 
outcomes. Consequently, fiscally responsible policies that 
improve the economy's long-term growth prospects can help 
reduce the size of budget deficits over a given period.
    As noted in the previous section, this budget resolution is 
based on an economic forecast that incorporates all of the pro-
growth policies advanced in this budget resolution, including: 
regulatory reform; expanding domestic energy production; 
building on the success of Republican tax reform; eliminating 
disincentives to work; reducing barriers to trade; and lower 
deficits and debt.
    These initiatives are all a departure from the policies 
embedded in current law. Meanwhile, the Congressional Budget 
Office (CBO) is obligated to produce an economic forecast that 
assumes an indefinite extension of current law, including the 
explosion of deficit and debt levels over the next decade. This 
is partly why CBO is forecasting average real GDP growth of 
just 2.0 percent over the next ten years, well below the long-
term growth trend of 3.1 percent in the United States.
    The Committee on the Budget estimates that under the pro-
growth policies in the fiscal year 2025 budget resolution, real 
economic growth can average 3.0 percent over the budget 
window--one percentage point higher than the CBO baseline 
average and roughly equal to the long-term U.S. historical 
average.

                   FUNCTION-BY-FUNCTION PRESENTATION

                              ----------                              


                     FUNCTION 050: NATIONAL DEFENSE

                              ----------                              


                           Function Summary 

    The National Defense budget function includes funds to 
compensate, train, maintain, and equip the military forces of 
the United States. The majority of National Defense programs 
are discretionary and funded through the annual appropriations 
process. These programs include all military activities of the 
Department of Defense (DOD); activities of the Department of 
Energy (DOE), including the National Nuclear Security 
Administration, environmental clean-up of weapons production, 
and research sites; and other defense-related activities 
(primarily in connection with counterterrorism). Mandatory 
spending primarily funds benefits for military retirees within 
the National Defense budget function.

               Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution 

    The budget resolution calls for $921.7 billion in budget 
authority and $884.4 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of 
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 is 
$895.2 billion in budget authority and $859.2 billion in 
outlays. Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 is $26.5 
billion in budget authority and $25.2 billion in outlays. The 
10-year totals for budget authority and outlays are $10.0 
trillion and $9.7 trillion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options 

    The committees of jurisdiction--the Committee on Armed 
Services and Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense--should 
continue effective oversight of DOD to ensure resources are 
used efficiently to achieve desired results. The Committee on 
the Budget's authority applies solely to the budgetary 
parameters for each committee of jurisdiction. Some 
illustrative options the committees of jurisdiction might 
consider include the following.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Providing for the Common Defense. This budget resolution 
preserves critical defense spending to protect vital national 
interests today and modernize the military to tackle tomorrow's 
challenges and the ever-evolving threats around the globe. For 
fiscal year 2025, this budget resolution provides $895.2 
billion in base defense discretionary funding. For the 
remainder of the budget window, the budget resolution's defense 
spending continues to grow, ultimately reaching $1.1 trillion 
in fiscal year 2034. This level provides steady and sustained 
growth. Continued growth is critical to provide DOD with the 
resources it needs to strengthen our national defense and deter 
the most complex and varied threats in our history, especially 
strategic competition with China and Russia.
    In order to effectively deter these threats and ensure 
success on future battlefields, we need to modernize our 
military and provide our warfighters with advanced training and 
innovative capabilities. Specifically, it is imperative that we 
improve force proficiency on new battlefields such as cyber; 
revitalize the defense industrial base to ensure a ready supply 
of munitions and supplies to our warfighters; continue work at 
DOD and the National Nuclear Security Administration to 
modernize our nuclear triad; grow our naval and projection 
forces; and quickly incorporate the latest innovations and 
enhancements into warfighting capabilities, including air and 
sealift, space, missile defense, munitions, and electronic 
warfare.
    Address Politization at the Pentagon. Through oversight 
investigations and policy language, we should ensure that 
professional military education and other DOD training programs 
are focused on core military functions that advance U.S. 
national defense, not political or ideological agendas that 
harm readiness and unit cohesion.
    Support Continued Department of Defense Audit Progress. 
Since beginning department-wide financial statement audits in 
2018, DOD has utilized tools developed from the audit process 
to improve performance management and decision-making. Congress 
should work with DOD to continue efforts to modernize the 
defense resourcing process and leverage automation and better 
data collection to improve DOD operations, with the goal of an 
unmodified audit opinion.
    Improving Defense Efficiency. Like all government agencies, 
DOD has a responsibility to the taxpayer to responsibly manage 
its resources. The Committee on the Budget commends the 
Committee on Armed Services for its work in this area and 
encourages further oversight hearings to ensure DOD maximizes 
the value of every taxpayer dollar. It will be critical to 
scrutinize legacy systems and divest those that are not 
relevant to future battlefields, as well as streamline DOD's 
bureaucracy, and eliminate duplicative or wasteful programs to 
achieve savings.

                  FUNCTION 150: INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

                              ----------                              Q0
4


                            Function Summary

    The International Affairs budget function includes the 
Federal Government's spending for the following programs: 
international development, food security, and humanitarian 
assistance; international security assistance; the conduct of 
foreign affairs; foreign information and exchange activities; 
and international financial programs. The primary agencies 
responsible for executing these programs are the Departments of 
Agriculture, State, and the Treasury; the U.S. Agency for 
International Development; and the Millennium Challenge 
Corporation. The Department of State's basic operations and 
foreign aid account for the majority of discretionary spending 
within the International Affairs budget function.

               Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution 

    The budget resolution calls for $68.2 billion in budget 
authority and $64.0 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of 
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals 
$65.2 billion in budget authority and $64.9 billion in outlays. 
Mandatory spending in this function--totaling $3.1 billion in 
budget authority and -$906 million in outlays for fiscal year 
2025--includes loan guarantee programs, payments to the Foreign 
Service Retirement and Disability Fund, and foreign-military 
sales programs. The negative figures reflect receipts from 
foreign-military sales and financing programs. The 10-year 
totals for budget authority and outlays are $722.1 billion and 
$687.8 billion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options 

    The committees of jurisdiction--the Committee on Foreign 
Affairs and Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign 
Operations, and Related Programs--should continue effective 
oversight of the Department of State and related foreign 
operations to ensure resources are used efficiently to achieve 
desired results. The Committee on the Budget's authority 
applies solely to the budgetary parameters for each committee 
of jurisdiction. Some illustrative options the committees of 
jurisdiction might consider include the following.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Reduce Contributions to International Organizations and 
Programs. The United States makes voluntary contributions to 
more than 40 multilateral organizations and programs such as 
the United Nations Population Fund and the United Nations 
Development Program. These often duplicate funding provided in 
the Contributions to International Organizations account, which 
makes payments to organizations pursuant to treaties and 
conventions the U.S. has signed. This budget resolution funds 
the organizations the U.S. is required to by treaty, while 
reducing voluntary funding made in the International 
Organizations and Programs account.

          FUNCTION 250: GENERAL SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY

                              ----------                              


                           Function Summary 

    The largest component of Function 250--comprising about 
half of its total spending--is the space-flight, research, and 
supporting activities of the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration (NASA). Function 250 also contains general 
science funding, including the budgets for the National Science 
Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of 
Science.

               Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution 

    The budget resolution calls for $43.2 billion in budget 
authority and $43.1 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of 
that total, discretionary spending totals $43.0 billion in 
budget authority and $42.5 billion in outlays, and mandatory 
spending totals $230 million in budget authority and $573 
million in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and 
outlays are $475.0 billion and $463.2 billion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options 

    The principal authorizing committee in this function is the 
Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Funding is 
provided by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on 
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies. Below are 
options the committees of jurisdiction may wish to consider 
when making final policy and funding decisions.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Restore Core Government Responsibilities. Spending on 
research and development within NSF, DOE's Office of Science, 
and NASA's Earth Science Division should be more transparent 
and should clearly illustrate how each agency serves the 
national interest. In response, this budget resolution 
prioritizes resources for basic scientific research. It 
recommends responsibly paring back applied and commercial 
research and development and addressing areas of wasteful 
spending that do not provide a high return on taxpayer 
investment.
    Reduce Expenses for the Department of Homeland Security's 
Directorate of Science and Technology. Much of the research 
done within this office is duplicative of work conducted by 
other agencies. This budget resolution recommends reductions in 
management and administrative expenses for the Department of 
Homeland Security's Directorate of Science and Technology, 
while shifting funding to frontline missions and capabilities.

                          FUNCTION 270: ENERGY

                              ----------                              


                           Function Summary 

    Discretionary spending in this function includes some of 
the civilian energy and environmental programs of the 
Department of Energy (DOE). It also includes funding for the 
operations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. A large 
majority of the DOE discretionary budget is allocated to 
applied research and development (R&D), commercialization, and 
deployment of energy technologies in renewable energy, energy 
efficiency, fossil energy, nuclear energy, and electricity 
delivery and energy reliability. Mandatory spending in this 
function includes the remaining civilian energy and 
environmental programs of the DOE. It also includes the Rural 
Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture, the 
Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Federal Energy Regulatory 
Commission.

               Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution 

    The budget resolution calls for $35.4 billion in budget 
authority and $36.5 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of 
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals 
$19.9 billion in budget authority and $16.2 billion in outlays. 
Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals $15.5 billion in 
budget authority and $20.4 billion in outlays. The ten-year 
totals for budget authority and outlays are $367.6 billion and 
$398.1 billion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options 

    Authorizing committees of jurisdiction for Function 270 
include the Committee on Energy and Commerce and the Committee 
on Science, Space, and Technology. Funding is provided 
primarily by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on 
Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies, and 
Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies. 
Below are options the committees of jurisdiction may wish to 
consider when making final policy and funding decisions.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Reduce Funding for Commercial Research and Development. The 
budget resolution supports maintaining current funding levels 
for basic R&D activities within DOE, while significantly 
reducing funding for applied R&D. Focusing on basic R&D allows 
DOE to zero in on cutting-edge discoveries in the physical 
sciences that may benefit society and the Nation's security, 
including energy security, while leaving the application, 
commercialization, and deployment of new technologies to the 
private sector.
    Regulations placed on the private sector paired with ill-
advised Federal and state investment incentives focused on 
renewable energy have hampered the Nation's ability to deploy 
innovative technologies that advance energy security, 
affordable energy supplies, and the general welfare. Policies 
that focus on creating a predictable regulatory environment and 
timely permitting will do more to attract private capital 
investments than flooding Wall Street and favored, politically 
connected companies with taxpayer dollars. The DOE maintains 
world-class infrastructure and resources that provide basic 
research, development, and engineering that serves the most 
critical national and energy security needs unmatched by the 
private sector, such as certain nuclear and radiological 
operations. When limited Federal dollars flow to support the 
deployment of energy technologies, there are fewer funds for 
these critical missions. The private sector is better suited to 
commercialize and deploy energy technology than the Federal 
Government. The DOE should focus on core missions: maintaining 
and modernizing the national nuclear stockpile, environmental 
cleanup, energy supply security, and the basic research and 
engineering programs that cannot be duplicated in the private 
sector and that ensure American leadership in discovery science 
and national and energy security.

            FUNCTION 300: NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT

                              ----------                              


                           Function Summary 

    The discretionary programs in Function 300 conserve and 
manage air, water, and other natural resources as well as the 
environment. The activities in this function include 
maintaining infrastructure, dams, coastland, and waterways; 
sustaining fish, birds, and other wildlife; managing national 
parks, forests and other Federal lands; and providing daily 
weather forecasts. The major mandatory spending programs in 
this function are conservation programs authorized in the Farm 
Bill, outlays from programs supported by excise taxes, and 
Superfund activities. The departments and agencies under this 
function are the Department of the Interior (DOI), the 
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Army Corps of 
Engineers, conservation and land management activities within 
the Department of Agriculture, including the Forest Service, 
and the water resources and conservation activities of the 
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Notable 
agencies within the DOI include the Bureau of Land Management, 
the National Park Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Reclamation.

               Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution 

    The budget resolution calls for $77.6 billion in budget 
authority and $75.5 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of 
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals 
$68.3 billion in budget authority and $62.1 billion in outlays. 
Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals $9.3 billion in 
budget authority and $13.4 billion in outlays. The 10-year 
totals for budget authority and outlays are $786.8 billion and 
$804.2 billion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options 

    The Committee on Natural Resources is the primary 
authorizing committee in this function. Funding is provided 
primarily by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on 
Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies, and 
Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies. 
Below are options the committees of jurisdiction may wish to 
consider when making final policy and funding decisions.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Streamline Climate-Change Activities Across Government. 
This budget resolution reduces spending for numerous climate-
change-related activities and research within this function, 
primarily by reducing overlapping or unproductive policies. It 
also recommends better coordination of programs and funds to 
eliminate duplicative and unnecessary spending. Many of these 
programs are funded within NOAA as well as EPA and the National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration.
    Reduce and Refocus Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 
Funding. This budget resolution calls for reducing annual 
funding levels for the EPA to allow the agency to refocus on 
its core mission of simply enforcing laws passed by Congress 
rather than continually attempting to rewrite them through 
regulations.

                       FUNCTION 350: AGRICULTURE

                              ----------                              


                           Function Summary 

    Discretionary funding in Function 350 supports agricultural 
research, education, and economics; marketing and information 
services; and animal and plant health inspection services. 
Function 350 is the primary source of funding for the U.S. 
Department of Agriculture (USDA), which includes the Farm 
Service Agency, the Foreign Agricultural Service, the Risk 
Management Agency, and other related programs and activities.
    The Committee on Agriculture has complete authority to 
determine mandatory spending policies under its jurisdiction 
and nothing in this report is intended to predetermine those 
specific choices. The Committee on the Budget will work with 
the Committee on Agriculture to ensure it has adequate 
flexibility to confront the significant challenges faced by 
America's farmers and ranchers, including an estimated 
reduction in net farm income and an uncertain international 
trade environment.

               Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution 

    The budget resolution calls for $26.8 billion in budget 
authority and $31.4 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of 
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals 
$8.1 billion in budget authority and $9.3 billion in outlays. 
Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals $18.7 billion in 
budget authority and $22.1 billion in outlays. The 10-year 
totals for budget authority and outlays are $304.6 billion and 
$306.7 billion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options 

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Funding for discretionary agriculture programs and 
activities will be determined by the Committee on 
Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, 
Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies. This budget 
resolution supports rural development and competitive grant-
based research in an effort to spur agricultural study and 
place the United States at a competitive level internationally 
through opening new markets. Additionally, this budget 
resolution recommends that continued attention be given to 
streamlining and, where possible, consolidating operations and 
activities across USDA agencies, including its large network of 
county field offices.
    Address and Eliminate the Continuous Usage of Unbudgeted Ad 
Hoc Disaster Funding. Due to the inadequacies of the Farm 
Safety Net, ad hoc disaster funding has drastically increased 
in recent years through unbudgeted supplemental appropriations 
and administrative spending. While there have been 
unanticipated challenges over the last several years from trade 
disruptions with China, a global pandemic, and extreme weather 
events that necessitated assistance for the agriculture sector, 
the level of emergency ad hoc assistance has grown 
considerably, representing more than 70 percent of Federal 
agriculture spending since 2018. In order to provide more 
certainty for American producers, this budget resolution 
supports identifying ways to properly budget and pay for 
disaster spending instead of relying on unbudgeted ad hoc 
spending.

                           MANDATORY SPENDING

    Address the Ineffectiveness of the Farm Safety Net. The 
Farm Safety Net refers to various agricultural support programs 
that provide farmers, ranchers, and producers with income 
assistance when experiencing natural disasters, market losses, 
or problematic growing conditions. Due to recent increases in 
unbudgeted ad hoc spending, the Farm Safety Net has been 
ineffective in providing certainty to the Nation's various 
producers. The budget resolution supports improving and 
strengthening the Farm Safety Net to provide stability to the 
agriculture sector and certainty to farmers, ranchers, and 
producers, by reducing unbudgeted and untimely ad hoc disaster 
spending, ceasing USDA's discretionary use of the Section 5 CCC 
Charter Act authority, and enhancing program compliance and 
integrity enforcement at USDA. Any yielded savings from these 
examinations should be reinvested into Farm Safety Net programs 
in the most fiscally responsible manner.
    Continued Reform of Agricultural Programs. While several 
reforms have been made to various agricultural programs, the 
Committee on Agriculture is encouraged to continue identifying 
streamlined solutions and program integrity improvements across 
USDA. Additional savings would be in conjunction to significant 
benefits realized from other functions in this budget 
resolution, including regulatory relief, improper payments, and 
robust economic growth as Congress continues to address rising 
debt and deficits.

               FUNCTION 370: COMMERCE AND HOUSING CREDIT

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    Function 370 consists of programs that support commercial 
activities, including housing credit, deposit insurance, 
financial services, and the advancement of commerce. Specific 
departments and agencies that are funded within Function 370 
include the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Federal Housing 
Administration (FHA), some activities and programs of the 
Department of Housing and Urban Development, the U.S. Patent 
and Trademark Office, the Securities and Exchange Commission 
(SEC), and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). 
Function 370 also includes an off-budget category which is 
comprised of the U.S. Postal Service (USPS). The largest 
discretionary spending programs in Function 370 are the FHA's 
mortgage insurance program, securitization of Government 
National Mortgage Association loans, the Census Bureau, and the 
National Institute of Standards and Technology. The major 
mandatory spending programs in this function are deposit 
insurance, the USPS, the Universal Service Fund, and the CFPB.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $24.7 
billion in budget authority and -$4.0 billion in outlays. Of 
that total, discretionary spending totals $754 million in 
budget authority and $3.3 billion in outlays, and mandatory 
spending totals $24.0 billion in budget authority and -$7.3 
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and 
outlays are $158.7 billion and -$87.0 billion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    The authorizing committees of jurisdiction for Function 370 
programs include the Committee on Financial Services, Committee 
on Small Business, Committee on Energy and Commerce, and the 
Committee on Oversight and Accountability. Funding is provided 
primarily by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on 
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies and 
Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government. 
Below are options the committees of jurisdiction may wish to 
consider when making final policy and funding decisions.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Tightening the Belts of Government Agencies. Duplication, 
hidden subsidies, and large bureaucracies are symptomatic of 
many agencies within Function 370. For example, the SEC now has 
more than 4,500 employees. Since 2000, the SEC's budget 
authority has increased over 400 percent.\3\ Despite these 
large increases, the SEC has consistently requested additional 
funding. The premise that more funding for the SEC means 
better, smarter regulation is highly questionable. Congress 
should assess the ever-growing spending of Federal agencies, 
determine what levels are necessary to execute their missions 
effectively and efficiently, while adjusting their funding 
accordingly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \3\U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, ``Budget History--BA 
vs. Actual Obligations ($ in 000s),'' November 13, 2019, https://
www.sec.gov/foia/docs/budgetact.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                           MANDATORY SPENDING

    Repeal the Orderly Liquidation Authority. Through the 
Orderly Liquidation Fund, the Federal Deposit Insurance 
Corporation has the authority to access taxpayer dollars to 
bail out the creditors of large, ``systemically significant'' 
financial institutions. This increases moral hazard on Wall 
Street by explicitly guaranteeing future bailouts. The budget 
resolution suggests the repeal of this authority and the 
associated fund.
    Subject all Federal Financial Regulators to Appropriations. 
With the exception of the SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading 
Commission, all Federal financial regulators are mandatory 
spending programs and not subject to congressional oversight 
through appropriations. This budget resolution recommends that 
the budgets of these financial regulators be moved to the 
discretionary side of the ledger and funded by Congress through 
the annual appropriations process.
    Eliminate the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). 
Dodd-Frank provided the CFPB off-budget financing and complete, 
unfettered autonomy. Currently, the Federal Reserve returns its 
excess earnings from monetary operations to the U.S. Treasury 
to reduce the deficit. Instead of prioritizing deficit 
reduction, Dodd-Frank requires diverting a portion of these 
earnings to pay for a new bureaucracy with the authority to 
write far-reaching rules on financial products and restrict 
credit to the very customers it seeks to ``protect.'' The 
budget resolution calls for the elimination of Federal Reserve 
funding of the CFPB.

                      FUNCTION 400: TRANSPORTATION

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    Function 400 is comprised of the Nation's land, air, water, 
and other transportation funding, consisting of both 
discretionary and mandatory spending programs. The budget 
resolution proposes initiatives to provide the country with a 
more competent, well-rounded, and innovative transportation 
system that strengthens efficiency and bolsters development at 
the state and local levels. The departments and agencies under 
this function include: the Department of Transportation, the 
Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Highway 
Administration, and the highway, motor-carrier safety, and rail 
components of the Federal Transit Administration, among others.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    The budget resolution calls for $166.1 billion in budget 
authority and $138.5 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of 
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals 
$85.2 billion in budget authority and $135.6 billion in 
outlays. Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals $80.8 
billion in budget authority and $2.8 billion in outlays. The 
10-year totals for budget authority and outlays are $1.4 
trillion and $1.4 trillion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    The primary authorizing committee for Function 400 is the 
Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. Funding is 
provided by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on 
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related 
Agencies. Below are options the committees of jurisdiction may 
wish to consider when making final policy and funding decisions 
for future legislation.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Prohibit Extension of the Infrastructure Investment and 
Jobs Act (IIJA). The IIJA is a one-time investment funding 
multiple modes of transportation and infrastructure. However, 
the IIJA was too broad, too expensive, and too progressive, 
spending tens of billions of taxpayer dollars on wasteful and 
unnecessary projects, such as subsidized electric vehicle 
charging stations and other Green New Deal projects. Upon 
expiration of the IIJA in fiscal year 2026, Congress should 
endeavor to authorize and appropriate fiscally responsible 
surface transportation legislation that is both paid for and 
beneficial to all Americans.

                           MANDATORY SPENDING

    Deficit Neutral Solution for the Highway Trust Fund (HTF). 
The budget resolution proposes sensible reforms to align 
spending with incoming revenue for the HTF. Doing so will 
provide the HTF with financial stability without any further 
General Fund bailouts or increases to the deficit. According to 
the Government Accountability Office, from 2008-2021, the HTF 
has received over $270 billion in taxpayer funded bailouts. It 
is imperative to improve the HTF's solvency, which is currently 
projected to hit insolvency in 2028, according to the 
Congressional Budget Office.

            FUNCTION 450: COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    Function 450 includes programs to improve community 
economic conditions and promote rural development. Programs in 
this function also assist in natural disaster response and 
preparation.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    The budget resolution calls for $58.6 billion in budget 
authority and $58.9 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of 
that total, discretionary spending totals $58.0 billion in 
budget authority and $52.6 billion in outlays, and mandatory 
spending totals $583 million in budget authority and $6.3 
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and 
outlays are $638.8 billion and $581.5 billion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    The authorizing committees of jurisdiction in this function 
are the Committee on Agriculture, the Committee on 
Transportation and Infrastructure, the Committee on Financial 
Services, and the Committee on Energy and Commerce. Funding is 
provided by the Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland 
Security, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, and 
Related Agencies, and the Subcommittee on Transportation, 
Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies. Below are 
options the committees of jurisdiction may wish to consider 
when making final policy and funding decisions.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Eliminate Inefficient and Unnecessary Federal Spending. 
Congressional leaders are fiduciaries of taxpayer dollars with 
the sacred trust of fiscal stewardship. The budget resolution 
aims to root out woke and wasteful spending, which is of 
paramount importance to improving the Nation's fiscal health 
and providing long-term economic stability. It is clear that 
Washington is spending a lot of money on a lot of things that 
the Federal Government should not be funding--bailouts and 
handouts, growing the bureaucracy, and injecting wokeness into 
every aspect of government and as a result, divisiveness into 
every corner of our country. The states are closer to the 
problem, more accountable to the people, and best equipped to 
provide the most innovative and cost-effective solutions. 
Therefore, the budget resolution supports examining ways to 
improve the delivery of government functions revolving around 
community and regional programs at the state level.

   FUNCTION 500: EDUCATION, TRAINING, EMPLOYMENT, AND SOCIAL SERVICES

                              ----------                              


                           Function Summary 

    It is a national goal and focus of Federal policymakers to 
ensure that all Americans have access to high-quality 
education. A robust economy relies on having a well-trained and 
educated workforce. Function 500 consists of programs that 
receive both mandatory and discretionary funds, and the 
activities funded within it fund developmental services to low-
income children, help fund programs for disadvantaged and other 
elementary- and secondary-school students, make grants and 
loans to post-secondary students, and fund job training and 
employment services for people of all ages. The principal 
agencies that administer these programs are the U.S. Department 
of Education and the U.S. Department of Labor.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $107.9 
billion in budget authority and $137.5 billion in outlays. Of 
that total, discretionary spending totals $114.5 billion in 
budget authority and $120.0 billion in outlays, and mandatory 
spending totals -$6.6 billion in budget authority and $17.5 
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and 
outlays are $1.3 trillion and $1.3 trillion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options 

    The principal authorizing committee for Function 500 is the 
Committee on Education and the Workforce. Funding is provided 
by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, 
Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies. 
Below are options the committees of jurisdiction may wish to 
consider when making final policy and funding decisions.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Encourage Innovation in Higher Education. In addition to 
focusing on financial aid, Federal higher-education policy 
should also focus on policies that maximize innovation and 
ensure a robust menu of institutional options for students and 
their families. Such policies should include ensuring students 
have the necessary information to assist them in making 
decisions about where to go to college and how to pay for it. 
Additionally, the Federal Government should remove regulatory 
barriers in higher education that act to restrict flexibility 
and innovation in teaching, particularly as it relates to 
contemporary models, such as online coursework.
    Encourage Private Funding for Cultural Agencies. It should 
not be the responsibility of the Federal Government to provide 
subsidies for cultural agencies, such as the Corporation for 
Public Broadcasting, the National Endowment for the Arts, and 
the National Endowment for the Humanities. This budget 
resolution recommends such agencies generate financial support 
from private-sector patrons.
    Make Way for Increased State, Local, and Private Financial 
Support for Museums and Libraries. The Federal Government 
currently provides funding for museums and libraries across the 
Nation. State and local governments are best positioned to 
manage and invest in these museums and libraries. The budget 
resolution encourages charitable contributions from private-
sector businesses, organizations, and individuals in civil 
society to properly augment this funding.
    Encourage More Private Support for the Smithsonian 
Institution. The Smithsonian Institution consists of 17 museums 
and galleries, a zoological park, and research and supporting 
facilities. Increased private funding can better enable the 
Smithsonian to expand its collections, improve existing 
facilities, and make better business decisions. Therefore, the 
budget resolution supports continued efforts by the Smithsonian 
to generate non-Federal revenue.

                           mandatory spending

    Repeal President Biden's Hijacked Income-Driven Repayment 
Plan. In response to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling President 
Biden's initial widespread student loan bailout 
unconstitutional\4\ last summer, the Administration unveiled an 
overhaul of the income-driven-repayment (IDR) program. Deemed 
the ``SAVE Plan,'' this measure would transform the originally 
targeted IDR program into a vehicle in which 91 percent of new 
student loan debt would be eligible for reduced payments and 
eventual transfer onto taxpayers.\5\ The Congressional Budget 
Office (CBO) estimates the SAVE Plan would cost Americans over 
$260 billion;\6\ an outside group estimates President Biden's 
new IDR plan could cost up to $559 billion.\7\ To protect 
taxpayer dollars, the budget resolution recommends repealing 
this form of back-door loan cancellation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \4\Supreme Court of the United States, ``Biden, President of The 
United States, Et Al. v. Nebraska Et Al,'' June 30, 2023, https://
www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/22-506_nmip.pdf.
    \5\Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, ``New 
Analysis: Biden's Newest Student Loan Scheme to Cost Taxpayers $559 
Billion,'' July 17, 2023, https://www.help.senate.gov/ranking/newsroom/
press/new-analysis-bidens-newest-student-loan-scheme-to-cost-taxpayers-
559-billion.
    \6\Congressional Budget Office, ``H. J. Res. 88, a joint resolution 
providing for Congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, 
United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of 
Education relating to `Improving Income Driven Repayment for the 
William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program and the Federal Family 
Education Loan (FFEL) Program','' September 18, 2023, https://
www.cbo.gov/publication/59565.
    \7\Penn Wharton Budget Model, ``Biden's New Income-Driven Repayment 
(``SAVE'') Plan: Budgetary Cost Estimate Update,'' Penn Wharton at 
University of Pennsylvania, July 17, 2023, https://
budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/2023/7/17/biden-income-driven-
repayment-budget-update.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Prohibit Future Widespread Cancellations of Federal 
Borrowers' Student Loans. Since taking office, President Biden 
has attempted to cancel over $1 trillion\8\ worth of student 
loan debt--all without approval from Congress. Student loan 
debt cannot be canceled; President Biden's actions shift the 
financial burden of loans from those who freely incurred them 
onto the backs of the working class, many of whom do not even 
have a college degree. In response, the budget resolution stops 
all forms of these unconstitutional, inflationary, and 
regressive student loan debt cancellations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \8\House Committee on the Budget, ``President Biden's Student Loan 
Scheme Could Cost Taxpayers $1.4 Trillion,'' May 2, 2024, https://
budget.house.gov/press-release/president-bidens-
student-loan-scheme-could-cost-taxpayers-14-trillion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Simplify and Streamline Existing Higher Education Programs. 
The current Federal aid system is significantly complicated and 
comprised of numerous loan programs, repayment plans, loan 
forgiveness programs, and options for loan deferment and 
forbearance. The budget resolution supports streamlining 
student loan repayment plans so that students and parents are 
better able to navigate the student loan space. The committees 
of jurisdiction may consider several options, including ending 
the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program and the 
Teacher Loan Forgiveness program or limiting forgiveness under 
either program.
    Eliminate the Duplicative Social Services Block Grant. The 
Social Services Block Grant is a payment sent to states to 
create a flexible program that helps provide services such as 
childcare, health care, and other employment services. States 
are allowed immense discretion in determining how to spend this 
money and are not required to demonstrate outcomes. Further, 
numerous other Federal programs provide the same services as 
the Social Services Block Grant. For these reasons, the budget 
resolution recommends eliminating funding for this program.

                FUNCTION 550: MEDICAID AND OTHER HEALTH

                              ----------                              


                           Function Summary 

    Function 550 includes all discretionary health programs, 
the health insurance marketplace, and Medicaid. This function 
is broken into three subfunctions: health care services, health 
research and training, and consumer and occupational health and 
safety.
    Health care services comprise the vast majority of Function 
550 spending. This covers most direct health care service 
programs run by the Federal Government, with the exception of 
Medicare and veterans' health care. The primary component of 
Function 550 in terms of spending levels is Medicaid, but this 
function also includes the State Children's Health Insurance 
Program, Federal employees' health benefits, spending related 
to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, most 
programs run by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 
(CDC), the Indian Health Service, and others. Most of this 
spending is mandatory in nature.
    Health research and training includes activities such as 
National Institutes of Health research and some CDC activities. 
Consumer and occupational health and safety includes funding 
for the Food and Drug Administration, the Occupational Safety 
and Health Administration, the Consumer Product Safety 
Commission, and others. Most spending for health research and 
training and consumer and occupational health and safety is 
discretionary in nature.
    The center of all health care policy assumed in this budget 
resolution is the patient. Particularly on the mandatory 
spending side, this requires placing the emphasis on real 
Americans' health needs.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $776.7 
billion in budget authority and $774.4 billion in outlays. Of 
that total, discretionary spending totals $97.7 billion in 
budget authority and $97.5 billion in outlays, and mandatory 
spending totals $679.0 billion in budget authority and $676.9 
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and 
outlays are $7.8 trillion and $7.7 trillion, respectively.
    The budget resolution also accommodates fiscal year 2026 
advance appropriations for the Indian Health Service.

                      Illustrative Policy Options 

    The principal authorizing committees in this function are 
the Committee on Energy and Commerce, the Committee on Ways and 
Means, and the Committee on Oversight and Accountability. 
Funding is provided by the Committee on Appropriations 
Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, 
and Related Agencies, Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural 
Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related 
Agencies, and Subcommittee on the Legislative Branch. 
Illustrative options the committees of jurisdiction may wish to 
consider when making final policy and funding decisions are 
below.

                           MANDATORY SPENDING

    Rising government health care spending continues to be a 
key driver of deficits and the debt. Medicaid, the largest 
health care program in the United States by enrollment, has 
grown significantly from Obamacare's Medicaid expansion to the 
recent changes during the COVID pandemic.
    Medicaid has grown so large that the program covered one in 
four Americans in 2022. In 2023, Federal spending on Medicaid 
was $616 billion, a 51 percent increase from 2019, prior to 
COVID, and a 132 percent increase from 2013, before Obamacare's 
radical expansion of Medicaid to able-bodied adults went into 
effect.
    A disappointing consequence of this spending growth is 
rampant fraud: the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
reported over $50 billion in taxpayer dollars were spent on 
Medicaid improper payments in 2023.\9\ By 2034, the 
Congressional Budget Office projects Federal spending on 
Medicaid will grow to $898 billion. Combined with state 
spending, total Medicaid costs are projected to exceed $1 
trillion annually.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \9\Office of Management and Budget, ``Annual Improper Payments 
Datasets'' 2023 Dataset, January 2024, https://www.paymentaccuracy.gov/
payment-accuracy-the-numbers/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    This unrestrained growth in Medicaid spending is 
unsustainable, piling billions more on to existing Federal 
deficits. This is also putting tremendous pressure on state 
budgets, crowding out their ability to fund priorities such as 
education and infrastructure as well as to ensure access to 
health care for Medicaid enrollees.
    To make matters worse, the Medicaid program is not 
producing quality results. Research suggests that in some 
cases, Medicaid recipients have worse health outcomes compared 
to uninsured individuals.\10\ Equally concerning is the 
Obamacare expansion for able-bodied adults crowding out 
services for the most vulnerable Medicaid populations. Medicaid 
expansion has shifted resources away from low-income children 
and at-risk Americans to healthy, work-capable adults.\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \10\Brian Blase and David Balat, ``Is Medicaid Expansion Worth 
it?,'' Texas Public Policy Foundation, April 2020, https://
www.texaspolicy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Blase-Balat-
Medicaid-Expansion.pdf.
    \11\Charles Blahous and Liam Sigaud, ``The Affordable Care Act's 
Medicaid Expansion Is Shifting Resources Away from Low-Income 
Children,'' Mercatus Center at George Mason University, December 13, 
2022, https://www.mercatus.org/research/research-papers/affordable-
care-acts-
medicaid-expansion-shifting-resources-away-low-income.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    This budget resolution makes health care more cost-
effective by refocusing Medicaid resources on the most 
vulnerable Americans. It puts the Medicaid program on a 
sustainable path through common sense and compassionate reforms 
that protect this critical safety net for those that need it 
the most: children, pregnant women, individuals with 
disabilities, and seniors. These reforms include:
    Putting Medicaid on a Budget. The current Federal match 
financing model in Medicaid incentivizes states to shift costs 
to the Federal Government and discourages state-initiated 
programmatic oversight to drive down costs. The budget 
resolution proposes shifting to a per-capita-cap financing 
model where the Federal Government reimburses states for 
Medicaid costs up to a defined amount for each of the various 
beneficiary categories.
    Establishing Work Requirements. The budget resolution seeks 
to restore the dignity of work by proposing work requirements 
for able-bodied adults without dependents to qualify for 
Medicaid coverage, as included in the House Republican-passed 
Limit, Save, Grow Act (H.R. 2811). Certain populations would be 
exempted, such as pregnant women, primary caregivers of 
dependents, individuals with disabilities or health-related 
barriers to employment, and full-time students.
    Ending Preferential Status for Adults. Obamacare's Medicaid 
expansion provides preferential treatment of able-bodied adults 
over children or individuals with disabilities with a set 90 
percent Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP) Federal 
reimbursement for the Obamacare adult expansion population. The 
budget resolution supports ending Obamacare's preferential 
treatment for adults over children by equalizing Federal 
reimbursement of expansion adults to the normal FMAP formula.
    Enhancing Medicaid Program Integrity. The Government 
Accountability Office has listed Medicaid as a high-risk 
program since 2003 and OMB reported over $50 billion in 
Medicaid improper payments in fiscal year 2023 alone. The 
budget resolution supports policies to enhance Medicaid program 
integrity, reduce improper payments, and bolster enrollee 
eligibility verification to ensure Medicaid provides quality 
health care coverage to those most in need.
    Stopping D.C.'s Special Treatment. The Nation's capital 
unfairly benefits from special treatment in Federal Medicaid 
reimbursement with the Federal Government paying a larger share 
of the District of Columbia's Medicaid costs compared to every 
other state. The budget resolution supports equalizing the 
Federal reimbursement for Washington, D.C. to that of the 50 
states.

                         FUNCTION 570: MEDICARE

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    Function 570 solely consists of the Medicare health 
insurance program. Medicare provides comprehensive health care 
coverage for over 65 million individuals who are age 65 or 
older, who have a disability that prevents them from working, 
or who have end-stage renal disease. Medicare's budget is 
almost entirely mandatory spending, which consists of payments 
to health care service providers and private insurers. 
Medicare's discretionary budget funds the administration of the 
Medicare program through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid 
Services and other agencies.
    Medicare program spending appears in Function 570 of the 
budget. The function reflects the Medicare Part A Hospital 
Insurance Program, Part B Supplementary Medical Insurance 
Program, Part C Medicare Advantage Program, and Part D 
Prescription Drug Benefit, as well as premiums paid by 
qualified aged and disabled beneficiaries.
    The various parts of the program are financed in different 
ways. Part A benefits are financed primarily by a payroll tax, 
the revenues from which are credited to the Hospital Insurance 
Trust Fund. For Part B, premiums paid by beneficiaries cover 
about one quarter of outlays, and the Treasury General Fund 
covers the rest. Payments to private insurance plans under Part 
C are financed by a share of funds from Parts A and B.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    In fiscal year 2025, the budget calls for $943.2 billion in 
budget authority and $943.4 billion in outlays. Of that total, 
discretionary spending totals $8.6 billion in budget authority 
and $8.6 billion in outlays, and mandatory spending totals 
$934.6 billion in budget authority and $934.8 billion in 
outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and outlays 
are $12.7 trillion and $12.7 trillion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    The authorizing committees in this function are the 
Committee on Ways and Means and the Committee on Energy and 
Commerce. Discretionary funding is provided by the Committee on 
Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human 
Services, Education, and Related Agencies. Below are options 
the committees of jurisdiction may wish to consider when making 
final policy and funding decisions.

                           MANDATORY SPENDING

    The budget resolution protects Medicare beneficiaries and 
strengthens the Medicare program through policies that drive 
down out-of-pocket costs for seniors, stop overpayments, and 
enhance our health care workforce.
    Creating Payment Parity for the Same Services. Patients, 
providers, and taxpayers should pay the same amount for the 
same service, regardless of the setting. Currently, a hospital 
outpatient department is paid substantially more by Medicare 
compared to other delivery settings such as a physician office 
or ambulatory surgery center. This difference in reimbursement 
rates for the same services has created a financial incentive 
for hospital systems to acquire freestanding physician offices, 
fueling consolidation that reduces competition, drives up costs 
for patients and limits health care provider choices for 
patients. This includes payment for lower-complexity services 
such as office visits, imaging, and drug administration, which 
the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) has noted are 
safe and effective to be delivered in a physician's office.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \12\Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, ``Report to the Congress: 
Medicare and the Health Care Delivery System,'' June 2022.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Because Medicare pays more, seniors also pay more in out-
of-pocket cost sharing requirements, as well as Part B premiums 
and deductibles, which are indexed annually to a percentage of 
program costs. Accordingly, equalizing payments for certain 
outpatient services will decrease spending in Medicare and 
reduce costs for millions of seniors. The budget resolution 
supports equalizing Medicare payments for health care services 
that can be safely delivered in a physician's office.
    Improving Uncompensated Care. Medicare currently provides 
additional financial support to hospitals that serve a 
disproportionate share of low-income patients related to 
uncompensated care. These payments are limited to hospitals, 
which fails to acknowledge the amount of uncompensated care 
delivered in non-hospital settings. Furthermore, the Government 
Accountability Office (GAO) has found that Medicare overpays 
hospitals for uncompensated care. The budget resolution 
supports reforming uncompensated care payments by removing the 
payment from the Medicare Trust Fund and establishing a new 
uncompensated care fund that will equitably distribute payments 
to providers based on their true share of charity care and non-
Medicare bad debt.
    Aligning Medicare with the Private Sector. Medicare 
currently reimburses hospitals for uncollected beneficiary cost 
sharing, or bad debt, while private payers do not typically 
reimburse providers for bad debt. While the intent of this 
policy may have been to prevent hospitals from shifting costs 
to other payers, limited evidence of cost shifting calls into 
question the need for bad debt Medicare payments.\13\ The 
budget resolution supports aligning Medicare with the private 
sector by gradually decreasing the amount that Medicare 
reimburses providers for bad debt, which reduces overall 
Medicare Trust Fund expenditures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \13\Congressional Budget Office, ``Options for Reducing the Deficit 
2019 to 2028,'' December 2018 https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2019-06/
54667-budgetoptions-2.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Streamline Support for Graduate Medical Education. The 
budget resolution recognizes that all Americans benefit from a 
strong physician work force. However, the current graduate 
medical education (GME) system is not meeting the Nation's 
needs in terms of specialty or geography, particularly for 
Americans in rural communities. According to the Health 
Resources and Services Administration, there is a projected 
shortage of 81,180 physicians across all specialties by 2035, 
an increase from the projected shortage of 56,259 by 2025.\14\ 
In rural areas alone, GAO projects a shortage of over 20,000 
primary care physicians by 2025.\15\ Lastly, the current system 
fails to recognize the rapidly changing delivery model by 
discouraging resident training in lower cost outpatient 
settings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \14\Health Resources and Services Administration, ``Physician 
Workforce: Projections, 2020-2035,'' November 2022, https://
bhw.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/bureau-health-workforce/
Physicians-Projections-Factsheet.pdf.
    \15\Government Accountability Office, ``Physician Workforce: 
Locations and Types of Graduate Training Were Largely Unchanged, and 
Federal Efforts May Not Be Sufficient to Meet Needs,'' May 25, 2017, 
report no. GAO-17-411, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-17-411.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Reforming GME to enhance accountability, transparency, 
flexibility, and outcomes has been advanced by the Institute of 
Medicine, MedPAC, and the American Enterprise Institute.\16\ 
Congress has taken steps to address physician workforce 
shortages, but instead of comprehensive GME reform to better 
target Federal resources, Federal support has simply been 
expanded.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \16\American Enterprise Institute, ``Moving the Financing of 
Graduate Medical Education into the 21st Century,'' August 2020, 
https://www.aei.org/articles/moving-the-financing-of-graduate-medical-
education-into-the-21st-century/; Institute of Medicine of the National 
Academies, ``Graduate Medical Education that Meets the Nation's Health 
Needs,'' July 29, 2014: http://www.nap.edu/read/18754/chapter/1#xi.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Additionally, the current system is inefficient, and the 
complexity of payment formulas indexed to a hospital's 
inpatient volume has made accountability and oversight next to 
impossible. As MedPAC noted in 2021, the current GME payment 
policy linked to a hospital's inpatient volume discourages 
medical resident training in lower cost outpatient settings. 
MedPAC goes on to note, ``Medicare overpays teaching hospitals 
for their indirect costs of medical education in inpatient 
settings and underpays for their costs in outpatient 
settings.''\17\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \17\Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, Report to Congress, 
``Revising Medicare's Indirect Medical Education Payments to Better 
Reflect Teaching Hospitals' Costs,'' June 2021, https://www.medpac.gov/
wp-content/uploads/import_data/scrape_files/docs/default-source/
default-
document-library/jun21_ch6_medpac_report_to_congress_sec.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Accordingly, by streamlining GME payments, incentivizing 
training in lower-cost outpatient settings and in rural or 
physician shortage areas, the budget resolution supports 
streamlining GME payments, providing greater flexibility for 
teaching institutions and states to develop innovative and 
cost-effective approaches to medical education. This will allow 
us to train more physicians to better meet our Nation's needs.

                     FUNCTION 600: INCOME SECURITY

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    Function 600 encompasses a variety of programs aimed at 
providing support across different aspects of income security. 
These programs are organized into six primary categories: 
general retirement and disability insurance, Federal employee 
retirement and disability (including military retirement), 
unemployment compensation, housing assistance, nutrition 
assistance, and an assortment of other income security 
programs. These programs cover a wide range of services and 
benefits designed to address various needs related to 
retirement, housing, nutrition, and financial stability.
    Discretionary programs within this function include housing 
assistance programs such as tenant-based and project-based 
rental assistance, the Low Income Home Energy Assistance 
Program, and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for 
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).
    Mandatory programs in Function 600 include the Supplemental 
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), refundable tax credits, 
child nutrition programs, Temporary Assistance for Needy 
Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income, Federal civilian 
and military retirement benefits, and Unemployment 
Compensation. Spending levels for these programs are determined 
by eligibility criteria and formulas set in law.
    Mandatory spending includes a range of programs offering 
financial assistance, nutritional support, and retirement 
benefits. This includes SNAP, which provides nutrition 
assistance, and TANF, which offers temporary financial help and 
services aimed at employment. Federal retirement programs cover 
civilian and military personnel, providing retirement and 
disability benefits.
    According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) February 
2024 baseline excluding emergencies, the budget authority for 
discretionary programs in Function 600 for 2024 is projected to 
constitute six percent of the total discretionary budget. 
Meanwhile, outlays for mandatory programs in Function 600 for 
the same year are expected to represent 16 percent of total 
non-interest mandatory spending, excluding undistributed 
offsetting receipts. In the discretionary category, programs 
provide assistance with housing, nutrition, and energy costs, 
addressing the needs of low-income individuals and families.
    Tax expenditures related to Function 600 include benefits 
such as the exclusion of pension contributions and earnings and 
the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Child Tax Credit (CTC), 
which are designed to support income security through the tax 
code. These tax expenditures are an integral part of the fiscal 
landscape within this function.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $672.5 
billion in budget authority and $664.3 billion in outlays. Of 
that total, discretionary spending totals $102.0 billion in 
budget authority and $104.4 billion in outlays, and mandatory 
spending totals $570.5 billion in budget authority and $559.8 
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and 
outlays are $6.6 trillion and $6.5 trillion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    The main authorizing committees responsible for funding 
programs under Function 600 are the Committee on Ways and 
Means, the Committee on Agriculture, the Committee on Oversight 
and Accountability, and the Committee on Education and the 
Workforce. Discretionary funding is provided by the Committee 
on Appropriations across multiple subcommittees. Below are 
options the committees of jurisdiction may wish to consider 
when making final policy and funding decisions.

                           MANDATORY SPENDING

    Strengthen Welfare Work Requirements. Welfare reforms in 
the 1990s led to substantial declines in poverty, increases in 
work, and decreases in government dependency. This budget 
resolution calls for reforms to restore and strengthen TANF 
work requirements so states will engage more recipients in 
activities leading to self-sufficiency. This budget resolution 
also calls for strengthening the work requirements for able-
bodied adults without dependents in other welfare programs, 
such as SNAP and public housing programs. Closing loopholes in 
the Federal law that allow many states to waive work 
requirements will promote opportunity and reduce dependency.
    Improve Program Integrity and Modernization. Many welfare 
programs are decades old and have never been seriously 
reevaluated or modernized. In 2023 alone, the Federal 
Government made at least $236 billion in improper payments, 
many of which were in welfare programs.\18\ The budget 
resolution would implement a range of reforms to modernize and 
improve programs, including requiring Social Security numbers 
for all EITC and CTC payments in addition to requiring 
accountability from states and reporting on their use of 
Federal funds. SNAP eligibility enforcement would be 
strengthened by ending the broad-based categorical eligibility 
loophole and ending the heat and eat loophole.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \18\Government Accountability Office, ``Improper Payments: 
Information on Agencies' Fiscal Year 2023 Estimates,'' report no. GAO-
24-106927, March 26, 2024, https://www.gao.gov/
products/gao-24-106927.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Reinstate the Public Charge Rule. Longstanding immigration 
law states that an alien is ``inadmissible'' if he or she is 
``likely at any time to become a public charge.''\19\ The Trump 
Administration implemented a rule in 2019 to ensure that 
determinations took into consideration whether an immigrant was 
likely to rely on government assistance programs, such as 
Medicaid, SNAP, and housing programs. However, the Biden 
Administration repealed this rule. This budget resolution would 
reinstate the 2019 rule to protect taxpayers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \19\Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Pub. L. No. 89-236, 79 
Stat. 911 (1965).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Reform Civil Service Pensions. This budget resolution 
adopts a policy proposed by former President Obama's National 
Commission on Fiscal Responsibility. The policy calls for 
Federal employees, including Members of Congress and staff, to 
make greater contributions toward their own defined benefit 
retirement plans. It would also end the ``special retirement 
supplement,'' which pays Federal employees the equivalent of 
their Social Security benefit at an earlier age. It recognizes 
the need for new Federal employees to transition to a defined 
contribution retirement system, due to the cost of the program. 
Additionally, it creates parity with private sector retirement 
plans, which are often defined contribution plans. These plans 
put the ownership, flexibility, and portfolio risk on the 
employee as opposed to the employer. Similarly, Federal 
employees would have more control over their own retirement 
security under this option.
    Reform the 2021 Reevaluation of Thrifty Food Plan. 
President Biden's 2021 revision to the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP) 
was careless, ill-conceived, and poorly executed, resulting in 
a cost estimate of $300 billion over ten years. At the request 
of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives 
and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of 
the Senate, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) 
conducted a legal review of President Biden's reevaluated TFP. 
GAO found that the Department of Agriculture's actions violated 
the Congressional Review Act, which requires government 
agencies to submit significant policy updates to Congress.

                     FUNCTION 650: SOCIAL SECURITY

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    Function 650 consists of the Social Security program, 
including Old Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) benefits and 
Disability Insurance (DI) benefits. Social Security is the 
largest program in terms of dollars in the Federal Government's 
budget and is almost entirely mandatory spending.
    DI provides income support for almost nine million persons 
with disabilities and their families who have not yet reached 
retirement age.\20\ Similar to OASI, DI is funded primarily 
through payroll tax revenues.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \20\Social Security Administration, ``Annual Statistical Supplement 
to the Social Security Bulletin, 2023,'' November 2023, www.ssa.gov/
policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2023/supplement23.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    OASI provides retirement benefits to more than 57 million 
older Americans or their surviving spouses and children.\21\ 
Benefits for current recipients are funded primarily through 
payroll taxes paid by current workers, and the size of the 
benefit is based on the beneficiary's earning history. The 
Congressional Budget Office projects the OASI Trust Fund will 
be insolvent in 2033.\22\ The Social Security Trustees project 
the OASI Trust Fund will be depleted in 2033, at which time the 
Fund will only be able to cover 79 percent of its scheduled 
benefits.\23\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \21\Ibid.
    \22\Congressional Budget Office, ``The Budget and Economic Outlook: 
2024 to 2034,'' February 7, 2024, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/
2024-02/59710-Outlook-2024.pdf.
    \23\The Board Of Trustees, Federal Old-Age And Survivors Insurance 
and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds, ``The 2024 Annual Report 
of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age And Survivors Insurance 
and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds,'' May 6, 2024, https://
www.ssa.gov/OACT/TR/2024/tr2024.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    This budget resolution calls for bipartisan action to solve 
this pressing problem by creating a fiscal commission to save 
Social Security and ensure long-term program sustainability.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    Social Security contains both on-budget and off-budget 
spending--the latter consisting of benefit payments for the 
OASI and DI programs. In fiscal year 2025, on-budget spending 
totals $61.9 billion in budget authority and $61.9 billion in 
outlays. The 10-year on-budget totals $897.0 billion in budget 
authority and $897.0 billion in outlays.
    For off-budget spending, the budget resolution calls for 
$1.5 trillion in budget authority and $1.5 trillion in outlays 
for fiscal year 2025. The 10-year off-budget totals are $19.2 
trillion in budget authority and $19.1 trillion in outlays.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    The authorizing committee of jurisdiction for Function 650 
is the Committee on Ways and Means. Discretionary funding is 
provided by the Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on 
Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related 
Agencies.
    Work Together to Save Social Security. With the OASI Trust 
Fund projected to be depleted within a decade, bipartisan 
action is needed to save the program from insolvency. Social 
Security should not be used as a political weapon. Instead, the 
President, the Senate, and the House must work collaboratively 
and respectfully together for real solutions for current 
beneficiaries and future generations.
    This budget resolution recommends the creation of a 
bipartisan fiscal commission, consistent with H.R. 5779, the 
Fiscal Commission Act of 2024, as amended, to bring all sides 
together to identify policies to improve the Nation's fiscal 
trajectory, fix the insolvency of Social Security, and focus on 
the U.S. Government's long-term unfunded liabilities, in a 
depoliticized and responsible way.

              FUNCTION 700: VETERANS BENEFITS AND SERVICES

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    Function 700 includes discretionary and mandatory spending 
for veterans' benefits and services. Discretionary accounts 
fund medical care, medical research, construction programs, 
information technology, and general operating expenses, among 
other activities. Mandatory spending funds the new Toxic 
Exposures Fund, disability compensation, pensions, vocational 
rehabilitation and employment, education, life insurance, 
housing, and burial benefits, among other benefits and 
services.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for $379.8 
billion in budget authority and $374.0 billion in outlays. Of 
that total, discretionary spending totals $157.6 billion in 
budget authority and $155.3 billion in outlays, and mandatory 
spending totals $222.3 billion in budget authority and $218.7 
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and 
outlays are $4.8 trillion and $4.8 trillion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    The primary committees of jurisdiction for this function 
include the Committee on Veterans' Affairs and the Committee on 
Appropriations Subcommittee on Military Construction, Veterans 
Affairs, and Related Agencies. The Committee on the Budget's 
authority applies solely to the budgetary parameters for each 
committee of jurisdiction. This budget resolution makes no 
changes to discretionary or mandatory spending in Function 700.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Veterans are a top priority in this budget resolution. 
Within the overall discretionary spending topline, the budget 
resolution provides the necessary resources to the Department 
of Veterans Affairs.

                 FUNCTION 750: ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    The principal activities in Function 750 include Federal 
law enforcement programs, litigation and judicial activities, 
correctional operations, and border security. Function 750 
includes most of the Department of Justice (DOJ) and several 
components of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Other 
agencies funded in this function include the Federal Bureau of 
Investigation; the Drug Enforcement Administration; the Bureau 
of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; the United States 
Attorneys; legal divisions within the DOJ; the Legal Services 
Corporation (LSC); the Federal Judiciary; and the Federal 
Bureau of Prisons. The small amount of mandatory spending in 
the function funds certain immigration activities, the Crime 
Victims Fund, the Assets Forfeiture Fund, and the Treasury 
Forfeiture Fund.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    The budget resolution calls for $82.7 billion in budget 
authority and $83.6 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. Of 
that total, discretionary spending in fiscal year 2025 totals 
$80.2 billion in budget authority and $77.3 billion in outlays. 
Mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals $2.5 billion in 
budget authority and $6.3 billion in outlays. The 10-year 
totals for budget authority and outlays are $930.1 billion and 
$905.9 billion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    The authorizing committees of jurisdiction for this 
function include the Committee on the Judiciary and the 
Committee on Homeland Security. Funding is provided by the 
Appropriations Subcommittees on Commerce, Justice, Science, and 
Related Activities, and Homeland Security. Below are options 
the committees of jurisdiction may wish to consider when making 
final policy and funding decisions.

                         DISCRETIONARY SPENDING

    Secure the Border. Since taking office, President Biden has 
systematically dismantled effective border enforcement 
strategies. The Biden Administration has caused a surge of 
illegal alien encounters at the southwest border, created 
vulnerabilities that criminal aliens and gangs exploit to the 
detriment of Americans, and released en masse large numbers of 
illegal aliens who are unlikely to ever be found eligible for 
asylum.
    This budget resolution provides the necessary resources to 
DHS to deter and prevent illegal immigration, secure the 
border, and effectively control the entry and exit of permanent 
and temporary workers and other valid visa holders.
    Eliminate the Legal Services Corporation (LSC). The LSC is 
an independent nonprofit organization that provides Federal 
funding for legal aid to low-income individuals. It is the duty 
of state and local governments to provide legal services to 
those individuals unable to provide it for themselves. Local 
jurisdictions are more aware of their citizens' needs and can 
provide more responsive services than the Federal Government.

                           MANDATORY SPENDING

    Permanently Extend Customs User Fees. The Consolidated 
Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1985 authorized U.S. Customs and 
Border Protection to collect user fees for various services, 
including processing fees for air and sea passengers, 
commercial trucks, rail cars, and other commercial vessels. The 
budget resolution assumes the U.S. Customs and Border 
Protection continues to collect customs user fees through 
fiscal year 2034, the last year of the budget window. This 
budget resolution assumes making these customs user fees 
permanent.

                    FUNCTION 800: GENERAL GOVERNMENT

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    Function 800 includes the activities of the White House and 
the Executive Office of the President, the legislative branch, 
and programs designed to carry out the legislative and 
administrative responsibilities of the Federal Government, 
including fiscal operations, personnel management, and real 
estate and other property management activities. Other major 
departments and agencies that comprise Function 800 include the 
U.S. Department of the Treasury, the General Services 
Administration, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Federal 
Election Commission, the Library of Congress, the Government 
Accountability Office, and certain funding for the District of 
Columbia.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for -$50.1 
billion in budget authority and $25.7 billion in outlays. Of 
that total, discretionary spending totals $21.9 billion in 
budget authority and $21.5 billion in outlays, and mandatory 
spending totals -$72.0 billion in budget authority and $4.2 
billion in outlays. The 10-year totals for budget authority and 
outlays are $256.8 billion and $334.5 billion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    The authorizing committees of jurisdiction for Function 800 
programs include the Committee on Oversight and Accountability, 
Committee on Natural Resources, and the Committee on House 
Administration. Funding is provided primarily by the Committee 
on Appropriations Subcommittee on Legislative Branch, 
Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government, and 
Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies. 
Below are options the committees of jurisdiction may wish to 
consider when making final policy and funding decisions.

                           MANDATORY SPENDING

    Dismantling President Biden's Army of IRS Agents. The 
Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) allocates $80 billion in new 
funding for the IRS--more than six times the agency's annual 
budget. Included in the $80 billion is funding that was 
originally intended to hire 87,000 new IRS agents under the 
guise of closing the tax gap. A Congressional Budget Office 
analysis determined that returning audit levels to ``historic 
levels,'' as directed by Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen, would 
result in more audits and increased taxes on those making less 
than $400,000. The best way to ensure tax compliance is to 
simplify the tax code, not supercharge the bureaucracy.

                       FUNCTION 900: NET INTEREST

                              ----------                              


                           Function Summary 

    As the Federal Government runs chronic deficits and adds to 
its debt, it continues running up interest costs. These 
payments provide no benefits and finance no government service 
or operations. They are simply excess costs resulting from a 
history of spending beyond the government's means. According to 
the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), if government programs 
are not reformed, net interest payments are projected to 
increase from $870 billion in fiscal year 2024 to $1.6 trillion 
in fiscal year 2034.\24\ In fiscal year 2024, CBO projects 
interest on the debt will become the government's third largest 
budget line item, following only Social Security and Medicare.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \24\Congressional Budget Office, ``The Budget and Economic Outlook: 
2024 to 2034,'' February 2024, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2024-
02/59710-Outlook-2024.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    These costs are reflected in Function 900, which presents 
the interest paid for the Federal Government's borrowing minus 
the interest received by the Federal Government from trust fund 
investments and loans to the public. It is a mandatory payment, 
in the truest sense of the word, with no policy options and no 
discretionary components.
    Reducing interest costs will require sustained spending 
restraint. This budget resolution provides such restraint, and 
it reduces net interest spending by $2.7 trillion over ten 
years compared to the CBO baseline.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    The budget resolution calls for $931.1 billion in mandatory 
spending for net interest payments in fiscal year 2025. Over 
ten years, interest payments are expected to total $9.7 
trillion.
    On-budget mandatory spending--or net interest payments 
unrelated to Social Security--totals $988.4 billion in fiscal 
year 2025 and $10.1 trillion over ten years. The on-budget 
figure is larger than the Function 900 total because the former 
is offset by off-budget interest payments to the Social 
Security Trust Fund. These off-budget payments are presented as 
negative numbers, as they reflect money coming into, rather 
than flowing out of, the U.S. Treasury. Off-budget mandatory 
spending is -$57.3 billion in fiscal year 2025 and -$382.6 
billion over ten years.

                        FUNCTION 920: ALLOWANCES

                              ----------                              


                           Function Summary 

    Function 920 is a category called ``allowances''' that 
represents a placeholder for any budgetary impacts that the 
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has yet to assign to a 
specific budget function. CBO typically reassigns the budgetary 
effects of any legislation enacted within Function 920 once a 
new baseline update is released.

               Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution 

    The CBO baseline for Function 920 includes reductions of 
$1.1 trillion in budget authority and $1.0 trillion in outlays 
over ten years, which is reflected in the budget resolution.

                 FUNCTION 930: GOVERNMENT-WIDE SAVINGS

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    A number of policies assumed in the budget resolution cut 
across multiple agencies or functional categories, and have 
government-wide effects. These are reflected in Function 930 
and include changes in the Federal civilian workforce or 
reductions in the Federal Government's improper payments. For 
ease of understanding, the budget employs this function, 
Government-Wide Savings, to describe these assumptions.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    In fiscal year 2025, the budget resolution calls for 
-$164.3 billion in budget authority and -$63.7 billion in 
outlays. Of that total, discretionary spending totals -$33.2 
billion in budget authority and -$18.2 billion in outlays, and 
mandatory spending in fiscal year 2025 totals -$131.1 billion 
in budget authority and -$45.6 billion in outlays. The 10-year 
totals for budget authority and outlays are -$4.5 trillion and 
-$3.8 trillion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    Below are options the committees of jurisdiction may wish 
to consider when making final policy and funding decisions.

                           MANDATORY SPENDING

    Assume Savings in Budget Control Act (BCA) Continue. The 
BCA established an automatic enforcement mechanism--commonly 
known as a sequester--to ensure a promised level of savings 
from that law would be actually realized.\25\ These savings 
were first implemented in 2013 and are scheduled to continue 
through 2032. The budget resolution proposes to extend the 
savings created by the BCA through 2034.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \25\Budget Control Act of 2011, Pub. L. No. 112-25, 125 Stat. 240 
(2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Repeal Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) Climate Spending. The 
IRA included significant levels of Federal funding in the form 
of tax incentives, grants, and loan guarantees to fight climate 
change by investing in clean energy and infrastructure. Over 
$100 billion is reserved for increased loan authority and grant 
programs at the Department of Energy and various other agencies 
for office building efficiency programs, electrification, 
transmission, and other climate measures. The Environmental 
Protection Agency received its own $27 billion ``climate bank'' 
slush fund to spend taxpayer dollars on green projects across 
the country. The climate measures in the IRA are not paid for, 
dramatically raise the cost of energy, harm reliable American 
energy sources, and subsidize President Biden's green campaign 
donor companies.
    Align the G-Fund Investment Return with an Appropriate Risk 
Profile. The budget resolution assumes savings by correctly 
aligning the rate of return on U.S. Treasury securities within 
the Federal Employee Retirement System's Thrift Savings Plan 
with its investment risk profile. Securities within the G-Fund 
are not subject to risk of default. Payment of principal and 
interest is guaranteed by the U.S. Government. Yet, the 
interest rate paid is equivalent to a long-term security. As a 
result, those who participate in the G-Fund are rewarded with a 
long-term rate on what is essentially a short-term security.
    Reduce Government-Wide Improper Payments by 50 Percent. 
Government-wide improper payments totaled an astounding $236 
billion in 2023, the fourth consecutive year Federal improper 
payments have exceeded $200 billion. The budget resolution 
supports reducing government-wide improper payments by 50 
percent within the next ten years. Improper payments can be 
reduced by requiring all Federal programs to annually report 
improper payment rates, streamlining the processes and 
mechanisms through which information is shared between Federal 
agencies, implementing new technologies and improving identity 
verification, incentivizing states and Federal agencies to 
comply with anti-fraud rules, and strengthening accountability 
standards for agencies with continued improper payments.

            FUNCTION 950: UNDISTRIBUTED OFFSETTING RECEIPTS

                              ----------                              


                            Function Summary

    Offsetting receipts to the Treasury are recorded in this 
function as negative budget authority and outlays. These 
receipts are either intra-budgetary (a payment from one Federal 
agency to another, such as agency payments to the retirement 
trust funds) or proprietary (a payment from the public for some 
kind of business transaction with the Federal Government). The 
main types of receipts presented are the payments Federal 
agencies make to employee retirement and health care funds; 
payments made by companies for the right to explore and produce 
oil and gas on the Outer Continental Shelf; and payments by 
those who bid for the right to buy or use public property or 
resources, such as the electromagnetic spectrum. The function 
also contains an off-budget component that reflects the Federal 
Government's share of Social Security contributions for Federal 
employees.

                Summary of Committee-Reported Resolution

    The budget resolution calls for -$130.5 billion in budget 
authority and -$134.0 billion in outlays in fiscal year 2025. 
The 10-year totals for budget authority and outlays are -$1.5 
trillion and -$1.6 trillion, respectively.

                      Illustrative Policy Options

    Below are options the committees of jurisdiction may wish 
to consider when making final policy and funding decisions.

                           MANDATORY SPENDING

    Federal Land. Currently, the Federal Government owns nearly 
650 million acres of land--almost 30 percent of the land area 
of the United States. In addition to Federal real-property 
reform, this budget resolution supports examining Federal 
lands, in consultation with state and local communities, to 
identify where certain lands may be more efficiently managed by 
states and localities, thus reducing the burden on the Federal 
Government. Excluded from this policy are National Parks, 
wilderness areas, wildlife refuges, and wild and scenic rivers.
    Active Management of Electromagnetic Spectrum. Since 1994, 
the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has auctioned 
certifications and permits for electromagnetic spectrum, which 
provides wireless and broadcast services throughout the Nation. 
The auctions are available to any qualified company or entity, 
within the public or private sectors, that applies and provides 
upfront compensation. The FCC has been committed to providing 
these opportunities to the public and private sectors while 
encouraging Federal consumers to consolidate their spectrum 
usage and management. This budget resolution spurs the 
continued work of the FCC in recognizing specific bandwidths 
and providing frequency availability to the public and private 
market. As communication technology continues to improve, and 
wireless carriers grow and embrace more fifth generation 
systems (5G), the Federal Government must provide proactive 
oversight over spectrum and bandwidth capacity without barring 
further innovation.

                         REVENUE AND TAX REFORM

                              ----------                              


                     Summary of Revenue Projections

    For the purpose of the budget resolution, revenues 
encompasses all collected tax monies, fees and fines, and 
customs duties. The budget resolution assumes the Congressional 
Budget Office's (CBO) projections for revenue levels while 
providing for the extension of expiring provisions the Tax Cuts 
and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) and other improvements to the tax 
code.
    The budget resolution assumes $5.0 trillion in revenues in 
fiscal year 2025. The 10-year total projection for revenues is 
$62.6 trillion.

                         Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

    The TCJA made sweeping changes to the way tax law impacts 
Americans.\26\ The goal of tax reform was to advance a bold, 
pro-growth overhaul of the Nation's tax code for the first time 
in over three decades. In reality, the TCJA accomplished that 
and much more, leading to more jobs, higher productivity, 
bigger paychecks for American families, and a stronger economy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \26\Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, Pub. L. No. 115-97, 131 Stat. 
2239 (2017).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    On the individual income side, the 2017 tax reform lowered 
individual taxes and doubled the standard deduction from $6,500 
and $13,000 to $12,000 and $24,000 for individuals and married 
couples, respectively. These two changes enable Americans to 
keep more of their hard-earned paychecks. For example, a 
typical American family earning the median income saw a tax cut 
of $2,059.\27\ This is more than $2,000 in the pockets of 
Americans--money that eases the strain of inflation on daily 
home budgeting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \27\House Committee on Ways and Means and Senate Committee on 
Finance, ``Tax Cuts & Jobs Act: Taxpayer Examples,'' House and Senate 
Conference Committee Resources, https://waysandmeans.house.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2017/12/TCJA_TaxpayerExamples121817.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    On the business side, the TCJA lowered the corporate tax 
rate to 21 percent, down from 35 percent. This was vital to 
ensure American headquartered employers could remain 
internationally competitive. It enables businesses to grow and 
expand by allowing them to write off immediately the full cost 
of new. The TJCA eliminated the Corporate Alternative Minimum 
Tax and modernized the international tax structure. Taken 
together, these and other corporate tax reforms have already 
and will continue to provide widespread relief for job 
creators, helping expand the American economy--and expand 
opportunity in the process.
    After the TCJA, American workers enjoyed the fastest wage 
growth in a decade. This spread to Americans across the income 
distribution, with lower-wage workers experiencing 50 percent 
higher wage growth than high-income workers.\28\ Higher wages 
lead to a rapid growth in household income. In just the two 
years after enactment of the tax cuts, real median household 
income rose by over $5,000.\29\ In total, TCJA's pro-growth 
policies helped contribute to 2.9 percent growth in 2018 and 
2.3 percent growth in 2019--well above CBO's pre-TCJA 
projections of 2.2 percent and 1.7 percent, respectively.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \28\The White House, ``Two Years On, Tax Cuts Continue Boosting the 
United States Economy,'' December 20, 2019, https://
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/press-release-two-years-tax-cuts-
continue-boosting-the-united-states-economy.
    \29\House Committee on Ways and Means, ``Six Key Hearing Moments--
Expanding on the Success of the 2017 Trump Tax Cuts,'' April 12, 2024, 
https://waysandmeans.house.gov/2024/04/12/six-key-hearing-moments-
expanding-on-the-success-of-the-2017-trump-tax-cuts/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Making Tax Relief Permanent and Advancing Pro-Growth Tax Reform

    The Committee on Ways and Means has jurisdiction on revenue 
measures.
    While the TCJA has proven very successful, several of the 
law's most important provisions are not permanent policy. Much 
of the tax relief for families is set to expire. Vital 
provisions that removed tax disincentives for business 
investment have already expired or are phasing out, including 
expensing for capital expenditures (also known as bonus 
depreciation), expensing for research and development costs, 
and deductions for interest expenses.
    This budget resolution includes a reserve fund to advance 
additional pro-growth tax reforms and improve the tax code.



                THE PRESIDENT'S BUDGET: A BRIEF SUMMARY

                              ----------                              


SUMMARY AND MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE PRESIDENT'S FISCAL YEAR 2025 BUDGET 
                              REQUEST\30\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\Office of Management and Budget, The White House, ``The 
President's Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Request to Congress,'' March 2024, 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/
budget_fy2025.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Spending. President Biden's budget would spend $86.6 
trillion, or 24.4 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) (16 
percent above the 50-year average), over ten years. This is the 
highest sustained level in American history. Federal spending 
would exceed the pre-COVID peacetime record, as a percentage of 
GDP, in every year of the budget. However, defense spending 
would fall to the lowest level as a percentage of GDP since 
Pearl Harbor. Annual spending is equivalent to $66,000 per 
household.
    Deficits. President Biden's budget proposes deficits of 
$16.3 trillion, or 4.6 percent of GDP (24 percent above the 50-
year average), over ten years. This is the highest sustained 
level in American history. Annual deficits never fall back to 
pre-COVID levels.
    Taxes. President Biden's budget proposes $70.3 trillion, or 
19.7 percent of GDP (14 percent above the 50-year average), 
over ten years. This is the highest sustained level in American 
history. By 2031, Federal taxes would be more than a fifth of 
GDP, a level previously only reached during the height of World 
War II.
    Interest Payments on the Debt. President Biden's budget 
proposes to spend $12.2 trillion (3.4 percent of GDP) for 
interest payments on the debt, over the next ten years. This is 
$2.5 trillion more than spending for national defense over the 
same period. By 2034, interest payments will be more than 
quadruple such spending before President Biden took office.



                     SECTION-BY-SECTION DESCRIPTION

                              ----------                              

    The Fiscal Year 2025 Concurrent Resolution on the Budget 
establishes an overall budgetary framework. As required under 
the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Budget Act), this 
concurrent resolution includes aggregate levels of new budget 
authority, outlays, revenues, the amount by which revenues 
should be changed, the surplus or deficit, new budget authority 
and outlays for each major functional category, debt held by 
the public, and debt subject to the statutory limit. This 
concurrent resolution also sets appropriate budgetary levels 
for fiscal years 2026 through 2034.
    This concurrent resolution also includes rulemaking 
provisions necessary to enforce the budget resolution, 
procedures for adjusting the budget resolution, provisions to 
accommodate legislation not assumed in the budget resolution, 
and certain policy assumptions underlying the budget 
resolution.
Section 1. Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025
    Subsection (a) establishes the budget for fiscal year 2025 
and each of the nine ensuing fiscal years, 2026 through 2034, 
at the levels that appear subsequently in the resolution, 
replacing all prior concurrent resolutions on the budget. 
Section 301(a) of the Budget Act requires the budget resolution 
to establish budgetary levels for the fiscal year for which 
such resolution is adopted and for at least each of the four 
ensuing fiscal years.
    Subsection (b) sets out the table of contents of the budget 
resolution.

                TITLE I--RECOMMENDED LEVELS AND AMOUNTS

Section 101. Recommended Levels and Amounts
    Section 101, as required by section 301 of the Budget Act, 
establishes the recommended levels for revenue, the amount by 
which revenue should be changed, total new budget authority, 
total outlays, surpluses or deficits, debt subject to the 
statutory limit, and debt held by the public.
    While the revenue level operates as a floor against which 
all revenue legislation is measured, the recommended levels of 
new budget authority and outlays serve as a ceiling for 
spending legislation. The surplus or deficit levels include 
only on-budget outlays and revenue.
    Most outlays and receipts related to the Social Security 
program and United States Postal Service are not included 
because both accounts are statutorily off-budget.
    Debt subject to the limit reflects the gross Federal debt, 
but excludes debt issued by the Federal Financing Bank or by 
non-Treasury agencies. Debt held by the public is the amount of 
debt issued and held by entities or individuals other than the 
U.S. Government and includes Treasury debt held by the Federal 
Reserve system.
Section 102. Major Functional Categories
    Section 102, as required by section 301(a) of the Budget 
Act, establishes the budgetary levels for each major functional 
category for fiscal year 2025 and for fiscal years 2026 through 
2034.
    These major functional categories include:

    050 National Defense
    150 International Affairs
    250 General Science, Space, and Technology
    270 Energy
    300 Natural Resources and Environment
    350 Agriculture
    370 Commerce and Housing Credit
    400 Transportation
    450 Community and Regional Development
    500 Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services
    550 Health
    570 Medicare
    600 Income Security
    650 Social Security
    700 Veterans Benefits and Services
    750 Administration of Justice
    800 General Government
    900 Net Interest
    920 Allowances
    930 Government-Wide Savings and Adjustments
    950 Undistributed Offsetting Receipts

      TITLE II--BUDGET ENFORCEMENT IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Section 201. Point of Order Against Increasing Long-Term Direct 
        Spending
    Subsection (a) establishes a point of order against the 
consideration of any measure, or amendment thereto or 
conference report thereon, that increases long-term net direct 
spending by more than $2.5 billion in any of the four 10-fiscal 
year periods after the budget window.
    Subsection (b) requires the Congressional Budget Office 
(CBO), to the extent practicable, to prepare an estimate of 
whether a measure reported by a committee, other than an 
appropriation measure, or amendment thereto or conference 
report thereon, would cause a net increase in direct spending 
in excess of $2.5 billion in any of the four consecutive 10-
fiscal year periods beginning with the first fiscal year that 
is ten fiscal years after the current fiscal year.
    Subsection (c) states that application of this section in 
the House shall not apply to any measure, or amendment thereto 
or conference report thereon, for which the Chair of the House 
Committee on the Budget adjusts the allocations, aggregates, or 
other budgetary levels in this concurrent resolution.
    Subsection (d) affirms the authority of the Chair of the 
House Committee on the Budget to determine the estimates that 
are used to enforce this section.
Section 202. Limitation on Changes in Certain Mandatory Programs
    Section 202 strengthens the enforcement of the Committee on 
Appropriations' 302(a) allocation and 302(b) suballocations by 
limiting the amount Congress can use mandatory savings to meet 
the overall limit on discretionary spending.
    Subsection (a) defines the term ``change in mandatory 
programs'' (CHIMPs) as a provision that: (1) would have been 
estimated as affecting direct spending or receipts under 
section 252 of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit 
Control Act of 1985 (as in effect prior to September 30, 2002) 
if such provision were included in legislation other than 
appropriations acts; and (2) results in a net decrease in 
budget authority in the budget year but does not result in a 
net decrease in outlays over the period of the current year, 
budget year, and all fiscal years covered under the most 
recently agreed to budget resolution.
    Subsection (b) establishes a point of order against any 
provision in a bill or joint resolution, making appropriations 
for a full fiscal year that proposes a change in mandatory 
programs, or amendment thereto or conference report thereon, 
that, if enacted, would cause the absolute value of all such 
changes in mandatory programs enacted in relation to a full 
fiscal year to be more than $15 billion for fiscal year 2025.
    Subsection (c) stipulates that, for purposes of this 
section, budgetary levels shall be determined based on 
estimates provided by the Chair of the House Committee on the 
Budget.
Section 203. Limitation on Advance Appropriations
    Section 203 establishes a limit on advance appropriations, 
defined as budget authority that first becomes effective 
following fiscal year 2025.
    Subsection (a) establishes a general rule that prohibits 
the consideration of any general appropriation bill or bill or 
joint resolution continuing appropriations, or amendment 
thereto or conference report thereon, from providing advance 
appropriations.
    Subsection (b) provides exceptions to the general rule for 
three separate lists of accounts included in the report 
accompanying this concurrent resolution--one for miscellaneous 
accounts identified under the heading ``Accounts Identified for 
Advance Appropriations'' in an aggregate amount not to exceed 
$28.852 billion in new budget authority, one for veterans 
accounts under the heading ``Veterans Accounts Identified for 
Advance Appropriations'', and one for Indian health accounts 
under the heading ``Indian Health Accounts Identified for 
Advance Appropriations'' in an aggregate amount not to exceed 
the total budget authority provided for such accounts for 
fiscal year 2025 in bills or joint resolutions making 
appropriations for fiscal year 2025.
    Subsection (c) defines an ``advance appropriation'' as any 
new discretionary budget authority provided in a general 
appropriation bill or bill or joint resolution continuing 
appropriations for fiscal year 2025, or any amendment thereto 
or conference report thereon, that first becomes available 
following fiscal year 2025.
Section 204. Estimates of Debt Service Costs
    Section 204 stipulates that the Chair of the House 
Committee on the Budget may direct CBO to include an estimate 
of debt service costs (if any) resulting from carrying out 
legislation in any estimate prepared pursuant to section 402 of 
the Budget Act. These estimates are advisory and will not be 
used to determine whether a measure complies with the limits 
established in the budget resolution and other budget rules. 
This requirement is not intended to apply to the authorization 
of discretionary programs nor to appropriation bills or joint 
resolutions but is intended to apply to changes in the 
authorization level of appropriated entitlements.
Section 205. Fair-Value Credit Estimates
    Subsection (a) directs CBO, at the request of the Chair of 
the House Committee of the Budget, to include a supplemental 
fair-value estimate in its cost estimate for any legislation 
modifying or establishing a loan or loan guarantee program.
    Subsection (b) requires CBO to include estimates of loan 
and loan guarantee programs on a fair-value and credit reform 
basis in its The Budget and Economic Outlook to the extent 
practicable.
    Subsection (c) permits the Chair of the House Committee on 
the Budget to use the supplemental fair-value estimates 
provided pursuant to subsection (a) in determining whether 
legislation complies with the Budget Act and other budget 
rules.

Section 206. Adjustments for Improved Control of Budgetary Resources

    Subsection (a) permits the Chair of the House Committee on 
the Budget to adjust the budget resolution to accommodate 
legislation that subjects an existing mandatory spending 
program to annual appropriations. The Chair would increase the 
302(a) allocation to the Committee on Appropriations by the 
amount of the new discretionary program and reduce the 302(a) 
allocation of the authorizing committee that reported the 
legislation. An adjustment would be made upon the enactment of 
the legislation.
    Subsection (b) authorizes the Chair to make the adjustments 
under subsection (a) and affirms the Chair's authority to 
determine the estimates used to execute this section.

Section 207. Limitation on Transfers from the General Fund of the 
        Treasury to the Highway Trust Fund

    Section 207 stipulates that legislation that transfers 
funds from the General Fund of the Treasury to the Highway 
Trust Fund will count as new budget authority and outlays in 
the fiscal year the transfer occurs for purposes of budget 
enforcement.

Section 208. Budgetary Treatment of Administrative Expenses

    Subsection (a) provides that the administrative expenses of 
the Social Security Administration and the United States Postal 
Service are reflected in the allocation to the Committee on 
Appropriations even though both are technically off-budget. 
This language is necessary to ensure the Committee on 
Appropriations retains control over administrative expenses for 
these agencies through the annual appropriations process. This 
budgetary treatment is based on the long-term practice of the 
House and Senate Committees on the Budget.
    Subsection (b) requires administrative expenses to be 
included in the cost estimates for the relevant appropriation 
measure, which are used to determine if a measure exceeds the 
budget resolution's spending limits.

Section 209. Application and Effect of Changes in Allocations and 
        Aggregates

    Subsection (a) specifies the procedure for adjusting the 
levels established by the budget resolution under the reserve 
funds and other special procedures in this concurrent 
resolution. It provides that the adjustments apply while the 
legislation is under consideration and take effect upon 
enactment of the legislation. The Chair of the House Committee 
on the Budget must submit any adjustments to the budget 
resolution for printing in the Congressional Record.
    Subsection (b) clarifies that the adjusted levels in the 
budget resolution are fully enforceable under the Budget Act 
and other budget rules.
    Subsection (c) stipulates that the Chair of the House 
Committee on the Budget is the ultimate arbiter of the cost 
estimates for legislation used to enforce the budget resolution 
and budget rules.
    Subsection (d) clarifies that legislation for which an 
adjustment to the budget resolution is made, such as those in 
the reserve funds in Title III, is not subject to the point of 
order set forth in clause 10 of rule XXI of the Rules of the 
House Representatives, commonly referred to as the House Cut-
As-You-Go rule.

Section 210. Adjustments to Reflect Changes in Concepts and Definitions

    Section 210 authorizes the Chair of the House Committee on 
the Budget to adjust the appropriate budgetary levels of this 
concurrent resolution for any change in budgetary concepts and 
definitions in accordance with section 251(b)(1) of the 
Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.

Section 211. Adjustment for Changes in the Baseline

    Section 211 authorizes the Chair of the House Committee on 
the Budget to adjust the applicable budgetary levels in this 
concurrent resolution to reflect changes from CBO's update to 
its baseline for fiscal years 2025 to 2034.

Section 212. Exercise of Rulemaking Powers

    Section 212 affirms the adoption of this concurrent 
resolution is an exercise of the rulemaking power of the House 
of Representatives and that the House of Representatives has 
the constitutional right to change these rules.

        TITLE III--RESERVE FUNDS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

    Title III establishes four reserve funds, which are special 
procedures that provide the committee reporting specific 
legislation flexibility as to the timing and composition of 
offsets in the legislation.

Section 301. Deficit Neutral Reserve Fund for Investments in National 
        Infrastructure

    Section 301 permits the Chair of the House Committee on the 
Budget to adjust the allocations, aggregates, and other 
appropriate levels in the budget resolution for legislation 
that invests in national infrastructure if such a measure would 
not increase the deficit for the period of fiscal years 2025 
through 2034.

Section 302. Reserve Fund for Pro-Growth Tax Policies

    Section 302 permits the Chair of the House Committee on the 
Budget to adjust the allocations, aggregates, and other 
appropriate levels in the budget resolution for legislation 
reported by the Committee on Ways and Means that advances pro-
growth tax reforms and simplifies the tax code.

Section 303. Deficit Neutral Reserve Fund for Medical Innovation

    Section 303 permits the Chair of the House Committee on the 
Budget to adjust the allocations, aggregates, and other 
appropriate levels in the budget resolution for legislation 
related to promoting American medical innovation if such a 
measure would not increase the deficit for the period of fiscal 
years 2025 through 2034.

Section 304. Reserve Fund for Trade Agreements

    Section 304 permits the Chair of the House Committee on the 
Budget to adjust the allocations, aggregates, and other 
appropriate levels in the budget resolution for legislation 
reported by the Committee on Ways and Means that modifies 
tariffs on imports or implements trade agreements.

      TITLE IV--POLICY STATEMENTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES


Section 401. Policy Statement on Economic Growth

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution to pursue policies that embrace the free market and 
promote economic growth through reducing Federal spending and 
deficits; expanding American energy production by eliminating 
excessive burdens and barriers placed on energy producers; 
lowering taxes that discourage work, savings, and investment; 
deregulating the economy and enacting reforms to restrict 
future bureaucratic red tape; eliminating barriers to work that 
keep Americans on the sidelines; expanding free and fair trade; 
and restructuring health care to focus on patients and cures 
instead of administrative control.

Section 402. Policy Statement on Unauthorized Appropriations

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution that the House should enact legislation establishing 
a schedule for reauthorizing all Federal programs on a 
staggered basis with declining spending limits for each year a 
program is not reauthorized. Congress would be prohibited from 
funding programs above specified levels. These limits would 
gradually decrease the longer a program remained unauthorized. 
The policy further states that this new rule should be strictly 
enforced.

Section 403. Policy Statement on Improper Payments

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution to lower improper payment rates by $1 trillion over 
the next decade by working closely with authorizing committees 
throughout the budget process to: require all Federal programs 
to annually report improper payment rates; streamline the 
processes and mechanisms through which information is shared 
between Federal agencies; task Federal agencies to implement 
technologies to identify patterns indicative of fraudulent 
activities or errors, and enhance eligibility verification 
processes to ensure that only qualified receipts receive 
benefits; incentivize States and Federal agencies to comply 
with anti-fraud rules; and hold programs and agencies 
accountable for continued or prolonged failure to prevent and 
mitigate improper payments.

Section 404. Policy Statement on Budget Gimmick Reform

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution that the House should pursue reforms to the budget 
and appropriations process that eliminate the use of budget 
gimmicks, to ensure greater transparency, accountability, and 
fiscal discipline; specific mechanisms should be implemented to 
correct the current fiscal path and safeguard the Nation's 
economic future, such as the use of budgetary caps, stricter 
criteria for emergency spending, the prohibition of ``bad 
CHIMPs,'' and the requirement to direct savings towards deficit 
reduction; the House supports efforts to engage in discussions 
that refine and enact these reforms to restore fiscal 
responsibility; and that by pursuing reform, the House 
reaffirms its commitment to fiscal responsibility and the 
elimination of practices that obscure the Federal budget's true 
condition.

Section 405. Policy Statement on Higher Education and the American 
        Workforce

    Subsection (a) sets out findings on higher education.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution to promote college affordability, access, and 
success by reserving Federal financial aid for those most in 
need and streamlining grant and loan programs to help students 
and families more easily assess their options for financing 
post-secondary education; removing regulatory barriers to 
reduce costs, increase access, and allow for innovative 
teaching models; increasing accountability for colleges and 
universities and ensuring students and taxpayers receive a 
return on investment; and championing policies that achieve 
these goals, including H.R. 6951, the College Cost Reduction 
Act.
    Subsection (c) sets out findings on the American workforce.
    Subsection (d) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution to promote and advocate policies that benefit all 
American workers and businesses by further streamlining and 
consolidating Federal workforce development programs; 
empowering States with the flexibility to tailor funding and 
programs to the specific needs of their workforce and 
employers; and protecting employee freedom, promoting union 
accountability, supporting independent contractors, updating 
the Fair Labor Standards Act, and strengthening retirement 
security for workers and families.

Section 406. Policy Statement on Medicare

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution to support bipartisan solutions to save Medicare for 
those in or near retirement and strengthen the program's 
solvency for future beneficiaries.

Section 407. Policy Statement on Promoting Patient-Centered Health Care 
        Reform

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution that Americans deserve affordable, accessible, and 
personalized health care coverage that best fits their needs; 
Congress should enact policies that increase competition and 
transparency in health care markets by targeting the incentives 
that drive consolidation, including bipartisan legislation to 
equalize payments between hospital outpatient departments and 
independent physician offices; the American health care system 
should encourage research, development, and innovation in the 
medical sector, rather than stymie growth through 
overregulation; States should determine the parameters of 
acceptable private insurance plans based on the needs of their 
populations and retain control over other health care coverage 
standards; reforms should protect patients with pre-existing 
conditions and create greater parity between benefits offered 
through employers and those offered independently; States 
should have greater flexibility in determining their Medicaid 
programs and State Children's Health Insurance Programs; and 
States should have the flexibility to implement medical 
liability policies to best suit their needs.

Section 408. Policy Statement on Medical Innovation

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution that Congress should foster investment in health 
care innovation and maintain the Nation's world leadership 
status in medical science by encouraging competition; continue 
to support the critical work of medical innovators throughout 
the country through preserving free market incentives to 
conduct life-saving research and development; and unleash the 
power of private-sector medical innovation by removing 
regulatory obstacles and rejecting centralized government price 
controls for innovative cures and therapies that impede the 
development and adoption of new medical technology and 
pharmaceuticals and increase costs for patients.

Section 409. Policy Statement on Medicaid Work Requirements

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution that Congress should enact legislation, similar to 
the provisions in the House-passed Limit, Save, Grow Act of 
2023 (H.R. 2811), that encourages able-bodied adults without 
dependents to work, actively seek work, participate in a job-
training program, or do community service in order to receive 
Medicaid benefits; legislation implementing Medicaid work 
requirements could require able-bodied adults without 
dependents to work, engage in community service, or participate 
in a work training program for at least 80 hours per month to 
remain eligible for Medicaid; States should be given 
flexibility to determine the specific parameters of qualifying 
program participation and work-equivalent experience; States 
should perform regular case checks to ensure taxpayer dollars 
are appropriately spent; and the Government Accountability 
Office or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 
Inspector General should annually audit State Medicaid programs 
to ensure proper reporting and prevent waste, fraud, and abuse.

Section 410. Policy Statement on Combating the Opioid Epidemic

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution that combatting opioid abuse using available 
budgetary resources remains a high priority; the House, in a 
bipartisan manner, should continue to examine the Federal 
response to the opioid abuse epidemic and support essential 
activities to reduce and prevent substance abuse; the Federal 
Government should secure the U.S. southern border to reduce the 
flow of fentanyl and other opioids into the Nation; the House 
should examine the specific threat posed by fentanyl and 
fentanyl analogues and support initiatives to reduce the supply 
of fentanyl in the United States and mitigate its deadly impact 
on American lives; the House should engage in oversight efforts 
to ensure taxpayer dollars intended to combat opioid abuse are 
spent appropriately and efficiently; and the House should 
collaborate with State, local, and tribal entities to develop a 
comprehensive strategy for addressing the opioid addiction 
crisis.

Section 411. Policy Statement on Border Security

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution to implement the policies set forth in H.R. 2, the 
Secure the Border Act of 2023; that it is imperative for 
Congress to dedicate appropriate resources to the Department of 
Homeland Security to deter and prevent illegal immigration, 
secure the border, and effectively control the entry and exit 
of all people; and that enforcing our borders and the rule of 
law should be a top priority for Congress.

Section 412. Policy Statement on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance 
        Program

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution that the House Committee on Agriculture should look 
for opportunities to strengthen measures related to employment, 
integrity, and health; and that benefit recipients and the 
American taxpayer deserve a program that provides for those in 
need while emphasizing pathways out of poverty.

Section 413. Policy Statement on Agriculture

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution that the House Committee on Agriculture should 
improve and strengthen the Farm Safety Net.

Section 414. Policy Statement on Bipartisan Fiscal Commission

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution that the House recommends the creation of a 
bipartisan fiscal commission, consistent with H.R. 5779, as 
ordered reported by the House Committee on the Budget.

Section 415. Policy Statement on Government Deregulation

    Subsection (a) sets out findings.
    Subsection (b) states it is the policy of this concurrent 
resolution that Congress should examine ways to relieve the 
burdens of overregulation throughout the Federal Government; 
House Republicans remain at the ready to promote initiatives 
that will reduce government bureaucracy, restore Article I 
congressional power, enhance federalism, and increase economic 
prosperity through deregulation; ensure that once harmful and 
costly regulations are repealed, they cannot be reimposed; 
develop policies with authorizing committees that will 
demonstrate the contributions to economic growth and reducing 
government spending embodied in legislation like the 
Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS) Act; 
and reestablish the role of Congress in checking executive 
branch overreach in the future.

                    THE CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET PROCESS

                              ----------                              


    The budget resolution's spending levels are implemented 
through allocations to the Committee on Appropriations and 
authorizing committees.
    As required under section 302(a) of the Congressional 
Budget Act of 1974 (Budget Act), the budget resolution's 
discretionary spending levels are allocated to the Committee on 
Appropriations of each House of Congress and the budget 
resolution's mandatory spending levels are allocated to each 
House and Senate authorizing committee. These allocations are 
included in the report (or joint statement of managers for a 
conference report) accompanying the concurrent resolution on 
the budget and are enforced through points of order (see the 
section of this report titled: ``Enforcing Budgetary Levels'').
    Section 302 of the Budget Act requires the budget 
resolution to provide allocations of budget authority for the 
first fiscal year and at least the four ensuing fiscal years 
(except for the Committee on Appropriations, which receives an 
allocation only for the budget year). This report provides 
allocations of budget authority and outlays for the Committee 
on Appropriations for the budget year (fiscal year 2025) and 
allocations of budget authority and outlays for authorizing 
committees for the budget year (fiscal year 2025) and the 10-
year period (fiscal years 2025 through 2034).

       Committee on Appropriations--302(a) and 302(b) Allocations

    302(a) Allocation. The Committee on Appropriations receives 
a lump sum of discretionary budget authority and corresponding 
outlays. It is included in the report accompanying a concurrent 
resolution on the budget (or joint statement of managers for a 
conference report) for the fiscal year for which the budget 
resolution is adopted. This allocation operates as a ceiling on 
the amount of discretionary budget authority that can be 
appropriated for that fiscal year. This budget resolution 
provides a 302(a) allocation to the Committee on Appropriations 
for fiscal year 2025, which commences on October 1, 2024.
    302(b) Allocations. Once a 302(a) allocation is provided, 
the Committee on Appropriations is then required, in full 
committee, to divide this allocation among its 12 
subcommittees. The amount each subcommittee receives 
constitutes its suballocation under section 302(b) of the 
Budget Act. Each subcommittee's regular appropriations bill is 
capped at the level of its 302(b) suballocation and the bill is 
subject to a point of order if it exceeds this amount. Under 
section 302(c) of the Budget Act, appropriations bills may not 
be considered on the floor of the House of Representatives 
before the Committee on Appropriations provides 302(b) 
suballocations to its subcommittees.

               Authorizing Committees--302(a) Allocations

    The report accompanying the concurrent resolution on the 
budget (or joint statement of managers for a conference report) 
allocates to each authorizing committee an amount of new budget 
authority and corresponding outlays required to accommodate the 
mandatory spending (i.e., direct spending) within each 
authorizing committee's jurisdiction. If the budget resolution 
assumes increases in mandatory spending for new or expanded 
programs with no offsetting reductions in mandatory spending, 
additional budget authority may be allocated to authorizing 
committees. Conversely, the allocation may reflect negative 
budget authority (relative to the projected current law 
baseline) if the budget resolution assumes the enactment of 
legislation reducing mandatory spending.
    Because the spending authority for these mandatory spending 
programs is multi-year or permanent, the allocations to the 
authorizing committees cover both the budget year and the 
entire period of the budget resolution. This budget resolution 
provides allocations for authorizing committees for fiscal year 
2025, commencing on October 1, 2024, and fiscal years 2026 
through 2034.
    Each authorizing committee is provided a single allocation 
of new budget authority reflective of the fiscal effects of 
expected policy action relative to current law. These 
committees are not required to file 302(b) suballocations. 
Bills first effective in fiscal year 2025 are measured against 
the level for that year included in the fiscal year 2025 budget 
resolution and the 10-year period of fiscal years 2025 through 
2034.



                       ENFORCING BUDGETARY LEVELS

                              ----------                              


    The congressional budget process includes various 
mechanisms to enforce the concurrent resolution on the budget, 
including provisions of the budget resolution, the 
Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Budget Act), and the Rules 
and Separate Orders of the House of Representatives.

                The Concurrent Resolution on the Budget

    The concurrent resolution on the budget (budget resolution) 
establishes overall limits on spending and revenue. The report 
accompanying the budget resolution contains allocations to 
congressional committees that are binding on Congress when it 
considers subsequent spending and tax legislation. Legislation 
breaching the levels set forth in the budget resolution is 
subject to points of order on the floor of the House of 
Representatives. The concurrent resolution on the budget is 
established pursuant to the Budget Act, which includes various 
requirements regarding its content and enforcement. In addition 
to setting levels of spending, revenue, deficits and debt, the 
budget resolution may also include special procedures to 
execute and enforce congressional budgetary decisions.
    The levels established in the budget resolution are not 
self-enforcing. Members must raise a point of order against 
legislation that breaches the budget resolution's allocations 
and aggregate levels. If a point of order is sustained, then 
the House of Representatives is precluded from further 
consideration of the measure. Some of these Budget Act points 
of order and budget-related provisions in the Rules of the 
House of Representatives are listed below.

                               Budget Act

    Section 302(f). Section 302(f) of the Budget Act prohibits 
the consideration of legislation that exceeds a committee's 
allocation of budget authority. For authorizing committees, 
this section applies to the first fiscal year and the period of 
fiscal years covered by the budget resolution. For 
appropriations bills, however, it applies only to the first 
fiscal year.
    Section 303. Section 303 prohibits the consideration of 
spending and revenue legislation before the House of 
Representatives has passed a concurrent resolution on the 
budget for a particular fiscal year. Legislation that changes 
revenue or increases budget authority in a fiscal year for 
which a budget resolution has not been agreed to violates 
section 303(a). Section 303(a) does not apply to budget 
authority and revenue provisions first effective in a year 
following the first fiscal year to which a budget resolution 
applies or to appropriations bills after May 15.
    Section 311. Section 311 prohibits the consideration of 
legislation that would exceed the overall limits on budget 
authority and outlays or cause revenue levels to fall below the 
revenue floor established by the budget resolution. If 
legislation causes the aggregate spending levels of budget 
authority or outlays to be exceeded in the first fiscal year of 
the budget resolution, then the legislation violates section 
311. Legislation also violates section 311 if it causes revenue 
to be lower than the revenue floor in the first fiscal year or 
the period of fiscal years covered by the budget resolution. 
Section 311 does not apply to legislation that provides budget 
authority but does not exceed a committee's 302(a) allocation.
    Section 314 (f). Section 314(f) prohibits the consideration 
of legislation that causes the statutory spending limits 
established in section 251(c) of the Balanced Budget and 
Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 to be exceeded.

       Budget-Related Provisions Under the Rules of the House of 
                            Representatives

    Rule XIII, Clause 8. This clause requires, to the extent 
practicable, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and Joint 
Committee on Taxation to incorporate the macroeconomic effects 
of major legislation into official cost estimates.
    Rule XXI, Clause 7. This clause prohibits the consideration 
of a concurrent resolution on the budget that includes 
reconciliation instructions (pursuant to section 310 of the 
Budget Act) that would cause a net increase in direct spending 
for the period covered by the concurrent resolution on the 
budget.
    Rule XXI, Clause 10. This clause prohibits the 
consideration of legislation that increases net direct spending 
over two time periods: (1) the current year, the budget year, 
and the four subsequent fiscal years or (2) the current year, 
the budget year, and the nine fiscal years following that 
budget year. Any increase in net direct spending in either of 
these periods must be offset by a corresponding reduction in 
net direct spending. If an amendment offered to a measure 
increases direct spending in either of these periods, then the 
amendment must also reduce direct spending by at least the same 
amount. This rule is commonly referred to as Cut-As-You-Go.
    Rule XXIX, Clause 4. This clause specifies that the 
Chairman of the Committee on the Budget is responsible for 
providing authoritative guidance regarding the budgetary impact 
of a legislative proposition, including levels of new budget 
authority, outlays, direct spending, new entitlement authority, 
and revenues.
    Section 3, Separate Orders, House Resolution 5 (118th 
Congress). House Resolution 5 adopted the rules from the 117th 
Congress, with amendments to the standing rules, as the Rules 
of the House of Representatives for the 118th Congress and 
included additional provisions related to the budget process.
    Section 3(e)(2) requires CBO, to the extent practicable, to 
prepare an estimate of whether a measure would cause a net 
increase in direct spending in excess of $2.5 billion in any of 
the four consecutive 10-fiscal-year periods beginning with the 
first fiscal year occurring ten fiscal years after the current 
fiscal year. It also establishes a point of order against 
consideration of any bill or joint resolution reported by a 
committee, or any amendment or conference report, that causes a 
net increase in direct spending in excess of $2.5 billion in 
any of the four consecutive 10-fiscal-year periods described 
above. For purposes of section 3(e)(2), the levels of any net 
increase in direct spending shall be determined on the basis of 
estimates provided by the Chair of the Committee on the Budget.
    Section 3(e)(3) requires CBO, to the extent practicable, to 
provide an estimate of the inflationary impacts of any 
legislation that shows changes in direct spending causing a 
gross budgetary effect in any fiscal year over a 10-year period 
equal to or greater than 0.25 percent of the projected gross 
domestic product (GDP) (measured by the Consumer Price Index 
for All Urban Consumers) for the current fiscal year. The Chair 
of the Committee on the Budget may also request such an 
estimate.
    Section 3(e)(4) requires CBO, to the extent practicable, 
for any estimate of legislation that impacts the Medicare Part 
A (Hospital Insurance) Trust Fund or the Old-Age, Survivors, 
and Disability Insurance Trust Funds (OASDI) that in any fiscal 
year over a 10-year period causes a gross budgetary effect 
equal to or greater than 0.25 percent of projected GDP 
(measured by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers) 
for the current fiscal year to display: (1) the impact such 
legislation would have on unfunded liabilities of the Medicare 
Part A (Hospital Insurance) Trust Fund over a 25-year 
projection, including solvency projections and the net present 
value of such liabilities and (2) the impact on unfunded 
liabilities of OASDI over a 75-year projection, including 
solvency projections and the net present value of such 
liabilities. The Chair of the Committee on the Budget may also 
request such an estimate.
    Section 3(f) requires each general appropriation bill to 
include a spending reduction account and provides for spending 
reduction account transfer amendments.

             ACCOUNTS IDENTIFIED FOR ADVANCE APPROPRIATIONS

                              ----------                              


  Accounts Identified for Advance Appropriations For Fiscal Year 2026

            (SUBJECT TO A GENERAL LIMIT OF $28,852,000,000)

Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies
                Employment and Training Administration
                Education for the Disadvantaged
                School Improvement Programs
                Career, Technical, and Adult Education
                Special Education
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
                Tenant-based Rental Assistance
                Project-based Rental Assistance

Veterans Accounts Identified for Advance Appropriations For Fiscal Year 
                                  2026

Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies
                Medical Services
                Medical Support and Compliance
                Medical Facilities
                Medical Community Care

Indian Health Accounts Identified for Advance Appropriations For Fiscal 
                               Year 2026

Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies
                Indian Health Services
                Indian Health Facilities

                         VOTES OF THE COMMITTEE

                              ----------                              


    Clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of 
Representatives requires each committee report to accompany any 
bill or resolution of a public character to include the total 
number of votes cast for and against on each roll call vote, on 
a motion to report and any amendments offered to the measure or 
matter, together with the names of those voting for and 
against.
    Listed below is a summary of the Committee on the Budget's 
consideration of the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for 
Fiscal Year 2025.
    On March 7, 2024, the Committee met in open session, a 
quorum being present.
    Chairman Arrington asked unanimous consent to be 
authorized, consistent with clause 1(a)(2) of rule XI of the 
Rules of the House of Representatives, to declare a recess at 
any time during the committee meeting.
    There was no objection to the unanimous consent request.
    Chairman Arrington asked unanimous consent to dispense with 
the first reading of the budget aggregates, function levels, 
and other appropriate matter; that the aggregates, function 
totals, and other appropriate matter be open for amendment; and 
that amendments be considered as read.
    There was no objection to the unanimous consent requests.
    The Committee considered the following amendments:
           Amendment #1 offered by Ranking Member Boyle 
        to increase budget authority and outlays for Function 
        920. The amendment would increase budget authority for 
        Function 920 by $60.6 billion for fiscal year 2025. The 
        amendment would increase outlays for Function 920 by 
        the following amounts: $31.6 billion for fiscal year 
        2025; $15.8 billion for fiscal year 2026; $5.7 billion 
        for fiscal year 2027; $2.7 billion for fiscal year 
        2028; $2.4 billion for fiscal year 2029; and $2.0 
        billion for fiscal year 2030. The amendment also 
        stipulates that the budgetary effects of emergency 
        designated provisions included in legislation should 
        not be counted for any purpose in the House of 
        Representatives, that a proposal to strike an emergency 
        designation should be excluded from an evaluation of 
        budgetary effects, and an amendment that also reduces 
        amounts appropriated or made available shall be in 
        order at any point in the reading of a pending measure.
           Amendment #2 offered by Representative 
        Schakowsky to insert a policy statement on Social 
        Security.
           Amendment #3 offered by Representative 
        Kildee to strike section 406 of the Chairman's Mark and 
        insert a policy statement on Medicare.
           Amendment #4 offered by Representative Lee 
        to increase budget authority and outlays for Function 
        800. The amendment would increase budget authority for 
        Function 800 by $80.0 billion for fiscal year 2025 and 
        $4.7 billion for fiscal year 2026. The amendment would 
        increase outlays for Function 800 by the following 
        amounts: $13.7 billion for fiscal year 2025; $8.8 
        billion for fiscal year 2026; $5.6 billion for fiscal 
        year 2027; $7.3 billion for fiscal year 2028; $9.2 
        billion for fiscal year 2029; $11.4 billion for fiscal 
        year 2030; $14.0 billion for fiscal year 2031; and 
        $14.6 billion for fiscal year 2032.
           Amendment #5 offered by Representative 
        Doggett to amend section 302, Reserve Fund for Pro-
        Growth Tax Policies, of the Chairman's Mark.
           Amendment #6 offered by Representative 
        Jackson Lee to increase budget authority and outlays 
        for Function 550. The amendment would increase budget 
        authority for Function 550 by the following amounts: 
        $57.8 billion for fiscal year 2025; $75.9 billion for 
        fiscal year 2026; $161.8 billion for fiscal year 2027; 
        $198.2 billion for fiscal year 2028; $219.9 billion for 
        fiscal year 2029; $247.5 billion for fiscal year 2030; 
        $274.5 billion for fiscal year 2031; $306.3 billion for 
        fiscal year 2032; $331.1 billion for fiscal year 2033; 
        and $354.9 billion for fiscal year 2034. The amendment 
        would increase outlays for Function 550 by the 
        following amounts: $49.3 billion for fiscal year 2025; 
        $76.2 billion for fiscal year 2026; $162.5 billion for 
        fiscal year 2027; $198.9 billion for fiscal year 2028; 
        $220.7 billion for fiscal year 2029; $247.9 billion for 
        fiscal year 2030; $274.8 billion for fiscal year 2031; 
        $306.4 billion for fiscal year 2032; $331.1 billion for 
        fiscal year 2033; and $354.9 billion for fiscal year 
        2034. The amendment would adjust the aggregate levels 
        of revenue by amounts equal to the aforementioned 
        changes in outlays by partially reversing the 2017 tax 
        reform law (Public Law 115-97), which may include 
        raising tax rates on corporations and individuals, or 
        the creation of a new wealth tax. The amendment would 
        also strike section 409 of the Chairman's Mark.
           Amendment #7 offered by Representative Omar 
        to increase budget authority and outlays for Function 
        600. The amendment would increase budget authority for 
        Function 600 by the following amounts: $40.0 billion 
        for fiscal year 2025; $65.5 billion for fiscal year 
        2026; $76.3 billion for fiscal year 2027; $84.4 billion 
        for fiscal year 2028; $94.0 billion for fiscal year 
        2029; $101.2 billion for fiscal year 2030; $111.3 
        billion for fiscal year 2031; $121.8 billion for fiscal 
        year 2032; $129.6 billion for fiscal year 2033; and 
        $138.9 billion for fiscal year 2034. The amendment 
        would increase outlays for Function 600 by the 
        following amounts: $39.5 billion for fiscal year 2025; 
        $65.1 billion for fiscal year 2026; $76.2 billion for 
        fiscal year 2027; $84.4 billion for fiscal year 2028; 
        $93.9 billion for fiscal year 2029; $102.0 billion for 
        fiscal year 2030; $111.3 billion for fiscal year 2031; 
        $121.8 billion for fiscal year 2032; $129.6 billion for 
        fiscal year 2033; and $138.9 billion for fiscal year 
        2034. The amendment would adjust the aggregate levels 
        of revenue by amounts equal to the aforementioned 
        changes in outlays by partially reversing the 2017 tax 
        reform law (Public Law 115-97), which may include 
        raising tax rates on corporations and individuals, or 
        the creation of a new wealth tax. The amendment would 
        also strike section 412 of the Chairman's Mark.
           Amendment #8 offered by Representative Trone 
        to strike section 408 of the Chairman's Mark and insert 
        a policy statement on prescription drug costs.
           Amendment #9 offered by Representative 
        Balint to strike section 415 of the Chairman's Mark and 
        insert a policy statement on climate change.
           Amendment #10 offered by Representative 
        Scott to increase budget authority and outlays for 
        Function 500. The amendment would increase budget 
        authority for Function 500 by the following amounts: 
        $49.6 billion for fiscal year 2025; $33.6 billion for 
        fiscal year 2026; $37.3 billion for fiscal year 2027; 
        $38.4 billion for fiscal year 2028; $39.8 billion for 
        fiscal year 2029; $41.2 billion for fiscal year 2030; 
        $42.3 billion for fiscal year 2031; $44.1 billion for 
        fiscal year 2032; $45.5 billion for fiscal year 2033; 
        and $46.2 billion for fiscal year 2034. The amendment 
        would increase outlays for Function 500 by the 
        following amounts: $45.1 billion for fiscal year 2025; 
        $29.1 billion for fiscal year 2026; $32.4 billion for 
        fiscal year 2027; $33.7 billion for fiscal year 2028; 
        $34.8 billion for fiscal year 2029; $35.9 billion for 
        fiscal year 2030; $37.1 billion for fiscal year 2031; 
        $38.6 billion for fiscal year 2032; $39.9 billion for 
        fiscal year 2033; and $41.0 billion for fiscal year 
        2034. The amendment would adjust the aggregate levels 
        of revenue by amounts equal to the aforementioned 
        changes in outlays by partially reversing the 2017 tax 
        reform law (Public Law 115-97), which may include 
        raising tax rates on corporations and individuals, or 
        the creation of a new wealth tax. The amendment would 
        also strike section 405 of the Chairman's Mark.
           Amendment #11 offered by Representative 
        Espaillat to insert a deficit neutral reserve fund 
        related to child care.
    The Committee adopted and ordered reported the Concurrent 
Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025.
    The Committee on the Budget took the following votes:
          1. En bloc vote on Amendments numbered 1, 4, 6, 7, 
        and 10--failed 15 ayes to 19 nays.
          2. En bloc vote on Amendments numbered 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 
        and 11--failed 15 ayes to 19 nays.
          3. Vote on adopting the budget aggregates, functional 
        categories, and other appropriate matters--passed by 
        Voice Vote.
          4. Vote on favorably reporting the Concurrent 
        Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2025, without 
        amendment--passed 19 ayes to 15 nays.
        
        

          AMENDMENTS CONSIDERED BY THE COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET

                              ----------                              


    During consideration of the Fiscal Year 2025 Concurrent 
Resolution on the Budget, the Committee considered 11 
amendments. The Committee defeated these amendments by a vote 
of 15 to 19. The amendments the Committee defeated would have 
raised taxes, increased spending, or hampered economic growth. 
The rationale for rejecting these amendments follows.

        AN AMENDMENT RELATED TO EMERGENCY SUPPLEMENTAL SPENDING

    Ranking Member Boyle (D-PA) offered an amendment that would 
increase funding in Function 920 by $60.6 billion in fiscal 
year 2025 for emergency supplemental funding for Ukraine. In 
the over two years since Russia invaded Ukraine, the Biden 
Administration has still failed to provide a clear strategy for 
providing U.S. assistance to Ukraine. Using emergency spending 
is not an honest, accountable, or transparent way to fund this 
conflict. The Biden Administration must provide a real long-
term strategy to fund this conflict. We must have our own 
fiscal house in order before discussing assisting Ukraine 
getting their fiscal house in order. The crisis at the Southern 
border is unequivocally one of the greatest threats facing our 
Nation today. Since President Biden took office, there have 
been 9.2 million encounters nationwide and over 7.6 million 
encounters at the Southwest border alone. President Biden could 
stop the border crisis but has chosen to let this crisis 
happen. For these reasons, the Committee did not agree to the 
amendment.

                AN AMENDMENT RELATED TO SOCIAL SECURITY

    Representative Schakowsky (D-IL) offered an amendment 
affirming Congress's commitment to Social Security and calling 
for tax increases on Americans intended to extend solvency of 
the trust funds. The 2024 Report from the Board of Trustees 
indicates that the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, 
the main fund for Social Security, will deplete its funds by 
2033, thereby threatening Americans with a 21 percent reduction 
in benefits.\31\ This budget resolution advocates for the 
creation of a bipartisan commission under H.R. 5779 to 
responsibly review and address the Nation's fiscal challenges, 
including saving and strengthening Social Security for future 
generations. The approach of increasing taxes as proposed by 
this amendment conflicts with efforts to sustainably strengthen 
Social Security. Historical examples, such as the fiscal 
impacts of President Biden's fiscal year 2024 budget request, 
demonstrate that increases in business taxes could lead to job 
losses, adversely affecting Social Security's funding. For 
these reasons, the Committee did not agree to the amendment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \31\The Board Of Trustees, Federal Old-Age And Survivors Insurance 
And Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds, ``The 2024 Annual Report 
Of The Board Of Trustees Of The Federal Old-Age And Survivors Insurance 
And Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds,'' May 6, 2024, https://
www.ssa.gov/OACT/TR/2024/tr2024.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                    AN AMENDMENT RELATED TO MEDICARE

    Representative Kildee (D-MI) offered an amendment that 
would have replaced the Medicare policy statement in the budget 
resolution with a new policy statement stating that Congress 
should protect the traditional Medicare program and extend 
solvency through policies which may include increasing taxes on 
taxpayers with incomes above $400,000 and closing certain tax 
loopholes. The amendment would also have added language to the 
committee report affirming support for the Medicare program and 
endorsing changes in law to increase taxes.
    During debate, Committee Members argued generations of 
Americans have paid into and come to rely on the Medicare 
promise of health security, making it critical that we protect 
and strengthen the program. The budget resolution supports 
policies that follow recommendations from the Medicare Payment 
Advisory Commission and Government Accountability Office to 
address overpayments to health care providers in Medicare, 
strengthening the program for those who depend on it most. For 
example, the budget resolution supports equalizing payments for 
the same service through site neutral payment reform--a policy 
that has been advanced in a bipartisan manner by the House of 
Representatives this Congress. In addition to saving the 
Medicare program money, this commonsense policy will lead to 
lower out-of-pocket costs for our Nation's seniors.
    Unfortunately, this amendment would have supported raising 
taxes on hardworking Americans to bail out Democrats' misguided 
policies. Raising taxes and stunting America's economic growth 
is not the solution to Medicare's looming insolvency or our 
over $34 trillion dollar national debt. For these reasons, the 
Committee did not agree to the amendment.

        AN AMENDMENT RELATED TO INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE FUNDING

    Representative Lee (D-CA) offered an amendment that would 
increase funding in Function 800 by $84.7 billion over the 10-
year budget window for the purpose of protecting funding for 
the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
    The $80 billion for the IRS in the so-called Inflation 
Reduction Act (IRA) was claimed to improve customer service, 
audit the wealthy, and ``close the tax gap.'' Unsurprisingly, 
it isn't working. According to data from the IRS, the agency 
collected $160 million in revenues in fiscal year 2023 
attributable to the IRA. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) 
estimated they would collect $2.9 billion.\32\ That is 5.5 
percent of its goal. Similarly, through the first quarter of 
2024, the IRS collected $360 million. This is just 5 percent of 
the $7.8 billion in revenues CBO estimated in fiscal year 2024 
attributable to the IRA.\33\ This funding was also expected to 
lead to more audits from working-class Americans. A Senate 
Finance Committee analysis shows the $45.6 billion for 
``enforcement'' would ``predominantly hit taxpayers who have 
low (or very low) Adjusted Gross Income. Nothing in the 
proposal would change that fact.''\34\ Low-income taxpayers 
making up to $25,000 per year would see more audits too. The 
IRA failed to provide any guardrails preventing audits for 
middle-income earners, and instead used non-binding legislative 
language that does nothing to protect taxpayers from agency 
abuse. For these reasons, the Committee did not agree to the 
amendment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \32\Congressional Budget Office, ``Estimated Budgetary Effects of 
H.R. 5376, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, as Amended in the 
Nature of a Substitute (ERN22335) and Posted on the Website of the 
Senate Majority Leader on July 27, 2022,'' August 5, 2022, https://
www.cbo.gov/system/files/2022-08/hr5376_IR_Act_8-3-22.pdf.
    \33\ Ibid.
    \34\ House Committee on Ways and Means, ``New Schumer-Manchin Bill 
Will Supercharge Long History of IRS Abuses,'' August 2, 2022, https://
waysandmeans.house.gov/2022/08/02/new-schumer-manchin-bill-will-
supercharge-long-history-of-irs-abuses/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                   AN AMENDMENT RELATED TO TAX POLICY

    Representative Doggett (D-TX) offered an amendment that 
would have modified the reserve fund for pro-growth tax 
policies to make it deficit neutral.
    This amendment neglected the need for a pro-growth approach 
to our tax code. As we learned from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 
of 2017, tax reform can be an effective way of triggering 
economic growth. The budget resolution gives a runway for 
authorizing committees to prevent tax increases and pass pro-
growth tax reform for middle-class families and small 
businesses. The budget resolution also recognizes that our 
current deficit trend is not driven by a lack of government 
revenue; it is driven by unsustainable spending. For these 
reasons, the Committee did not agree to the amendment.

                    AN AMENDMENT RELATED TO MEDICAID

    Representative Jackson Lee (D-TX) offered an amendment that 
would have increased the budget authority and outlays for 
Function 550 to conform with the Congressional Budget Office's 
baseline and adjust the aggregate levels of revenue by amounts 
equal to the outlay changes. The amendment would have also 
struck the policy statement on Medicaid and added language to 
the committee report that rejected converting Medicaid funding 
to a block-grant or per-capita cap and supported accommodating 
current-law levels of funding by increasing taxes.
    Members of the Committee concurred that Medicaid is a vital 
safety net program for America's most vulnerable, which is why 
the budget resolution calls for the reforms necessary to make 
the program sustainable and refocus limited Federal resources 
on helping the most vulnerable. The budget resolution does not 
cut Medicaid benefits. Instead, it refocuses Federal resources 
on those truly in need and empowers states to tailor their 
Medicaid programs to best meet the needs of their citizens. 
Medicaid spending continues to grow unsustainably for 
taxpayers, the program is unaffordable for states, and poor 
access to quality care leads to negative health outcomes for 
enrollees. Medicaid continues to grow at an unsustainable rate; 
within the decade, the program stands to cost over one trillion 
dollars per year, between Federal and state spending. Due to 
the program's unsustainable expansion, Medicaid patients often 
have a hard time accessing care at all. The expansion of 
Medicaid to work capable adults as part of Obamacare further 
reduced access to care for the populations most reliant on 
Medicaid, including low-income children.
    The budget resolution promotes reforms that will help 
Medicaid patients access the care they deserve and enhance the 
quality of care to improve outcomes. The budget resolution 
refocuses limited resources on helping the most vulnerable. 
Members expressed that the amendment was unnecessary as the 
budget resolution supports policies that will improve the 
Medicaid program to serve the most vulnerable, improve 
outcomes, and increase access to care. For these reasons, the 
Committee did not agree to the amendment.

                 AN AMENDMENT RELATED TO FAMILY POLICY

    Representative Omar (D-MN) offered an amendment to increase 
funding in Function 600 by $962.7 billion over the ten-year 
budget window and reject Republican-led welfare reforms 
designed to incentivize work. The amendment also called to 
increase the corporate tax rate, impose a minimum tax on 
billionaires, and repeal carried interest as tax planning tool. 
This amendment rolls back pro-growth tax policies in the Tax 
Cuts and Jobs Act and undermines policies designed to foster 
self-sufficiency. Furthermore, proposals to raise taxes fail to 
address the problems the Nation faces. For these reasons, the 
Committee did not agree to the amendment.

               AN AMENDMENT RELATED TO PRESCRIPTION DRUGS

    Representative Trone (D-MD) offered an amendment to strike 
section 408 of the Chairman's Mark, which outlines the policy 
statement on promoting American medical innovation and insert a 
policy statement that supports the so-called ``Inflation 
Reduction Act'' (IRA) prescription drug price controls in the 
Medicare program.
    During amendment debate, Committee Members highlighted the 
dire consequences that the IRA prescription drug price controls 
are already having on new drug development and ultimately, 
patient access to new medicines. Members also discussed how 
innovative new drugs can hold the power to reduce Federal 
health spending, as recently acknowledged by the non-partisan 
Congressional Budget Office.\35\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \35\ Congressional Budget Office, `` CBO's Projections of Federal 
Health Care Spending,'' Letter to Senator Whitehouse (RI), March 17, 
2023, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2023-03/58997-Whitehouse.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    This amendment would have doubled down on Democrats' big 
government price controls, inhibiting the development of 
innovative new cures and therapies and limiting the number of 
tools to reduce long-term health spending. For these reasons, 
the Committee did not agree to the amendment.

        AN AMENDMENT RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLEAN ENERGY

    Representative Balint (D-VT) offered an amendment to strike 
section 415 of the Chairman's Mark and replace it with a policy 
statement on the need for Congress to expand Federal efforts to 
research and fight climate change, including investments made 
in the Inflation Reduction Act.
    Overregulation has consistently hurt small businesses, 
strangled domestic energy production, negatively impacted labor 
market conditions, and expanded government overreach at the 
expense of the American taxpayer. This amendment would 
encourage more spending on Green New Deal policies. For these 
reasons, the Committee did not agree to the amendment.

          AN AMMENDMENT RELATED TO ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION

    Representative Scott (D-VA) offered an amendment that would 
increase spending for higher education programs. The increase 
in spending is offset by partially reversing the 2017 tax 
reform law.
    The Committee agrees that student debt is a growing issue 
facing many Americans. However, the best solution to this 
problem is to hold universities accountable for out-of-control 
tuition inflation. This amendment fails to address the 
underlying problems contributing to student debt and tuition 
inflation and turns a blind eye to the over $1 trillion worth 
of student loan debt President Biden has attempted to cancel 
while in office. The President's student loan cancellation 
plans shift the burden of student loan debt from those who 
willingly incurred them, onto the backs of working class 
taxpayers that did not, and only serve to worsen our debt and 
deficit crisis. Furthermore, the amendment would roll back 
portions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act to offset the increased 
spending, which would be counterproductive and detrimental to 
the Nation's workforce and economy. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 
is working and should be allowed to continue delivering 
benefits to the American people.For these reasons, the 
Committee did not agree to the amendment.

               AN AMENDMENT RELATED TO CHILD CARE POLICY

    Representative Espaillat (D-NY) offered an amendment to 
insert a deficit neutral reserve fund for child care. The 
amendment would have also added language to the committee 
report supporting policies such as fully funding the Child Care 
and Development Block Grant or reinstating the Child Care 
Stabilization Grant Program. The amendment would stifle 
innovation and competition by further entrenching the 
government in the child care sector. Additionally, the 
amendment ignored the underlying issues that contribute to high 
child care costs and low wages: deficit spending and 
inflationary pressures. Solutions should instead focus on 
regulatory reforms that enhance safety, reduce barriers to 
entry for new providers, increase supply, and drive down costs 
through competition. This in turn would lead to higher quality 
and more affordable child care options without the need for 
significant government intervention. Ultimately, families 
should be empowered with the flexibility to choose the child 
care that is best suited to their needs, rather than a one-
size-fits-all government approach. For these reasons, the 
Committee did not agree to the amendment.

     OTHER MATTERS UNDER THE RULES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                              ----------                              


     Committee on the Budget Oversight Findings and Recommendations

    Clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of 
Representatives requires each committee report to contain 
oversight findings and recommendations pursuant to clause 
2(b)(1) of rule X. The Committee on the Budget has no findings 
to report at the present time.

   New Budget Authority, Entitlement Authority, and Tax Expenditures

    Clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of 
Representatives provides that committee reports must contain 
the statement required by section 308(a) of the Congressional 
Budget Act of 1974. This report does not contain such a 
statement because, as a concurrent resolution setting forth a 
blueprint for the congressional budget, the budget resolution 
does not provide new budget authority, new entitlement 
authority, or change revenues.

                General Performance Goals and Objectives

    Clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of 
Representatives requires each committee report on a legislative 
measure to contain a statement of general performance goals and 
objectives, including outcome-related goals and objectives, for 
which the measure authorizes funding. The Committee on the 
Budget has no such goals and objectives to report at this time.

                       Views of Committee Members

    Clause 2(l) of rule XI of the Rules of the House of 
Representatives requires each committee to afford members of 
the committee two days to file minority, additional, 
dissenting, or supplemental views on reported legislative 
measures, and to include the views in the report accompanying 
such legislation. The following views were submitted:

                             MINORITY VIEWS

                              ----------                              


        FY 2025 Reversing Course: The Backward Republican Budget

    America's economy today is the strongest in the world. 
Under President Biden, nearly 15 million jobs have been 
created. That's five and a half million more jobs than the pre-
pandemic peak. In 2023, we added an average of 250,000 jobs 
every single month. And last year, the percentage of working-
age women in the workforce reached the highest level since the 
1940s.
    The stock market is reaching all-time highs, and Americans 
have applied to create 16 million new businesses in just the 
last three years. Wages are now growing faster than inflation, 
and inflation has fallen from a peak of 9.1 percent to now 3.1 
percent.
    None of this happened by accident. It happened because 
Democrats took action to rescue our economy, invest in American 
manufacturing, rebuild our infrastructure, lower health 
insurance costs, and finally let Medicare negotiate lower 
prescription drug prices.
    While President Biden and Congressional Democrats have 
delivered an economy that is the envy of the world, Republicans 
have turned the House of Representatives into an embarrassment. 
The do-nothing chaos caucus driving the wheel of the House 
Republican Conference talk a big game about the border, but 
then refuse to actually put the bipartisan border legislation 
on the floor. They complain about inflation, but then do 
nothing to lower costs for families.
    The theme of abandoning the American people continues 
throughout this budget being put forward today.
    This budget is an assault on everything from health care to 
education. It strips funding for food assistance for those in 
need, attacks Medicaid, and makes indiscriminate cuts to many 
government programs upon which Americans rely.
    Whether it's making it harder to put food on the table or 
keep shelter over your head, this budget does plenty of harm, 
and it does this all while paving the way for an extension of 
the Trump tax cuts, 83 percent of which went to the richest 1 
percent.
    This budget is extreme. Putting food assistance and Pell 
grants for low-income students on the chopping block while 
extending tax cuts for billionaires, is extreme. Selling out 
working families to line the pockets of price gouging 
corporations, while making it easier for the rich to cheat on 
their taxes, is extreme.
    Not a single Republican joined Democrats to cap insulin 
prices for seniors and lower health insurance costs for 
millions. Instead, they support this budget that attacks the 
progress we have made under President Biden.
    But even after trillions of dollars in draconian cuts this 
budget makes to programs that help the most in need, it still 
doesn't balance. In order to pretend to reduce the deficit, the 
budget jettisons the assumptions of the nonpartisan 
Congressional Budget Office and other reputable sources to rely 
on astonishing predictions of economic growth that somehow 
creates three extra trillion dollars out of thin air.
    This budget does not show how Republicans want to fund the 
government for the next decade. It shows how Republicans plan 
to take away health care from millions of Americans. It shows 
how Republicans plan to cut funding that gives our children a 
better future.
    Democrats completely reject this bleak and backwards budget 
and all of its misplaced priorities. We proudly offered a 
series of amendments that protected American families from 
reckless GOP cuts, defended Social Security and Medicare, and 
preserved the historic climate investments of the Inflation 
Reduction Act. Republicans unanimously rejected every single 
amendment offered.
    This budget is a road map to making life worse, not better, 
for middle class families. We need a vision that looks to the 
future, not the past. And thankfully, we will get to see that 
vision when President Biden presents his budget.
    After the historic progress we have made over the last 
three years, this is no time to turn back the clock and end it 
all.
            Signed by,
                                   Brendan F. Boyle,
                                           Ranking Member.
                                   Earl Blumenauer.
                                   Scott H. Peters.
                                   Jan Schakowsky.
                                   Daniel T. Kildee.
                                   Barbara Lee.
                                   Lloyd Doggett.
                                   Jennifer Wexton.
                                   Ilhan Omar.
                                   Becca Balint.
                                   Adriano Espaillat.
                                   Jimmy Panetta.
                                   Sheila Jackson Lee.
                                   David J. Trone.
                                   Robert C. ``Bobby'' Scott.
                                           Members of Congress.







118th CONGRESS
  2d Session
H. CON. RES. 117

Establishing the congressional budget for the United States 
Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the 
appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 
2034.

                         CONCURRENT RESOLUTION

Establishing the congressional budget for the United States 
Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the 
appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 
2034.
  Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate 
concurring), That

SECTION 1. CONCURRENT RESOLUTION ON THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025.

  (a) Declaration.--The Congress determines and declares that 
prior concurrent resolutions on the budget are replaced as of 
fiscal year 2025 and that this concurrent resolution 
establishes the budget for fiscal year 2025 and sets forth the 
appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 
2034.
  (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this 
concurrent resolution is as follows:

Sec. 1. Concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2025.

                 TITLE I--RECOMMENDED LEVELS AND AMOUNTS

Sec. 101. Recommended levels and amounts.
Sec. 102. Major functional categories.

      TITLE II--BUDGET ENFORCEMENT IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Sec. 201. Point of order against increasing long-term direct spending.
Sec. 202. Limitation on changes in certain mandatory programs.
Sec. 203. Limitation on advance appropriations.
Sec. 204. Estimates of debt service costs.
Sec. 205. Fair-value credit estimates.
Sec. 206. Adjustments for improved control of budgetary resources.
Sec. 207. Limitation on transfers from the general fund of the Treasury 
          to the Highway Trust Fund.
Sec. 208. Budgetary treatment of administrative expenses.
Sec. 209. Application and effect of changes in allocations and 
          aggregates.
Sec. 210. Adjustments to reflect changes in concepts and definitions.
Sec. 211. Adjustment for changes in the baseline.
Sec. 212. Exercise of rulemaking powers.

        TITLE III--RESERVE FUNDS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Sec. 301. Deficit neutral reserve fund for investments in national 
          infrastructure.
Sec. 302. Reserve fund for pro-growth tax policies.
Sec. 303. Deficit neutral reserve fund for medical innovation.
Sec. 304. Reserve fund for trade agreements.

       TITLE IV--POLICY STATEMENTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Sec. 401. Policy statement on economic growth.
Sec. 402. Policy statement on unauthorized appropriations.
Sec. 403. Policy statement on improper payments.
Sec. 404. Policy statement on budget gimmick reform.
Sec. 405. Policy statement on higher education and the American 
          workforce.
Sec. 406. Policy statement on Medicare.
Sec. 407. Policy statement on promoting patient-centered health care 
          reform.
Sec. 408. Policy statement on medical innovation.
Sec. 409. Policy statement on Medicaid work requirements.
Sec. 410. Policy statement on combating the opioid epidemic.
Sec. 411. Policy statement on border security.
Sec. 412. Policy statement on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance 
          Program.
Sec. 413. Policy statement on agriculture.
Sec. 414. Policy statement on bipartisan fiscal commission.
Sec. 415. Policy statement on government deregulation.

                TITLE I--RECOMMENDED LEVELS AND AMOUNTS

SEC. 101. RECOMMENDED LEVELS AND AMOUNTS.

  The following budgetary levels are appropriate for each of 
fiscal years 2025 through 2034:
          (1) Federal revenues.--For purposes of the 
        enforcement of this concurrent resolution:
                  (A) The recommended levels of Federal 
                revenues are as follows:
  Fiscal year 2025: $3,711,238,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2026: $4,013,146,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2027: $4,295,087,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2028: $4,429,736,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2029: $4,650,450,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2030: $4,859,791,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2031: $5,040,628,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2032: $5,212,522,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2033: $5,428,517,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2034: $5,671,517,000,000.
                  (B) The amounts by which the aggregate levels 
                of Federal revenues should be changed are as 
                follows:
  Fiscal year 2025: $0.
  Fiscal year 2026: $0.
  Fiscal year 2027: $0.
  Fiscal year 2028: $0.
  Fiscal year 2029: $0.
  Fiscal year 2030: $0.
  Fiscal year 2031: $0.
  Fiscal year 2032: $0.
  Fiscal year 2033: $0.
  Fiscal year 2034: $0.
          (2) New budget authority.--For purposes of the 
        enforcement of this concurrent resolution, the 
        appropriate levels of total new budget authority are as 
        follows:
  Fiscal year 2025: $4,986,064,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2026: $5,059,066,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2027: $4,976,652,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2028: $5,025,086,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2029: $5,193,282,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2030: $5,282,574,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2031: $5,402,963,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2032: $5,555,314,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2033: $5,665,969,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2034: $5,868,865,000,000.
          (3) Budget outlays.--For purposes of the enforcement 
        of this concurrent resolution, the appropriate levels 
        of total budget outlays are as follows:
  Fiscal year 2025: $5,112,497,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2026: $5,092,701,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2027: $5,054,300,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2028: $5,050,416,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2029: $5,171,200,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2030: $5,266,020,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2031: $5,375,556,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2032: $5,493,701,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2033: $5,644,312,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2034: $5,805,139,000,000.
          (4) Deficits (on-budget).--For purposes of the 
        enforcement of this concurrent resolution, the amounts 
        of the deficits (on-budget) are as follows:
  Fiscal year 2025: $1,401,259,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2026: $1,079,555,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2027: $759,213,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2028: $620,680,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2029: $520,750,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2030: $406,229,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2031: $334,928,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2032: $281,179,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2033: $215,795,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2034: $133,622,000,000.
          (5) Debt subject to limit.--The appropriate levels of 
        debt subject to limit are as follows:
  Fiscal year 2025: $36,578,874,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2026: $37,947,874,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2027: $38,794,984,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2028: $39,451,216,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2029: $39,982,390,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2030: $40,237,559,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2031: $40,315,462,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2032: $40,253,143,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2033: $40,262,778,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2034: $40,307,468,000,000.
          (6) Debt held by the public.--The appropriate levels 
        of debt held by the public are as follows:
  Fiscal year 2025: $29,475,133,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2026: $30,762,031,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2027: $31,708,264,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2028: $32,494,197,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2029: $33,120,708,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2030: $33,570,152,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2031: $33,890,747,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2032: $34,124,543,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2033: $34,210,285,000,000.
  Fiscal year 2034: $34,148,229,000,000.

SEC. 102. MAJOR FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES.

  The Congress determines and declares that the appropriate 
levels of new budget authority and outlays for fiscal years 
2025 through 2034 for each major functional category are:
          (1) National Defense (050):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $921,721,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $884,364,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $932,396,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $910,761,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $940,663,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $921,707,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $961,573,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $943,589,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $983,641,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $951,460,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,006,040,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $976,545,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,029,362,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $997,102,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,054,875,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,019,083,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,079,250,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,052,673,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,104,032,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,070,524,000,000.
          (2) International Affairs (150):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $68,208,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $64,005,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $66,682,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $64,577,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $68,136,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $66,371,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $69,496,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $66,768,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $71,023,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $67,975,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $72,524,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $69,091,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $74,102,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $70,256,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $75,684,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $71,549,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $77,311,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $72,925,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $78,943,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $74,282,000,000.
          (3) General Science, Space, and Technology (250):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $43,200,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $43,115,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $44,128,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $43,400,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $45,060,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $44,101,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $45,940,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $44,793,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $46,908,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $45,616,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $47,884,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $46,447,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $48,902,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $47,421,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $49,934,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $48,419,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $50,994,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $49,440,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $52,077,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $50,494,000,000.
          (4) Energy (270):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $35,389,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $36,523,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $34,674,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $42,653,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $36,933,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $46,157,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $38,556,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $46,228,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $41,251,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $46,567,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $39,167,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $41,677,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $38,187,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $38,829,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $40,455,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $38,870,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $34,197,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $32,942,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $28,817,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $27,627,000,000.
          (5) Natural Resources and Environment (300):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $77,574,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $75,528,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $78,928,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $83,476,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $72,892,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $85,681,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $74,504,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $82,547,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $76,163,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $80,791,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $77,669,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $78,987,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $79,300,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $78,179,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $81,511,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $77,837,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $83,151,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $79,572,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $85,124,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $81,614,000,000.
          (6) Agriculture (350):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $26,808,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $31,376,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $29,215,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $31,145,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $30,603,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $31,660,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $31,783,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $32,256,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $32,839,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $32,136,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $31,053,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $30,186,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $30,061,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $29,158,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $30,501,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $29,236,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $30,740,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $29,468,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $31,012,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $30,072,000,000.
          (7) Commerce and Housing Credit (370):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $20,380,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$8,395,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $21,548,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$775,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $17,703,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $8,833,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $16,578,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$40,398,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $5,587,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$4,878,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $14,223,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$800,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $13,939,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$7,311,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $13,062,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$12,314,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $16,371,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$12,511,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $7,180,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$23,482,000,000.
          (8) Transportation (400):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $166,053,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $138,488,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $169,058,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $147,698,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $135,073,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $148,502,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $136,094,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $142,404,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $137,929,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $140,597,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $133,622,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $136,092,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $134,357,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $135,658,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $142,608,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $140,975,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $143,927,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $141,238,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $146,505,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $142,503,000,000.
          (9) Community and Regional Development (450):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $58,613,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $58,931,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $59,691,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $57,342,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $60,896,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $57,057,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $61,914,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $58,273,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $63,176,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $58,046,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $64,449,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $58,344,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $65,638,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $58,117,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $66,874,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $58,168,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $68,096,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $58,121,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $69,477,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $59,091,000,000.
          (10) Education, Training, Employment, and Social 
        Services (500):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $107,932,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $137,483,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $124,883,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $136,134,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $124,064,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $123,578,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $126,949,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $125,533,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $128,547,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $127,556,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $130,445,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $129,535,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $132,538,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $131,488,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $135,010,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $133,831,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $136,986,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $135,933,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $139,741,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $138,281,000,000.
          (11) Health (550):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $776,720,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $774,440,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $759,173,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $756,843,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $716,149,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $708,883,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $723,160,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $713,466,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $752,616,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $734,415,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $769,569,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $751,140,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $778,478,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $769,501,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $799,992,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $790,580,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $833,092,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $818,550,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $866,907,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $850,546,000,000.
          (12) Medicare (570):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $943,220,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $943,410,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $975,943,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $977,283,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,044,829,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,045,317,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,190,996,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,191,472,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,112,283,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,112,568,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,269,580,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,269,902,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,354,215,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,354,396,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,446,338,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,446,523,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,662,881,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,663,926,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,690,081,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,690,281,000,000.
          (13) Income Security (600):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $672,512,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $664,263,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $641,676,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $639,660,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $630,747,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $625,530,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $642,438,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $643,243,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $636,985,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $622,787,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $649,645,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $640,106,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $655,236,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $645,096,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $664,455,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $653,363,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $678,472,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $674,272,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $678,902,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $667,745,000,000.
          (14) Social Security (650):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $61,928,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $61,928,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $72,896,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $72,896,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $78,768,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $78,768,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $82,852,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $82,852,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $87,480,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $87,480,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $92,440,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $92,440,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $97,117,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $97,117,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $102,107,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $102,107,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $107,855,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $107,855,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $113,513,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $113,513,000,000.
          (15) Veterans Benefits and Services (700):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $379,832,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $373,983,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $403,405,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $410,455,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $426,824,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $427,082,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $449,638,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $467,209,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $469,386,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $445,293,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $490,327,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $486,112,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $510,661,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $506,335,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $531,528,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $527,745,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $553,427,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $573,551,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $575,637,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $575,445,000,000.
          (16) Administration of Justice (750):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $82,693,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $83,635,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $84,818,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $82,645,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $86,985,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $84,591,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $89,174,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $86,628,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $91,531,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $88,588,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $93,928,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $90,972,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $96,449,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $93,586,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $99,289,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $95,885,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $101,225,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $98,341,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $104,043,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $101,063,000,000.
          (17) General Government (800):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $50,120,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $25,676,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $26,116,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $32,621,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $31,913,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $36,889,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $33,081,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $36,264,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $33,975,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $36,163,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $34,568,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $35,705,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $35,318,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $35,406,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $36,441,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $21,511,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $37,148,000,000
                          (B) Outlays, $36,556,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $38,334,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $37,730,000,000.
          (18) Net Interest (900):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $988,406,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $988,406,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,008,814,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,008,814,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,008,279,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,008,279,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,007,445,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,007,445,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,011,962,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,011,962,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,009,960,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,009,960,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,015,815,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,015,815,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,023,756,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,023,756,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,022,459,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,022,459,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, 
                        $1,025,284,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, $1,025,284,000,000.
          (19) Allowances (920):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $100,210,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$66,930,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $102,657,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$87,299,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $104,968,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$96,062,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $106,901,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$100,845,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $109,473,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$104,487,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $112,072,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$107,514,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $114,754,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$110,277,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $117,411,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$112,952,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $120,213,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$115,721,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $123,105,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$118,546,000,000.
          (20) Government-wide savings and adjustments (930):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $164,297,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$63,735,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $237,885,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$177,191,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $335,075,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$251,251,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $504,717,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$427,996,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $330,655,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$257,471,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $477,197,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$413,266,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $511,280,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$449,447,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $550,326,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$489,112,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $754,126,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$697,913,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $659,566,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$605,264,000,000.
          (21) Undistributed Offsetting Receipts (950):
                  Fiscal year 2025:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $130,498,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$133,998,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2026:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $134,436,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$140,436,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2027:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $139,823,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$147,373,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2028:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $145,467,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$151,314,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2029:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $149,872,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$151,964,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2030:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $155,250,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$155,641,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2031:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $160,678,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$160,869,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2032:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $171,368,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$171,359,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2033:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $177,274,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$177,365,000,000.
                  Fiscal year 2034:
                          (A) New budget authority, -
                        $184,073,000,000.
                          (B) Outlays, -$183,664,000,000.

      TITLE II--BUDGET ENFORCEMENT IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

SEC. 201. POINT OF ORDER AGAINST INCREASING LONG-TERM DIRECT SPENDING.

  (a) Point of Order.--It shall not be in order in the House of 
Representatives to consider any bill or joint resolution 
reported by a committee, or amendment thereto or conference 
report thereon, that would cause a net increase in direct 
spending in excess of $2,500,000,000 in any of the 4 
consecutive 10-fiscal year periods described in subsection (b).
  (b) Congressional Budget Office Analysis of Proposals.--The 
Director of the Congressional Budget Office shall, to the 
extent practicable, prepare an estimate of whether a bill or 
joint resolution reported by a committee (other than the 
Committee on Appropriations), or amendment thereto or 
conference report thereon, would cause, relative to current 
law, a net increase in direct spending in the House of 
Representatives, in excess of $2,500,000,000 in any of the 4 
consecutive 10-fiscal year periods beginning with the first 
fiscal year that is 10 fiscal years after the current fiscal 
year.
  (c) Limitation.--In the House of Representatives, the 
provisions of this section shall not apply to any bills or 
joint resolutions, or amendments thereto or conference reports 
thereon, for which the chair of the Committee on the Budget has 
made adjustments to the allocations, aggregates, or other 
budgetary levels in this concurrent resolution.
  (d) Determinations of Budget Levels.--For purposes of this 
section, the levels of net increases in direct spending shall 
be determined on the basis of estimates provided by the chair 
of the Committee on the Budget of the House of Representatives.

SEC. 202. LIMITATION ON CHANGES IN CERTAIN MANDATORY PROGRAMS.

  (a) Definition.--In this section, the term ``change in 
mandatory programs'' means a provision that--
          (1) would have been estimated as affecting direct 
        spending or receipts under section 252 of the Balanced 
        Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (as in 
        effect prior to September 30, 2002) if the provision 
        were included in legislation other than appropriation 
        Acts; and
          (2) results in a net decrease in budget authority in 
        the budget year, but does not result in a net decrease 
        in outlays over the total of the current year, the 
        budget year, and all fiscal years covered under the 
        most recently agreed to concurrent resolution on the 
        budget.
  (b) Point of Order in the House of Representatives.--
          (1) In general.--In the House of Representatives, it 
        shall not be in order to consider a bill or joint 
        resolution making appropriations for a full fiscal year 
        that includes a provision that proposes a change in 
        mandatory programs, or amendment thereto or conference 
        report thereon, that, if enacted, would cause the 
        absolute value of the total budget authority of all 
        such changes in mandatory programs enacted in relation 
        to a full fiscal year to be more than the amount 
        specified in paragraph (2).
          (2) Amount.--The amount specified in this paragraph 
        is, for fiscal year 2025, $15,000,000,000.
  (c) Determination.--For purposes of this section, budgetary 
levels shall be determined on the basis of estimates provided 
by the chair of the Committee on the Budget of the House of 
Representatives.

SEC. 203. LIMITATION ON ADVANCE APPROPRIATIONS.

  (a) In General.--In the House of Representatives, except as 
provided for in subsection (b), it shall not be in order to 
consider any general appropriation bill or bill or joint 
resolution continuing appropriations, or amendment thereto or 
conference report thereon, that provides advance 
appropriations.
  (b) Exceptions.--An advance appropriation may be provided for 
programs, projects, activities, or accounts identified in the 
report or the joint explanatory statement of managers, as 
applicable, accompanying this concurrent resolution under the 
following headings:
          (1) General.--For fiscal year 2026, under the heading 
        ``Accounts Identified for Advance Appropriations'' in 
        an aggregate amount not to exceed $28,852,000,000 in 
        new budget authority.
          (2) Veterans.--For fiscal year 2026, under the 
        heading ``Veterans Accounts Identified for Advance 
        Appropriations''.
          (3) Indian health accounts.--For fiscal year 2026, 
        under the heading ``Indian Health Accounts Identified 
        for Advance Appropriations'' in an aggregate amount not 
        to exceed the total budget authority provided for such 
        accounts for fiscal year 2025 in bills or joint 
        resolutions making appropriations for fiscal year 2025.
  (c) Definition.--The term ``advance appropriation'' means any 
new discretionary budget authority provided in a general 
appropriation bill or bill or joint resolution continuing 
appropriations for fiscal year 2025, or any amendment thereto 
or conference report thereon, that first becomes available 
following fiscal year 2025.

SEC. 204. ESTIMATES OF DEBT SERVICE COSTS.

  In the House of Representatives, the chair of the Committee 
on the Budget may direct the Congressional Budget Office to 
include, in any estimate of a bill or joint resolution prepared 
under section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, an 
estimate of any change in debt service costs resulting from 
carrying out such bill or resolution. Any estimate of debt 
service costs provided under this section shall be advisory and 
shall not be used for purposes of enforcement of such Act, the 
rules of the House of Representatives, or this concurrent 
resolution. This section shall not apply to authorizations of 
programs funded by discretionary spending or to appropriation 
bills or joint resolutions, but shall apply to changes in the 
authorization level of appropriated entitlements.

SEC. 205. FAIR-VALUE CREDIT ESTIMATES.

  (a) Fair-value Estimates.--Upon the request of chair of the 
Committee on the Budget of the House of Representatives, any 
estimate prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget 
Office for a measure that establishes or modifies any program 
providing loans or loan guarantees shall, as a supplement to 
such estimate and to the extent practicable, provide a fair-
value estimate of such loan or loan guarantee program.
  (b) Baseline Estimates.--The Congressional Budget Office 
shall include estimates of loan and loan guarantee programs, on 
a fair-value and credit reform basis, as practicable, in its 
The Budget and Economic Outlook.
  (c) Enforcement in the House of Representatives.--If the 
Director of the Congressional Budget Office provides an 
estimate pursuant to subsection (a), the chair of the Committee 
on the Budget of the House of Representatives may use such 
estimate to determine compliance with the Congressional Budget 
Act of 1974 and other budget enforcement requirements.

SEC. 206. ADJUSTMENTS FOR IMPROVED CONTROL OF BUDGETARY RESOURCES.

  (a) Adjustments of Discretionary and Direct Spending 
Levels.--In the House of Representatives, if a committee (other 
than the Committee on Appropriations) reports a bill or joint 
resolution, or an amendment thereto is offered or conference 
report thereon is submitted, providing for a decrease in direct 
spending (budget authority and outlays flowing therefrom) for 
any fiscal year and also provides for an authorization of 
appropriations for the same purpose, upon the enactment of such 
measure, the chair of the Committee on the Budget may decrease 
the allocation to the applicable authorizing committee that 
reports such measure and increase the allocation of 
discretionary spending (budget authority and outlays flowing 
therefrom) to the Committee on Appropriations for fiscal year 
2025 by an amount equal to the new budget authority (and 
outlays flowing therefrom) provided for in a bill or joint 
resolution making appropriations for the same purpose.
  (b) Determinations.--In the House of Representatives, for 
purposes of enforcing this concurrent resolution, the 
allocations and aggregate levels of new budget authority, 
outlays, direct spending, revenues, deficits, and surpluses for 
fiscal year 2025 and the total of fiscal years 2025 through 
2034 shall be determined on the basis of estimates made by the 
chair of the Committee on the Budget and such chair may adjust 
the applicable levels in this concurrent resolution.

SEC. 207. LIMITATION ON TRANSFERS FROM THE GENERAL FUND OF THE TREASURY 
                    TO THE HIGHWAY TRUST FUND.

  In the House of Representatives, for purposes of the 
Congressional Budget Act of 1974, the Balanced Budget and 
Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, and the rules or orders 
of the House of Representatives, a bill or joint resolution, or 
an amendment thereto or conference report thereon, that 
transfers funds from the general fund of the Treasury to the 
Highway Trust Fund shall be counted as new budget authority and 
outlays equal to the amount of the transfer in the fiscal year 
the transfer occurs.

SEC. 208. BUDGETARY TREATMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES.

  (a) In General.--In the House of Representatives, 
notwithstanding section 302(a)(1) of the Congressional Budget 
Act of 1974, section 13301 of the Budget Enforcement Act of 
1990, and section 2009a of title 39, United States Code, the 
report or the joint explanatory statement, as applicable, 
accompanying this concurrent resolution shall include in its 
allocation to the Committee on Appropriations under section 
302(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 amounts for the 
discretionary administrative expenses of the Social Security 
Administration and the United States Postal Service.
  (b) Special Rule.--In the House of Representatives, for 
purposes of enforcing section 302(f) of the Congressional 
Budget Act of 1974, estimates of the levels of total new budget 
authority and total outlays provided by a measure shall include 
any discretionary amounts described in subsection (a).

SEC. 209. APPLICATION AND EFFECT OF CHANGES IN ALLOCATIONS AND 
                    AGGREGATES.

  (a) Application.--In the House of Representatives, any 
adjustments of the allocations, aggregates, and other budgetary 
levels made pursuant to this concurrent resolution shall--
          (1) apply while that measure is under consideration;
          (2) take effect upon the enactment of that measure; 
        and
          (3) be published in the Congressional Record as soon 
        as practicable.
  (b) Effect of Changed Allocations and Aggregates.--Revised 
allocations and aggregates resulting from these adjustments 
shall be considered for the purposes of the Congressional 
Budget Act of 1974 as the allocations and aggregates contained 
in this concurrent resolution.
  (c) Budget Committee Determinations.--For purposes of this 
concurrent resolution, the budgetary levels for a fiscal year 
or period of fiscal years shall be determined on the basis of 
estimates made by the chair of the Committee on the Budget of 
the House of Representatives.
  (d) Aggregates, Allocations and Application.--In the House of 
Representatives, for purposes of this concurrent resolution and 
budget enforcement, the consideration of any bill or joint 
resolution, or amendment thereto or conference report thereon, 
for which the chair of the Committee on the Budget makes 
adjustments or revisions in the allocations, aggregates, and 
other budgetary levels of this concurrent resolution shall not 
be subject to the point of order set forth in clause 10 of rule 
XXI of the Rules of the House of Representatives.

SEC. 210. ADJUSTMENTS TO REFLECT CHANGES IN CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS.

  In the House of Representatives, the chair of the Committee 
on the Budget may adjust the appropriate aggregates, 
allocations, and other budgetary levels in this concurrent 
resolution for any change in budgetary concepts and definitions 
consistent with section 251(b)(1) of the Balanced Budget and 
Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.

SEC. 211. ADJUSTMENT FOR CHANGES IN THE BASELINE.

  In the House of Representatives, the chair of the Committee 
on the Budget may adjust the allocations, aggregates, and other 
appropriate budgetary levels in this concurrent resolution to 
reflect changes resulting from the Congressional Budget 
Office's update to its baseline for fiscal years 2025 through 
2034.

SEC. 212. EXERCISE OF RULEMAKING POWERS.

  The House of Representatives adopts the provisions of this 
title--
          (1) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the 
        House of Representatives, and as such they shall be 
        considered as part of the rules of the House of 
        Representatives, and such rules shall supersede other 
        rules only to the extent that they are inconsistent 
        with such other rules; and
          (2) with full recognition of the constitutional right 
        of the House of Representatives to change those rules 
        at any time, in the same manner, and to the same extent 
        as is the case of any other rule of the House of 
        Representatives.

        TITLE III--RESERVE FUNDS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

SEC. 301. DEFICIT NEUTRAL RESERVE FUND FOR INVESTMENTS IN NATIONAL 
                    INFRASTRUCTURE.

  In the House of Representatives, the chair of the Committee 
on the Budget may adjust the allocations, aggregates, and other 
appropriate levels in this concurrent resolution for any bill 
or joint resolution, or amendment thereto or conference report 
thereon, that invests in national infrastructure if such 
measure would not increase the deficit for the period of fiscal 
years 2025 through 2034.

SEC. 302. RESERVE FUND FOR PRO-GROWTH TAX POLICIES.

  In the House of Representatives, if the Committee on Ways and 
Means reports a bill or joint resolution that amends the 
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to advance pro-growth tax reforms 
and simplify the tax code, the chair of the Committee on the 
Budget may adjust the allocations, aggregates, and other 
appropriate budgetary levels in this concurrent resolution for 
the budgetary effects of any such bill or joint resolution, or 
amendment thereto or conference report thereon.

SEC. 303. DEFICIT NEUTRAL RESERVE FUND FOR MEDICAL INNOVATION.

  In the House of Representatives, the chair of the Committee 
on the Budget may adjust the allocations, aggregates, and other 
appropriate levels in this concurrent resolution for any bill 
or joint resolution, or amendment thereto or conference report 
thereon, related to promoting American medical innovation if 
such measure would not increase the deficit for the period of 
fiscal years 2025 through 2034.

SEC. 304. RESERVE FUND FOR TRADE AGREEMENTS.

  In the House of Representatives, if the Committee on Ways and 
Means reports a bill or joint resolution that modifies tariffs 
on imports or implements trade agreements, the chair of the 
Committee on the Budget may adjust the allocations, aggregates, 
and other appropriate budgetary levels in this concurrent 
resolution for the budgetary effects of any such bill or joint 
resolution, or amendment thereto or conference report thereon.

      TITLE IV--POLICY STATEMENTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

SEC. 401. POLICY STATEMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) The rate of economic growth has a significant 
        impact on budget deficits. When the rate of gross 
        domestic product (GDP) growth is higher, projected 
        revenue grows and deficits decline. Conversely, lower 
        rates of GDP growth can cause opposite outcomes: slower 
        revenue growth and larger deficits.
          (2) Federal policies affect the economy's potential 
        to grow and impact economic performance, influencing 
        budgetary outcomes. Consequently, fiscally responsible 
        policies that improve the economy's long-term growth 
        prospects can help reduce the size of budget deficits 
        over a given period.
          (3) The free market, where individuals pursue their 
        own self-interests, has been responsible for greater 
        advancements in quality of life and generation of 
        wealth than any other form of economic system. Federal 
        policies geared towards growing the economy should thus 
        allow market forces to operate unhindered rather than 
        pick ``winners'' and ``losers''.
  (b) Policy on Economic Growth.--It is the policy of this 
concurrent resolution to pursue policies that embrace the free 
market and promote economic growth through--
          (1) reducing Federal spending and deficits, which 
        otherwise crowd-out market investments;
          (2) expanding American energy production by 
        eliminating excessive burdens and barriers placed on 
        energy producers;
          (3) lowering taxes that discourage work, savings, and 
        investment;
          (4) deregulating the economy and enacting reforms to 
        restrict future bureaucratic red tape;
          (5) eliminating barriers to work that keep Americans 
        on the sidelines;
          (6) expanding free and fair trade; and
          (7) restructuring health care to be focused on 
        patients and cures rather than administrative control.

SEC. 402. POLICY STATEMENT ON UNAUTHORIZED APPROPRIATIONS.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) Article I of the Constitution vests all 
        legislative power in Congress.
          (2) Central to Congress's legislative powers is the 
        authorization of appropriations necessary to execute 
        the laws that establish Federal agencies and programs 
        and impose obligations.
          (3) Clause 2 of rule XXI of the Rules of the House of 
        Representatives prohibits the consideration of 
        appropriations measures that provide appropriations for 
        unauthorized programs.
          (4) According to the Congressional Budget Office, 
        $510 billion in appropriations was attributed to 428 
        expired authorizations for fiscal year 2023.
          (5) Agencies such as the Department of State have not 
        been authorized for nearly two decades.
  (b) Policy on Unauthorized Appropriations.--In the House, it 
is the policy of this concurrent resolution that legislation 
should be enacted that--
          (1) establishes a schedule for reauthorizing all 
        Federal programs on a staggered basis together with 
        declining spending limits for each year a program is 
        not reauthorized according to such schedule; and
          (2) prohibits the consideration of appropriations 
        measures in the House that provide appropriations in 
        excess of spending limits specified for such measures 
        and ensures that such rule should be strictly enforced.

SEC. 403. POLICY STATEMENT ON IMPROPER PAYMENTS.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) The Government Accountability Office defines 
        improper payments as any reported payment that should 
        not have been made or was made in an incorrect amount.
          (2) Since 2003, improper payments have totaled $2.7 
        trillion with a reported Federal Government-wide error 
        rate of 5.42 percent in fiscal year 2023.
          (3) Improper payments between 2021-2023 have exceeded 
        $750 billion and totaled more than the budget of the 
        U.S. Army in 2023.
          (4) The Earned Income Tax Credit, Unemployment 
        Insurance, Medicaid, and Medicare, account for 72.8 
        percent of total improper payments, with error rates of 
        33.5 percent, 32.3 percent, 8.6 percent, and 7.6 
        percent, respectively.
          (5) At least five agencies did not report payment 
        estimates for Federal programs that are deemed 
        susceptible to significant improper payments.
          (6) The American public deserves to have confidence 
        that Federal programs are administered in a cost-
        effective, transparent, and responsible manner.
  (b) Policy on Improper Payments.--It is the policy of this 
concurrent resolution to lower improper payment rates by $1 
trillion over the next decade by working closely with 
authorizing committees throughout the budget process to--
          (1) require all Federal programs to annually report 
        improper payment rates;
          (2) streamline the processes and mechanisms through 
        which information is shared between Federal agencies;
          (3) task Federal agencies to implement technologies 
        to identify patterns indicative of fraudulent 
        activities or errors, and to enhance eligibility 
        verification processes to ensure that only qualified 
        recipients are receiving benefits;
          (4) incentivize States and Federal agencies to comply 
        with anti-fraud rules; and
          (5) hold programs and agencies accountable for 
        continued or prolonged failure to prevent and mitigate 
        improper payments.

SEC. 404. POLICY STATEMENT ON BUDGET GIMMICK REFORM.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) The complexity and lack of transparency in 
        discretionary spending has facilitated an increase in 
        Federal spending, exacerbating the looming debt and 
        deficit.
          (2) There is a critical need to explore and implement 
        mechanisms that ensure the appropriations process is 
        accountable, transparent, understandable, and adheres 
        to principles of fiscal discipline.
  (b) Policy on Budget Gimmick Reform.--It is the policy of 
this concurrent resolution that--
          (1) the House should pursue reforms to the budget and 
        appropriations process that eliminate the use of budget 
        gimmicks to ensure greater transparency, 
        accountability, and fiscal discipline;
          (2) specific mechanisms should be implemented to 
        correct the current fiscal path and safeguard the 
        Nation's economic future, such as the use of budgetary 
        caps, stricter criteria for emergency spending, the 
        prohibition of ``bad CHIMPs'', and the requirement to 
        direct savings towards deficit reduction;
          (3) the House supports efforts to engage in 
        discussions that refine and enact these reforms to 
        restore fiscal responsibility; and
          (4) by pursuing reform, the House reaffirms its 
        commitment to fiscal responsibility and the elimination 
        of practices that obscure the Federal budget's true 
        condition.

SEC. 405. POLICY STATEMENT ON HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE AMERICAN 
                    WORKFORCE.

  (a) Findings on Higher Education.--The House finds the 
following:
          (1) A well-educated, high-skilled workforce is 
        critical to economic, job, and wage growth.
          (2) Average published tuition and fees have increased 
        consistently above the rate of inflation across all 
        types of colleges and universities.
          (3) With an outstanding student loan portfolio of 
        $1.6 trillion, the Federal Government is the largest 
        education lender to undergraduate and graduate 
        students, parents, and other guarantors.
          (4) Students who do not complete their college degree 
        are at a greater risk of defaulting on their loans than 
        those who complete their degree.
          (5) Because Federal income-driven repayment plans 
        offer loan balance forgiveness after a repayment 
        period, increased use of these plans portends higher 
        projected costs to taxpayers.
  (b) Policy on Higher Education.--It is the policy of this 
concurrent resolution to promote college affordability, access, 
and success by--
          (1) reserving Federal financial aid for those most in 
        need and streamlining grant and loan aid programs to 
        help students and families more easily assess their 
        options for financing post-secondary education;
          (2) removing regulatory barriers to reduce costs, 
        increase access, and allow for innovative teaching 
        models;
          (3) increasing accountability for colleges and 
        universities and ensuring students and taxpayers 
        receive a return on investment; and
          (4) championing policies that achieve these goals, 
        including H.R. 6951, the College Cost Reduction Act.
  (c) Findings on the American Workforce.--The House finds the 
following:
          (1) 6.1 million Americans are currently unemployed.
          (2) Despite billions of dollars in spending, those 
        looking for work are stymied by a broken workforce 
        development system that fails to connect workers with 
        assistance and employers with skilled personnel.
          (3) American workers and families are facing high 
        inflation, supply chain disruptions, and regulatory 
        barriers that suppress economic growth.
  (d) Policy on the American Workforce.--It is the policy of 
this concurrent resolution to promote and advocate policies 
that benefit all American workers and businesses by--
          (1) further streamlining and consolidating Federal 
        workforce development programs;
          (2) empowering States with the flexibility to tailor 
        funding and programs to the specific needs of their 
        workforce and employers; and
          (3) protecting employee freedom, promoting union 
        accountability, supporting independent contractors, 
        updating the Fair Labor Standards Act, and 
        strengthening retirement security for workers and 
        families.

SEC. 406. POLICY STATEMENT ON MEDICARE.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) More than 65,000,000 Americans depend on Medicare 
        for their health care needs.
          (2) Congress must protect Medicare for current and 
        future generations by strengthening the program to 
        prevent reductions to benefits beneficiaries depend on.
          (3) The Medicare Trustees Report has repeatedly 
        recommended that Congress address Medicare's long-term 
        financial challenges. Each year without reform, the 
        financial condition of Medicare becomes more precarious 
        and the threat to those in or near retirement more 
        pronounced. The current challenges that Congress will 
        need to address include--
                  (A) the Hospital Insurance Trust Fund will be 
                exhausted in 2031 and unable to pay the full 
                scheduled benefits;
                  (B) Medicare enrollment is expected to 
                increase significantly, as 10,000 baby boomers 
                reach retirement age each day;
                  (C) due to extended life spans, enrollees 
                remain in Medicare three times longer than at 
                the outset of the program nearly six decades 
                ago;
                  (D) notwithstanding the program's trust fund 
                arrangement, current workers' payroll tax 
                contributions pay for current Medicare 
                beneficiaries instead of being set aside for 
                their own future use;
                  (E) the number of workers supporting each 
                beneficiary continues to fall; in 1965, the 
                ratio was 4.5 workers per beneficiary, and by 
                2030, the ratio will be only 2.5 workers per 
                beneficiary;
                  (F) the average Medicare beneficiary receives 
                about three dollars in Medicare benefits for 
                every dollar paid into the program;
                  (G) Medicare is growing faster than the 
                economy, with an average projected growth rate 
                of 7.5 percent per year over the next 10 years; 
                and
                  (H) by 2034, Medicare spending will reach 
                more than $2.2 trillion, more than double the 
                2023 spending level of $1 trillion.
          (4) Over the next 75 years, the Medicare program 
        faces more than $53 trillion in unfunded liabilities, 
        representing the shortfall of what it will take in 
        today's dollars to fund promised benefits to 
        beneficiaries. Failing to address the fiscal challenges 
        in the Medicare program will continue to contribute to 
        Federal deficits and debt, while placing increasing 
        pressure on the Federal budget over the long term.
  (b) Policy on Medicare Reform.--It is the policy of this 
concurrent resolution to support bipartisan solutions to save 
Medicare for those in or near retirement and to strengthen the 
program's solvency for future beneficiaries.

SEC. 407. POLICY STATEMENT ON PROMOTING PATIENT-CENTERED HEALTH CARE 
                    REFORM.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) Patient-centered health care increases access to 
        quality care for all Americans, regardless of age, 
        income, or health status.
          (2) Consolidated health care markets that lack free 
        and fair competition have resulted in higher prices and 
        decreased quality of care for patients.
          (3) States are best equipped to respond to the needs 
        of their unique communities.
          (4) The current legal framework encourages frivolous 
        medical malpractice lawsuits that increase health care 
        costs.
  (b) Policy on Health Care Reform.--It is the policy of this 
concurrent resolution that--
          (1) Americans deserve affordable, accessible, and 
        personalized health care coverage that best fits their 
        needs;
          (2) Congress should enact policies that increase 
        competition and transparency in health care markets by 
        targeting the incentives that drive consolidation, 
        including bipartisan legislation to equalize payments 
        between hospital outpatient departments and independent 
        physician offices;
          (3) the American health care system should encourage 
        research, development, and innovation in the medical 
        sector, rather than stymie growth through 
        overregulation;
          (4) States should determine the parameters of 
        acceptable private insurance plans based on the needs 
        of their populations and retain control over other 
        health care coverage standards;
          (5) reforms should protect patients with pre-existing 
        conditions and create greater parity between benefits 
        offered through employers and those offered 
        independently;
          (6) States should have greater flexibility in 
        designing their Medicaid programs and State Children's 
        Health Insurance Programs; and
          (7) States should have the flexibility to implement 
        medical liability policies to best suit their needs.

SEC. 408. POLICY STATEMENT ON MEDICAL INNOVATION.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) The Nation's commitment to the discovery, 
        development, and delivery of new treatments and cures 
        has made the United States the biomedical innovation 
        capital of the world.
          (2) The Nation's preeminent position in biomedical 
        innovation has brought life-saving drugs to patients, 
        provided millions of jobs in local communities across 
        the country, and furthered the United States' economic 
        prosperity.
          (3) American companies and scientists have been 
        responsible for the first of many scientific 
        discoveries that have improved and prolonged human 
        health and life for countless people in America and 
        around the world.
          (4) The United States has led the way in early 
        discovery because of visionary and determined 
        innovators throughout the private and public sectors, 
        including industry, academic medical centers, and 
        Federally-funded activities.
          (5) The United States has led the way in the 
        commercialization and delivery of cures and therapies 
        to patients because of the Nation's commitment to the 
        power of market forces.
          (6) Federal policies should foster investment in 
        health care innovation. America should maintain its 
        world leadership in medical science by encouraging free 
        market competition in the development and delivery of 
        cures and therapies to patients.
          (7) The Nation's leadership in medical innovation is 
        critical to maintaining our national security.
  (b) Policy on Medical Innovation.--It is the policy of this 
concurrent resolution that Congress should--
          (1) foster investment in health care innovation and 
        maintain the Nation's world leadership status in 
        medical science by encouraging competition;
          (2) continue to support the critical work of medical 
        innovators throughout the country through preserving 
        free market incentives to conduct life-saving research 
        and development; and
          (3) unleash the power of private-sector medical 
        innovation by removing regulatory obstacles and 
        rejecting centralized government price controls for 
        innovative cures and therapies that impede the 
        development and adoption of new medical technology and 
        pharmaceuticals and increase costs for patients.

SEC. 409. POLICY STATEMENT ON MEDICAID WORK REQUIREMENTS.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) Medicaid is a Federal-State program that provides 
        health care coverage for impoverished Americans.
          (2) Medicaid serves four major population categories: 
        the elderly, the blind and disabled, children, and 
        adults.
          (3) The percentage of the United States population 
        enrolled in Medicaid has grown from 9.3 percent in 1975 
        to 24.3 percent in 2022.
          (4) The Congressional Budget Office projected the 
        average monthly enrollment in Medicaid for fiscal year 
        2023 would be 94 million people.
          (5) The Congressional Budget Office projected at 
        least 19 million able-bodied adults without dependents 
        would be enrolled in Medicaid in 2023.
          (6) Medicaid continues to grow at an unsustainable 
        rate; within the decade, the program stands to cost 
        over one trillion dollars per year, between Federal and 
        State spending.
          (7) According to data provided to the Office of 
        Management and Budget, the Federal Government made over 
        $50 billion in improper payments through the Medicaid 
        program in 2023.
          (8) Work requirements are strongly supported by the 
        American people. In April 2022, 79.5 percent of 
        Wisconsin voters supported work requirements for 
        welfare programs in a statewide referendum. Likewise, 
        nationwide polls consistently demonstrate 70 to 75 
        percent support for work requirement policies.
          (9) Congress has a responsibility to preserve limited 
        Medicaid resources and taxpayers' dollars for America's 
        most vulnerable, including those who cannot provide for 
        themselves.
          (10) Work is a valuable source of human dignity, and 
        work requirements help lift Americans out of poverty by 
        incentivizing self-reliance.
  (b) Policy on Medicaid Work Requirements.--It is the policy 
of this concurrent resolution that--
          (1) Congress should enact legislation, similar to the 
        provisions in the House-passed Limit, Save, Grow Act of 
        2023 (H.R. 2811), that encourages able-bodied adults 
        without dependents to work, actively seek work, 
        participate in a job-training program, or do community 
        service in order to receive Medicaid benefits;
          (2) legislation implementing work requirements into 
        the Medicaid program could require able-bodied adults 
        without dependents to work, engage in community 
        service, or participate in a work training program for 
        at least 80 hours per month to remain eligible for 
        Medicaid;
          (3) States should be given flexibility to determine 
        the specific parameters of qualifying program 
        participation and work-equivalent experience;
          (4) States should perform regular case checks to 
        ensure taxpayer dollars are appropriately spent; and
          (5) the Government Accountability Office or the U.S. 
        Department of Health and Human Services Inspector 
        General should conduct annual audits of State Medicaid 
        programs to ensure proper reporting and prevent waste, 
        fraud, and abuse.

SEC. 410. POLICY STATEMENT ON COMBATING THE OPIOID EPIDEMIC.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) According to the Centers for Disease Control and 
        Prevention (CDC), more than 564,000 died as a result of 
        opioid overdoses between 1999 and 2020.
          (2) Drug overdose deaths involving opioids spiked 
        over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing 
        from approximately 50,000 in 2019 to 68,630 in 2020 and 
        80,411 in 2021.
          (3) In 2021, opioids were involved in over 75 percent 
        of all drug overdose deaths. Synthetic opioids, 
        including fentanyl and fentanyl analogues accounted for 
        over 88 percent of all opioid-related deaths in 2021.
          (4) In fiscal year 2023 alone, United States Customs 
        and Border Protection, including Air and Marine 
        Operations, seized 27,000 pounds of fentanyl, coming 
        across the Southwest Border - enough to kill over 6.1 
        billion people.
          (5) According to the Drug Enforcement Administration, 
        China is the primary source of all fentanyl-related 
        substances trafficked into the United States.
          (6) The SUPPORT for Patients and Communities Act was 
        signed into law in the 115th Congress in an 
        overwhelmingly bipartisan display of congressional and 
        executive branch support to fight against the opioid 
        epidemic.
          (7) The Committee on Energy and Commerce and the 
        Committee on Ways and Means are working to advance 
        policies that reauthorize and build upon laws passed in 
        previous Congresses.
          (8) Bipartisan efforts to reduce the supply of 
        opioids in the United States, eliminate opioid abuse, 
        and provide relief from addiction for all Americans 
        should continue.
  (b) Policy on Opioid Abuse.--It is the policy of this 
concurrent resolution that--
          (1) combating opioid abuse using available budgetary 
        resources remains a high priority;
          (2) the House, in a bipartisan manner, should 
        continue to examine the Federal response to the opioid 
        abuse epidemic and support essential activities to 
        reduce and prevent substance abuse;
          (3) the Federal Government should secure the United 
        States southern border to reduce the flow of fentanyl 
        and other opioids into the Nation;
          (4) the House should examine the specific threat 
        posed by fentanyl and fentanyl analogues and support 
        initiatives to reduce the supply of fentanyl in the 
        United States and mitigate its deadly impact on 
        American lives;
          (5) the House should engage in oversight efforts to 
        ensure that taxpayer dollars intended to combat opioid 
        abuse are spent appropriately and efficiently; and
          (6) the House should collaborate with State, local, 
        and tribal entities to develop a comprehensive strategy 
        for addressing the opioid addiction crisis.

SEC. 411. POLICY STATEMENT ON BORDER SECURITY.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) The United States is facing the largest influx of 
        illegal migrants in modern history. Since President 
        Biden took office, the Department of Homeland Security 
        (DHS) has encountered over 8.7 million illegal migrants 
        at U.S. Borders. At the Southwest Border alone, there 
        have been over 7.2 million encounters.
          (2) Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas 
        confirmed on January 8, 2024, that the current release 
        rate for migrants illegally crossing the border is 
        approximately 85 percent. This means that of the 7.2 
        million illegal migrants encountered at the Southwest 
        border, over 6.1 million of these illegal migrants have 
        been released into the United States. In addition, it 
        is estimated that at least 1.7 million illegal migrants 
        have effectively evaded U.S. Customs and Border Patrol 
        and entered the country illegally. These aliens are 
        referred to as known ``gotaways''.
          (3) President Biden and Secretary Mayorkas's catch 
        and release policy is costing the American taxpayer 
        tens of billions of dollars a year. Unfortunately, the 
        cost to the taxpayer is much higher once all illegal 
        immigrants are included. In total, the Federation for 
        American Immigration Reform (FAIR) estimates the cost 
        of all illegal immigrants to the taxpayer to be over 
        $150.7 billion per year.
          (4) Article I, section 8, clause 1 of the 
        Constitution places the mandate on the Legislative 
        Branch of the Federal Government to ``provide for the 
        common Defence and general Welfare of the United 
        States''. Both the Legislature and the Executive have 
        failed to provide a proper defense of the border and 
        failed to uphold the common welfare of the people, as 
        is evident by the situation in cities across the 
        country.
          (5) Article IV, section 4 of the Constitution 
        provides that the Federal Government ``shall guarantee 
        to every State in this Union a Republican Form of 
        Government, and shall protect each of them against 
        Invasion''. The Federal Government of the United States 
        has failed to provide its citizens with a defense at 
        our borders and has failed to protect the States from 
        invasion, as at least 7.8 million illegal migrants have 
        now entered the country through the Southwest border.
  (b) Policy on Border Security.--It is the policy of this 
concurrent resolution to implement the policies set forth in 
H.R. 2, the Secure the Border Act of 2023. It is imperative 
that Congress dedicate appropriate resources to DHS to deter 
and prevent illegal immigration, secure the border, and 
effectively control the entry and exit of all people. Enforcing 
our borders and the rule of law should be a top priority for 
Congress.

SEC. 412. POLICY STATEMENT ON THE SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITION ASSISTANCE 
                    PROGRAM.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) While the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance 
        Program will remain a means-tested entitlement, certain 
        policies steeped in Executive overreach have expanded 
        the size and scope of the program with continued 
        disregard to transparency of process, basic tenets of 
        integrity, and accountability to the taxpayer.
          (2) President Biden's 2021 revision to the Thrifty 
        Food Plan was careless, ill-conceived, and poorly 
        executed, resulting in a cost estimate of $425.5 
        billion over the 10-year period. The Government 
        Accountability Office (GAO) was asked by the Committee 
        on Agriculture of the House of Representatives and the 
        Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of 
        the Senate to review the update, and in December 2022, 
        GAO issued a suite of recommendations to promote a 
        transparent and scientifically rigorous process for 
        future updates.
          (3) Other statutes and subsequent regulations 
        continue to promote dependence rather than upward 
        mobility, namely States' use and abuse of able-bodied 
        adults without dependents time limit waivers, broad-
        based categorical eligibility, and lackluster 
        implementation of program integrity standards.
          (4) While it is critical families have access to 
        food, it is equally critical work capable households 
        are encouraged to make more responsible choices. Not to 
        mention, when States and Washington elites propose 
        eliminating work, eligibility, and integrity standards, 
        they are further distancing eligible households from 
        the tools and supports to advance their financial 
        position.
  (b) Policy on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance 
Program.--It is the policy of this concurrent resolution that 
the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives 
look for opportunities to strengthen measures related to 
employment, integrity, and health. Benefit recipients and the 
American taxpayer deserve a program that provides for those in 
need while emphasizing pathways out of poverty.

SEC. 413. POLICY STATEMENT ON AGRICULTURE.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) The Farm Safety Net is made up of various Federal 
        agricultural support programs that provide farmers, 
        ranchers, and producers with income assistance.
          (2) Ad hoc disaster spending allocated for the 
        agriculture sector comes from supplemental funding 
        appropriated by Congress and funds directly allocated 
        from the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) at the 
        discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture.
          (3) While there have been unanticipated challenges 
        over the last several years from trade disruptions with 
        China, a global pandemic, and extreme weather events 
        that necessitated assistance for the agriculture 
        sector, the level of emergency ad hoc assistance has 
        grown considerably, representing more than 70 percent 
        of Federal agriculture spending since 2018. This level 
        of unbudgeted assistance is an indication of the 
        inadequacies within the current Farm Safety Net, which 
        fails to provide certainty for the agriculture sector, 
        and leaves taxpayers footing the bill for the 
        additional cost.
          (4) Furthermore, in 2018, Congress restored the 
        Department of Agriculture's (USDA) authority to spend 
        additional amounts of funds through section 5 of the 
        CCC Charter Act, which was utilized by the Trump 
        Administration to rapidly respond to unprecedented 
        trade barriers and the COVID-19 pandemic. While these 
        funds provided USDA with immense flexibility to quickly 
        support producers, the Biden Administration has abused 
        this authority to fund questionable, nonemergency 
        initiatives in a clear effort to circumvent the role of 
        Congress.
          (5) According to recent improper payment data from 
        the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for fiscal 
        year 2023, USDA's Emergency Conservation Program - 
        Disasters and the Farm Service Agency (FSA) Wildfires 
        and Hurricanes Indemnity Program Plus had projected 
        improper payment rates of over 40 and 8.3 percent, 
        respectively, which further highlights the 
        inefficiencies of ad hoc spending. CCC funded 
        Agriculture Risk Coverage and Price Loss Coverage 
        programs were estimated to be over 8.5 percent, and FSA 
        Livestock Forage Disaster Program and FSA Noninsured 
        Crop Disaster Assistance Program were estimated to be 
        13.6 and 10.4 percent, respectively. OMB's data shows 
        that enhanced program integrity measures at USDA are 
        needed to ensure taxpayer dollars are not wasted or 
        abused.
  (b) Policy on Agriculture.--It is the policy of this 
concurrent resolution that the Committee on Agriculture of the 
House of Representatives improve and strengthen the Farm Safety 
Net to provide stability to the agriculture sector and 
certainty to farmers, ranchers, and producers, by reducing 
unbudgeted and untimely ad hoc disaster spending, ceasing the 
USDA's discretionary use of the section 5 CCC Charter Act 
authority, and enhancing program compliance and integrity 
enforcement at USDA. Any yielded savings from these 
examinations should be reinvested into Farm Safety Net programs 
in the most fiscally responsible manner. The security of the 
food and agriculture systems of the United States is a 
cornerstone of national security, and this concurrent 
resolution supports the Committee on Agriculture of the House 
of Representatives in their endeavors to address these issues.

SEC. 414. POLICY STATEMENT ON BIPARTISAN FISCAL COMMISSION.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) The United States faces a significant debt 
        crisis, with the national debt currently exceeding $34 
        trillion.
          (2) This debt poses a significant risk to the 
        country's long-term fiscal sustainability, with 
        implications for future generations.
          (3) The drivers of U.S. debt include entitlement 
        spending such as Social Security and Medicare and 
        discretionary government spending.
          (4) To address these challenges, a comprehensive 
        review of the United States' current debt situation is 
        necessary to ensure that the country's financial future 
        is secure.
          (5) On January 18, 2024, the Committee on the Budget 
        ordered reported H.R. 5779, the Fiscal Commission Act 
        of 2024, on a bipartisan vote.
  (b) Policy on Bipartisan Debt Commission.--It is the policy 
of this concurrent resolution that the House of Representatives 
recommends the creation of a bipartisan fiscal commission, 
consistent with H.R. 5779, the Fiscal Commission Act of 2024, 
ordered reported by the Committee on the Budget.

SEC. 415. POLICY STATEMENT ON GOVERNMENT DEREGULATION.

  (a) Findings.--The House finds the following:
          (1) Regulations throughout the Federal Government 
        have been a major issue for decades, continuously 
        growing while negatively impacting the nation's 
        economic and fiscal standing. Overregulation has 
        consistently hurt small businesses, strangled domestic 
        energy production, negatively impacted labor market 
        conditions, and expanded government overreach and costs 
        to taxpayers. To combat the consolidation of power, our 
        Constitution requires elected representatives to 
        authorize spending and the collection of taxes. The 
        executive branch has become a sprawling bureaucracy of 
        more than 400 agencies and sub-agencies staffed by 
        unelected bureaucrats who create new regulations for 
        the American people to follow. These regulations impose 
        significant costs on individuals and businesses and 
        increase spending for existing programs without the 
        authorization of Congress or the approval of the 
        American people.
          (2) Real (inflation-adjusted) spending on regulatory 
        agencies has increased from $4 billion in 1960 to 
        almost $70 billion in 2021 - 17 times the 1960 funding 
        level. The total number of regulators has grown from 
        57,109 to 288,409 over the same period. Additionally, 
        the total number of pages in the Code of Federal 
        Regulations (CFR) has increased from 22,877 pages in 
        1960 to 188,321 pages in 2021. Going back further, the 
        CFR contained only 9,745 pages in 1950 - making the 
        size of the CFR in 1950 only about 5 percent of its 
        current size. Since 1970, the total number of 
        regulatory restrictions has grown by over 2.5 times, 
        from 440,000 restrictions to over 1.3 million 
        restrictions in 2021.
          (3) Moreover, this problem has only gotten worse 
        under President Biden, who has spent over $1.5 trillion 
        through various unilateral and even unconstitutional 
        executive actions since taking office in January 2021. 
        On his first day in office, President Biden revoked 
        executive orders on regulatory oversight, thereby 
        eliminating regulatory budgets for agencies and 
        transparency requirements for guidance documents. 
        During his first year, President Biden pushed through 
        more economically significant regulations than any 
        other president's first year in office. Moreover, 
        President Biden has vetoed more resolutions of 
        disapproval (to overturn rules issued by agencies) than 
        all other presidents combined.
          (4) This concurrent resolution encourages repealing 
        all new regulations created under President Biden, 
        permanently eliminating regulations that were 
        temporarily waived during the COVID-19 pandemic, 
        exempting small businesses from National Labor 
        Relations Board regulations, addressing the burdens of 
        occupational licensing requirements, and repealing 
        Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards, among other 
        policies.
          (5) Additionally, this concurrent resolution proposes 
        enacting legislation into law that restores 
        congressional Article I powers, scales back Federal 
        regulations, limits future bureaucratic red tape, and 
        unleashes economic growth, including but not limited to 
        the--
                  (A) Regulations from the Executive in Need of 
                Scrutiny (REINS) Act, as passed the House on 
                June 14, 2023;
                  (B) Article I Regulatory Budget Act;
                  (C) All Economic Regulations are Transparent 
                Act;
                  (D) Guidance Out of Darkness Act;
                  (E) Regulatory Accountability Act;
                  (F) Require Evaluation before Implementing 
                Executive Wishlists Act;
                  (G) Separation of Powers Restoration Act;
                  (H) Paperwork Burden Reduction Act;
                  (I) Patient Access to Higher Quality Health 
                Care Act;
                  (J) Lower Energy Costs Act;
                  (K) Mission not Emissions Act;
                  (L) Water Supply Permitting Coordination Act;
                  (M) Endangered Species Transparency and 
                Reasonableness Act;
                  (N) Ensuring Accountability in Agency 
                Rulemaking Act;
                  (O) Determination of NEPA Adequacy 
                Streamlining Act; and
                  (P) Bureau of Land Management Mineral Spacing 
                Act.
  (b) Policy on Government Regulation.--It is the policy of 
this concurrent resolution--
          (1) that Congress continues to examine ways to 
        relieve the burdens of overregulation throughout the 
        Federal Government;
          (2) that House Republicans remain at the ready to 
        promote initiatives that will reduce government 
        bureaucracy, restore Article I congressional power, 
        enhance federalism, and increase economic prosperity 
        through deregulation;
          (3) to ensure that once harmful and costly 
        regulations are repealed, they cannot be reimposed 
        through executive fiat, as the Biden Administration has 
        done on issues such as student loan forgiveness and 
        expansion of the Thrifty Food Plan;
          (4) to develop policies with the authorizing 
        committees that will demonstrate the contributions to 
        economic growth and reducing government spending 
        embodied in legislation like the REINS Act; and
          (5) to not only reduce burdensome, costly regulations 
        but to reestablish and strengthen the role of Congress 
        in checking executive branch overreach in the future.