[House Report 116-536]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


116th Congress     }                                {           Report
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
 2d Session        }                                {          116-536

======================================================================



 
  PROTECTING THE HEALTH AND WELLNESS OF BABIES AND PREGNANT WOMEN IN 
                              CUSTODY ACT

                                _______
                                

 September 24, 2020.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on 
            the State of the Union and ordered to be printed

                                _______
                                

    Mr. Nadler, from the Committee on the Judiciary, submitted the 
                               following

                              R E P O R T

                        [To accompany H.R. 7718]

    The Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the 
bill (H.R. 7718) to address the health needs of incarcerated 
women related to pregnancy and childbirth, and for other 
purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon 
without amendment and recommends that the bill do pass.

                                CONTENTS

                                                                   Page
Purpose and Summary..............................................     1
Background and Need for the Legislation..........................     2
Hearings.........................................................     9
Committee Consideration..........................................     9
Committee Votes..................................................     9
Committee Oversight Findings.....................................     9
New Budget Authority and Tax Expenditures and Congressional 
  Budget Office Cost Estimate....................................     9
Duplication of Federal Programs..................................    10
Performance Goals and Objectives.................................    10
Advisory on Earmarks.............................................    10
Section-by-Section Analysis......................................    10
Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported............    13

                          Purpose and Summary

    H.R. 7718, the ``Protecting the Health and Wellness of 
Babies and Pregnant Women in Custody Act,'' would: (1) require 
the Bureau of Justice Statistics to collect and report data 
relating to the demographics and physical and mental health 
needs of incarcerated women who are pregnant, in labor, or in 
post-partum recovery, at the Federal, State, tribal, and local 
levels; (2) ensure that appropriate medical services and 
programs related to pregnancy and childbirth are provided in 
the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and made available to women in 
custody; (3) prohibit the use of restraints or restrictive 
housing, while in BOP or U.S. Marshals Service custody, during 
the period of pregnancy, labor, and postpartum recovery, unless 
these measures are necessary; (4) provide education and 
technical assistance by the National Institute of Corrections 
to state and local corrections facilities on appropriate 
medical care for pregnant women; (5) ensure training of BOP 
correctional officers at facilities housing women and of deputy 
U.S. Marshals, on the requirements of the bill; (6) order GAO 
studies on services and protections provided for pregnant 
incarcerated women in local and State correctional settings and 
in Federal pretrial detention facilities; and (7) authorize the 
Attorney General to make grants to State, tribal, and local 
governments, to promote and support the health needs of 
incarcerated pregnant women.

                Background and Need for the Legislation


A. The Rise of Women and Girls in the Criminal Justice System

    Over the past four decades, the total U.S. prison 
population has skyrocketed. There are almost 2.3 million people 
currently in our nation's prisons and jails,\1\ which 
represents a more than 500% increase over the last 40 years. 
During the period from 1980 to the present, the federal prison 
population has grown from approximately 25,000 to 180,000--an 
increase of over 600%.\2\ A topic that is not as widely 
discussed is the fact that women are the fastest-growing 
segment of the incarcerated population.\3\ In the same time 
period, the number of women in the state prison population has 
grown by 834%, at more than double the pace of men.\4\
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    \1\Pete Wagner & Wendy Sawyer, Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 
2019, Prison Policy Initiative (Mar, 19, 2019), https://
www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2019.html.
    \2\Federal Bureau of Prisons, Statistics: Total Federal Inmates, 
https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/population_statistics.jsp.
    \3\Wendy Sawyer, The Gender Divide: Tracking Women's State Prison 
Growth, Prison Policy Initiative (Jan. 9, 2019), https://
www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/women_overtime.html.
    \4\Id.
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    Today, the overall incarcerated population has begun to 
decrease slightly, although almost all of the reduction has 
been among men, and the proportion of incarcerated women 
remains on the rise.\5\ Since 2000, the jail incarceration rate 
for women has risen 26% while the rate for men has fallen by 
5%.\6\
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    \5\Id.
    \6\Prison Policy Initiative, State Policy Drivers of Prison Growth, 
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/images/women_overtime_rates_1922_2015.png.
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    In addition, at the present time, there are more women in 
prison than at any point in U.S. history. Nationally, 64 out of 
every 100,000 women were in prison in 2016.\7\ Since 2013, the 
percentage of women prosecuted federally has consistently 
hovered around 13 percent.\8\ At the state level, the rate at 
which women are incarcerated varies greatly. The state with the 
highest rate of female imprisonment is Oklahoma and the states 
with the lowest incarceration rates for women are Rhode Island 
and Massachusetts.\9\ In 35 states, women's incarceration 
numbers have been higher than men's, and in a few states, the 
growth of women's prison populations have counteracted any 
reductions in men's incarceration numbers.\10\
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    \7\7 The Sentencing Project, Incarcerated Women and Girls (May 10, 
2018), https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/incarcerated-
women-and-girls/.
    \8\U.S. Sentencing Commission, Quick Facts--Women in the Federal 
Offender Population (July 2018), https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/
files/pdf/research-and-publications/quick-facts/
Female_Offenders_FY17.pdf.

    \10\Sawyer, supra note 3.
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    Futher, women in jail are the fastest growing correctional 
population in the country, increasing 14-fold between 1970 and 
2014.\11\ This trend is even greater in small counties, where 
there has been a 31-fold increase between 1970 and 2014.\12\ A 
Significantly, nearly half of all incarcerated women are held 
in jails.\13\
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    \11\Vera Institute, Overlooked: Women and Jails in an Era of Reform 
(Apr. 2016), https://storage.googleapis.com/vera-web-assets/downloads/
Publications/overlooked-women-and-jails-report/legacy_downloads/
overlooked-women-and-jails-report-updated.pdf.
    \12\Id. at 6.
    \13\ Aleks Kajstura, Women's Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2018 
(Nov. 13, 2018), Prison Policy Initiative, https://
www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2018women.html.
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    The explanation for exactly why women's representation in 
the criminal justice system has grown at twice the pace of 
men's does not yet exist because data on women have long been 
obscured by the larger scale of men's incarceration.\14\ While 
policy makers have traditionally overlooked incarcerated women, 
this policy of neglect cannot continue as the number of women 
in prisons continues to increase.\15\
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    \14\ Id.
    \15\ Kerry Blakinger, Can We Build a Better Women's Prison, Wash. 
Post Mag. (Oct. 28, 2019), https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/
2019/10/28/prisons-jails-are-designed-men-can-we-build-better-womens-
prison/?arc404=true.
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B. Pregnant Women in Prison

    It is difficult to know precisely how many pregnant women 
are in prison, and their pregnancy outcomes, because most of 
the data available is out of date and the methodology for 
gathering this information varies.\16\ Data on maternal health 
and pregnancy outcomes are not recorded in national health 
statistics databases and there is no federal agency that 
collects data on pregnancy in prison.\17\ As Dr. Carolyn 
Sufrin, an obstetrician and researcher at Johns Hopkins School 
of Medicine stated in testimony to the U.S. Commission on Civil 
Rights: ``Women who don't count are not counted. That is the 
lack of any comprehensive or updated statistics about pregnancy 
among women behind bars signals the systematic disregard in the 
carceral system, and indeed our country, for incarcerated 
pregnant people''.1A\18\ That said, most studies find that 
somewhere between 3% and 6% of women entering the prison system 
are pregnant, with the highest rates of pregnancies being in 
local jails.\19\ Statistics from the Bureau of Prisons show 
that there were 171 pregnancies in federal prison in 2018.\20\
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    \16\ Carolyn Sufrin et al., Pregnancy Outcomes in US Prisons, 2016-
2017, Am. J. of Pub. Health, Vol. 106, No. 20 (May 2019) (hereinafter 
``Pregnancy Outcomes'').
    \17\Id.
    \18\U.S. Comm'n on Civil Rights, Women in Prison: Seeking Justice 
Behind Bars at 101 (Feb. 2020) (hereinafter ``Women in Prison'').
    \19\E. Ann Carson, Prisoners in 2014, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 
Sep. 2015, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub /pdf/p14.pdf (noting that in 
a 2004 survey, 3% of women in federal prisons and 4% of state prisoners 
were pregnant at their intake); see also Am. College of Obstetricians 
and Gynecologists, Health Care for Pregnant and Postpartum Incarcerated 
Women and Adolescent Females, Committee Opinion No. 511 (Nov. 2011), 
https://www.acog.org/-/media/project/acog/acogorg/clinical/files/
committee-opinion/articles/2011/11/health-care-for-pregnant-and-
postpartum-incarcerated-women-and-adolescent-female.pdf (stating that 
6-10% of incarcerated women are pregnant, with most pregnancies 
concentrated in local jails.)
    \20\ E. Ann Carson, Data Collected Under the First Step Act 2019, 
Bureau of Justice Statistics (Mar. 2020), https://www.bjs.gov/content/
pub/pdf/dcfsa19.pdf
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C. Prenatal Care in Prison

    United States prisons and jails are required to provide 
adequate health care to people in their care;\21\ however, as 
with most aspects of prison, correctional health care systems 
were originally created to serve a predominantly male 
population.\22\ While the prison health care system is barely 
adequate for men, it fails to meet incarcerated women's basic 
needs.\23\ The situation is even more dire for pregnant women 
in prison who have additional and unique health needs.
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    \21\See Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976).
    \22\Penal Reform International, Women in Prison: Incarcerated in a 
Man's World, Penal Reform Briefing No.3 (2008), at 3.
    \23\ Women in Prison, at 98-99.
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    A significant portion of women come into the prison system 
with a history of poverty, substance abuse, and trauma and 
abuse.\24\ Women who enter prison are also less likely to have 
had access to regular health care before their incarceration, 
especially appropriate prenatal care.\25\ Moreover, women in 
prison are more likely to suffer from undiagnosed chronic 
illnesses, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, that can 
cause a high-risk pregnancy.\26\ Despite the presence of these 
risk factors, most jails and prisons in most states do not 
screen women at intake, for pregnancy.\27\
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    \24\Pregnancy Outcomes, at 799
    \25\25 The Rebecca Project for Human Rights & National Women's Law 
Center, Mothers Behind Bars: A State-by-State Report Card and Analysis 
of Federal Policies on Conditions of Confinement for Pregnant and 
Parenting Women and the Effect on their Children, at 11 (Oct. 2010) 
(hereinafter ``Mothers Behind Bars''), https://www.nwlc.org/sites/
default/files/pdfs/mothersbehindbars2010.pdf.
    \26\Id.
    \27\ Laura M. Maruschak, Medical Problems of Jail Inmates (NCJ-
210696), Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. U.S. Dep't of 
Just. (2006), http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mpji.pdf.
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    Although most state prison systems require some form of 
medically provided prenatal care, the level of care varies 
widely from state to state.\28\ Forty-three states do not 
require medical examinations as part of prenatal care.\29\ 
Forty-one states do not require prenatal nutrition counseling 
or the provision of appropriate nutrition to incarcerated 
women.\30\ Additionally, there are no detailed federal 
standards to ensure that women are actually receiving 
appropriate care. This helps to explain why a survey by the 
Bureau of Justice Statistics found that only half (54%) of 
pregnant women in prison reported receiving some form of 
prenatal care while incarcerated.\31\ More alarming, 45 states 
do not have arrangements with local hospitals for 
deliveries.\32\
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    \28\Mothers Behind Bars, at 6.
    \29\Id.
    \30\Id.
    \31\See Laura M. Maruschak, Medical Problems of Prisoners, Bureau 
of Justice Statistics, U.S. Dep't of Just. (last revised Apr. 22, 
2008), https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mpp.pdf.
    \32\Mothers Behind Bars, at 6.
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    In addition to proper medical care, incarcerated pregnant 
women also need proper nutrition in order to have a healthy 
pregnancy. A pregnant woman needs to eat an extra 300 calories 
a day consisting of a balanced diet of grains, fruits, and 
vegetables.\33\ Despite these minimum recommended nutritional 
guidelines, far too many pregnant women in prison do not have 
access to appropriate nutrition. For example, in one prison in 
Arizona, pregnant women were provided only an extra peanut 
butter sandwich and a carton of milk.\34\
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    \33\American Pregnancy Association, Pregnancy Nutrition, https://
americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/pregnancy-nutrition/.
    \34\ Lauren Castle, Arizona Prisons Have a History of Women Giving 
Birth in their Cells, Ariz. Republic (June 4, 2019), https://
www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2019/06/04/arizona-prisons-
history-women-giving-birth-cells-health-care-department-corrections/
1306184001/.
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    Failure to provide comprehensive health care to pregnant 
women leads to poor health outcomes for both the mother and the 
child, including early labor and low birth weight.\35\ Babies 
born with a low birth weight are at increased risk for a 
variety of developmental problems related to health, 
psychological adjustment, and intellectual functioning.\36\
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    \35\Kenneth Leveno, Prenatal Care and the Low Birth Weight Infant, 
66 J. Amer. Coll. Obstetricians and Gynecologists No. 5 (Nov. 1985), at 
1.
    \36\Stephen Morse, et al., Early School-age Outcomes of Late 
Preterm Infants, Pediatrics (Apr. 2009).
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D. Use of Restraints

    Prisons have routinely used restraints, also known as 
shackles, on both men and women while they receive medical 
care. While this practice is gender neutral, it fails to 
account for the unique medical needs of pregnant women. The use 
of restraints, often referred to as ``shackling,'' has serious 
health impacts on pregnant women, both before and during labor 
as well as during the postpartum period.
    According to the American Medical Association, ``us[ing] 
shackles to restrain a pregnant woman during the birthing 
process is a barbaric practice that needlessly inflicts 
excruciating pain and humiliation.''\37\ The use of shackles 
during labor exacerbates pain, inhibits diagnosis of 
complications, and limits movement during the birthing 
process.\38\ Shackles also impede a doctor's ability to 
diagnose and treat labor complications, not to mention making 
it difficult to perform any emergency life-saving 
procedures.\39\
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    \37\Amer. Med. Ass'n, An ``Act to Prohibit the Shackling of 
Pregnant Prisoners'' Model State Legislation, file:///C:/Users/ebayisa/
Downloads/shackling-pregnant-prisoners-issue-brief%20(11).
pdf.
    \38\Amer. Coll. of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Health Care for 
Pregnant and Postpartum Incarcerated Women and Adolescent Females, 
Committee Opinion No. 511 (Nov 2011).
    \39\Women in Prison, at 105.
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    The use of shackles on pregnant women is harmful even when 
a woman is not in labor. Yet shackles are routinely used during 
transport to court appearances and even to doctor visits.\40\ 
Use of shackles increases the likelihood that a woman will trip 
because pregnancy shifts the center of gravity and wrist 
constraints make it difficult for a woman to break her fall, 
making it more likely that she will fall directly on her 
stomach.\41\ Additionally, belly chains can cause bruising 
around the stomach and make it more difficult for doctors to 
test for causes of pregnancy complications, such as infections 
and preterm bleeding.\42\ Considering that most women in prison 
have committed non-violent offenses, the practice of shackling 
pregnant women cannot be justified.
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    \40\Tori DeAngelis, The Restraint of Pregnant Inmates, 47 Monitor 
on Psych. No.6 (June 2016), at 26, https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/06/
restraint-inmates.
    \41\Lauryn King, Labor in Chains: The Shackling of Pregnant 
Inmates, Policy Perspectives, 25 J. of Pub. Policy & Pub. Admin. 
(2018).
    \42\Am. Coll. of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Health Care for 
Pregnant and Postpartum Incarcerated Women and Adolescent Females, 
Committee Opinion No. 511 (Nov. 2011), https://www.acog.org/-/media/
project/acog/acogorg/clinical/files/committee-opinion/articles/2011/11/
health-care-for-pregnant-and-postpartum-incarcerated-women-and-
adolescent-female.pdf
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    In 2008, the BOP ended the practice of routinely shackling 
pregnant women\43\ and the First Step Act of 2018 outlawed the 
practice except in very limited circumstances.\44\ Both the 
American Correctional Association and the National Commission 
on Correctional Healthcare have adopted standards opposing the 
use of shackles; however, these standards are only guidelines 
and are voluntary.\45\
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    \43\Bureau of Prisons, Program Statement No. 5538.05, Escorted 
Trips (Oct. 6, 2008), https://www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/prison/
bop_policy_escorted_trips_p5538_05.pdf
    \44\First Step Act of 2018, Pub. Law. 115-391 Sec.  301 (codified 
as amended at 18 U.S.C. Sec. 4233) (hereinafter ``First Step Act'').
    \45\Am. Correctional Ass'n, Public Correctional Policy on the Use 
of Restraints with Pregnant Offenders, No. 2012-1 (Aug. 27, 2017), 
http://www.aca.org/ACA_Prod_IMIS/DOCS/Pubs/Policies/Updated%20PDFs/
PUBLIC-%20CORRECTIONAL%20POLICY%20ON%20USE%20OF%20
RESTRAINTS%20WITH%20-PREGNANT%20OFFENDERS.pdf; see also Nat'l Comm'n on 
Correctional Health Care, Position Statement: Women's Health Care in 
Correctional Settings (Oct. 2014), https://www.ncchc.org/womens-health-
care.
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    While 18 states have explicitly banned the practice of 
shackling pregnant women, 32 states, as well as the Bureau of 
Immigration and Customs Enforcement, fail to limit the use of 
restraints on pregnant women during transportation, labor and 
delivery, and postpartum recuperation.\46\ Several states still 
have no policy at all for limiting the use of restraints on 
women during pregnancy, leaving many pregnant women still 
subject to this painful and dangerous practice.\47\
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    \46\Am. Civ. Liberties Union, Reproductive Freedom Project, 
Briefing Paper: The Shackling of Pregnant Women & Girls in U.S. 
Prisons, Jails & Youth Detention Centers (Oct. 2012), https://
www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/anti-
shackling_briefing_paper_stand_alone.pdf
    \47\Mothers Behind Bars, at 17.
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E. Use of Restrictive Housing

    In 2016, the Department of Justice issued a report on the 
use of restrictive housing in correctional settings, including 
the Bureau of Prisons.\48\ In order to be able to analyze and 
compare a variety of scenarios, the report settled on three 
specific elements or features that serve to define the term 
``restrictive housing'': (1) removal from the general inmate 
population, whether voluntary or involuntary; (2) placement in 
a locked room or cell, whether alone or with another prisoner; 
and (3) inability to leave the room or cell for the vast 
majority of the day, typically 22 hours or more.\49\ The DOJ 
report concluded that restrictive housing ``should be used 
rarely, applied fairly, and subjected to reasonable 
constraints'' and noted that ``[i]t is the responsibility of 
all governments to ensure that this practice is used only as 
necessary--and never as a default solution.''\50\
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    \48\U.S. Dep't of Just., Report and Recommendations Concerning the 
Use of Restrictive Housing (Jan. 2016) (hereinafter ``DOJ Report on 
Restrictive Housing''), https://www.justice.gov/archives/dag/file/
815551/download.
    \49\Id. at 3.
    \50\Id. at 1-2.
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    Restrictive housing has long been a feature of prison in 
the United States. The justifications for its use have varied 
over time, as has acceptance of the practice. Solitary 
confinement gained popularity in the late 18th and early 19th 
centuries, when prison reformers in Pennsylvania promoted it as 
a pathway to repentance and rehabilitation. Over time, however, 
critics questioned whether the total isolation of the 
``Pennsylvania System,'' as the method was called, actually 
promoted the rehabilitation its adherents promised.\51\ Some 
claimed that the extreme practices caused mental illness, yet, 
even as solitary confinement declined in use, some prisons 
still used segregated housing to isolate the most difficult and 
disruptive prisoners.\52\
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    \51\Barbara Belbot, Eastern State Penitentiary, in Encyclopedia of 
Prisons and Correctional Facilities (Mary Bosworth ed., 2005).
    \52\DOJ Report on Restrictive Housing, at 6-7.
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    The 1970s and early 1980s marked the beginning of a 
``modern'' era in restrictive housing, where factors like 
prison overcrowding, scaling back of programming, and increased 
violence led to the development of methods to control the 
prisoner population and where placing the most disruptive 
prisoners in restrictive housing was often considered the 
quickest and most effective solution.\53\ By 1999, more than 30 
states operated some form of supermax facility.\54\
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    \53\Id. at 7 (citing CNA Analysis & Solutions, Federal Bureau of 
Prisons: Special Housing Unit Review and Assessment 25-28 (2014)).
    \54\Chase Riveland, Nat'l Inst. of Corrections, Supermax Prisons: 
Overview and General Considerations (1999).
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    In the 1990s and 2000s, correctional systems worked hard to 
manage their growing prison populations. As with many other 
prison systems, BOP experienced a substantial increase in the 
total number of inmates--but without a corresponding increase 
in the number of correctional staff.\55\ The rising prisoner-
to-officer ratio put additional stress on BOP operations. In 
response to a spike in prison violence, BOP implemented several 
measures, including harsher penalties for those who violated 
disciplinary rules and creation of restrictive housing 
units.\56\ At the present time, BOP oversees 135 institutions, 
122 of which are managed by BOP, and 13 of which are run by 
private contractors.\57\ Most BOP facilities include space 
dedicated for restrictive housing.\58\
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    \55\DOJ Report on Restrictive Housing, at 8.
    \56\Id.
    \57\Id. at 14.
    \58\Id.
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    In a 2018 study titled ``Rethinking Restrictive Housing: 
Lessons from Five U.S. Jail and Prison Systems,'' the Vera 
Institute described the contemporary state of restrictive 
housing in the United States as follows:

          Although cell size, recreational areas, and other 
        characteristics of restrictive housing units varied, 
        incarcerated people in these units were typically held 
        in stark, isolated environments with little sensory 
        stimulation or social interaction. Many cells were 
        small and sparsely furnished, and some had no windows 
        or natural light. Opportunities for therapeutic 
        programming or any form of productive activity were 
        scarce.
          In the most restrictive housing, people were held in 
        their cells for around 23 hours a day. They received up 
        to one hour of out-of-cell recreation, often held in a 
        small caged area or a bare concrete space, sometimes 
        with limited access to fresh air and direct sunlight. 
        In some systems, barred indoor enclosures were used for 
        recreation at times.\59\
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    \59\Leon Digard, et al., Vera Inst., Rethinking Restrictive 
Housing: Lessons from Five U.S. Jail and Prison Systems (May 2018) 
(hereinafter ``Vera Study''), https://www.vera.org/rethinking-
restrictive-housing.

    But in recent years, a growing chorus of correctional 
officials, policymakers, and reform advocates has called for 
substantial limitations on the use of restrictive housing, in 
the United States and abroad.\60\ In response, a number of 
correctional systems have modified their restrictive housing 
programs, resulting in significant declines in their 
segregation populations.\61\ In the First Step Act, for 
instance, Congress required annual reporting by BOP of ``the 
number of prisoners who have been placed in solitary 
confinement at any time during the previous year''\62\ and 
prohibited ``room confinement'' for juveniles (defined as ``the 
involuntary placement of a covered juvenile alone in a cell, 
room, or area for any reason'') for any reason other than as a 
temporary response to the juvenile's behavior that ``poses a 
serious and immediate risk of physical harm to any individual . 
. .''\63\
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    \60\DOJ Report on Restrictive Housing, at 9.
    \61\Id.
    \62\First Step Act Sec. 610.
    \63\First Step Act Sec. 613 (codified at 18 USC 5043(b)).
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    According to a report by the Liman Center at Yale Law 
School, 27 states and the federal government have proposed or 
enacted legislation to regulate the use of restrictive 
housing.\64\ On July 1, 2019, there were eight states 
(Arkansas, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, 
Montana, New Jersey, and Texas) that had enacted legislation 
limiting the use of restrictive housing.\65\ Massachusetts, 
Minnesota, Montana, and New Jersey passed general restrictions 
on the use of solitary confinement.\66\ The bills in Arkansas, 
Georgia, Maryland, and Texas related to specific subpopulations 
of prisoners: pregnant women and individuals under age 18 or 
under age 21.\67\ In addition, Illinois, Maryland, 
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, and Virginia, 
as well as the federal government (in the First Step Act), had 
enacted legislation requiring data collection in restrictive 
housing.\68\
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    \64\Arianna Zoghi, Liman Center at Yale Law School, Regulating 
Restrictive Housing: State and Federal Legislation on Solitary 
Confinement as of July 1, 2019--A Research Brief (last revised July 18, 
2019), at 1, https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/
liman/document/restrictive_housing_legislation_research_brief.pdf.
    \65\Id. at 2.
    \66\Id.
    \67\Id.
    \68\Id.
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    According to the Vera study, over 150 years of research in 
psychiatry, neuroscience, epidemiology, and anthropology has 
documented the harmful effects of restrictive housing on the 
health and well-being of incarcerated people.\69\ This evidence 
confirms what is perhaps understood intuitively: the practice 
can result in physical and psychological damage that can 
persist even after release.\70\ Indeed, in June 2015, Supreme 
Court Justice Anthony Kennedy issued a five-page concurrence in 
Davis v. Ayala, in which he criticized the practice of placing 
inmates in ``near-total isolation.''\71\ In that opinion, 
Justice Kennedy also raised the possibility that the Court 
could address the issue of restrictive housing more directly in 
the future, writing that, ``[i]n a case that presented the 
issue, the judiciary may be required, within its proper 
jurisdiction and authority, to determine whether workable 
alternative systems for long-term confinement exist and, if so, 
whether a correctional system should be required to adopt 
them.''\72\
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    \69\Vera Study.
    \70\Id.
    \71\576 U.S. 257, 289 (2015) (Kennedy, J., concurring).
    \72\Id. at 289-90.
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    Significantly, although it did not focus specifically on 
pregnant or postpartum women, the 2016 DOJ report singled out 
pregnant women as a particularly vulnerable subgroup when it 
comes to the use of restrictive housing. The report made two 
key recommendations for implementation by the BOP:

          (1) Women who are pregnant, who are post-partum, who 
        recently had a miscarriage, or who recently had a 
        terminated pregnancy should not be placed in 
        restrictive housing.
          (2) In very rare situations, a woman who is pregnant, 
        is postpartum, recently had a miscarriage, or recently 
        had a terminated pregnancy may be placed in restrictive 
        housing as a temporary response to behavior that poses 
        a serious and immediate risk of physical harm. Even in 
        such cases, this decision must be approved by the 
        agency's senior official overseeing women's programs 
        and services, in consultation with senior officials in 
        health services, and must be reviewed every 24 
        hours.\73\
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    \73\DOJ Report on Restrictive Housing, at 101-02.
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                                Hearings

    The July 16, 2019 hearing of the Subcommittee on Crime, 
Terrorism and Homeland Security on ``Women and Girls in the 
Criminal Justice System'' provided information used to develop 
this bipartisan bill.

                        Committee Consideration

    On September 15, 2020, the Committee met in open session 
and ordered the bill, H.R. 7718, favorably reported, by voice 
vote, a quorum being present.

                            Committee Votes

    No record votes occurred during the Committee's 
consideration of H.R. 7718.

                      Committee Oversight Findings

    In compliance with clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules 
of the House of Representatives, the Committee advises that the 
findings and recommendations of the Committee, based on 
oversight activities under clause 2(b)(1) of rule X of the 
Rules of the House of Representatives, are incorporated in the 
descriptive portions of this report.

  New Budget Authority and Tax Expenditures and Congressional Budget 
                          Office Cost Estimate

    With respect to the requirements of clause 3(c)(2) of rule 
XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives and section 
308(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 and with respect 
to requirements of clause (3)(c)(3) of rule XIII of the Rules 
of the House of Representatives and section 402 of the 
Congressional Budget Act of 1974, the Committee has requested 
but not received a cost estimate for this bill from the 
Director of Congressional Budget Office (CBO). The Committee 
has requested but not received from the Director of the CBO a 
statement as to whether this bill contains any new budget 
authority, spending authority, credit authority, or an increase 
or decrease in revenues or tax expenditures.

                    Duplication of Federal Programs

    No provision of H.R. 7718 establishes or reauthorizes a 
program of the Federal government known to be duplicative of 
another federal program, a program that was included in any 
report from the Government Accountability Office to Congress 
pursuant to section 21 of Public Law 111-139, or a program 
related to a program identified in the most recent Catalog of 
Federal Domestic Assistance.

                    Performance Goals and Objectives

    The Committee states that pursuant to clause 3(c)(4) of 
rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, H.R. 
7718 would put in place a number of measures to ensure the 
health and safety of pregnant and post-partum women in the 
custody of the BOP and the USMS, including prohibiting the use 
of restraints and restrictive housing (except in very limited 
circumstances); direct GAO studies pertaining to the services 
and protections provided for pregnant incarcerated women in 
local and State correctional settings and in Federal pretrial 
facilities; and create a grant program to authorize the 
Attorney General to make grants to State, tribal, and local 
governments, to promote the health needs of incarcerated 
pregnant women in the criminal justice system.

                          Advisory on Earmarks

    In accordance with clause 9 of rule XXI of the Rules of the 
House of Representatives, H.R. 7718 does not contain any 
congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff 
benefits as defined in clause 9(d), 9(e), or 9(f) of rule XXI.

                      Section-by-Section Analysis

    The following discussion describes the bill as reported by 
the Committee.
    Section 1. Short Title. Section 1 sets forth the short 
title of the bill as the ``Protecting the Health and Wellness 
of Babies and Pregnant Women in Custody Act.''
    Sec. 2. Data Collection. Section 2 would require the 
Director of the Bureau of Justice Statistics, within one year 
of enactment of the bill, to collect and include in the 
National Prisoner Statistics Program and Annual Survey of Jails 
data relating to the demographics and physical and mental 
health needs of incarcerated women who are pregnant, in labor, 
or in post-partum recovery, at the Federal, State, tribal, and 
local levels.
    Sec. 3. Care for Federally Incarcerated Women Related to 
Pregnancy and Childbirth. Section 3 would require the Director 
of the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to ensure that appropriate 
medical services and programs are provided and made available 
to women in custody and would make the warden of each BOP 
facility that houses women responsible for ensuring that such 
services and programs are implemented in their facility. 
Section 3 would also direct the Attorney General to make rules 
establishing procedures for responding to unexpected childbirth 
deliveries, labor complications, and medical complications 
related to pregnancy, in the event a woman in custody is unable 
to access a hospital in a timely manner. In addition, a 
pregnant woman in BOP custody who is diagnosed with having a 
substance use or mental health disorder would be entitled to 
treatment specifically targeted to address those issues, 
including treatment in a licensed hospital (if suffering from a 
substance use disorder) and transfer to a residential reentry 
program offering adequate treatment if such treatment cannot be 
provided in custody in a BOP facility.
    Sec. 4. Use of Restrictive Housing and Restraints on 
Incarcerated Pregnant Women During Pregnancy, Labor, and 
Postpartum Recovery Prohibited. Section 4 would amend Title 18 
of the United States Code to prohibit the use of restraints or 
restrictive housing during the period of pregnancy, labor, and 
postpartum recovery and to improve pregnancy care for women in 
Federal prisons. The prohibition on restraints and restrictive 
housing would apply in the case of pregnant women in BOP and 
U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) custody from the moment a 
pregnancy is confirmed, extending at least through 12 weeks 
after delivery, except if certain senior officials within the 
BOP or USMS and health care professionals determine that 
restraints are appropriate for the medical safety of the woman 
(subject to ongoing review). With regards to placement of 
pregnant women in BOP restrictive housing, an exception is 
contemplated if certain senior BOP officials make an 
individualized determination that restrictive housing is 
required as a temporary response to behavior that poses a 
serious and immediate risk of physical harm, but subject to 
ongoing review and monitoring as well as the development of an 
individualized plan to move the woman to less restrictive 
housing within a reasonable amount of time (not to exceed 2 
days). Section 4 would require comprehensive and detailed 
reporting on the use, and rationale for the use, of restraints 
and restrictive housing involving pregnant women, both to the 
Directors of the BOP and the USMS (as applicable in the 
particular case) and to Congress every 6 months for a period of 
10 years. Finally, this section would direct the Directors of 
the BOP and the USMS to establish processes for incarcerated 
persons to report violations of the provisions of this section, 
require notification to all necessary facility staff about a 
pregnancy and a pregnant woman's rights, and prohibit 
retaliation for reporting violations.
    Sec. 5. Treatment of Women with High-Risk Pregnancies. 
Section 5 would amend Title 18 of the United States Code to add 
a section requiring the director of the BOP to provide 
appropriate care for women with high-risk pregnancies (i.e., 
those which ``threaten[] the health or life of the woman or 
pregnancy as determined by a health care professional''), 
including obstetrical and gynecological care during pregnancy 
and postpartum recovery. Section 5 would also require the 
director of the BOP to transfer a woman deemed to have a high-
risk pregnancy, who agrees to be transferred, to a residential 
reentry center with adequate care, during her pregnancy and 
during the period of postpartum recovery. If a proper 
residential reentry center is not available, Section 5 would 
direct that the woman be transferred to alternative housing, 
including with a family member. Any time served in the 
residential reentry center under these circumstances would be 
credited toward service of the woman's in-custody sentence.
    Sec. 6. Exemption of Incarcerated Pregnant Women from the 
Requirements for Suits by Prisoners. This section would exempt 
incarcerated pregnant women from the requirements outlined in 
the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act (CRIPA), 42 
U.S.C. Sec. 1997e, for prisoner lawsuits.
    Sec. 7. Definitions. This section includes definitions for 
key terms used in the bill, specifically what is meant by ``in 
custody'' (a broad term encompassing Federal, State, tribal or 
local correctional facilities, including pretrial and contract 
facilities), ``other pregnancy outcome'' (a pregnancy that ends 
in a stillbirth, miscarriage, or ectopic pregnancy), 
``postpartum recovery'' (a 12-week period, or longer, as 
determined by a health care professional, following delivery), 
``restraints'' (any physical or mechanical device used to 
control movement), and ``restrictive housing'' (removal from 
the general inmate population, whether voluntary or 
involuntary; placement in a locked room or cell, whether alone 
or with another inmate; and inability to leave that room or 
cell for the vast majority of the day).
    Sec. 8. Education and Technical Assistance. Section 8 would 
require the Director of the National Institute of Corrections 
to provide education and technical assistance to state and 
local correctional facilities that house women regarding safe 
and appropriate medical care for pregnant women, including on 
the dangers and potential mental health consequences of the use 
of restraints and restrictive housing and on alternatives to 
their use.
    Sec. 9. Bureau of Prisons Staff and U.S. Marshals Training. 
This section would require the Director of the BOP and the 
Director of the USMS to ensure training of BOP correctional 
officers at facilities housing women and of deputy U.S. 
Marshals, on the requirements of the bill. It would also ensure 
that training for new hires is completed within 30 days of 
hiring or beginning employment. Section 9 would mandate that 
the Director of the BOP and the USMS develop, and incorporate 
into their trainings, guidelines on the treatment of 
incarcerated women during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum 
recovery, to include guidelines on proper transportation, 
housing, nutritional requirements, and the right of a health 
care professional to request that restraints not be used.
    Sec. 10. GAO Study on State and Local Correctional 
Facilities. Section 10 would direct the Comptroller General to 
conduct a study of services and protections provided for 
pregnant incarcerated women in local and State correctional 
settings, including policies on obstetrical and gynecological 
care, education on nutrition, health and safety risks 
associated with pregnancy, mental health and substance use 
treatment, access to prenatal and post-delivery support 
services and programs, the use of restraints and restrictive 
housing placement, and the extent to which the intent of such 
policies is fulfilled.
    Sec. 11. GAO Study on Federal Pretrial Detention 
Facilities. Section 11 would direct the Comptroller General to 
conduct a study of services and protections provided for 
pregnant women who are incarcerated in Federal pretrial 
detention facilities (i.e., State, local, private, or other 
facilities under contract with the USMS for the purpose of 
housing Federal pretrial detainees), including what available 
data indicate about pregnant women detained or held in Federal 
pretrial detention facilities, existing USMS policies and 
standards that address the care of pregnant women in Federal 
pretrial detention facilities, and what is known about the care 
provided to pregnant women in Federal pretrial detention 
facilities. The Comptroller General would be directed to submit 
a report to Congress regarding the results of the study not 
later than two years after the enactment of the bill, 
identifying best practices for ensuring that Federal pretrial 
detention facilities implement services and protections for 
pregnant women consistent with the bill, as well as making 
recommendations for implementing such best practices within all 
Federal pretrial detention facilities.
    Sec. 12. PWIC Grant Program. Section 12 would amend the 
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (34 U.S.C. 
10151 et seq.) by adding section 508, the Pregnant Women in 
Custody Grant Program, the ``PWIC Act of 2020,'' to authorize 
the Attorney General to make grants (of up to five years in 
length) to State, tribal, and local governments, to promote the 
health needs of incarcerated pregnant women in the criminal 
justice system. Authorized uses of the grant funds include 
promotion of the safety and wellness of pregnant women in 
custody; provision of obstetrical and gynecological care; 
facilitation of resources and support services for nutrition 
and physical and mental health; establishment of policies 
limiting the use of restraints on pregnant women in custody; 
and maintenance, establishment and building of post-delivery 
lactation and nursery care or residential programs that keep 
the infant with the mother and to promote and facilitate 
bonding skills for incarcerated pregnant women and women with 
dependent children. Eligible applicants for grant funds would 
be State or territory departments of corrections; tribal 
entities that operate a correctional facility; units of local 
government that operate a prison or jail that houses women; and 
local nonprofit organizations with expertise in providing 
health services to incarcerated pregnant women that have 
partnered with a States or units of local government that 
operate correctional facilities. This section would provide an 
explicit exception from the general rule against the use of 
grant funds for construction, to allow for the construction of 
rooms to facilitate lactation, nursery, obstetrical, or 
gynecological services. When determining which jurisdictions 
should be awarded funds, this subsection would require the 
Attorney General to give priority to States or units of local 
government that have enacted laws or policies and implemented 
services or pilot programs for incarcerated pregnant women 
aimed at enhancing the safety and wellness of pregnant women in 
custody. This section would authorize $5,000,000 for fiscal 
years 2021 through 2023 and $6,000,000 for fiscal years 2024 
and 2025 and would require that recipients of funds adhere to 
the nondiscrimination provisions of the Violence Against Women 
Act of 1994.
    Sec. 13. Placement in Prerelease Custody. This section 
would amend section 3624(c) of Title 18, which provides for 
placement of BOP prisoners in prerelease custody, to allow 
placement of a pregnant woman in prerelease custody for the two 
months immediately prior to her due date, if her due date falls 
within the final year of her term of imprisonment.

         Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported

    In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of 
the House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by 
the bill, as reported, are shown as follows (existing law 
proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new 
matter is printed in italics, and existing law in which no 
change is proposed is shown in roman):

                      TITLE 18, UNITED STATES CODE



           *       *       *       *       *       *       *
PART II--CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


CHAPTER 229--POSTSENTENCE ADMINISTRATION

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


SUBCHAPTER C--IMPRISONMENT

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


Sec. 3624. Release of a prisoner

    (a) Date of Release.--A prisoner shall be released by the 
Bureau of Prisons on the date of the expiration of the 
prisoner's term of imprisonment, less any time credited toward 
the service of the prisoner's sentence as provided in 
subsection (b). If the date for a prisoner's release falls on a 
Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday at the place of 
confinement, the prisoner may be released by the Bureau on the 
last preceding weekday.
    (b) Credit Toward Service of Sentence for Satisfactory 
Behavior.--(1) Subject to paragraph (2), a prisoner who is 
serving a term of imprisonment of more than 1 year other than a 
term of imprisonment for the duration of the prisoner's life, 
may receive credit toward the service of the prisoner's 
sentence of up to 54 days for each year of the prisoner's 
sentence imposed by the court, subject to determination by the 
Bureau of Prisons that, during that year, the prisoner has 
displayed exemplary compliance with institutional disciplinary 
regulations. Subject to paragraph (2), if the Bureau determines 
that, during that year, the prisoner has not satisfactorily 
complied with such institutional regulations, the prisoner 
shall receive no such credit toward service of the prisoner's 
sentence or shall receive such lesser credit as the Bureau 
determines to be appropriate. In awarding credit under this 
section, the Bureau shall consider whether the prisoner, during 
the relevant period, has earned, or is making satisfactory 
progress toward earning, a high school diploma or an equivalent 
degree. Credit that has not been earned may not later be 
granted. Subject to paragraph (2), credit for the last year of 
a term of imprisonment shall be credited on the first day of 
the last year of the term of imprisonment.
    (2) Notwithstanding any other law, credit awarded under 
this subsection after the date of enactment of the Prison 
Litigation Reform Act shall vest on the date the prisoner is 
released from custody.
    (3) The Attorney General shall ensure that the Bureau of 
Prisons has in effect an optional General Educational 
Development program for inmates who have not earned a high 
school diploma or its equivalent.
    (4) Exemptions to the General Educational Development 
requirement may be made as deemed appropriate by the Director 
of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
    (c) Prerelease Custody.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the Bureau of 
        Prisons shall, to the extent practicable, ensure that a 
        prisoner serving a term of imprisonment spends a 
        portion of the final months of that term (not to exceed 
        12 months), under conditions that will afford that 
        prisoner a reasonable opportunity to adjust to and 
        prepare for the reentry of that prisoner into the 
        community. Such conditions may include a community 
        correctional facility. Notwithstanding any other 
        provision of this paragraph, in the case of a pregnant 
        woman in custody, if that woman's due date is within 
        the final year of her term of imprisonment, that woman 
        may be placed into prerelease custody beginning not 
        earlier than the date that is 2 months prior to that 
        woman's due date.
            (2) Home confinement authority.--The authority 
        under this subsection may be used to place a prisoner 
        in home confinement for the shorter of 10 percent of 
        the term of imprisonment of that prisoner or 6 months. 
        The Bureau of Prisons shall, to the extent practicable, 
        place prisoners with lower risk levels and lower needs 
        on home confinement for the maximum amount of time 
        permitted under this paragraph.
            (3) Assistance.--The United States Probation System 
        shall, to the extent practicable, offer assistance to a 
        prisoner during prerelease custody under this 
        subsection.
            (4) No limitations.--Nothing in this subsection 
        shall be construed to limit or restrict the authority 
        of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons under section 
        3621.
            (5) Reporting.--Not later than 1 year after the 
        date of the enactment of the Second Chance Act of 2007 
        (and every year thereafter), the Director of the Bureau 
        of Prisons shall transmit to the Committee on the 
        Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the 
        Judiciary of the House of Representatives a report 
        describing the Bureau's utilization of community 
        corrections facilities. Each report under this 
        paragraph shall set forth the number and percentage of 
        Federal prisoners placed in community corrections 
        facilities during the preceding year, the average 
        length of such placements, trends in such utilization, 
        the reasons some prisoners are not placed in community 
        corrections facilities, and number of prisoners not 
        being placed in community corrections facilities for 
        each reason set forth, and any other information that 
        may be useful to the committees in determining if the 
        Bureau is utilizing community corrections facilities in 
        an effective manner.
            (6) Issuance of regulations.--The Director of the 
        Bureau of Prisons shall issue regulations pursuant to 
        this subsection not later than 90 days after the date 
        of the enactment of the Second Chance Reauthorization 
        Act of 2018, which shall ensure that placement in a 
        community correctional facility by the Bureau of 
        Prisons is--
                    (A) conducted in a manner consistent with 
                section 3621(b) of this title;
                    (B) determined on an individual basis; and
                    (C) of sufficient duration to provide the 
                greatest likelihood of successful reintegration 
                into the community.
    (d) Allotment of Clothing, Funds, and Transportation.--Upon 
the release of a prisoner on the expiration of the prisoner's 
term of imprisonment, the Bureau of Prisons shall furnish the 
prisoner with--
            (1) suitable clothing;
            (2) an amount of money, not more than $500, 
        determined by the Director to be consistent with the 
        needs of the offender and the public interest, unless 
        the Director determines that the financial position of 
        the offender is such that no sum should be furnished; 
        and
            (3) transportation to the place of the prisoner's 
        conviction, to the prisoner's bona fide residence 
        within the United States, or to such other place within 
        the United States as may be authorized by the Director.
    (e) Supervision After Release.--A prisoner whose sentence 
includes a term of supervised release after imprisonment shall 
be released by the Bureau of Prisons to the supervision of a 
probation officer who shall, during the term imposed, supervise 
the person released to the degree warranted by the conditions 
specified by the sentencing court. The term of supervised 
release commences on the day the person is released from 
imprisonment and runs concurrently with any Federal, State, or 
local term of probation or supervised release or parole for 
another offense to which the person is subject or becomes 
subject during the term of supervised release. A term of 
supervised release does not run during any period in which the 
person is imprisoned in connection with a conviction for a 
Federal, State, or local crime unless the imprisonment is for a 
period of less than 30 consecutive days. Upon the release of a 
prisoner by the Bureau of Prisons to supervised release, the 
Bureau of Prisons shall notify such prisoner, verbally and in 
writing, of the requirement that the prisoner adhere to an 
installment schedule, not to exceed 2 years except in special 
circumstances, to pay for any fine imposed for the offense 
committed by such prisoner, and of the consequences of failure 
to pay such fines under sections 3611 through 3614 of this 
title.
    (f) Mandatory Functional Literacy Requirement.--
            (1) The Attorney General shall direct the Bureau of 
        Prisons to have in effect a mandatory functional 
        literacy program for all mentally capable inmates who 
        are not functionally literate in each Federal 
        correctional institution within 6 months from the date 
        of the enactment of this Act.
            (2) Each mandatory functional literacy program 
        shall include a requirement that each inmate 
        participate in such program for a mandatory period 
        sufficient to provide the inmate with an adequate 
        opportunity to achieve functional literacy, and 
        appropriate incentives which lead to successful 
        completion of such programs shall be developed and 
        implemented.
            (3) As used in this section, the term ``functional 
        literacy'' means--
                    (A) an eighth grade equivalence in reading 
                and mathematics on a nationally recognized 
                standardized test;
                    (B) functional competency or literacy on a 
                nationally recognized criterion-referenced 
                test; or
                    (C) a combination of subparagraphs (A) and 
                (B).
            (4) Non-English speaking inmates shall be required 
        to participate in an English-As-A-Second-Language 
        program until they function at the equivalence of the 
        eighth grade on a nationally recognized educational 
        achievement test.
            (5) The Chief Executive Officer of each institution 
        shall have authority to grant waivers for good cause as 
        determined and documented on an individual basis.
    (g) Prerelease Custody or Supervised Release for Risk and 
Needs Assessment System Participants.--
            (1) Eligible prisoners.--This subsection applies in 
        the case of a prisoner (as such term is defined in 
        section 3635) who--
                    (A) has earned time credits under the risk 
                and needs assessment system developed under 
                subchapter D (referred to in this subsection as 
                the ``System'') in an amount that is equal to 
                the remainder of the prisoner's imposed term of 
                imprisonment;
                    (B) has shown through the periodic risk 
                reassessments a demonstrated recidivism risk 
                reduction or has maintained a minimum or low 
                recidivism risk, during the prisoner's term of 
                imprisonment;
                    (C) has had the remainder of the prisoner's 
                imposed term of imprisonment computed under 
                applicable law; and
                    (D)(i) in the case of a prisoner being 
                placed in prerelease custody, the prisoner--
                            (I) has been determined under the 
                        System to be a minimum or low risk to 
                        recidivate pursuant to the last 2 
                        reassessments of the prisoner; or
                            (II) has had a petition to be 
                        transferred to prerelease custody or 
                        supervised release approved by the 
                        warden of the prison, after the 
                        warden's determination that--
                                    (aa) the prisoner would not 
                                be a danger to society if 
                                transferred to prerelease 
                                custody or supervised release;
                                    (bb) the prisoner has made 
                                a good faith effort to lower 
                                their recidivism risk through 
                                participation in recidivism 
                                reduction programs or 
                                productive activities; and
                                    (cc) the prisoner is 
                                unlikely to recidivate; or
                    (ii) in the case of a prisoner being placed 
                in supervised release, the prisoner has been 
                determined under the System to be a minimum or 
                low risk to recidivate pursuant to the last 
                reassessment of the prisoner.
            (2) Types of prerelease custody.--A prisoner shall 
        be placed in prerelease custody as follows:
                    (A) Home confinement.--
                            (i) In general.--A prisoner placed 
                        in prerelease custody pursuant to this 
                        subsection who is placed in home 
                        confinement shall--
                                    (I) be subject to 24-hour 
                                electronic monitoring that 
                                enables the prompt 
                                identification of the prisoner, 
                                location, and time, in the case 
                                of any violation of subclause 
                                (II);
                                    (II) remain in the 
                                prisoner's residence, except 
                                that the prisoner may leave the 
                                prisoner's home in order to, 
                                subject to the approval of the 
                                Director of the Bureau of 
                                Prisons--
                                            (aa) perform a job 
                                        or job-related 
                                        activities, including 
                                        an apprenticeship, or 
                                        participate in job-
                                        seeking activities;
                                            (bb) participate in 
                                        evidence-based 
                                        recidivism reduction 
                                        programming or 
                                        productive activities 
                                        assigned by the System, 
                                        or similar activities;
                                            (cc) perform 
                                        community service;
                                            (dd) participate in 
                                        crime victim 
                                        restoration activities;
                                            (ee) receive 
                                        medical treatment;
                                            (ff) attend 
                                        religious activities; 
                                        or
                                            (gg) participate in 
                                        other family-related 
                                        activities that 
                                        facilitate the 
                                        prisoner's successful 
                                        reentry such as a 
                                        family funeral, a 
                                        family wedding, or to 
                                        visit a family member 
                                        who is seriously ill; 
                                        and
                                    (III) comply with such 
                                other conditions as the 
                                Director determines 
                                appropriate.
                            (ii) Alternate means of 
                        monitoring.--If the electronic 
                        monitoring of a prisoner described in 
                        clause (i)(I) is infeasible for 
                        technical or religious reasons, the 
                        Director of the Bureau of Prisons may 
                        use alternative means of monitoring a 
                        prisoner placed in home confinement 
                        that the Director determines are as 
                        effective or more effective than the 
                        electronic monitoring described in 
                        clause (i)(I).
                            (iii) Modifications.--The Director 
                        of the Bureau of Prisons may modify the 
                        conditions described in clause (i) if 
                        the Director determines that a 
                        compelling reason exists to do so, and 
                        that the prisoner has demonstrated 
                        exemplary compliance with such 
                        conditions.
                            (iv) Duration.--Except as provided 
                        in paragraph (4), a prisoner who is 
                        placed in home confinement shall remain 
                        in home confinement until the prisoner 
                        has served not less than 85 percent of 
                        the prisoner's imposed term of 
                        imprisonment.
                    (B) Residential reentry center.--A prisoner 
                placed in prerelease custody pursuant to this 
                subsection who is placed at a residential 
                reentry center shall be subject to such 
                conditions as the Director of the Bureau of 
                Prisons determines appropriate.
            (3) Supervised release.--If the sentencing court 
        included as a part of the prisoner's sentence a 
        requirement that the prisoner be placed on a term of 
        supervised release after imprisonment pursuant to 
        section 3583, the Director of the Bureau of Prisons may 
        transfer the prisoner to begin any such term of 
        supervised release at an earlier date, not to exceed 12 
        months, based on the application of time credits under 
        section 3632.
            (4) Determination of conditions.--In determining 
        appropriate conditions for prisoners placed in 
        prerelease custody pursuant to this subsection, the 
        Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall, to the extent 
        practicable, provide that increasingly less restrictive 
        conditions shall be imposed on prisoners who 
        demonstrate continued compliance with the conditions of 
        such prerelease custody, so as to most effectively 
        prepare such prisoners for reentry.
            (5) Violations of conditions.--If a prisoner 
        violates a condition of the prisoner's prerelease 
        custody, the Director of the Bureau of Prisons may 
        impose such additional conditions on the prisoner's 
        prerelease custody as the Director of the Bureau of 
        Prisons determines appropriate, or revoke the 
        prisoner's prerelease custody and require the prisoner 
        to serve the remainder of the term of imprisonment to 
        which the prisoner was sentenced, or any portion 
        thereof, in prison. If the violation is nontechnical in 
        nature, the Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall 
        revoke the prisoner's prerelease custody.
            (6) Issuance of guidelines.--The Attorney General, 
        in consultation with the Assistant Director for the 
        Office of Probation and Pretrial Services, shall issue 
        guidelines for use by the Bureau of Prisons in 
        determining--
                    (A) the appropriate type of prerelease 
                custody or supervised release and level of 
                supervision for a prisoner placed on prerelease 
                custody pursuant to this subsection; and
                    (B) consequences for a violation of a 
                condition of such prerelease custody by such a 
                prisoner, including a return to prison and a 
                reassessment of evidence-based recidivism risk 
                level under the System.
            (7) Agreements with united states probation and 
        pretrial services.--The Director of the Bureau of 
        Prisons shall, to the greatest extent practicable, 
        enter into agreements with United States Probation and 
        Pretrial Services to supervise prisoners placed in home 
        confinement under this subsection. Such agreements 
        shall--
                    (A) authorize United States Probation and 
                Pretrial Services to exercise the authority 
                granted to the Director pursuant to paragraphs 
                (3) and (4); and
                    (B) take into account the resource 
                requirements of United States Probation and 
                Pretrial Services as a result of the transfer 
                of Bureau of Prisons prisoners to prerelease 
                custody or supervised release.
            (8) Assistance.--United States Probation and 
        Pretrial Services shall, to the greatest extent 
        practicable, offer assistance to any prisoner not under 
        its supervision during prerelease custody under this 
        subsection.
            (9) Mentoring, reentry, and spiritual services.--
        Any prerelease custody into which a prisoner is placed 
        under this subsection may not include a condition 
        prohibiting the prisoner from receiving mentoring, 
        reentry, or spiritual services from a person who 
        provided such services to the prisoner while the 
        prisoner was incarcerated, except that the warden of 
        the facility at which the prisoner was incarcerated may 
        waive the requirement under this paragraph if the 
        warden finds that the provision of such services would 
        pose a significant security risk to the prisoner, 
        persons who provide such services, or any other person. 
        The warden shall provide written notice of any such 
        waiver to the person providing such services and to the 
        prisoner.
            (10) Time limits inapplicable.--The time limits 
        under subsections (b) and (c) shall not apply to 
        prerelease custody under this subsection.
            (11) Prerelease custody capacity.--The Director of 
        the Bureau of Prisons shall ensure there is sufficient 
        prerelease custody capacity to accommodate all eligible 
        prisoners.

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


PART III--PRISONS AND PRISONERS

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


                     CHAPTER 303--BUREAU OF PRISONS

Sec.
     * * * * * * *
4050. Secure firearms storage.
4051. Treatment of incarcerated pregnant women.

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


Sec. 4051. Treatment of incarcerated pregnant women

    (a) High-Risk Pregnancy Health Care.--The Director of the 
Bureau of Prisons shall ensure that each incarcerated pregnant 
woman receives health care appropriate for a high-risk 
pregnancy, including obstetrical and gynecological care, during 
pregnancy and post-partum recovery.
    (b) High-Risk Pregnancies.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the Bureau of 
        Prisons shall transfer any incarcerated woman, who is 
        determined by a health care professional to have a 
        high-risk pregnancy and who agrees to be transferred, 
        to a Residential Reentry Center with adequate health 
        care during her pregnancy and post-partum recovery.
            (2) Priority.--The Residential Reentry Center to 
        which an incarcerated pregnant woman is transferred 
        pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be in a geographical 
        location that is close to the family members of the 
        incarcerated pregnant woman. In the case that a 
        Residential Reentry Center is unavailable, the 
        incarcerated pregnant woman shall be transferred to 
        alternative housing, including housing with a family 
        member.
            (3) Transportation.--To transport an incarcerated 
        pregnant woman to a Residential Reentry Center, the 
        Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall provide to the 
        woman a mode of transportation that has been approved 
        by the woman's health care professional, at no expense 
        to the woman.
            (4) Monitoring.--In the case that an incarcerated 
        pregnant woman transferred to alternative housing 
        pursuant to this section is monitored electronically, 
        an ankle monitor may not be used on the woman, unless 
        there is no feasible alternative for monitoring the 
        woman.
            (5) Service of sentence.--Any time accrued at a 
        Residential Reentry Center or alternative housing as a 
        result of a transfer made pursuant to this section 
        shall be credited toward service of the incarcerated 
        pregnant woman's sentence.
            (6) Credit for pretrial custody.--In the case of an 
        incarcerated pregnant woman, any time accrued in 
        pretrial custody shall be credited toward service of 
        the woman's sentence.
    (c) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Family member.--The term ``family member'' 
        means any individual related by blood or affinity whose 
        close association with the incarcerated pregnant woman 
        is the equivalent of a family relationship, including a 
        parent, sibling, child, or individual standing in loco 
        parentis.
            (2) Residential reentry center.--The term 
        ``Residential Reentry Center'' means a Bureau of 
        Prisons contracted residential reentry center.
            (3) Health care professional.--
                    (A) In general.--The term ``health care 
                professional'' means--
                            (i) a doctor of medicine or 
                        osteopathy who is authorized to 
                        practice medicine or surgery by the 
                        State in which the doctor practices;
                            (ii) any physician's assistant or 
                        nurse practitioner who is supervised by 
                        a doctor of medicine or osteopathy 
                        described in clause (i); or
                            (iii) any other person determined 
                        by the Secretary to be capable of 
                        providing health care services.
                    (B) Other health care services.--A person 
                is capable of providing health care services if 
                the person is--
                            (i) a podiatrist, dentist, clinical 
                        psychologist, optometrist, or 
                        chiropractor (limited to treatment 
                        consisting of manual manipulation of 
                        the spine to correct a subluxation as 
                        demonstrated by X-ray to exist) 
                        authorized to practice in the State and 
                        performing within the scope of their 
                        practice as defined under State law;
                            (ii) a nurse practitioner, nurse-
                        midwife, clinical social worker, or 
                        physician's assistant who is authorized 
                        to practice under State law and who is 
                        performing within the scope of their 
                        practice as defined under State law; 
                        and
                            (iii) any health care professional 
                        from whom an employer or the employer's 
                        group health plan's benefits manager 
                        will accept certification of the 
                        existence of a serious health condition 
                        to substantiate a claim for benefits.
                    (C) Authorized to practice in the state.--
                The term ``authorized to practice in the 
                State'' means that a professional must be 
                authorized to diagnose and treat physical or 
                mental health conditions under the laws of the 
                State in which the professional practices and 
                where the facility is located.
            (4) High-risk pregnancy.--The term ``high-risk 
        pregnancy'' means, with respect to an incarcerated 
        woman, that the pregnancy threatens the health or life 
        of the woman or pregnancy, as determined by a health 
        care professional.
            (5) Post-partum recovery.--The term ``post-partum 
        recovery'' means the 3-month period beginning on the 
        date on which an incarcerated pregnant woman gives 
        birth.

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


                  CHAPTER 317--INSTITUTIONS FOR WOMEN

Sec.
4321. Board of Advisers.
[4322. Use of restraints on prisoners during the period of pregnancy, 
          labor, and postpartum recovery prohibited.]
4322. Use of restraints and restrictive housing on incarcerated women 
          during the period of pregnancy, labor, and postpartum recovery 
          prohibited and to improve pregnancy care for women in Federal 
          prisons.

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


[Sec. 4322. Use of restraints on prisoners during the period of 
                    pregnancy, labor, and postpartum recovery 
                    prohibited

    [(a) Prohibition.--Except as provided in subsection (b), 
beginning on the date on which pregnancy is confirmed by a 
healthcare professional, and ending at the conclusion of 
postpartum recovery, a prisoner in the custody of the Bureau of 
Prisons, or in the custody of the United States Marshals 
Service pursuant to section 4086, shall not be placed in 
restraints.
    [(b) Exceptions.--
            [(1) In general.--The prohibition under subsection 
        (a) shall not apply if--
                    [(A) an appropriate corrections official, 
                or a United States marshal, as applicable, 
                makes a determination that the prisoner--
                            [(i) is an immediate and credible 
                        flight risk that cannot reasonably be 
                        prevented by other means; or
                            [(ii) poses an immediate and 
                        serious threat of harm to herself or 
                        others that cannot reasonably be 
                        prevented by other means; or
                    [(B) a healthcare professional responsible 
                for the health and safety of the prisoner 
                determines that the use of restraints is 
                appropriate for the medical safety of the 
                prisoner.
            [(2) Least restrictive restraints.--In the case 
        that restraints are used pursuant to an exception under 
        paragraph (1), only the least restrictive restraints 
        necessary to prevent the harm or risk of escape 
        described in paragraph (1) may be used.
            [(3) Application.--
                    [(A) In general.--The exceptions under 
                paragraph (1) may not be applied--
                            [(i) to place restraints around the 
                        ankles, legs, or waist of a prisoner;
                            [(ii) to restrain a prisoner's 
                        hands behind her back;
                            [(iii) to restrain a prisoner using 
                        4-point restraints; or
                            [(iv) to attach a prisoner to 
                        another prisoner.
                    [(B) Medical request.--Notwithstanding 
                paragraph (1), upon the request of a healthcare 
                professional who is responsible for the health 
                and safety of a prisoner, a corrections 
                official or United States marshal, as 
                applicable, shall refrain from using restraints 
                on the prisoner or shall remove restraints used 
                on the prisoner.
    [(c) Reports.--
            [(1) Report to the director and healthcare 
        professional.--If a corrections official or United 
        States marshal uses restraints on a prisoner under 
        subsection (b)(1), that official or marshal shall 
        submit, not later than 30 days after placing the 
        prisoner in restraints, to the Director of the Bureau 
        of Prisons or the Director of the United States 
        Marshals Service, as applicable, and to the healthcare 
        professional responsible for the health and safety of 
        the prisoner, a written report that describes the facts 
        and circumstances surrounding the use of restraints, 
        and includes--
                    [(A) the reasoning upon which the 
                determination to use restraints was made;
                    [(B) the details of the use of restraints, 
                including the type of restraints used and 
                length of time during which restraints were 
                used; and
                    [(C) any resulting physical effects on the 
                prisoner observed by or known to the 
                corrections official or United States marshal, 
                as applicable.
            [(2) Supplemental report to the director.--Upon 
        receipt of a report under paragraph (1), the healthcare 
        professional responsible for the health and safety of 
        the prisoner may submit to the Director such 
        information as the healthcare professional determines 
        is relevant to the use of restraints on the prisoner.
            [(3) Report to judiciary committees.--
                    [(A) In general.--Not later than 1 year 
                after the date of enactment of this section, 
                and annually thereafter, the Director of the 
                Bureau of Prisons and the Director of the 
                United States Marshals Service shall each 
                submit to the Judiciary Committee of the Senate 
                and of the House of Representatives a report 
                that certifies compliance with this section and 
                includes the information required to be 
                reported under paragraph (1).
                    [(B) Personally identifiable information.--
                The report under this paragraph shall not 
                contain any personally identifiable information 
                of any prisoner.
    [(d) Notice.--Not later than 48 hours after the 
confirmation of a prisoner's pregnancy by a healthcare 
professional, that prisoner shall be notified by an appropriate 
healthcare professional, corrections official, or United States 
marshal, as applicable, of the restrictions on the use of 
restraints under this section.
    [(e) Violation Reporting Process.--The Director of the 
Bureau of Prisons, in consultation with the Director of the 
United States Marshals Service, shall establish a process 
through which a prisoner may report a violation of this 
section.
    [(f) Training.--
            [(1) In general.--The Director of the Bureau of 
        Prisons and the Director of the United States Marshals 
        Service shall each develop training guidelines 
        regarding the use of restraints on female prisoners 
        during the period of pregnancy, labor, and postpartum 
        recovery, and shall incorporate such guidelines into 
        appropriate training programs. Such training guidelines 
        shall include--
                    [(A) how to identify certain symptoms of 
                pregnancy that require immediate referral to a 
                healthcare professional;
                    [(B) circumstances under which the 
                exceptions under subsection (b) would apply;
                    [(C) in the case that an exception under 
                subsection (b) applies, how to apply restraints 
                in a way that does not harm the prisoner, the 
                fetus, or the neonate;
                    [(D) the information required to be 
                reported under subsection (c); and
                    [(E) the right of a healthcare professional 
                to request that restraints not be used, and the 
                requirement under subsection (b)(3)(B) to 
                comply with such a request.
            [(2) Development of guidelines.--In developing the 
        guidelines required by paragraph (1), the Directors 
        shall each consult with healthcare professionals with 
        expertise in caring for women during the period of 
        pregnancy and postpartum recovery.
    [(g) Definitions.--For purposes of this section:
            [(1) Postpartum recovery.--The term ``postpartum 
        recovery'' means the 12-week period, or longer as 
        determined by the healthcare professional responsible 
        for the health and safety of the prisoner, following 
        delivery, and shall include the entire period that the 
        prisoner is in the hospital or infirmary.
            [(2) Prisoner.--The term ``prisoner'' means a 
        person who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment 
        pursuant to a conviction for a Federal criminal 
        offense, or a person in the custody of the Bureau of 
        Prisons, including a person in a Bureau of Prisons 
        contracted facility.
            [(3) Restraints.--The term ``restraints'' means any 
        physical or mechanical device used to control the 
        movement of a prisoner's body, limbs, or both.]

Sec. 4322. Use of restraints and restrictive housing on incarcerated 
                    women during the period of pregnancy, labor, and 
                    postpartum recovery prohibited and to improve 
                    pregnancy care for women in Federal prisons

    (a) Prohibition.--Except as provided in subsection (b), 
beginning on the date on which pregnancy is confirmed by a 
health care professional and ending not earlier than 12 weeks 
after delivery, an incarcerated woman in the custody of the 
Bureau of Prisons, or in the custody of the United States 
Marshals Service pursuant to section 4086, shall not be placed 
in restraints or held in restrictive housing.
    (b) Exceptions.--
            (1) Use of restraints.--The prohibition under 
        subsection (a) shall not apply if the senior Bureau of 
        Prisons official or United States Marshals Service 
        official overseeing women's health and services and a 
        health care professional responsible for the health and 
        safety of the incarcerated woman determines that the 
        use of restraints is appropriate for the medical safety 
        of the woman, and the health care professional reviews 
        such determination not later than every 6 hours after 
        such use is initially approved until such use is 
        terminated.
            (2) Situational use.--The individualized 
        determination described under paragraph (1) shall only 
        apply to a specific situation and must be reaffirmed 
        through the same process to use restraints again in any 
        future situation involving the same woman.
            (3) Access to care.--Immediately upon the cessation 
        of the use of restraints or restrictive housing as 
        outlined in this subsection, the Director of the Bureau 
        of Prisons or the United States Marshal Service shall 
        provide the incarcerated woman with immediate access to 
        physical and mental health assessments and all 
        recommended treatment.
            (4) Response to behavioral risks in the bureau of 
        prisons.--
                    (A) Restrictive housing.--The prohibition 
                under subsection (a) relating to restrictive 
                housing shall not apply if the Director of the 
                Bureau of Prisons or a senior Bureau of Prisons 
                official overseeing women's health and 
                services, in consultation with senior officials 
                in health services, makes an individualized 
                determination that restrictive housing is 
                required as a temporary response to behavior 
                that poses a serious and immediate risk of 
                physical harm.
                    (B) Review.--The official who makes a 
                determination under subparagraph (A) shall 
                review such determination every 4 hours for the 
                purpose of removing an incarcerated woman as 
                quickly as feasible from restrictive housing.
                    (C) Restrictive housing plan.--The official 
                who makes a determination under subparagraph 
                (A) shall develop an individualized plan to 
                move an incarcerated woman to less restrictive 
                housing within a reasonable amount of time, not 
                to exceed 2 days.
                    (D) Monitoring.--An incarcerated woman who 
                is placed in restrictive housing pursuant to 
                this paragraph shall be--
                            (i) monitored every hour;
                            (ii) placed in a location visible 
                        to correctional officers; and
                            (iii) prohibited from being placed 
                        in solitary confinement if the 
                        incarcerated woman is in her third 
                        trimester.
    (c) Reports.--
            (1) Report to the director and health care 
        professional after the use of restraints.--If an 
        official identified in subsection (b)(1) or a 
        correctional officer uses restraints on an incarcerated 
        woman under subsection (b), that official (or an 
        officer or marshal designated by that official) or 
        correctional officer shall submit, not later than 30 
        days after placing the woman in restraints, to the 
        Director of the Bureau of Prisons or the Director of 
        the U.S. Marshal Service, as applicable, a written 
        report which describes the facts and circumstances 
        surrounding the use of restraints, and includes each of 
        the following:
                    (A) A description of all attempts to use 
                alternative interventions and sanctions before 
                the restraints were used.
                    (B) A description of the circumstances that 
                led to the use of restraints.
                    (C) Strategies the facility is putting in 
                place to identify more appropriate alternative 
                interventions should a similar situation arise 
                again.
            (2) Report to congress.--Beginning on the date that 
        is 6 months after the date of enactment of the 
        Protecting the Health and Wellness of Babies and 
        Pregnant Women in Custody Act, and every 6 months 
        thereafter for a period of 10 years, the Attorney 
        General shall submit to the Committees on the Judiciary 
        of the House of Representatives and the Senate a report 
        on--
                    (A) the reasoning upon which the 
                determination to use restraints was made;
                    (B) the details of the use of restraints, 
                including the type of restraints used and 
                length of time during which restraints were 
                used; and
                    (C) any resulting physical effects on the 
                prisoner observed by or known to the 
                corrections official or United States Marshal, 
                as applicable.
            (3) Report to the director and health care 
        professional after placement in restrictive housing.--
        If an official identified in subsection (b)(3), 
        correctional officer, or United States Marshal places 
        or causes an incarcerated woman to be placed in 
        restrictive housing under such subsection, that 
        official, correctional officer, or United States 
        Marshal shall submit, not later than 30 days after 
        placing or causing the placement of the incarcerated 
        woman in restrictive housing, to the Director of the 
        Bureau of Prisons or the Director of the United States 
        Marshals Service, as applicable, and to the health care 
        professional responsible for the health and safety of 
        the woman, a written report which describes the facts 
        and circumstances surrounding the restrictive housing 
        placement, and includes the following:
                    (A) The reasoning upon which the 
                determination for the placement was made.
                    (B) The details of the placement, including 
                length of time of placement and how frequently 
                and how many times the determination was made 
                subsequent to the initial determination to 
                continue the restrictive housing placement.
                    (C) A description of all attempts to use 
                alternative interventions and sanctions before 
                the restrictive housing was used.
                    (D) Any resulting physical effects on the 
                woman observed by or reported by the health 
                care professional responsible for the health 
                and safety of the woman.
                    (E) Strategies the facility is putting in 
                place to identify more appropriate alternative 
                interventions should a similar situation arise 
                again.
            (4) Report to congress.--Beginning on the date that 
        is 6 months after the date of enactment of the 
        Protecting the Health and Wellness of Babies and 
        Pregnant Women in Custody Act, and every 6 months 
        thereafter for a period of 10 years, the Attorney 
        General shall submit to the Committees on the Judiciary 
        of the House of Representatives and the Senate a report 
        on the information described in paragraph (3).
    (d) Notice.--Not later than 24 hours after the confirmation 
of an incarcerated woman's pregnancy by a health care 
professional, that woman shall be notified, orally and in 
writing, by an appropriate health care professional, 
correctional officer, or United States Marshal, as applicable--
            (1) of the restrictions on the use of restraints 
        and restrictive housing placements under this section;
            (2) of the incarcerated woman's right to make a 
        confidential report of a violation of restrictions on 
        the use of restraints or restrictive housing placement; 
        and
            (3) that the facility staff have been advised of 
        all rights of the incarcerated woman under subsection 
        (a).
    (e) Violation Reporting Process.--Not later than 180 days 
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director of the 
Bureau of Prisons and the Director of the United States 
Marshals Service shall establish processes through which an 
incarcerated person may report a violation of this section.
    (f) Notification of Rights.--The warden of the Bureau of 
Prisons facility where a pregnant woman is in custody shall 
notify necessary facility staff of the pregnancy and of the 
incarcerated pregnant woman's rights under subsection (a).
    (g) Retaliation.--It shall be unlawful for any Bureau of 
Prisons or United States Marshal Service employee to retaliate 
against an incarcerated person for reporting under the 
provisions of subsection (e) a violation of subsection (a).
    (h) Education.--Not later than 90 days after the date of 
enactment of the Protecting the Health and Wellness of Babies 
and Pregnant Women in Custody Act, the Director of the Bureau 
of Prisons and the Director of the United States Marshals 
Service shall each develop education guidelines regarding the 
physical and mental health needs of incarcerated pregnant 
women, and the use of restraints and restrictive housing 
placements on incarcerated women during the period of 
pregnancy, labor, and postpartum recovery, and shall 
incorporate such guidelines into appropriate education 
programs.
    (i) Definition.--In this section:
            (1) Restraints.--The term ``restraints'' means any 
        physical or mechanical device used to control the 
        movement of an incarcerated pregnant woman's body, 
        limbs, or both.
            (2) Restrictive housing.--The term ``restrictive 
        housing'' means any type of detention that involves--
                    (A) removal from the general inmate 
                population, whether voluntary or involuntary;
                    (B) placement in a locked room or cell, 
                whether alone or with another inmate; and
                    (C) inability to leave the room or cell for 
                the vast majority of the day.

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *

                              ----------                              


             CIVIL RIGHTS OF INSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONS ACT



           *       *       *       *       *       *       *
SEC. 7. SUITS BY PRISONERS.

    (a) Applicability of Administrative Remedies.--No action 
shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under 
section 1979 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (42 
U.S.C. 1983), or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined 
in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such 
administrative remedies as are available are exhausted. This 
subsection shall not apply with respect to an incarcerated 
pregnant woman who brings an action relating to or affecting 
the woman's pregnancy.
    (b) Failure of State To Adopt or Adhere to Administrative 
Grievance Procedure.--The failure of a State to adopt or adhere 
to an administrative grievance procedure shall not constitute 
the basis for an action under section 3 or 5 of this Act.
    (c) Dismissal.--(1) The court shall on its own motion or on 
the motion of a party dismiss any action brought with respect 
to prison conditions under section 1979 of the Revised Statutes 
of the United States (42 U.S.C. 1983), or any other Federal 
law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other 
correctional facility if the court is satisfied that the action 
is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which 
relief can be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a 
defendant who is immune from such relief.
    (2) In the event that a claim is, on its face, frivolous, 
malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief can be 
granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is 
immune from such relief, the court may dismiss the underlying 
claim without first requiring the exhaustion of administrative 
remedies.
    (d) Attorney's Fees.--(1) In any action brought by a 
prisoner, except an incarcerated pregnant woman, who is 
confined to any jail, prison, or other correctional facility, 
in which attorney's fees are authorized under section 2 of the 
Revised Statutes of the United States (42 U.S.C. 1988), such 
fees shall not be awarded, except to the extent that--
            (A) the fee was directly and reasonably incurred in 
        proving an actual violation of the plaintiff's rights 
        protected by a statute pursuant to which a fee may be 
        awarded under section 2 of the Revised Statutes; and
            (B)(i) the amount of the fee is proportionately 
        related to the court ordered relief for the violation; 
        or
            (ii) the fee was directly and reasonably incurred 
        in enforcing the relief ordered for the violation.
    (2) Whenever a monetary judgment is awarded in an action 
described in paragraph (1), a portion of the judgment (not to 
exceed 25 percent) shall be applied to satisfy the amount of 
attorney's fees awarded against the defendant. If the award of 
attorney's fees is not greater than 150 percent of the 
judgment, the excess shall be paid by the defendant.
    (3) No award of attorney's fees in an action described in 
paragraph (1) shall be based on an hourly rate greater than 150 
percent of the hourly rate established under section 3006A of 
title 18, United States Code, for payment of court-appointed 
counsel.
    (4) Nothing in this subsection shall prohibit a prisoner 
from entering into an agreement to pay an attorney's fee in an 
amount greater than the amount authorized under this 
subsection, if the fee is paid by the individual rather than by 
the defendant pursuant to section 2 of the Revised Statutes of 
the United States (42 U.S.C. 1988).
    (e) Limitation on Recovery.--No Federal civil action may be 
brought by a prisoner confined in a jail, prison, or other 
correctional facility, for mental or emotional injury suffered 
while in custody without a prior showing of physical injury or 
the commission of a sexual act (as defined in section 2246 of 
title 18, United States Code).
    (f) Hearings.--(1) To the extent practicable, in any action 
brought with respect to prison conditions in Federal court 
pursuant to section 1979 of the Revised Statutes of the United 
States (42 U.S.C. 1983), or any other Federal law, by a 
prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional 
facility, pretrial proceedings in which the prisoner's 
participation is required or permitted shall be conducted by 
telephone, video conference, or other telecommunications 
technology without removing the prisoner from the facility in 
which the prisoner is confined.
    (2) Subject to the agreement of the official of the 
Federal, State, or local unit of government with custody over 
the prisoner, hearings may be conducted at the facility in 
which the prisoner is confined. To the extent practicable, the 
court shall allow counsel to participate by telephone, video 
conference, or other communications technology in any hearing 
held at the facility.
    (g) Waiver of Reply.--(1) Any defendant may waive the right 
to reply to any action brought by a prisoner confined in any 
jail, prison, or other correctional facility under section 1979 
of the Revised Statutes of the United States (42 U.S.C. 1983) 
or any other Federal law. Notwithstanding any other law or rule 
of procedure, such waiver shall not constitute an admission of 
the allegations contained in the complaint. No relief shall be 
granted to the plaintiff unless a reply has been filed.
    (2) The court may require any defendant to reply to a 
complaint brought under this section if it finds that the 
plaintiff has a reasonable opportunity to prevail on the 
merits.
    (h) Definition.--As used in this section, the term 
``prisoner'' means any person incarcerated or detained in any 
facility who is accused of, convicted of, sentenced for, or 
adjudicated delinquent for, violations of criminal law or the 
terms and conditions of parole, probation, pretrial release, or 
diversionary program.

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *

                              ----------                              


           OMNIBUS CRIME CONTROL AND SAFE STREETS ACT OF 1968



           *       *       *       *       *       *       *
TITLE I--JUSTICE SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


          Part E--Bureau of Justice Assistance Grant Programs

Subpart 1--Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant Program

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


[SEC. 508. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

    [There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this 
subpart $1,095,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2006 
through 2012.]

SEC. 508. PREGNANT WOMEN IN CUSTODY GRANT PROGRAM.

    (a) Short Title.--This section may be cited as the 
``Pregnant Women in Custody Grant Program of 2020'' or the 
``PWIC Act of 2020''.
    (b) Establishment.--The Attorney General may make grants to 
eligible entities that have established a program to promote 
the health needs of incarcerated pregnant women in the criminal 
justice system at the State, tribal, and local levels or have 
declared their intent to establish such a program. Eligible 
entities shall--
            (1) promote the safety and wellness of pregnant 
        women in custody;
            (2) provide services for obstetrical and 
        gynecological care, for women in custody;
            (3) facilitate resources and support services for 
        nutrition and physical and mental health, for women in 
        custody;
            (4) establish and maintain policies that are 
        substantially similar to the limitations imposed under 
        section 4322 of title 18, United States Code, limiting 
        the use of restraints on pregnant women in custody; and
            (5) maintain, establish, or build post-delivery 
        lactation and nursery care or residential programs to 
        keep the infant with the mother and to promote and 
        facilitate bonding skills for incarcerated pregnant 
        women and women with dependent children.
    (c) Grant Period.--A grant awarded under this section shall 
be for a period of not more than 5 years.
    (d) Eligible Entity.--An entity is eligible for a grant 
under this section if the entity is--
            (1) a State or territory department of corrections;
            (2) a tribal entity that operates a correctional 
        facility; or
            (3) a unit of local government that operates a 
        prison or jail that houses women; or
            (4) a locally-based nonprofit organization, that 
        has partnered with a State or unit of local government 
        that operates a correctional facility, with expertise 
        in providing health services to incarcerated pregnant 
        women.
    (e) Application.--To receive a grant under this section, an 
eligible entity shall submit an application to the Attorney 
General at such time, in such manner, and containing such 
information as the Attorney General may require, including a 
detailed description of the need for the grant and an account 
of the number of individuals the grantee expects to benefit 
from the grant.
    (f) Administrative Costs.--Not more than 5 percent of a 
grant awarded under this section may be used for costs incurred 
to administer such grant.
    (g) Construction Costs.--Notwithstanding any other 
provision of this Act, no funds provided under this section may 
be used, directly or indirectly, for construction projects, 
other than new construction or upgrade to a facility used to 
provide lactation, nursery, obstetrical, or gynecological 
services.
    (h) Priority Funding for States That Provide Programs and 
Services for Incarcerated Women Related to Pregnancy and 
Childbirth.--In determining the amount provided to a State or 
unit of local government under this section, the Attorney 
General shall give priority to States or units of local 
government that have enacted laws or policies and implemented 
services or pilot programs for incarcerated pregnant women 
aimed at enhancing the safety and wellness of pregnant women in 
custody, including providing services for obstetrical and 
gynecological care, resources and support services for 
nutrition and physical and mental health, and post-delivery 
lactation and nursery care or residential programs to keep the 
infant with the mother and to promote and facilitate bonding 
skills for incarcerated pregnant women and women with dependent 
children.
    (i) Subgrant Priority.--A State that receives a grant under 
this section shall prioritize subgrants to a unit of local 
government within the State that has established a pilot 
program that enhances safety and wellness of pregnant women in 
custody.
    (j) Federal Share.--
            (1) In general.--The Federal share of a grant under 
        this section may not exceed 75 percent of the total 
        costs of the projects described in the grant 
        application.
            (2) Waiver.--The requirement of paragraph (1) may 
        be waived by the Assistant Attorney General upon a 
        determination that the financial circumstances 
        affecting the applicant warrant a finding that such a 
        waiver is equitable.
    (k) Compliance and Redirection of Funds.--
            (1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after an 
        eligible entity receives a grant under this section, 
        such entity shall implement a policy that is 
        substantially similar to the policy under section 3 of 
        Protecting the Health and Wellness of Babies and 
        Pregnant Women in Custody Act.
            (2) Extension.--The Attorney General may provide a 
        120-day extension to an eligible entity that is making 
        good faith efforts to collect the information required 
        under paragraph (1).
    (l) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized 
to be appropriated to carry out this section, to remain 
available until expended--
            (1) for fiscal year 2021, $5,000,000;
            (2) for fiscal year 2022, $5,000,000;
            (3) for fiscal year 2023, $5,000,000;
            (4) for fiscal year 2024, $6,000,000; and
            (5) for fiscal year 2025, $6,000,000.
    (m) Funds to Be Supplemental.--To receive a grant under 
this section, the eligible entity shall certify to the Attorney 
General that the amounts received under the grant shall be used 
to supplement, not supplant, non-Federal funds that would 
otherwise be available for programs or services in the prison 
where funds will be used.
    (n) Unobligated and Unspent Funds.--Funds made available 
pursuant to this section that remain unobligated for a period 
of 6 months after the end of the fiscal year for which the 
funds have been appropriated shall be awarded to other 
recipients of this grant.
    (o) Civil Rights Obligation.--A recipient of a grant under 
this section shall be subject to the nondiscrimination 
requirement under section 40002(b)(13) of the Violence Against 
Women Act of 1994 (34 U.S.C. 12291(b)(13)).
    (p) Definitions.--In this section, the term ``in custody'' 
means, with respect to an individual, that the individual is 
under the supervision of a Federal, State, tribal, or local 
correctional facility, including pretrial and contract 
facilities, and juvenile or medical or mental health 
facilities.

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