[Senate Report 117-222]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


                                                     Calendar No. 579
117th Congress      }                                   {       Report
                                 SENATE
 2d Session         }                                   {      117-222
_______________________________________________________________________

                                     



            DHS JOINT TASK FORCE REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2022

                               __________

                              R E P O R T

                                 of the

                   COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND

                          GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

                          UNITED STATES SENATE

                              to accompany

                                S. 4656

             TO REAUTHORIZE AND AMEND THE HOMELAND SECURITY
             ACT OF 2002 TO CREATE STRONGER ACCOUNTABILITY
                    MECHANISMS FOR JOINT TASK FORCES

[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]


                December 5, 2022.--Ordered to be printed 
                
                             _________
                              
                 U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
                 
39-010                   WASHINGTON : 2022
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
                
        COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS

                   GARY C. PETERS, Michigan, Chairman
THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware           ROB PORTMAN, Ohio
MAGGIE HASSAN, New Hampshire         RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin
KYRSTEN SINEMA, Arizona              RAND PAUL, Kentucky
JACKY ROSEN, Nevada                  JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma
ALEX PADILLA, California             MITT ROMNEY, Utah
JON OSSOFF, Georgia                  RICK SCOTT, Florida
                                     JOSH HAWLEY, Missouri

                   David M. Weinberg, Staff Director
                    Zachary I. Schram, Chief Counsel
                    Sarah C. Pierce, Senior Counsel
               Katie A. Conley, Professional Staff Member
                Pamela Thiessen, Minority Staff Director
            Sam J. Mulopulos, Minority Deputy Staff Director
       Jeremy H. Hayes, Minority Senior Professional Staff Member
                     Laura W. Kilbride, Chief Clerk  
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                                                      Calendar No. 579
117th Congress      }                                   {       Report
                                 SENATE
 2d Session         }                                   {      117-222

======================================================================



 
            DHS JOINT TASK FORCE REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2022

                                _______
                                

                December 5, 2022.--Ordered to be printed

                                _______
                                

 Mr. Peters, from the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental 
                    Affairs, submitted the following

                              R E P O R T

                         [To accompany S. 4656]

      [Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]

    The Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental 
Affairs, to which was referred the bill (S. 4656) to 
reauthorize and amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to 
create stronger accountability mechanisms for Joint Task 
Forces, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon 
with an amendment and recommends that the bill, as amended, do 
pass.

                                CONTENTS

                                                                     Page
  I. Purpose and Summary..............................................  1
 II. Background and Need for the Legislation..........................  2
III. Legislative History..............................................  4
 IV. Section-by-Section Analysis of the Bill, as Reported.............  4
  V. Evaluation of Regulatory Impact..................................  5
 VI. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate........................  6
VII. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported............  7

                         I. Purpose and Summary

    S. 4656, the DHS Joint Task Forces Reauthorization Act of 
2022, amends the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to create 
stronger accountability mechanisms for the Department of 
Homeland Security's (DHS) Joint Task Forces (JTFs) while 
providing a two-year reauthorization for the JTFs. The bill 
extends the authority for DHS to create JTFs that have missions 
focused on protecting the homeland from threats of terrorism, 
narcotics smuggling, and illegal migration at the southern 
border, and also requires DHS to develop a strategy and 
accountability measures for each JTF.

              II. Background and the Need for Legislation

    The JTFs were originally created by the Secretary of DHS 
under the DHS Southern Border and Approaches Campaign (SBAC) in 
November 2014. The JTFs were designed as a Unity of Effort 
initiative in response to the influx of illegal migration, 
predominantly of citizens of Guatemala, Honduras, and El 
Salvador, during the summer of 2014.\1\ The SBAC plan was 
formed to unify efforts across DHS components to address 
threats of terrorism, narcotics smuggling, and illegal 
migration at the U.S. southern border. Three JTFs were 
established, including JTF-Investigations (JTF-I), JTF-East 
(JTF-E), and JTF-West (JTF-W). The JTFs were charged with 
synchronizing capabilities and establishing joint-operational 
priorities to achieve efficient enforcement and interdiction, 
disrupt and dismantle transnational criminal organizations, and 
ensure the flow of lawful trade, travel, and commerce across 
the southern border.\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\Memorandum from Secretary Jeh Johnson to CBP Commissioner R. Gil 
Kerlikowske, Coast Guard Admiral Paul Zukunft, ICE Acting Director 
Thomas Winkowski, USCIS Director Leon Rodriguez, FEMA Administrator W. 
Craig Fugate, and DHS Policy Acting Assistant Secretary Alan Bersin, 
Southern Border and Approaches Campaign (www.dhs.gov/sites/default/
files/publications/14_1120_memo_southern_border_campaign_plan.pdf) 
(Nov. 20, 2014).
    \2\U.S. Department of Homeland Security official website, Southern 
Border and Approaches Campaign (www.dhs.gov/southern-border-and-
approaches-campaign) (accessed May 20, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Congress authorized the JTFs for a five year period in the 
Fiscal Year 2017 National Defense Authorization Act (FY17 
NDAA).\3\ According to the DHS Office of Inspector General 
(OIG), JTF-West and JTF-I were both officially dissolved on 
October 1, 2020, leaving JTF-E to be the only remaining JTF.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \3\National Defense Authorization Act 2017, Pub. L. No. 11-328, 
Sec. 1901, 130 Stat. 2000, 2665-70 (2016).
    \4\Department of Homeland Security, Office of Inspector General, 
DHS' Fragmented Approach to Immigration Enforcement and Poor Planning 
Resulted in Extended Migrant Detention during the 2019 Surge, OIG-21-29 
(March 21, 2021).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    While directed by the Secretary of DHS, leadership of each 
JTF resides with individual components. JTF-I was led by 
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Homeland Security 
Investigations (HSI), sat in Washington, DC, and functioned as 
a case coordination center, prioritizing and integrating 
support for criminal investigations and intelligence sharing. 
JTF-W was led by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), sat 
in San Antonio, Texas, and focused on threats along the 
southwest land border. JTF-E is led by U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), 
sits in Portsmouth, Virginia, and focuses on planning and 
coordinating missions along the southern maritime border. The 
JTFs are required by the FY17 NDAA to be cost neutral, and are 
therefore funded by the component agencies, utilizing their own 
personnel and capabilities.\5\ The FY17 NDAA also required that 
the Secretary report to Congress on the effectiveness of the 
JTFs, including the total funding, personnel, and other 
resources that each component contributed.\6\ Further, the FY17 
NDAA required the JTFs to establish outcome-based performance 
metrics to measure their effectiveness in addition to 
establishing and maintaining a joint duty training program to 
enhance coordination, promote workforce professional 
development, and improve joint operations.\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \5\Id at 3.
    \6\Id.
    \7\Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Several government reviews and documents have found that 
two of the JTFs were never fully utilized as envisioned. For 
example, in September 2020, the DHS OIG found that DHS was not 
able to determine the total cost, effectiveness and value of 
the JTFs.\8\ The OIG also found that DHS failed to provide 
annual cost and impact reports to Congress as required by the 
FY17 NDAA.\9\ Additionally, the OIG audit revealed that DHS 
failed to maintain oversight authority over the JTFs; implement 
and update policies and procedures; identify optimal JTF 
staffing levels and resources; establish a process to capture 
associated costs; establish outcome-based performance metrics 
to evaluate effectiveness; and establish and maintain a joint 
duty training program as required by law.\10\ According to the 
fiscal year 2022 CBP Budget Justification, CBP found that JTF-W 
did not add value to their mission, and further identified that 
the overall return on investment was uncertain and ``they could 
accomplish as much or more with the same personnel and 
resources in the absence of JTF.''\11\ CBP reported that DHS 
had ``successfully implemented coordination functions, both in 
the field and at headquarters, that essentially nullified any 
potential value the JTF's may provide.''\12\ There have, 
however, been some successes as a result of JTF-E efforts, most 
notably, intelligence support provided by JTF-E, which assisted 
HSI's 2019 Operation Velas Negras. These efforts resulted in 
the largest drug seizure in U.S. history, with the seizure of 
approximately 17 tons of cocaine valued at $1 billion.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \8\Department of Homeland Security, Office of Inspector General, 
DHS Cannot Determine the Total Cost, Effectiveness, and Value of Its 
Joint Task Forces, OIG-20-80 (Sept. 30, 2020).
    \9\Id.
    \10\Id.
    \11\Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection 
Budget Overview, Fiscal Year 2022 Congressional Justification (May 28, 
2021).
    \12\Id.
    \13\Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Press Release: ICE HSI 
Philadelphia participates in joint press conference announcing the 
seizure of over 17 tons of cocaine (https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/
ice-hsi-philadelphia-participates-joint-press-conference-announcing-
seizure-over-17) (June 21, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    On February 28, 2022, DHS requested that Congress make 
permanent the authority for the Secretary to establish and 
operate JTFs.\14\ Absent congressional action, the authority 
would have expired on September 30, 2022. However, the 
Continuing Appropriations and Ukraine Supplemental 
Appropriations Act, 2023, Public Law No. 117-180, was signed 
into law on September 30, 2022, providing an extension of the 
authorization until December 16, 2022.\15\ On May 4, 2022, 
Secretary Mayorkas testified to the Senate Homeland Security 
and Governmental Affairs Committee (HSGAC) that the 
reauthorization of the JTFs is necessary to ``further the 
Department's maturation by empowering Department officials to 
focus the Department's resources to achieve DHS goals.''\16\ 
The Secretary reiterated this request in his letter to Senator 
Peters, Chairman of HSGAC, on May 25, 2022, in which he 
expressed the importance of JTFs and his commitment to JTF-
E.\17\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \14\Letter from Department of Homeland Security, Assistant Director 
of Legislative Affairs Alice Lugo to Senate Majority Leader Charles 
Schumer (Feb. 28, 2022).
    \15\Continuing Appropriations and Ukraine Supplemental 
Appropriations Act of 2023, 117th Cong, Pub. L. No. 117-180. (2022).
    \16\Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 
Testimony of Department of Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro 
Mayorkas, Resources and Authorities Needed to Protect and Secure the 
Homeland, 117th Cong. (May 4, 2022) (S. Hrg. 117).
    \17\Letter from Department of Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro 
Mayorkas to Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Chairman Gary 
C. Peters (May 25, 2022).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    This bill ensures that DHS retains the authority to 
establish and maintain JTFs in a true unity of effort to 
complete DHS's important mission and requires the Secretary to 
establish a strategy for each JTF that utilizes leading 
practices in performance management and lessons learned by 
other law enforcement task forces and operations. Each strategy 
must contain the mission of the JTF and strategic goals and 
objectives that will assist the JTF in accomplishing its 
mission. This legislation also requires the use of outcome-
based metrics to evaluate effectiveness and measure progress 
towards the JTF's goals. The performance measures must include 
targets for current and future fiscal years and the strategy 
must include a description of the methodology used to establish 
those measures and any associated limitations.
    The bill also requires the Secretary to provide Congress a 
report on this strategy one year from the date of 
reauthorization and annually thereafter. This bill removes the 
requirement for the DHS OIG to review the DHS JTFs and report 
to Congress, and instead requires the U.S. Government 
Accountability Office to review the JTFs and report to Congress 
one year from the date of reauthorization. This review must 
include an assessment of the effectiveness of the structure of 
each JTF, the effectiveness of oversight over each JTF, the 
policies and procedures of each JTF, and staffing levels and 
resources.

                        III. Legislative History

    Senator Gary Peters (D-MI) introduced S. 4656, DHS Joint 
Task Force Reauthorization Act of 2022, on July 28, 2022. The 
bill was referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and 
Governmental Affairs.
    The Committee considered S. 4656 at a business meeting on 
August 3, 2022. During the business meeting, a first-degree 
amendment, as modified, was offered by Senator Portman and 
adopted by voice vote en bloc. This amendment includes a Sense 
of the Senate that the Department of Homeland Security should 
consider using the authority under subsection (b) of section 
708 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 348(b)) to 
create a Joint Task Force described in such subsection to 
improve coordination and response to the number of encounters 
and amount of seizures of illicit narcotics along the southwest 
border. The bill, as amended, was ordered reported favorably by 
voice vote en bloc. Senators present for the vote on the bill 
were: Peters, Hassan, Sinema, Rosen, Padilla, Ossoff, Lankford, 
Romney, Scott, and Hawley.

        IV. Section-by-Section Analysis of the Bill, as Reported


Section 1. Short title

    This section cites the short title as the ``DHS Joint Task 
Forces Reauthorization Act of 2022''.

Section 2. Sense of the Senate

    This section provides a ``Sense of the Senate'' that the 
Department of Homeland Security should consider using the 
authority under subsection (b) of section 708 of the Homeland 
Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 348(b)) to create a Joint Task 
Force (JTF) described in such subsection to improve 
coordination and response to the number of encounters and 
amount of seizures of illicit narcotics along the southwest 
border.

Section 3. Amending Section 708 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002

    Subsection (1) amends Section 708(b) of the Homeland 
Security Act of 2002 to require each Joint Task Force to have a 
staff, composed of officials from relevant components and 
offices of the Department, to assist the Director of that JTF 
in carrying out the mission and responsibilities of that JTF. 
It also requires the Secretary to include in the report 
submitted under paragraph (6)(F), the number of personnel, both 
permanently assigned and temporarily assigned, to each JTF by 
each component and office.
    Subsection (2) requires the establishment of a strategy for 
each DHS JTF established by the Secretary that utilizes leading 
practices in performance management and lessons learned by 
other law enforcement task forces and operations. The strategy 
must contain the mission of the JTF and strategic goals and 
objectives that will assist the JTF in accomplishing its 
mission. This section requires the use of outcome-based metrics 
to evaluate effectiveness and measure progress towards the JTF 
goals. The performance measures must include targets for 
current and future fiscal years and the strategy must include a 
description of the methodology used to establish those measures 
and any associated limitations. It also requires the Secretary 
to provide Congress a report on this strategy one year from the 
date of reauthorization and annually thereafter.
    Subsection (3) requires the Secretary to include a 
justification for and provide the primary focus and mission of 
any establishment of a DHS JTF to Congress 90 days prior to 
such establishment. It also requires that a strategy including 
goals and performance metrics to be provided within the same 
time period.
    Subsection (4) removes the requirement for the DHS 
Inspector General to review the JTFs and report to Congress. 
Instead, this bill requires the U.S. Government Accountability 
Office to review the JTFs and report to Congress one year from 
the date of reauthorization. This review must include an 
assessment of the effectiveness of the structure of each JTF, 
the effectiveness of oversight over each JTF, the policies and 
procedures of each JTF and staffing levels and resources.
    Subsection (5) amends the September 30, 2022 sunset for the 
JTFs, reauthorizing through September 30, 2024.

                   V. Evaluation of Regulatory Impact

    Pursuant to the requirements of paragraph 11(b) of rule 
XXVI of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the Committee has 
considered the regulatory impact of this bill and determined 
that the bill will have no regulatory impact within the meaning 
of the rules. The Committee agrees with the Congressional 
Budget Office's statement that the bill contains no 
intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the 
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) and would impose no costs 
on state, local, or tribal governments.

             VI. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate

                                     U.S. Congress,
                               Congressional Budget Office,
                                Washington, DC, September 29, 2022.
Hon. Gary C. Peters,
Chairman, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. 
        Senate, Washington, DC.
    Dear Mr. Chairman: The Congressional Budget Office has 
prepared the enclosed cost estimate for S. 4656, the DHS Joint 
Task Forces Reauthorization Act of 2022.
    If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be 
pleased to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Jeremy Crimm.
            Sincerely,
                                         Phillip L. Swagel,
                                                          Director.
    Enclosure.

[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
    

    S. 4656 would extend through 2024 the authority for the 
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to create and operate 
``Joint Task Forces'' (JTFs). JTFs integrate resources, 
intelligence, planning and operations across DHS's component 
units, including the Coast Guard, Customs and Border 
Protection, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement. DHS uses 
JTFs to combat transnational criminal organizations, enforce 
immigration laws, and coordinate its border security efforts. 
Under current law, DHS's authority to establish and operate 
JTFs expires at the end of fiscal year 2022.
    The bill also would require the Government Accountability 
Office (GAO) to report on the effectiveness of the structure of 
each Joint Task Force and recommend ways to strengthen this 
structure.
    DHS currently operates one Joint Task Force staffed by 40 
personnel. Based on information from DHS about its current 
staffing and spending for this JTF and about the costs for GAO 
to produce similar reports, CBO estimates that implementing S. 
4656 would cost $17 million to continue operating the JTF over 
the 2022-2027 period, mostly for personnel costs. Such spending 
would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds.
    S. 4656 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector 
mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and 
would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal 
governments.
    The CBO staff contact for this estimate is Jeremy Crimm. 
The estimate was reviewed by Leo Lex, Deputy Director of Budget 
Analysis.

       VII. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported

    In compliance with paragraph 12 of rule XXVI of the 
Standing Rules of the Senate, changes in existing law made by 
the bill, as reported, are shown as follows: (existing law 
proposed to be omitted is enclosed in brackets, new matter is 
printed in italic, and existing law in which no change is 
proposed is shown in roman):

HOMELAND SECURITY ACT OF 2002

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


TITLE VII--MANAGEMENT

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


SEC. 708. JOINT TASK FORCES.

    (a) * * *
    (b) Joint Task Forces--
          (1) * * *
          [(8) Joint task force staff.--Each Joint Task Force 
        shall have a staff, composed of officials from relevant 
        components and offices of the Department, to assist the 
        Director of such Joint Task Force in carrying out the 
        mission and responsibilities of such Joint Task Force.]
          (8) Joint task force staff.--
                  (A) In general.--Each Joint Task Force shall 
                have a staff, composed of officials from 
                relevant components and offices of the 
                Department, to assist the Director of that 
                Joint Task Force in carrying out the mission 
                and responsibilities of that Joint Task Force.
                  (B) Report.--The Secretary shall include in 
                the report submitted under paragraph (6)(F)--
                          (i) the number of personnel 
                        permanently assigned to each Joint Task 
                        Force by each component and office; and
                          (ii) the number of personnel assigned 
                        on a temporary basis to each Joint Task 
                        Force by each component and office.
          (9) Establishment of strategy and of performance 
        metrics.--The Secretary shall--
                  [(A) establish outcome-based and other 
                appropriate performance metrics to evaluate the 
                effectiveness of each Joint Task Force;]
                  (A) using leading practices in performance 
                management and lessons learned by other law 
                enforcement task forces and joint operations, 
                establish a strategy for each Joint Task Force 
                that contains--
                          (i) the mission of each Joint Task 
                        Force and strategic goals and 
                        objectives to assist the Joint Task 
                        Force in accomplishing that mission; 
                        and
                          (ii) outcome-based and other 
                        appropriate performance metrics to 
                        evaluate the effectiveness of each 
                        Joint Task Force and measure progress 
                        towards the goals and objectives 
                        described in clause (i), which 
                        include--
                                  (I) targets for current and 
                                future fiscal years; and
                                  (II) a description of the 
                                methodology used to establish 
                                those metrics and any 
                                limitations with respect to 
                                data or information used to 
                                assess performance;
                  (B) not later than 120 days after the date of 
                the [enactment of this section] enactment of 
                the DHS Joint Task Forces Reauthorization Act 
                of 2022 and 120 days after the establishment of 
                a new Joint Task Force, as appropriate, submit 
                to the Committee on Homeland Security and the 
                Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure 
                of the House of Representatives and the 
                Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental 
                Affairs and the Committee on Commerce, Science, 
                and Transportation of the Senate strategy and 
                the metrics established under subparagraph 
                (A)[.]; and
                  [(C) not later than January 31 of each year 
                beginning in 2017, submit to each committee 
                specified in subparagraph (B) a report that 
                contains the evaluation described in 
                subparagraph (A).]
                  (C) beginning not later than 1 year after the 
                date of enactment of the DHS Joint Task Forces 
                Reauthorization Act of 2022, submit annually to 
                each committee specified in subparagraph (B) a 
                report that--
                          ``(i) contains the evaluation 
                        described in subparagraphs (A) and (B); 
                        and
                          ``(ii) outlines the progress in 
                        implementing outcome-based and other 
                        performance metrics referred to in 
                        subparagraph (A)(ii).'';
          (10) * * *
          (11) Notification of joint task force formation.--
                  (A) In general.--Not later than 90 days 
                before establishing a Joint Task Force under 
                this subsection, the Secretary shall submit to 
                the majority leader of the Senate, the minority 
                leader of the Senate, the Speaker of the House 
                of Representatives, the majority leader of the 
                House of Representatives, the minority leader 
                of the House of Representatives, and the 
                Committee on Homeland Security and the 
                Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure 
                of the House of Representatives and the 
                Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental 
                Affairs and the Committee on Commerce, Science, 
                and Transportation of the Senate a notification 
                regarding such establishment[.], which shall 
                include--
                          ``(i) the justification, focus, and 
                        mission of the Joint Task Force; and
                          ``(ii) a strategy for the conduct of 
                        the Joint Task Force, including goals 
                        and performance metrics for the Joint 
                        Task Force.
          (12) Review.--
                  (A) In general.--Not later than [January 31, 
                2018, and January 31, 2021, the Inspector 
                General of the Department] 1 year after the 
                enactment of the DHS Joint Task Forces 
                Reauthorization Act of 2022, the Comptroller 
                General of the United States shall submit to 
                the Committee on Homeland Security and the 
                Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure 
                of the House of Representatives and the 
                Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental 
                Affairs and the Committee on Commerce, Science, 
                and Transportation of the Senate a review of 
                the Joint Task Forces established under this 
                subsection.
                  (B) Contents.--The reviews required under 
                subparagraph (A) shall include--
                          [(i) an assessment of the 
                        effectiveness of the structure of each 
                        Joint Task Force; and
                          [(ii) recommendations for 
                        enhancements to such structure to 
                        strengthen the effectiveness of each 
                        Joint Task Force.]
                          (i) an assessment of the structure of 
                        each Joint Task Force;
                          (ii) an assessment of the 
                        effectiveness of oversight over each 
                        Joint Task Force;
                          (iii) an assessment of the strategy 
                        of each Joint Task Force; and
                          (iv) an assessment of staffing levels 
                        and resources of each Joint Task Force.
          (13) Sunset.--This section expires on September 30, 
        [2022] 2024.

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