[House Report 116-499]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


116th Congress }                                          { Report
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
  2d Session   }                                          { 116-499

======================================================================
 
          SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2019

                                _______
                                

 September 11, 2020.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on 
            the State of the Union and ordered to be printed

                                _______
                                

    Ms. Johnson of Texas, from the Committee on Science, Space, and 
                  Technology, submitted the following

                              R E P O R T

                             together with

                             MINORITY VIEWS

                        [To accompany H.R. 3597]

      [Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]

    The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, to whom 
was referred the bill (H.R. 3597) to guide and authorize basic 
research programs in the United States for research, 
development, and demonstration of solar energy technologies, 
and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports 
favorably thereon with amendments and recommends that the bill 
as amended do pass.

                                CONTENTS

                                                                   Page
   I. Amendment.......................................................2
  II. Purpose of the Bill.............................................7
 III. Background and Need for the Legislation.........................7
  IV. Committee Hearings..............................................8
   V. Committee Consideration and Votes...............................8
  VI. Summary of Major Provisions of the Bill.........................9
 VII. Section-By-Section Analysis (By Title and Section)..............9
VIII.  Committee Views...............................................10
  IX. Cost Estimate..................................................11
   X. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate......................11
  XI. Compliance with Public Law 104-4 (Unfunded Mandates)...........12
 XII. Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations...............12
XIII. Statement on General Performance Goals and Objectives..........12
 XIV. Federal Advisory Committee Statement...........................12
  XV. Duplication of Federal Programs................................12
 XVI. Earmark Identification.........................................13
XVII. Applicability to the Legislative Branch........................13
XVIII.Statement on Preemption of State, Local, or Tribal Law.........13

 XIX. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, As Reported..........13
  XX. Minority Views.................................................39
 XXI. Proceedings of Subcommittee Markup.............................40
XXII. Proceedings of Full Committee Markup...........................81

                              I. Amendment

    The amendment are as follows:
      Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the 
following:

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

  This Act may be cited as the ``Solar Energy Research and Development 
Act of 2019''.

SEC. 2. SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.

  (a) In General.--The Secretary shall carry out a solar energy program 
to conduct research, development, testing, and evaluation of solar 
energy technologies. In carrying out such program, the Secretary shall, 
in accordance with subsection (b), award grants and enter into 
contracts and cooperative agreements under this section, and sections 
3, 4, and 5 for each of the following purposes:
          (1) To improve the energy efficiency, reliability, 
        resilience, security, and capacity of solar energy generation.
          (2) To optimize the design and adaptability of solar energy 
        systems to the broadest practical range of geographic and 
        atmospheric conditions.
          (3) To reduce the cost of manufacturing, installation, 
        operation, and maintenance of solar energy systems.
          (4) To create and improve conversion of solar energy to 
        useful forms.
  (b) Grants, Contracts, and Cooperative Agreements.--
          (1) Grants.--In carrying out the program established under 
        subsection (a), the Secretary shall award grants on a 
        competitive, merit-reviewed basis to eligible entities for 
        projects that the Secretary determines would best achieve the 
        goals of the program.
          (2) Contracts and cooperative agreements.--In carrying out 
        the program established under subsection (a), the Secretary may 
        enter into contracts and cooperative agreements with eligible 
        entities and Federal agencies for projects that the Secretary 
        determines would further the purposes of the program.
          (3) Application.--An entity seeking a grant or a contract or 
        agreement under this Act shall submit to the Secretary an 
        application at such time, in such manner, and containing such 
        information as the Secretary may require.
  (c) Solar Energy Research Subject Areas.--The program established 
under subsection (a) shall focus on the research, development, testing, 
and evaluation of each of the following subject areas:
          (1) Photovoltaic devices and related electronic components, 
        including converters, sensors, energy monitors, communication 
        and control equipment, and protocols.
          (2) Concentrated solar power, including solar thermal and 
        concentrating solar photovoltaic technologies.
          (3) Low cost, high-quality solar energy systems.
          (4) Low cost, thin-film solar technologies, including the use 
        of perovskite materials in solar cells.
          (5) Solar heating and cooling systems, including distributed 
        solar-powered air conditioning.
          (6) Solar technology products that can be easily integrated 
        into new buildings, existing buildings, agricultural and 
        aquatic environments, and other infrastructure.
          (7) Solar technology that is resilient to extreme weather 
        events.
          (8) Solar technology products integrated into transportation 
        applications in coordination with vehicle technologies research 
        and development activities supported by the Department of 
        Energy.
          (9) Storage technologies to address the transience and 
        intermittency of solar energy resources, including batteries, 
        supercapacitors, and thermal storage.
          (10) Microgrids using solar technology.
          (11) Solar technologies enabling safe grid operating 
        conditions, such as fast-disconnect during an emergency.
          (12) Distributed solar energy technologies, such as rooftop 
        solar panels.
          (13) Technologies and designs that enable a broad range of 
        scales for solar power production.
          (14) Advanced solar manufacturing technologies and best 
        practices, including--
                  (A) materials and processes;
                  (B) development of industry standards;
                  (C) design and integration practices; and
                  (D) optimized packaging methods and new device 
                designs.
          (15) Advanced analytic and computing capabilities for better 
        modeling and simulations of solar energy systems.
          (16) Electrical grid integration, including--
                  (A) integration of solar technologies into smart 
                grid, transmission, and distribution;
                  (B) coordination of solar with other distributed and 
                large-scale energy resources;
                  (C) electrical power smoothing;
                  (D) microgrid integration;
                  (E) community solar;
                  (F) solar resource forecasting;
                  (G) regional and national electric system balancing 
                and long distance transmission options, including 
                direct current and superconducting transmission and 
                long-term storage options;
                  (H) ways to address system operations over minutes, 
                hours, days, weeks, and seasons with respect to the 
                full range of project scales; and
                  (I) electric grid security, including cyber and 
                physical security.
          (17) Non-hardware and information-based advances in solar 
        energy system design, installation, and operation.
          (18) Solar energy technology as a part of strategies commonly 
        referred to as ``behind-the-meter strategies'', including with 
        respect to electricity generation, load, energy efficiency, 
        controls, storage, and electric vehicles.
          (19) Methods to reduce the total volume of water used in the 
        manufacture, construction, operation, and maintenance of solar 
        energy technologies.
          (20) Next generation demonstration facilities.
          (21) Other subject areas determined by the Secretary.
  (d) Technical Assistance and Workforce Development.--In carrying out 
the program established under subsection (a), the Secretary may also 
conduct, for purposes of supporting technical, non-hardware, and 
information-based advances in solar energy systems development and 
operations, including activities expanding access to solar energy for 
low-income individuals and communities--
          (1) technical assistance and analysis activities with 
        eligible entities; and
          (2) workforce development and training activities, including 
        activities that support the dissemination of standards and best 
        practices for enabling solar power production.
  (e) Program Targets.--The program established under subsection (a) 
shall address near-term (up to 2 years), mid-term (up to 7 years), and 
long-term (up to 15 years) challenges to the advancement of solar 
energy systems.
  (f) Sustainable Chemistry.--Each entity receiving a grant, contract, 
or cooperative agreement under this section shall endeavor, in carrying 
out activities under such grant, contract, or cooperative agreement, to 
incorporate, where appropriate, sustainable and green chemistry and 
engineering principles, practices, and methodologies.
  (g) Wildlife Impact Mitigation.--In carrying out the activities 
described in subsection (c), the program established under subsection 
(a) shall support wildlife impact mitigation technologies and 
strategies, including the use of distributed solar technologies, to 
reduce the potential negative impacts of solar energy systems on 
wildlife, including bird species and local flora and fauna.
  (h) Stewardship of National Laboratory Resources.--In awarding grants 
and entering into contracts and cooperative agreements under this Act, 
the Secretary shall steward relevant capabilities and programs of the 
National Laboratories.
  (i) Conforming Repeals.--The following provisions of law are hereby 
repealed:
          (1) The Solar Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration 
        Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5551 et seq.), except for section 10.
          (2) The Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and 
        Demonstration Act of 1978 (42 U.S.C. 5581 et seq.).
          (3) Paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 4(a) of the Renewable 
        Energy and Energy Efficiency Technology Competitiveness Act of 
        1989 (42 U.S.C. 12003(a)).
          (4) Subparagraph (A) of section 931(a)(2) of the Energy 
        Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16231(a)(2)).
          (5) Sections 606 and 607 of the Energy Independence and 
        Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17174 and 17175).
  (j) Definitions.--In this Act:
          (1) The term ``eligible entity'' means any of the following 
        entities:
                  (A) An institution of higher education.
                  (B) A National Laboratory.
                  (C)  A Federal research agency.
                  (D) A State research agency.
                  (E) A nonprofit research organization.
                  (F) An industrial entity or a multi-institutional 
                consortium thereof.
          (2) The term ``institution of higher education'' has the 
        meaning given such term in section 101 of the Higher Education 
        Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001).
          (3) The term ``National Laboratory'' has the meaning given 
        such term in section 2(3) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 
        U.S.C. 15801(3)).
          (4) The term ``photovoltaic device'' includes photovoltaic 
        cells and the electronic and electrical components of such 
        devices.
          (5) The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of Energy.

SEC. 3. SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS.

  (a) In General.--In carrying out the program established under 
section 2(a), the Secretary shall award grants on a competitive, merit-
reviewed basis to eligible entities for demonstration projects to 
advance the development of solar energy technologies and systems 
production.
  (b) Priority.--In awarding grants under subsection (a), the Secretary 
shall give priority to projects that--
          (1) are located in geographically diverse regions of the 
        United States;
          (2) can be replicated in a variety of regions and climates;
          (3) demonstrate technologies that address intermittency, 
        variability, storage challenges, behind-the-meter operations, 
        and independent operational capability;
          (4) coordinate solar technologies with other distributed and 
        large-scale energy resources;
          (5) facilitate identification of optimum approaches among 
        competing solar energy technologies;
          (6) include business commercialization plans that have the 
        potential for production of solar energy equipment at high 
        volumes;
          (7) support the development of advanced manufacturing 
        technologies that have the potential to improve United States 
        competitiveness in the international solar energy manufacturing 
        sector;
          (8) provide the greatest potential to reduce energy costs, as 
        well as promote accessibility and community implementation of 
        demonstrated technologies, for consumers;
          (9) increase disclosure and transparency of information to 
        all market participants to help in making optimal decisions;
          (10) promote overall electric infrastructure reliability and 
        resilience should grid functions be disrupted or damaged;
          (11) promote solar energy in low-income communities and those 
        disproportionately burdened by environmental pollution; and
          (12) satisfy any other criteria that the Secretary determines 
        appropriate.
  (c) Use of Funds.--Grants under this section may be used, to the 
extent that funding is not otherwise available through other Federal 
programs or power purchase agreements, for--
          (1) any necessary site engineering study;
          (2) an economic assessment of site-specific conditions;
          (3) appropriate feasibility studies to determine whether the 
        demonstration can be replicated;
          (4) installation of equipment, service, and support;
          (5) operation for at least the minimum amount of time 
        required to fully assess the project's results and objectives, 
        as determined by a peer-reviewed process; and
          (6) validation of technical, economic, and environmental 
        assumptions and documentation of lessons learned.
  (d) Solicitation.--Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment 
of this Act and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall conduct a 
national solicitation for applications for grants under this section.

SEC. 4. NEXT GENERATION SOLAR ENERGY MANUFACTURING INITIATIVE.

  (a) In General.--In carrying out the program established under 
section 2(a), the Secretary shall conduct research, development, and 
demonstration projects, in accordance with section 2(b), to advance new 
solar energy manufacturing technologies and techniques, including those 
that manufacture solar cells, hardware, and enabling devices.
  (b) Strategic Vision Report.--
          (1) In general.--Not later than September 1, 2020, the 
        Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and 
        Technology of the House of Representatives, the Committee on 
        Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, and any other 
        committees of Congress deemed appropriate by the Secretary a 
        report on the results of a study that examines the viable 
        market opportunities available for solar energy technology 
        manufacturing in the United States, including solar cells, 
        hardware, and enabling technologies.
          (2) Report requirements.--The report under paragraph (1) 
        shall include--
                  (A) a description of--
                          (i) the ability to competitively manufacture 
                        solar technology in the United States, 
                        including the manufacture of--
                                  (I) new and advanced materials, such 
                                as cells made with new, cost-effective, 
                                high efficiency materials;
                                  (II) solar module equipment and 
                                enabling technologies, including smart 
                                inverters, sensors, and tracking 
                                equipment;
                                  (III) innovative solar module designs 
                                and applications, including those that 
                                can directly integrate with new and 
                                existing buildings and other 
                                infrastructure; and
                                  (IV) other research areas as 
                                determined by the Secretary; and
                          (ii) opportunities and barriers within the 
                        United States and international solar energy 
                        technology supply chains;
                  (B) policy recommendations for enhancing solar energy 
                technology manufacturing in the United States; and
                  (C) an aggressive 10-year target and plan, beginning 
                in 2021, to enhance the competitiveness of solar energy 
                technology manufacturing in the United States.
  (c) Program Implementation.--In carrying out the research, 
development, and demonstration program under this section, to the 
extent practicable, the Secretary shall follow the recommendations 
included in the report under subsection (b) and award grants and enter 
into contracts and cooperative agreements for solar energy 
manufacturing projects that--
          (1) reduce capital expenditures or provide lower-cost 
        manufacturing option;
          (2) eliminate manufacturing process steps;
          (3) reduce energy, water, and material inputs;
          (4) establish alternative supply chains for materials and 
        components; and
          (5) take advantage of rapid prototyping, small batch 
        manufacturing, and roll-to-roll processing.
  (d) Program Evaluation.--Beginning not later than 3 years after the 
completion of the report under subsection (b), and every 4 years 
thereafter, the Secretary shall provide, and make available to the 
public and the relevant authorizing and appropriations committees of 
Congress, an independent review of the program authorized under this 
section to evaluate its progress toward meeting the policy 
recommendations and targets determined in the report.

SEC. 5. PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE RECYCLING RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND 
                    DEMONSTRATION.

  (a) In General.--In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall 
conduct research, development, and demonstration projects, in 
accordance with section 2(b), to create innovative and practical 
approaches to increase reuse and recycling of photovoltaic devices.
  (b) Purpose.--The Secretary shall award grants and enter into 
contracts and cooperative agreements under subsection (a) for projects 
that address--
          (1) technology to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic 
        device recycling and maximize the recovery of valuable raw 
        materials for use in new products while minimizing the life-
        cycle environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions 
        and water usage;
          (2) expanded uses for materials from recycled photovoltaic 
        devices;
          (3) development and demonstration of environmentally 
        responsible alternatives to the use of hazardous materials in 
        photovoltaic devices and the production of such devices;
          (4) development of methods to separate and remove hazardous 
        materials from photovoltaic devices and to recycle or dispose 
        of those materials in a safe manner;
          (5) product design and construction to facilitate disassembly 
        and recycling of photovoltaic devices;
          (6) tools and methods to aid in assessing the environmental 
        impacts of the production of photovoltaic devices and 
        photovoltaic device recycling and disposal;
          (7) product design and construction and other tools and 
        techniques to extend the life cycle of photovoltaic devices, 
        including methods to promote their safe reuse;
          (8) strategies to increase consumer acceptance and practice 
        of recycling of photovoltaic devices; and
          (9) processes to reduce the costs and environmental impact of 
        disposal of toxic materials used in photovoltaic devices.
  (c) Applications.--An eligible entity seeking a grant, contract, or 
cooperative agreement under this section shall submit to the Secretary 
an application that includes a description of--
          (1) the project that will be undertaken and the contributions 
        of each participating entity;
          (2) the applicability of the project to increasing reuse and 
        recycling of photovoltaic devices with the least environmental 
        impacts as measured by life-cycle analyses, and the potential 
        for incorporating the research results into industry practice; 
        and
          (3) how the project will promote collaboration among 
        scientists and engineers from different disciplines, such as 
        electrical engineering, materials science, and social science.
  (d) Dissemination of Results.--The Secretary shall publish the 
results of projects supported under this section through--
          (1) development of best practices or training materials for 
        use in the photovoltaics manufacturing, design, installation, 
        refurbishing, or recycling industries;
          (2) dissemination at industry conferences;
          (3) coordination with information dissemination programs 
        relating to recycling of electronic devices in general;
          (4) demonstration projects; and
          (5) educational materials for the public produced in 
        conjunction with State, Tribal, and local governments or 
        nonprofit organizations on the problems and solutions related 
        to reuse and recycling of photovoltaic devices.
  (e) Photovoltaic Materials Physical Property Database.--
          (1) In general.--Not later than September 1, 2021, the 
        Secretary shall establish a comprehensive physical property 
        database of materials for use in photovoltaic devices. Such 
        database shall include--
                  (A) identification of materials used in photovoltaic 
                devices;
                  (B) a list of commercially available amounts of these 
                materials and their country of origin;
                  (C) amounts of these materials projected to be 
                available through mining or recycling of photovoltaic 
                and other electronic devices; and
                  (D) a list of other significant uses for each of 
                these materials.
          (2) Priorities.--Not later than September 1, 2020, the 
        Secretary, working with private industry, shall develop a plan 
        to establish priorities and requirements for the database under 
        this subsection, including the protection of proprietary 
        information, trade secrets, and other confidential business 
        information.
          (3) Coordination.--The Secretary shall coordinate with the 
        Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 
        the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and 
        the Administrator of the Department of Interior to facilitate 
        the incorporation of the database under this subsection with 
        any existing database for materials involved in electronic 
        manufacturing and recycling.

SEC. 6. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

  There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out 
this Act--
          (1) $270,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;
          (2) $283,500,000 for fiscal year 2021;
          (3) $297,675,000 for fiscal year 2022;
          (4) $312,558,750 for fiscal year 2023; and
          (5) $328,186,688 for fiscal year 2024.

SEC. 7. SENSE OF CONGRESS.

  It is the sense of Congress that in order to reduce emissions and 
meet 100 percent of the power demand in the United States through 
clean, renewable, or zero-emission energy sources, the Secretary must 
prioritize research and development for all innovative energy 
technologies, including research to develop and improve the efficiency 
of fossil and nuclear power technologies.
    Amend the title so as to read:
    A bill to provide for a program of research, development, 
and demonstration of solar energy technologies, and for other 
purposes.

                        II. Purpose of the Bill

    The purpose of H.R. 3597, the Solar Energy Research and 
Development Act of 2019, sponsored by Mr. McAdams and 
cosponsored by Mr. Fortenberry, Mr. Crist, Ms. Escobar, and Ms. 
Axne is to provide the Department of Energy (DOE) with 
effective guidance to carry out a solar energy research, 
development, and demonstration (RD&D) program that will improve 
solar energy systems' efficiency, manufacturing, reliability, 
integration, and affordability, amongst other qualities.

              III. Background and Need for the Legislation

    In 1977, DOE launched the Solar Energy Research Institute 
to explore ways to harness power from the sun. The Institute 
and its successor, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 
(NREL), demonstrated some of the first concentrated solar power 
projects in the world and developed photovoltaic cells with 
record-setting conversion efficiencies. In 1994, NREL developed 
a solar photovoltaic cell that became the first to exceed 30% 
efficiency.\1\\2\ Over time, many of these technologies were 
matured and commercialized by the private sector, and in 2019, 
solar energy provided 1.8% of all U.S. electricity.\3\ 
According to several assessments produced by DOE, despite the 
growth of the solar industry over the past 20 years, continued 
technology advancements are needed to reach DOE's SunShot 
Initiative goal of solar energy meeting 14% of U.S. electricity 
needs by 2030 and 27% by 2050. If these goals are achieved, DOE 
estimates that by 2050, carbon dioxide emissions would be 28% 
lower than in a ``business-as-usual'' scenario and the solar 
industry could support 390,000 more jobs.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ ``The History of Solar.'' U.S. Department of Energy. https://
www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/solar_timeline.pdf.
    \2\``Photovoltaics Research and Development.'' U.S. Department of 
Energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/photovoltaics-research-and-
development.
    \3\ ``What is U.S. electricity generation by energy source?'' U.S. 
Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/
faq.php?id=427&t=3.
    \4\ ``Sunshot Vision Study.'' U.S. Department of Energy. https://
www.energy.gov/eere/solar/sunshot-vision-study.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    To date, authorizing language from the Energy Policy Act of 
2005 (P.L. 109-58) and Energy Independence and Security Act of 
2007 (P.L. 110-140) provide the most recent legislative 
direction for solar energy RD&D activities at DOE. H.R. 3597 is 
designed to build upon these prior authorizations to provide 
DOE tools and guidance that consider significant changes to the 
industry over the past 10+ years. It reauthorizes the Secretary 
of Energy to carry out a program of RD&D on a range of solar 
energy technologies. Specifically, the program prioritizes 
technologies, including photovoltaic and concentrating solar 
power systems, that improve:
    (a) capacity and efficiency;
    (b) manufacturing, operation, and maintenance;
    (c) reliability, resilience, and security;
    (d) grid integration; and
    (e) affordability.
    The bill also directs the Secretary to support high-value 
demonstration projects and pursue projects that improve the 
U.S. manufacturing, recycling, and environmental impact of 
solar energy technologies. It authorizes 5% annual funding 
increases over five years for solar RD&D activities, beginning 
with $270 million in 2020, to carry out the Act.

                         IV. Committee Hearings

    Pursuant to Section 103(i) of H. Res. 6, the Committee 
designates the following hearing as having been used to develop 
or consider the legislation:
    The Subcommittee on Energy held a legislative hearing on 
May 15, 2019 to examine the RD&D needs for solar energy in 
support of a draft of H.R. 3597.

                               WITNESSES

    Dr. Peter Green is Science and Technology Officer and 
Deputy Laboratory Director for the National Renewable Energy 
Laboratory (NREL).
    Ms. Abby Hopper, Esq. is President and CEO of the Solar 
Energy Industries Association (SEIA).
    Mr. Kenny Stein, Esq. is Director of Policy at the 
Institute for Energy Research (IER).
    Mr. Tom Kiernan is President and CEO of the American Wind 
Energy Association (AWEA).

                  V. Committee Consideration and Votes

    The Subcommittee on Energy met to consider H.R. 3597 on 
July 10, 2019.
    Chairman Lamb offered a Manager's amendment to specify that 
in addition to awarding grants, the Secretary of Energy can 
enter into contracts and cooperative agreements in carrying out 
RD&D under the solar energy program. The amendment also 
included text to conduct RD&D of technologies that reduce the 
volume of water used in the manufacture and operation of solar 
energy systems. Moreover, it added language authorizing 
technical assistance and training activities that expand low-
income communities' access to solar energy. The amendment was 
agreed to by voice vote.
    Mr. Norman offered an amendment to require the Secretary of 
Energy to derive funds authorized by the Act from the Office of 
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. It also mandated that 
no additional funds are authorized to be appropriated to carry 
out the Act. The amendment was rejected by voice vote.
    H.R. 3597 was forwarded by the Subcommittee to the full 
Committee (as amended) by the Yeas and Nays: 7-5.
    The Full Committee met to consider H.R. 3597 on July 24, 
2019.
    Mr. Perlmutter offered an amendment to add low cost, thin 
film solar technologies to the list of prioritized research 
subject areas authorized under the Act. The amendment was 
agreed to by voice vote.
    Mr. Lipinski offered an amendment to ensure sustainable 
chemistry principles, practices, and methodologies are used, to 
the extent practicable, in projects carried out under the Act. 
The amendment was agreed to by voice vote.
    Mr. McNerney offered an amendment to require the Secretary 
of Energy to prioritize demonstration projects carried under 
the Act that promote solar energy in low-income communities and 
those disproportionately burdened by pollution. The amendment 
was agreed to by voice vote.
    Mr. Norman offered an amendment to reduce the amounts 
authorized to carry out the Act and require the Secretary to 
derive funds authorized by the Act from amounts appropriated or 
otherwise made available to DOE. It also mandated that no 
additional funds are authorized to be appropriated to carry out 
the Act. The amendment was rejected by the Yeas and Nays: 12-
21.
    Mr. Norman offered an amendment to add a Sense of Congress 
stating that the Secretary must prioritize research and 
development of all innovative energy technologies, including 
improvements to fossil and nuclear energy technologies, to meet 
100 percent of power demand through clean, zero-emissions 
sources. The amendment was agreed to by voice vote.
    H.R. 3597 was forwarded by the full Committee to the full 
House (as amended) by the Yeas and Nays: 21-13.

              VI. Summary of Major Provisions of the Bill

    Reauthorizes the Secretary of Energy to carry out a program 
of RD&D on a range of solar energy technologies. Specifically, 
the program prioritizes technologies, including photovoltaic 
and concentrating solar power systems, that improve: capacity 
and efficiency; manufacturing, operation, and maintenance; 
reliability, resilience, and security; grid integration; and 
affordability. The bill also directs the Secretary to support 
high-value demonstration projects and pursue projects that 
improve the U.S. manufacturing, recycling, and environmental 
impact of solar energy technologies.

        VII. Section-by-Section Analysis (By Title and Section)


Section 1. Short title

    Solar Energy Research and Development Act of 2019

Section 2. Solar energy technology program

    Directs the Secretary of Energy to carry out a program for 
research, development, and demonstration of solar energy 
technologies. The program prioritizes solar energy 
technologies, including photovoltaic and concentrating solar 
power systems, that improve:
    (a) capacity and efficiency;
    (b) manufacturing, operation, and maintenance;
    (c) reliability, resilience and security;
    (d) grid integration; and
    (e) affordability.
    Allows the Secretary to provide technical assistance and 
training activities to promote information-based advances to 
solar energy systems' development and operation. It also 
instructs the Secretary to develop near-term, mid-term, and 
long-term targets for solar energy technologies to ensure the 
program is addressing a wide range of research goals. 
Throughout all these activities, the Secretary must support 
technologies and strategies to reduce the potential negative 
impact of solar energy technologies on wildlife and incorporate 
sustainable chemistry practices and methodologies to the extent 
practicable.
    Repeals law that is duplicative and outdated in the context 
of this Act, and defines ``eligible entity'', ``institution of 
higher education'', ``National Laboratory'', ``photovoltaic 
device'', and ``Secretary'' in the Act.

Section 3. Solar energy technology demonstration projects

    Directs the Secretary to award grants to demonstrate solar 
energy technologies. Projects will prioritize technologies that 
have the greatest potential to scale, reduce energy costs, and 
improve domestic manufacturing, capacity, grid integration, and 
resilience of solar technologies.

Section 4. Next generation solar energy manufacturing initiative

    Directs the Secretary to produce a Strategic Vision Report 
that outlines the market opportunities, challenges, and 
recommendations for advancing domestic solar energy technology 
manufacturing. Based on the Report's results, the Secretary 
shall award grants to projects that improve the competitiveness 
of U.S. solar manufacturing. The Secretary must evaluate the 
program no later than three years after the Report is published 
and reevaluate it at least every four years thereafter.

Section 5. Photovoltaic device recycling research, development, and 
        demonstration

    Directs the Secretary to make awards to projects that 
improve the recycling of solar energy technologies and reduce 
their life-cycle environmental impact. Not later than September 
2021, the Secretary must create a photovoltaic materials 
physical property database to identify materials in 
photovoltaic devices and their current and projected 
commercially available amounts.

Section 6. Authorization of appropriations

    Authorizes 5% annual funding increases over five years for 
solar energy RD&D activities, beginning with $270 million in 
2020, to carry out the Act.

Section 7. Sense of Congress

    Adds a Sense of Congress stating that the Secretary must 
prioritize research and development of all innovative energy 
technologies, including improvements to fossil and nuclear 
energy technologies, to meet 100 percent of power demand 
through clean, zero-emissions sources.

                         VIII. Committee Views

    The Committee recommends that the Secretary dedicate 
substantial resources to developing advanced solar 
manufacturing technologies and approaches, including through 
the research and development of perovskite and cadmium 
telluride photovoltaic technologies and through coordination 
with the Advanced Manufacturing Office, to improve the economic 
competitiveness of U.S. solar manufacturers and to strengthen 
domestic solar manufacturing capabilities. The Committee 
commends DOE's current efforts to advance U.S. solar 
manufacturing technologies through the American-Made Solar 
Prize.
    It is also the view of the Committee that the Secretary 
continue to advance technologies that enable solar to integrate 
into new environments, such as agricultural, aquatic, and urban 
settings. Further, the Committee suggests that in carrying out 
research to improve the reuse and recycling of photovoltaic 
devices, the Secretary considers the cost-effectiveness of 
recycling techniques, the variety of materials needing 
recycling, and a diversity of potential uses for recycled 
materials. Lastly, the Committee recommends that the Secretary 
fund research and development activities to advance 
concentrating solar technologies for grid-scale energy storage 
and industrial heat applications.

                           IX. Cost Estimate

    Pursuant to clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 
House of Representatives, the Committee adopts as its own the 
estimate of new budget authority, entitlement authority, or tax 
expenditures or revenues contained in the cost estimate 
prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office 
pursuant to section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of 
1974.

              X. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate

                                     U.S. Congress,
                               Congressional Budget Office,
                                   Washington, DC, August 28, 2019.
Hon. Eddie Bernice Johnson,
Chairwoman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology,
House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
    Dear Madam Chairwoman: The Congressional Budget Office has 
prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 3597, the Solar 
Energy Research and Development Act of 2019.
    If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be 
pleased to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Kathleen 
Gramp.
            Sincerely,
                                         Phillip L. Swagel,
                                                          Director.
    Enclosure.

    
    

    H.R. 3597 would authorize the appropriation of $1,492 
million over the 2020-2024 period for the Department of Energy 
(DOE) to conduct research and development on solar energy 
systems and applications. Under the bill, DOE's research 
activities would focus on alternative production and 
manufacturing technologies as well as methods for integrating 
solar systems and products into transportation, building, and 
other types of infrastructure. Appropriated funds also could be 
used to cover some of the cost of demonstration projects, 
including some expenses for planning, equipment, and 
operations. Finally, the bill would authorize the department to 
use grants, cooperative agreements, and contracts to implement 
the programs.
    Based on historical spending patterns for similar 
activities, and assuming appropriation of the authorized 
amounts, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 3597 would cost 
$962 million over the 2019-2024 period and $530 million after 
2024. The costs of the legislation (detailed in Table 1) fall 
within budget function 270 (energy).

               TABLE 1.--ESTIMATED INCREASES IN SPENDING SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATION UNDER H.R. 3597
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               By fiscal year, millions of dollars--
                                                ----------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                          2019-
                                                   2019     2020     2021     2022     2023     2024      2024
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Authorization.................................        0      270      284      298      313      328     1,492
 Estimated Outlays.............................        0       54      138      212      263      295       962
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Components may not sum to totals because of rounding.

    The CBO staff contact for this estimate is Kathleen Gramp. 
The estimate was reviewed by H. Samuel Papenfuss, Deputy 
Assistant Director for Budget Analysis.

                     XI. Federal Mandates Statement

    H.R. 3597 contains no unfunded mandates.

         XII. Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations

    The Committee's oversight findings and recommendations are 
reflected in the body of this report.

      XIII. Statement on General Performance Goals and Objectives

    To guide and conduct research, development, testing and 
evaluation of solar energy technologies.

               XIV. Federal Advisory Committee Statement

    H.R. 3597 does not create any advisory committees.

                  XV. Duplication of Federal Programs

    Pursuant to clause 3(c)(5) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 
House of Representatives, the Committee finds that no provision 
of H.R. 3597 establishes or reauthorizes a program of the 
federal government known to be duplicative of another federal 
program, including any program that was included in a report to 
Congress pursuant to section 21 of Public Law 111-139 or the 
most recent Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.

                      XVI. Earmark Identification

    Pursuant to clause 9(e), 9(f), and 9(g) of rule XXI, the 
Committee finds that H.R. 3597 contains no earmarks, limited 
tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits.

             XVII. Applicability to the Legislative Branch

    The Committee finds that H.R. 3597 does not relate to the 
terms and conditions of employment or access to public services 
or accommodations within the meaning of section 102(b)(3) of 
the Congressional Accountability Act (Public Law 104-1).

     XVIII. Statement on Preemption of State, Local, or Tribal Law

    This bill is not intended to preempt any state, local, or 
tribal law.

       XIX. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported

    In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of 
the House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by 
the bill, as reported, are shown as follows (existing law 
proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new 
matter is printed in italics, and existing law in which no 
change is proposed is shown in roman):

   SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION ACT OF 1974

      An Act To authorize a vigorous Federal program of research, 
   development, and demonstration to assure the utilization of solar 
energy as a viable source for our national energy needs, and for other 
                                purposes

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
the United States of America in Congress assembled, [That this 
Act may be cited as the ``Solar Energy Research, and 
Demonstration Act of 1974''.

                  [DECLARATION OF FINDINGS AND POLICY

    [Sec. 2. (a) The Congress hereby finds that--
          [(1) the needs of a viable society depend on an ample 
        supply of energy;
          [(2) the current imbalance between domestic supply 
        and demand for fuels and energy is likely to persist 
        for some time;
          [(3) dependence on nonrenewable energy resources 
        cannot be continued indefinitely, particularly at 
        current rates of consumption;
          [(4) it is in the Nation's interest to expedite the 
        long-term development of renewable and nonpolluting 
        energy resources, such as solar energy;
          [(5) the various solar energy technologies are today 
        at widely differing stages of development, with some 
        already near the stage of commercial application and 
        others still requiring basic research;
          [(6) the early development and export of viable 
        equipment utilizing solar energy, consistent with the 
        established preeminence of the United States in the 
        field of high technology products, can make a valuable 
        contribution to our balance of trade;
          [(7) the mass production and use of equipment 
        utilizing solar energy will help to eliminate the 
        dependence of the United States upon foreign energy 
        sources and promote the national defense;
          [(8) to date, the national effort in research, 
        development, and demonstration activities relating to 
        the utilization of solar energy has been extremely 
        limited; therefore
          [(9) the urgency of the Nation's critical energy 
        shortages and the need to make clean and renewable 
        energy alternatives commercially viable require that 
        the Nation undertake an intensive research, 
        development, and demonstration program with an 
        estimated Federal investment which may reach or exceed 
        $1,000,000,000.
    [(b) The Congress declares that it is the policy of the 
Federal Government to--
          [(1) pursue a vigorous and viable program of research 
        and resource assessment of solar energy as a major 
        source of energy for our national needs; and
          [(2) provide for the development and demonstration of 
        practicable means to employ solar energy on a 
        commercial scale.

                              [DEFINITIONS

    [Sec. 3. For the purposes of this Act--
          [(1) the term ``solar energy'' means energy which has 
        recently originated in the Sun, including direct and 
        indirect solar radiation and intermediate solar energy 
        forms such as wind, sea thermal gradients, products of 
        photosynthetic processes, organic wastes, and others;
          [(2) the term ``byproducts'' includes, with respect 
        to any solar energy technology or process, any solar 
        energy products (including energy forms) other than 
        those associated with or constituting the primary 
        product of such technology or process;
          [(3) the term ``insolation'' means the rate at which 
        solar energy is received at the surface of the Earth;
          [(4) the term ``Project'' means the Solar Energy 
        Coordination and Management Project; and
          [(5) the term ``Chairman'' means the Chairman of the 
        Project.

           [SOLAR ENERGY COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENT PROJECT

    [Sec. 4. (a) There is hereby established the Solar Energy 
Coordination and Management Project.
    [(b) (1) The Project shall be composed of six members as 
follows:
                  [(A) an Assistant Director of the National 
                Science Foundation;
                  [(B) an Assistant Secretary of Housing and 
                Urban Development;
                  [(C) a member of the Federal Power 
                Commission;
                  [(D) an Associate Administrator of the 
                National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
                  [(E) the General Manager of the Atomic Energy 
                Commission; and
                  [(F) a member to be designated by the 
                President.
    [(2) The President shall designate one member of the 
Project to serve as Chairman of the Project.
    [(3) If the individual designated under paragraph (1) (F) 
is an officer or employee of the Federal Government, he shall 
receive no additional pay on account of his service as a member 
of the Project. If such individual is not an officer or 
employee of the Federal Government, he shall be entitled to 
receive the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay in 
effect for level IV of the Executive Schedule (5 U.S.C. 5315) 
for each day (including traveltime) during which he is engaged 
in the actual performance of duties vested in the Project.
    [(c) The Project shall have overall responsibility for the 
provision or effective management and coordination with respect 
to a national solar energy research, development, and 
demonstration program, including--
    [(1) the determination and evaluation of the resource base, 
including its temporal and geographic characteristics;
    [(2) research and development on solar energy technologies; 
and
    [(3) the demonstration of appropriate solar energy 
technologies.
    [(d) (1) The Project shall carry out its responsibilities 
under this section in cooperation with the following Federal 
agencies:
                  [(A) the National Science Foundation, the 
                responsibilities of which shall include 
                research;
                  [(B) the National Aeronautics and Space 
                Administration, the responsibilities of which 
                shall include the provision of management 
                capability and the development of technologies;
                  [(C) the Atomic Energy Commission, the 
                responsibilities of which shall include the 
                development of technologies;
                  [(D) the Department of Housing and Urban 
                Development, the responsibilities of which 
                shall include fostering the utilization of 
                solar energy for the heating and cooling of 
                buildings, pursuant to the Solar Heating and 
                Cooling Demonstration Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-409; 
                88 Stat. 1069); and
                  [(E) the Federal Power Commission, the 
                responsibilities of which shall include 
                fostering the utilization of solar energy for 
                the generation of electricity and for the 
                production of synthetic fuels.
    [(2) Upon request of the Chairman, the head of any such 
agency is authorized to detail or assign, on a reimbursable 
basis or otherwise, any of the personnel of such agency to the 
Project to assist it in carrying out its responsibilities under 
this Act.
    [(e) The Project shall have exclusive authority with 
respect to the establishment or approval of programs or 
projects initiated under this Act, but the agency involved in 
any particular program or project shall be responsible for the 
operation and administration of such program or project.
    [(f) The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is 
authorized to undertake and carry out those programs assigned 
to it by the Project.

                 [RESOURCE DETERMINATION AND ASSESSMENT

    [Sec. 5. (a) The Chairman shall initiate a solar energy 
resource determination and assessment program with the 
objective of making a regional and national appraisal of all 
solar energy resources, including data on insolation, wind, sea 
thermal gradients, and potentials for photosynthetic 
conversion. The program shall emphasize identification of 
promising areas for commercial exploitation and development. 
The specific goals shall include--
          [(1) the development of better methods for predicting 
        the availability of all solar energy resources, over 
        long time periods and by geographic location;
          [(2) the development of advanced meteorological, 
        oceanographic, and other instruments, methodology, and 
        procedures necessary to measure the quality and 
        quantity of all solar resources on periodic bases;
          [(3) the development of activities, arrangements, and 
        procedures for the collection, evaluation, and 
        dissemination of information and data relating to solar 
        energy resource assessment.
    [(b) The Chairman, acting through the National Aeronautics 
and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Administration, and other appropriate agencies, shall--
          [(1) develop and carry out a general plan for 
        inventorying all forms of solar energy resources 
        associated with Federal lands and (where consistent 
        with property rights) non-Federal lands;
          [(2) conduct regional surveys based upon such general 
        plan, using innovative meteorological, oceanographic, 
        and space-related techniques, in sufficient numbers to 
        lead to a national inventory of solar energy resources 
        in the United States;
          [(3) publish and make available maps, reports, and 
        other documents developed from such surveys to 
        encourage and facilitate the commercial development of 
        solar energy resources; and
          [(4) make such recommendations for legislation as may 
        appear to be necessary to establish policies for solar 
        resources involving Federal lands and waters, 
        consistent with known inventories of various resource 
        types, with the state of technologies for solar energy 
        development, and with evaluation of the environmental 
        impacts of such development.

                       [RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

    [Sec. 6. (a) The Chairman shall initiate a research and 
development program for the purpose of resolving the major 
technical problems inhibiting commercial utilization of solar 
energy in the United States.
    [(b) In connection with or as a part of such program, the 
Chairman shall--
          [(1) conduct, encourage, and promote scientific 
        research and studies to develop effective and 
        economical processes and equipment for the purpose of 
        utilizing solar energy in an acceptable manner for 
        beneficial uses;
          [(2) carry out systems, economic, social, and 
        environmental studies to provide a basis for research, 
        development and demonstration planning and phasing; and
          [(3) perform or cause to be performed technology 
        assessments relevant to the utilization of solar 
        energy.
    [(c) The specific solar energy technologies to be addressed 
or dealt with in the program shall include--
          [(1) direct solar heat as a source for industrial 
        processes, including the utilization of low-level heat 
        for process and other industrial purposes;
          [(2) thermal energy conversion, and other methods, 
        for the generation of electricity and the production of 
        chemical fuels;
          [(3) the conversion of cellulose and other organic 
        materials (including wastes) to useful energy or fuels;
          [(4) photovoltaic and other direct conversion 
        processes;
          [(5) sea thermal gradient conversion;
          [(6) windpower conversion;
          [(7) solar heating and cooling of housing and of 
        commercial and public buildings; and
          [(8) energy storage.

                             [DEMONSTRATION

    [Sec. 7. (a) The Chairman is authorized to initiate a 
program to design and construct, in specific solar energy 
technologies (including, but not limited to, those listed in 
section (6)(c), facilities or powerplants of sufficient size to 
demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of utilizing 
the various forms of solar energy. The specific goals of such 
programs shall include--
          [(1) production of electricity from a number of 
        powerplants, on the order of one to ten megawatts each;
          [(2) production of synthetic fuels in commercial 
        quantities;
          [(3) large-scale utilization of solar energy in the 
        form of direct heat;
          [(4) utilization of thermal and all other byproducts 
        of the solar facilities;
          [(5) design and development of hybrid systems 
        involving the concomitant utilization of solar and 
        other energy sources; and
          [(6) the continuous operation of such plants and 
        facilities for a period of time.
    [(b) For each of the technologies for which a successful 
and appropriate development program is completed, the Chairman 
shall make a determination to proceed to demonstration based on 
criteria including, but not necessarily limited to, the 
following:
          [(1) the technological feasibility of the project;
          [(2) the costs and benefits of the project, as 
        determined by an economic assessment;
          [(3) the immediate and the potential uses of the 
        solar energy utilized in the project;
          [(4) long-term national need for the technology;
          [(5) environmental impact;
          [(6) potential for technology transfer to other 
        applications; and
          [(7) the nature and extent of Federal participation, 
        if any, in the project.
    [(c) In carrying out his responsibilities under this 
section, the Chairman, acting through the appropriate Federal 
agencies, may provide for the establishment of one or more 
demonstration projects utilizing each form of solar energy, 
which shall include, as appropriate, the specific research, 
development, pilot plant construction and operation, 
demonstration plant construction and operation, and other 
facilities and activities which may be necessary to show 
commercial viability of the specific solar technology.
    [(d) The Chairman, acting through the appropriate Federal 
agencies, is authorized to investigate and enter into 
agreements for the cooperative development of facilities to 
demonstrate solar technologies. The responsible Federal agency 
may consider--
          [(1) cooperative agreements with non-Federal entities 
        for construction of facilities and equipment to 
        demonstrate solar energy technologies; and
          [(2) cooperative agreements with other Federal 
        agencies for the construction of facilities and 
        equipment and operation of facilities to produce energy 
        for direct Federal utilization.
    [(e) The Chairman, acting through appropriate Federal 
agencies is authorized to construct and operate demonstration 
projects without entering into cooperative agreements with 
respect to such projects, if the Chairman finds that--
          [(1) the nature of the resource, the geographical 
        location, the scale and engineering design of the 
        facilities, the techniques of production, or any other 
        significant factor of the specific demonstration 
        project offers opportunities to make important 
        contributions to the general knowledge of solar 
        resources, the techniques of its development, or public 
        confidence in the technology; and
          [(2) there is no opportunity for cooperative 
        agreements with any non-Federal entity willing and able 
        to cooperate in the demonstration project under 
        subsection (d)(1), and there is no opportunity for 
        cooperative agreements with other Federal agencies 
        under subsection (d)(2).
    [(f) If the estimate of the Federal investment with respect 
to construction and operation costs of any demonstration 
project proposed to be established under this section exceeds 
$20,000,000, no amount may be appropriated for such project 
except as specifically authorized by legislation hereafter 
enacted by the Congress.
    [(g)(1) At the conclusion of any demonstration project 
established under this section, or as soon thereafter as may be 
practicable, the responsible Federal agencies shall, by sale, 
lease, or otherwise, dispose of all Federal property interests 
which they have acquired pursuant to this section in accordance 
with existing law and the terms of the cooperative agreements 
involved.
    [(2) The agency involved shall, under appropriate 
agreements or other arrangements, provide for the disposition 
of electricity, synthetic fuels, and other byproducts of the 
project administered by such agency.

                  [SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION

    [Sec. 8. (a)(1) In carrying out his functions under this 
Act the Chairman, utilizing the capabilities of the National 
Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration, the Department of Commerce, the Atomic Energy 
Commission, and other appropriate Federal agencies to the 
maximum extent possible, shall establish and operate a Solar 
Energy Information Data Bank (hereinafter in this subsection 
referred to as the ``bank'') for the purpose of collecting, 
reviewing, processing, and disseminating information and data 
in all of the solar energy technologies referred to in section 
7(c) in a timely and accurate manner in support of the 
objectives of this Act.
          [(2) Information and data compiled in the bank shall 
        include--
                  [(A) technical information (including 
                reports, journal articles, dissertations, 
                monographs, and project descriptions) on solar 
                energy research, development, and applications;
                  [(B) similar technical information on the 
                design, construction, and maintenance of 
                equipment utilizing solar energy;
                  [(C) general information on solar energy 
                applications to be disseminated for popular 
                consumption;
                  [(D) physical and chemical properties of 
                materials required for solar energy activities 
                and equipment; and
                  [(E) engineering performance data on 
                equipment and devices utilizing solar energy.
          [(3) In accordance with regulations prescribed under 
        section 12, the Chairman shall provide retrieval and 
        dissemination services with respect to the information 
        described under paragraph (2) for--
                  [(A) Federal, State, and local government 
                organizations that are active in the area of 
                energy resources (and their contractors);
                  [(B) universities and colleges in their 
                related research and consulting activities; and
                  [(C) the private sector upon request in 
                appropriate cases.
          [(4) In carrying out his functions under this 
        subsection, the Chairman shall utilize, when feasible, 
        the existing data base of scientific and technical 
        information in Federal agencies, adding to such data 
        base any information described in paragraph (2) which 
        does not already reside in such base. He shall 
        coordinate or merge this data bank with other Federal 
        energy information data banks as necessary to assure 
        efficient and effective operation.
    [(b) In carrying out his functions under this Act the 
Chairman shall perform or cause to be performed studies and 
research on incentives to promote broader utilization and 
consumer acceptance of solar energy technologies.
    [(c) The Chairman shall enter into such arrangements and 
take such other steps as may be necessary or appropriate to 
provide for the effective coordination of solar energy 
technology utilization with all other technology utilization 
programs within the Federal Government.

                   SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION

    [Sec. 9. The Chairman, acting through the National Science 
Foundation, is authorized and directed to support programs of 
education in the sciences and engineering to provide the 
necessary trained personnel to perform the solar energy 
research, development, and demonstration activities required 
under this Act. Such support may include fellowships, 
traineeships, technical training programs, technologist 
training programs, and summer institute programs.]

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


                       [INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

    [Sec. 11. (a) The Chairman, in furtherance of the 
objectives of this Act, is authorized to cooperate and 
participate jointly with other nations, especially those with 
agreements for scientific cooperation with the United States, 
in the following activities:
        [(1) interinstitutional, bilateral, or multilateral 
        research projects in the field of solar energy; and
        [(2) agreements and programs which will facilitate the 
        exchange of information and data relating to solar 
        energy resource assessment and solar energy 
        technologies.
        [(b) The National Science Foundation is authorized to 
        encourage, to the maximum extent practicable and 
        consistent with the other objectives of this Act, 
        international participation and cooperation in the 
        development and maintenance of programs of education to 
        carry out the policy set forth in section 9.

                              [REGULATIONS

    [Sec. 12. The Chairman, in consultation with the heads of 
the Federal agencies having functions under this Act and with 
other appropriate officers and agencies, shall prescribe such 
regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out 
this Act promptly and efficiently. Each such officer or agency, 
in consultation with the Chairman, may prescribe such 
regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out his 
or its particular functions under this Act promptly and 
efficiently.

                            [ANNUAL REPORTS

    [Sec. 13. A summary of all actions taken under the 
provisions of this Act and action planned for the ensuing year 
shall be included in the annual report required by section 657 
of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7267).

                        [INFORMATION TO CONGRESS

    [Sec.  14. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the 
Chairman (or the head of any agency which assumes the functions 
of the Project pursuant to section 16) shall keep the 
appropriate committees of the House of Representatives and the 
Senate fully and currently informed with respect to all 
activities under this Act.

                   [COMPREHENISIVE PROGRAM DEFINITION

    [Sec. 15. (a) The Chairman is authorized and directed to 
prepare a comprehensive program definition of an integrated 
effort and commitment for effectively developing solar energy 
resources. The Chairman, in preparing such program definition, 
shall utilize and consult with the appropriate Federal 
agencies, State and local government agencies, and private 
organizations.
    [(b) The Chairman shall transmit such comprehensive program 
definition to the President and to each House of the Congress. 
An interim report shall be transmitted not later than March 1, 
1975. The comprehensive program definition shall be transmitted 
as soon as possible thereafter, but in any case not later than 
June 30, 1975.

                         [TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS

    [Sec. 16. Within sixty days after the effective date of the 
law creating a permanent Federal organization or agency having 
jurisdiction over the energy research and development functions 
of the United States (or within sixty days after the date of 
the enactment of this Act if the effective date of such law 
occurs prior to the date of the enactment of this Act), all of 
the authorities of the Project and all of the research and 
development functions (and other functions except those related 
to scientific and technical education) vested in Federal 
agencies under this Act along with related records, documents, 
personnel, obligations, and other items, to the extent 
necessary or appropriate, shall, in accordance with regulations 
prescribed by the Office of Management and Budget, be 
transferred to and vested in such organization or agency.

                    [AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS

    [Sec. 17. To carry out the provisions of this Act, there 
are authorized to be appropriated----
          [(1) for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1976, 
        $75,000,000;
          [(2) for subsequent fiscal years, only such sums as 
        the Congress hereafter may authorize by law;
          [(3) such amounts as may be authorized for the 
        construction of demonstrations pursuant to section 7(f) 
        of this Act; and
          [(4) to the National Science Foundation for the 
        fiscal year ending June 30, 1975, not to exceed 
        $2,000,000 to be made available for use in the 
        preparation of the comprehensive program definition 
        under section 15.]
                              ----------                              


SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION ACT 
                                OF 1978


AN ACT To provide for an accelerated program of research, development, 
and demonstration of solar photovoltaic energy technologies leading to 
 early competitive commercial applicability of such technologies to be 
   carried out by the Department of Energy, with the support of the 
 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Bureau of 
   Standards, the General Services Administration, and other Federal 
                                agencies

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
the United States of America in Congress assembled, [That this 
Act may be cited as the ``Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, 
Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978''.

                          FINDINGS AND POLICY

    [Sec.  2. (a) The Congress hereby finds that----
        [(1) the United States of America is faced with a 
        finite and diminishing resource base of native fossil 
        fuels, and as a consequence must develop as quickly as 
        possible a diversified, pluralistic national energy 
        capability and posture;
        [(2) the current imbalance between supply and demand 
        for fuels and energy in the United States is likely to 
        grow for many years;
        [(3) the early demonstration of the feasibility of 
        using solar photovoltaic energy systems for the 
        generation of electricity could help to relieve the 
        demand on existing fuel and energy supplies;
        [(4) the national security and economic well-being of 
        the United States is endangered by its dependence on 
        imported energy supplies which are subject to resource 
        limitations, artificial pricing mechanisms which do not 
        accurately reflect supply and demand relationships, and 
        supply interruptions;
        [(5) the early development and widespread utilization 
        of photovoltaic energy systems could significantly 
        expand the domestic energy resource base of the United 
        States, thereby lessening its dependence on foreign 
        supplies;
        [(6) the establishment of sizable markets for 
        photovoltaic energy systems will justify private 
        investment in plant and equipment necessary to realize 
        the economies of scale, and will result in significant 
        reductions in the unit costs of these systems;
        [(7) the use of solar photovoltaic energy systems for 
        certain limited applications has already proved 
        feasible;
        [(8) there appear to be no insoluble technical 
        obstacles to the widespread commercial use of solar 
        photovoltaic energy technologies;
        [(9) an aggressive research and development program 
        should solve existing technical problems of solar 
        photovoltaic systems; and, supported by an assured and 
        growing market for photovoltaic systems during the next 
        decade, should maximize the future contribution of 
        solar photovoltaic energy to this Nation's future 
        energy production;
        [(10) it is the proper and appropriate role of the 
        Federal Government to undertake research, development, 
        and demonstration programs in solar photovoltaic energy 
        technologies and to supplement and assist private 
        industry and other entities and thereby the general 
        public, so as to hasten the general commercial use of 
        such technologies;
        [(11) the high cost of imported energy sources impairs 
        the economic growth of many nations which lack sizable 
        domestic energy supplies or are unable to develop these 
        resources;
        [(12) photovoltaic energy systems are economically 
        competitive with conventional energy resources for a 
        wide variety of applications in many foreign nations at 
        the present time, and will find additional applications 
        with continued cost reductions;
        [(13) the early development and export of solar 
        photovoltaic energy systems, consistent with the 
        established preeminence of the United States in the 
        field of high technology products, can make a valuable 
        contribution to the well-being of the people of other 
        nations and to this Nation's balance of trade;
        [(14) the widespread use of solar photovoltaic energy 
        systems to supplement and replace conventional methods 
        for the generation of electricity would have a 
        beneficial effect upon the environment:
        [(15) to increase the potential application of solar 
        photovoltaic energy systems in remote locations, and to 
        minimize the need for backup systems depending on 
        fossil fuel, programs leading to the development of 
        inexpensive and reliable systems for the storage of 
        electricity should be pursued as part of any solar 
        photovoltaic energy research, development, and 
        demonstration program;
        [(16) evaluation of the performance and reliability of 
        solar photovoltaic energy technologies can be expedited 
        by testing of prototypes under carefully controlled 
        conditions;
        [(17) commercial application of solar photovoltaic 
        energy technologies can be expedited by early 
        commercial demonstration under practical conditions;
        [(18) photovoltaic energy systems are currently 
        adaptable on a life cycle, cost-justified basis for 
        certain of the energy needs of the Federal Government, 
        and will find additional applications as continued 
        refinements improve performance and reduce unit costs;
        [(19) the Federal Government can stimulate innovation 
        and economic efficiency in the production of 
        photovoltaic energy systems through the development and 
        implementation of policies to promote diversity and 
        maximum competition between firms engaged in the 
        research, manufacture, installation, and/or maintenance 
        of these systems;
        [(20) innovation and creativity in the development of 
        solar photovoltaic energy components and systems can be 
        fostered through encouraging direct contact between the 
        manufacturers of such systems and the architects, 
        engineers, developers, contractors, and other persons 
        interested in utilizing such systems; and
        [(21) it is contemplated that the ten-year program 
        established by this Act will require the expenditure of 
        $1,500,000,000 by the Federal Government.
    [(b) It is therefore declared to be the policy of the 
United States and the purpose of this Act to establish during 
the next decade an aggressive research, development, and 
demonstration program involving solar photovoltaic energy 
systems and in the long term, to have as an objective the 
production of electricity from photovoltaic systems cost 
competitive with utility-generated electricity from 
conventional sources. Further, it is declared to be the policy 
of the United States and the purpose of this Act that the 
objectives of this research, development, and demonstration 
program are--
          [(1) to double the production of solar photovoltaic 
        energy systems each year during the decade starting 
        with fiscal year 1979, measured by the peak generating 
        capacity of the systems produced, so as to reach a 
        total annual United States production of solar 
        photovoltaic energy systems of approximately two 
        million peak kilowatts, and a total cumulative 
        production of such systems of approximately four 
        million peak kilowatts by fiscal year 1988;
          [(2) to reduce the average cost of installed solar 
        photovoltaic energy systems to $1 per peak watt by 
        fiscal year 1988; and
          [(3) to stimulate the purchase by private buyers of 
        at least 90 per centum of all solar photovoltaic energy 
        systems produced in the United States during fiscal 
        year 1988.

                              [DEFINITIONS

    [Sec. 3. For purposes of this Act--
          [(1) a ``solar photovoltaic energy system'' is a 
        system of components which generates electricity from 
        incident sunlight by means of the photovoltaic effect, 
        and which shall include all components, including 
        energy storage devices where appropriate, necessary to 
        provide electricity for individual, industrial, 
        agricultural, or governmental use;
          [(2) the term ``solar photovoltaic energy system'' 
        may be used interchangeably with the term 
        ``photovoltaic system'';
          [(3) a ``hybrid solar photovoltaic energy system'' is 
        a system of components that generates electricity from 
        incident sunlight by means of the photovoltaic effect 
        and, in conjunction with electronic and, if 
        appropriate, optical, thermal and storage devices, 
        provides electricity, as well as heat and/or light for 
        individual, commercial, industrial, agricultural, or 
        governmental use;
          [(4) ``photovoltaic effect'' refers to the physical 
        phenomenon exhibited under certain circumstances by 
        some materials in which a portion of the light energy 
        striking the material is directly converted to 
        electrical energy;
          [(5) ``facility'' means any building, agricultural, 
        commercial or industrial complex or other device 
        constructively employing photovoltaic systems; and
          [(6) ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of Energy.

[RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY 
                                SYSTEMS

    [Sec. 4. The Secretary is directed to establish immediately 
and carry forth such research, development, and demonstration 
programs as may be necessary to meet the objectives of this Act 
as set forth in section 2(b), and as a part of any such program 
shall--
    [(a) conduct, and promote the coordination and acceleration 
of, research, development, and demonstrations relating to solar 
photovoltaic energy systems and components thereof, and
    [(b) conduct, and promote the coordination and acceleration 
of, research, development, and demonstrations for systems and 
components to be used in applications that are dependent for 
their energy on solar photovoltaic energy systems.
    [Sec. 5. (a) In carrying out the provisions of section (4), 
the Secretary is authorized--
          [(1) to establish procedures whereby any public or 
        private entity wishing to install solar photovoltaic 
        components and systems in any new or existing facility 
        may apply for Federal assistance in purchasing and 
        installing, in such facility, photovoltaic components 
        or systems;
          [(2) to select, as soon as he deems it feasible, a 
        number of the applicants under paragraph (1) and enter 
        into agreements with them for the design, purchase, 
        fabrication, testing, installation, and demonstration 
        of photovoltaic components and systems. Such selection 
        shall be based on the need to obtain scientific, 
        technological, and economic information from a variety 
        of such systems under a variety of circumstances and 
        conditions; and
          [(3) to arrange, as part of any agreement entered 
        into under paragraph (2), to provide up to 75 per 
        centum of the purchase and installation costs of 
        photovoltaic components or systems, taking into account 
        relevant considerations involving the relative stage of 
        consumer and industry interest and development at the 
        time of the financial assistance action. Such 
        arrangements shall be contingent upon terms and 
        conditions prescribed by the Secretary, including an 
        express agreement that the entity with whom the 
        agreement is entered into shall, in such manner and 
        form and on such terms and conditions as the Secretary 
        may prescribe, observe and monitor (or permit the 
        Secretary or his agents to observe and monitor) the 
        performance and operation of such system for a period 
        of five years, and that such entity (including any 
        subsequent owner of the property) shall regularly 
        furnish the Secretary with such reports thereon as the 
        agreement may require.
    [(b) The Secretary shall, as he deems appropriate, 
undertake any projects or activities (including demonstration 
projects) to further the attainment of the objectives of this 
section.
    [Sec. 6. (a) The Secretary is authorized to select on the 
basis of open competitions--
          [(1) a number of readily available photovoltaic 
        components and systems;
          [(2) a number of design concepts for various types of 
        applications which demonstrate adapability to the 
        utilization of photovoltaic components and systems; and
          [(3) a number of designs for applications selected 
        under paragraph (2), so that each design includes 
        specific provisions for the utilization of solar 
        photovoltaic components and systems selected under 
        paragraph (1).
    [(b) The Secretary, in accordance with the applicable 
provisions of sections 7, 8, and 9 of the Federal Nonnuclear 
Energy Research and Development Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5901 et 
seq.) and with such program guidelines as the Secretary may 
establish, shall--
          [(1) enter into such contracts and grants as may be 
        necessary or appropriate for the development for 
        commercial production and utilization of photovoltaic 
        components and systems, including any further planning 
        and design which may be required to conform with the 
        specifications set forth in any applicable criteria;
          [(2) select, as being compatible with the design 
        concepts chosen under subsection (a) (2) of this 
        section, a reasonable number of photovoltaic components 
        and systems; and
          [(3) enter into contracts with a number of persons or 
        firms for the procurement of photovoltaic components 
        and systems, including adequate numbers of spare and 
        replacement parts for such systems.
    [(c) The Secretary is authorized to award contracts for the 
design integration between the application concepts and the 
photovoltaic systems procured by the Secretary under subsection 
(b) (3), and for the demonstration of prototype solar 
photovoltaic systems, and, when appropriate, for the 
utilization of such systems in existing facilities. Title to 
and ownership of the facilities so constructed and of 
photovoltaic systems installed hereunder may be conveyed to 
purchasers of such facilities under terms and conditions 
prescribed by the Secretary, including an express agreement 
that any such purchaser shall, in such manner and form and on 
such terms and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe, 
observe and monitor (or permit the Secretary to observe and 
monitor) the performance and operation of such systems for a 
period of five years, and that such purchaser (including any 
subsequent owner) shall regularly furnish the Secretary with 
such reports thereon as the agreement may require.
    [(d) The Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator 
of General Services or the Secretary of Defense or both (as may 
be appropriate) shall enter into arrangements with appropriate 
Federal agencies concurrently with the conduct of the programs 
under this section and section 7 of this Act, to carry out such 
projects and activities (including demonstration projects), 
with respect to Federal buildings and facilities, as may be 
appropriate for the demonstration of photovoltaic systems 
suitable and effective for use in such applications.
    [(e) The Secretary shall, as he deems appropriate, 
undertake any projects or activities (including demonstration 
projects) to further the attainment of the objectives of this 
section.

               [TEST PROCEDURES AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

    [Sec. 7. (a) The Secretary shall conduct a testing program 
for photovoltaic systems to assist in the development and 
demonstration of prototype photovoltaic systems, including 
collectors, controls, power conditioning, and energy storage 
systems.
    [(b) Data obtained from the testing program under 
subsection (a) shall be evaluated and used in establishing 
performance criteria. These performance criteria shall be used 
in the demonstration program described in sections 4, 5, and 6 
of this Act.
    [(c) The Secretary shall determine, prescribe, and publish 
in the Federal Register, at a time which he determines to be 
feasible and justified--
          [(1) performance criteria for photovoltaic components 
        and systems to be used in appropriate applications, and 
        procedures whereby manufacturers of photovoltaic 
        components and systems shall have their products tested 
        in order to provide certification that such products 
        conform to the performance criteria established under 
        this paragraph; and
          [(2) revised performance criteria for photovoltaic 
        components and systems to be used in appropriate 
        applications, and procedures whereby manufacturers of 
        photovoltaic components and systems shall have their 
        products tested in order to provide certification that 
        such products conform to the performance criteria 
        established under this paragraph. Such criteria may be 
        annually revised by the Secretary, as he deems 
        appropriate.
    [(d) Any photovoltaic component or system procured or 
installed by the Federal Government or procured or installed 
with Federal assistance under section (5) or section (6) shall 
meet appropriate performance criteria prescribed under this 
section, if such performance criteria have been prescribed.

                 [COORDINATION MONITORING, AND LIAISON

    [Sec. 8. (a) The Secretary, in coordination with such 
Government agencies as may be appropriate, shall--
          [(1) monitor the performance and operation of 
        photovoltaic systems installed under this Act;
          [(2) collect and evaluate data and information on the 
        performance and operation of photovoltaic systems 
        installed under this Act; and
          [(3) from time to time carry out such studies and 
        investigations and take such other actions, including 
        the submission of special reports to the Congress when 
        appropriate, as may be necessary to assure that the 
        programs for which the Secretary is responsible under 
        this Act effectively carry out the policy of this Act.
    [(b) In the development of the performance criteria and 
test procedures required under section 7 of this Act, the 
Secretary shall work closely with the appropriate scientific, 
technical, and professional societies and industry 
representatives in order to assure the best possible use of 
available expertise in this area.
    [(c) The Secretary shall also maintain continuing liaison 
with related industries and interests, and with the scientific 
and technical community, during and after the period of the 
programs carried out under this Act, in order to assure that 
the projected benefits of such programs are and will continue 
to be realized.

             [SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY ADVISORY COMMITTEE

    [Sec. 9. (a) There is hereby established a Solar 
Photovoltaic Energy Advisory Committee, which shall study and 
advise the Secretary on--
          [(1) the scope and pace of research and development 
        with respect to solar photovoltaic energy systems;
          [(2) the need for and timing of solar photovoltaic 
        energy systems demonstration projects;
          [(3) the need for change in any research, 
        development, or demonstration program established under 
        this Act; and
          [(4) the economic, technological, and environmental 
        consequences of the use of solar photovoltaic energy 
        systems.
    [(b) The Committee shall be composed of thirteen members, 
including eleven members appointed by the Secretary from 
industrial organizations, academic institutions, professional 
societies or institutions, and other sources as he sees fit, 
and two members of the public appointed by the President. The 
Chairman of the Committee shall be elected from among the 
members thereof.
    [(c) The heads of the departments, agencies, and 
instrumentalities of the executive branch of the Federal 
Government shall cooperate with the Committee in carrying out 
the requirements of this section, and shall furnish to the 
Committee such information as the Committee deems necessary to 
carry out this section.
    [(d) Section 624 of the Department of Energy Organization 
Act shall be applicable to the Committee, except as 
inconsistent with this section.

[DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION AND OTHER ACTIVITIES TO PROMOTE PRACTICAL 
                 USE OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES

    [Sec. 10 (a) The Secretary shall take all possible steps to 
assure that full and complete information with respect to the 
demonstrations and other activities conducted under this Act is 
made available to Federal, State, and local authorities, 
relevant segments of the economy, the scientific and technical 
community, and the public at large, both during and after the 
close of the programs under this Act, with the objective of 
promoting and facilitating to the maximum extent feasible the 
early and widespread practical use of photovoltaic energy 
throughout the United States. Any trade secret or other 
proprietary information shall be exempted from such mandatory 
disclosure, as otherwise specified in law applicable to 
research, development and demonstration programs of the 
Department of Energy, including, but not limited to, section 17 
of the Federal Non-Nuclear Energy Research and Development Act 
of 1974, Public Law 93-577, as amended.
    [(b) The Secretary shall--
          [(1) study the effect of the widespread utilization 
        of photovoltaic systems on the existing electric 
        utility system at varying levels of photovoltaic 
        contribution to the system;
          [(2) study and investigate the effect of utility rate 
        structures, building codes, zoning ordinances, and 
        other laws, codes, ordinances, and practices upon the 
        practical use of photovoltaic systems;
          [(3) determine the extent to which such laws, codes, 
        ordinances, and practices should be changed to permit 
        or facilitate such use and the methods by which any 
        such changes may best be accomplished; and
          [(4) determine the necessity of a program of 
        incentives to accelerate the commercial application of 
        photovoltaic technologies.
    [(c) The Secretary is authorized and directed, within one 
year of the Policy date of enactment of this Act, to make 
recommendations to the President and to the Congress for 
Federal policies relating to barriers to the early and 
widespread utilization of photovoltaic systems in order to 
realize the goals set forth in section 2. These recommendations 
shall include but not be limited to--
          [(1) the potential for integration of electricity 
        derived from photovoltaic energy systems into the 
        existing national grid system, including the potential 
        of photovoltaic-generated electricity to meet. the 
        peak-load energy needs of electric utilities, load 
        management and reliability implications of the 
        utilization of photovoltaic electricity by utilities, 
        the implications of utility ownership of photovoltaic 
        components leased to others primarily for decentralized 
        applications, the impacts of utility use of electricity 
        derived from photovoltaic energy systems on utility 
        rate structures, and the potential for reducing or 
        obviating the need for energy storage components for 
        photovoltaic energy systems through utility interface;
          [(2) the extent of competition between firms 
        currently engaged in the fabrication and installation 
        of photovoltaics components and systems as it affects 
        the character and growth potential of the American 
        photovoltaics industry, and the likelihood that small 
        photovoltaic firms will have reasonable opportunities 
        to compete and participate in the various programs 
        authorized by this Act;
          [(3) the need to identify legal alternatives to 
        ensure access to direct sunlight for photovoltaic 
        energy systems, the appropriate methods of encouraging 
        the adoption of such alternatives, and the implications 
        of widespread utilization of photovoltaic energy 
        systems for land use and urban development;
          [(4) the availability of private capital at 
        reasonable interest rates for individuals, businesses 
        and others desiring to establish commercial enterprises 
        to manufacture, market, install, and/or maintain 
        photovoltaic components and systems, or purchase and 
        install such systems for private, industrial, 
        agricultural, commercial or other uses;
          [(5) the need for industry-wide warranty and 
        reliability standards for photovoltaic energy 
        components and systems for private sector applications, 
        and, if appropriate, the mechanisms for establishing 
        such standards; and
          [(6) the attainability of the goals specified in 
        subsection 2(b), and any modification of such goals 
        which the Secretary proposes for consideration by 
        Congress, with supporting analyses.
    [(d) In carrying out his functions under this section, the 
Secretary shall consult with the appropriate government 
agencies, industry representatives, and members of the 
scientific and technical community having expertise and 
interest in this area. The Secretary also shall ensure that any 
study or report prepared pursuant to this section is fully 
coordinated with and reflective of any analyses or reports 
prepared pursuant to the requirements in section 208 of the 
Department of Energy Act of 1978--Civilian Applications, Public 
Law 95-238, and in the President's Solar Energy Domestic Policy 
Review. The Secretary, as appropriate, may merge any continuing 
or on-going studies under section 208 or the Domestic Policy 
Review with those required by this section or avoid any 
unnecessary duplication of effort or funding. The separate 
report requirements of section 208 and this section, however, 
shall remain in force.

              [INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION AND COOPERATION

    [Sec. 11. (a) Within one year after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation with the 
Secretary of State, the Administrator of the Agency for 
International Development, the Director of the Export/Import 
Bank and other appropriate Federal officials, shall submit to 
the House Committee on Science and Technology and the Senate 
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources a plan for 
demonstrating applications of solar photovoltaic energy systems 
and facilitating their widespread use in other nations, 
especially those with agreements for scientific cooperation 
with the United States.
    [(b) The Secretary is authorized to encourage, to the 
maximum extent practicable, international participation and 
cooperation in the development and maintenance of programs 
established under this plan. The Secretary, in consultation and 
cooperation with the Federal officials specified in subsection 
(a), shall insure to the maximum extent possible that the plan 
submitted under subsection (a) and any other international 
activities under this section are consistent with and 
reflective of any similar activities or requirements under any 
other Federal statute, specifically including any of the 
several programs under other agencies and Departments involving 
United States international cooperation and assistance in 
nonnuclear energy technology, and will not duplicate activities 
under such programs. The plan required in subsection (a) shall 
specifically identify all such programs and statutes and 
describe how the activities under this section will be 
consistent with such programs, will be coordinated with them, 
and will avoid duplication of activities under such programs.

            [ENCOURAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF SMALL BUSINESS

    [Sec. 12. In carrying out his functions under this Act, the 
Secretary shall take steps to assure that small-business 
concerns will have realistic and adequate opportunities to 
participate in the programs under this Act to the maximum 
extent practicable, and the Secretary is directed to set aside 
at least 10 per centum of the funds authorized and appropriated 
for the participation of small business concerns.

                              [PRIORITIES

    [Sec. 13. The Secretary shall set priorities, as far as 
possible consistent with the intent and operation of this Act, 
in accordance with the following criteria:
          [(1) The applications utilizing photovoltaic systems 
        which will be part of the research, development, and 
        demonstration program and testing and demonstration 
        programs referred to in sections 4, 5, 6, and 7 shall 
        be located in a sufficient number of different 
        geographic areas in the United States to assure a 
        realistic and effective demonstration of the use of 
        photovoltaic systems and of the applications 
        themselves, in both rural and urban locations and under 
        climatic conditions which vary as much as possible,
          [(2) The projected costs of commercial production and 
        maintenance of the photovoltaic systems utilized in the 
        testing and demonstration programs established under 
        this Act should be taken into account.
          [(3) Encouragement should be given in the conduct of 
        programs under this Act to those projects in which 
        funds are appropriated by any State or political 
        subdivision thereof for the purpose of sharing costs 
        with the Federal Government for the purchase and 
        installation of photovoltaic components and systems.
    [Sec. 14. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to negate, 
duplicate, or otherwise affect the provisions of title V 
(Federal Initiatives), part 4 (Federal Photovoltaic 
Utilization), National Energy Conservation Policy Act, H.R. 
5037, 95th Congress, if and when that Act becomes enacted by 
the Ninety-fifth Congress, and such part 4 shall be exempted 
fully from the provisions of this Act and any regulations, 
guidelines, or criteria pursuant thereto.

                    [AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS

    [Sec. 15. There is hereby authorized to be appropriated to 
the Secretary, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1979, 
$125,000,000, inclusive of any funds otherwise authorized for 
photovoltaic programs, (1) to carry out the functions vested in 
the Secretary by this Act, (2) to carry out the functions in 
fiscal year 1979, vested in the Secretary by part 4 of title V 
of H.R. 5037, 95th Congress, if enacted by the 95th Congress, 
and (3) for transfer to such other agencies of the Federal 
Government as may be required to enable them to carry out their 
respective functions under this Act. Funds appropriated 
pursuant to this section shall remain available until expended: 
Provided, That any contract or agreement entered into pursuant 
to this Act shall be effective only to such extent or in such 
amounts as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts. 
Authorizations of appropriations for fiscal years after fiscal 
year 1979 shall be contained in the annual authorization for 
the Department of Energy, except for those funds authorized for 
fiscal years 1980 and 1981 contained in part 4 of title V of 
H.R. 5037, Ninety-fifth Congress, if enacted by the Ninety-
fifth Congress.]
                              ----------                              


 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNOLOGY COMPETITIVENESS ACT 
                                OF 1989



           *       *       *       *       *       *       *
SEC. 4. NATIONAL GOALS AND MULTI-YEAR FUNDING FOR FEDERAL WIND, 
                    PHOTOVOLTAICS, AND SOLAR THERMAL PROGRAMS.

  (a) National goals.--The following are declared to be the 
national goals for the wind, photovoltaics, and solar thermal 
energy programs being carried out by the Secretary:
          (1) Wind.--
                  (A) n general, the goals for the Wind Energy 
                Research Program include improving design 
                methodologies and developing more reliable and 
                efficient wind turbines to increase the cost 
                competitiveness of wind energy. Research 
                efforts shall emphasize--
                          (i) activities that address near-term 
                        technical problems and assist private 
                        sector exploitation of market 
                        opportunities of the wind energy 
                        industry;
                          (ii) developing technologies such as 
                        advanced airfoils and variable speed 
                        generators to increase wind turbine 
                        output and reduce maintenance costs by 
                        decreasing structural stress and 
                        fatigue;
                          (iii) increasing the basic knowledge 
                        of aerodynamics, structural dynamics, 
                        fatigue, and electrical systems 
                        interactions as applied to wind energy 
                        technology; and
                          (iv) improving the compatibility of 
                        electricity produced from wind farms 
                        with conventional utility needs.
                  (B) Specific goals for the Wind Energy 
                Research Program shall be to--
                          (i) reduce average wind energy costs 
                        to 3 to 5 cents per kilowatt hour by 
                        1995;
                          (ii) reduce capital costs of new wind 
                        energy systems to $500 to $750 per 
                        kilowatt of installed capacity by 1995;
                          (iii) reduce operation and 
                        maintenance costs for wind energy 
                        systems to less than one cent per 
                        kilowatt hour by 1995; and
                          (iv) increase capacity factors for 
                        new wind energy systems to 25 to 35 
                        percent by 1995.
          [(2) Photovoltaics.--
                  [(A) In general, the goals of the 
                Photovoltaic Energy Systems Program shall 
                include improving the reliability and 
                conversion efficiencies of and lowering the 
                costs of photovoltaic conversion. Research 
                efforts shall emphasize advancements in the 
                performance, stability, and durability of 
                photovoltaic materials.
                  [(B) Specific goals of the Photovoltaic 
                Energy Systems Program shall be to--
                          [(i) improve operational reliability 
                        of photovoltaic modules to 30 years by 
                        1995;
                          [(ii) increase photovoltaic 
                        conversion efficiencies by 20 percent 
                        by 1995;
                          [(iii) decrease new photovoltaic 
                        module direct manufacturing costs to 
                        $800 per kilowatt by 1995; and
                          [(iv) increase cost efficiency of 
                        photovoltaic power production to 10 
                        cents per kilowatt hour by 1995.
          [(3) Solar thermal.--
                  [(A) In general, the goal of the Solar 
                Thermal Energy Systems Program shall be to 
                advance research and development to a point 
                where solar thermal technology is cost-
                competitive with conventional energy sources, 
                and to promote the integration of this 
                technology into the production of industrial 
                process heat and the conventional utility 
                network. Research and development shall 
                emphasize development of a thermal storage 
                technology to provide capacity for shifting 
                power to periods of demand when full insolation 
                is not available; improvement in receivers, 
                energy conversion devices, and innovative 
                concentrators using stretch membranes, lenses, 
                and other materials; and exploration of 
                advanced manufacturing techniques.
                  [(B) Specific goals of the Solar Thermal 
                Energy Systems Program shall be to--
                          [(i) reduce solar thermal costs for 
                        industrial process heat to $9.00 per 
                        million Btu by 1995; and
                          [(ii) reduce average solar thermal 
                        costs for electricity to 4 to 5 cents 
                        per kilowatt hour by 1995.]
          (4) Alcohol from biomass.--
                  (A) In general, the goal of the Alcohol From 
                Biomass Program shall be to advance research 
                and development to a point where alcohol from 
                biomass technology is cost-competitive with 
                conventional hydrocarbon transportation fuels, 
                and to promote the integration of this 
                technology into the transportation fuel sector 
                of the economy.
                  (B)(i) Specific goals for producing ethanol 
                from biomass shall be to--
                                  (I) reduce the cost of 
                                alcohol to 70 cents per gallon;
                                  (II) improve the overall 
                                biomass carbohydrate conversion 
                                efficiency to 91 percent;
                                  (III) reduce the capital cost 
                                component of the cost of 
                                alcohol to 23 cents per gallon; 
                                and
                                  (IV) reduce the operating and 
                                maintenance component of the 
                                cost of alcohol to 47 cents per 
                                gallon.
                  (ii) Specific goals for producing methanol 
                from biomass shall be to--
                          (I) reduce the cost of alcohol to 47 
                        cents per gallon; and
                          (II) reduce the capital component of 
                        the cost of alcohol to 16 cents per 
                        gallon.
          (5) Other technologies.--The Secretary shall submit 
        to the Congress, as part of the first report submitted 
        under section 12006 of this title, recommendations for 
        specific cost goals and other pertinent goals for 1995 
        for Department of Energy research, development, and 
        demonstration programs in Biofuels Energy Systems, 
        Biodiesel Energy Systems, Hydrogen Energy Systems, 
        Solar Buildings Energy Systems, Ocean Energy Systems, 
        Geothermal Energy Systems, Low-Head Hydro, and Energy 
        Storage Systems.
  (b) Amended goals.--Whenever the Secretary determines that 
any of the goals established under this section is no longer 
appropriate, the Secretary shall notify Congress, as part of a 
report submitted under section 12006 of this title, of the 
reason for the determination and provide an amended goal that 
is consistent with the purpose stated in section 4(b) of this 
Act.
  (c) Authorizations.--There are authorized to be appropriated 
to the Secretary for the following renewable energy research, 
development, and demonstration programs: the Wind Energy 
Research Program, the Photovoltaic Energy Systems Program, the 
Solar Thermal Energy Systems Program, the Biofuels Energy 
Systems Program, the Hydrogen Energy Systems Program, the Solar 
Buildings Energy Systems Program, the Ocean Energy Systems 
Program, and the Geothermal Energy Systems Program--
          (1) not to exceed $113,000,000 for fiscal year 1991, 
        of which--
                  (A) not to exceed $39,000,000 shall be 
                available for the Photovoltaic Energy Systems 
                Program;
                  (B) not to exceed $19,000,000 shall be 
                available for the Geothermal Energy Systems 
                Program; and
                  (C) not to exceed $4,000,000 shall be 
                available for the Hydrogen Energy Systems 
                Program; and
          (2) not to exceed $121,000,000 for fiscal year 1992, 
        of which--
                  (A) not to exceed $40,000,000 shall be 
                available for the Photovoltaic Energy Systems 
                Program;
                  (B) not to exceed $20,500,000 shall be 
                available for the Geothermal Energy Systems 
                Program; and
                  (C) not to exceed $5,000,000 shall be 
                available for the Hydrogen Energy Systems 
                Program.
Each of the President's annual budget requests submitted to 
Congress after December 11, 1989, shall include as separate 
line items each of the categories of renewable energy programs 
described in this subsection.

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *

                              ----------                              


                       ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005



           *       *       *       *       *       *       *
TITLE IX--RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


                      Subtitle C--Renewable Energy

SEC. 931. RENEWABLE ENERGY.

  (a) In General.--
          (1) Objectives.--The Secretary shall conduct programs 
        of renewable energy research, development, 
        demonstration, and commercial application, including 
        activities described in this subtitle. Such programs 
        shall take into consideration the following objectives:
                  (A) Increasing the conversion efficiency of 
                all forms of renewable energy through improved 
                technologies.
                  (B) Decreasing the cost of renewable energy 
                generation and delivery.
                  (C) Promoting the diversity of the energy 
                supply.
                  (D) Decreasing the dependence of the United 
                States on foreign energy supplies.
                  (E) Improving United States energy security.
                  (F) Decreasing the environmental impact of 
                energy-related activities.
                  (G) Increasing the export of renewable 
                generation equipment from the United States.
          (2) Programs.--
                  [(A) Solar energy.--The Secretary shall 
                conduct a program of research, development, 
                demonstration, and commercial application for 
                solar energy, including--
                          [(i) photovoltaics;
                          [(ii) solar hot water and solar space 
                        heating;
                          [(iii) concentrating solar power;
                          [(iv) lighting systems that integrate 
                        sunlight and electrical lighting in 
                        complement to each other in common 
                        lighting fixtures for the purpose of 
                        improving energy efficiency;
                          [(v) manufacturability of low cost, 
                        high quality solar systems; and
                          [(vi) development of products that 
                        can be easily integrated into new and 
                        existing buildings.]
                  (B) Wind energy.--The Secretary shall conduct 
                a program of research, development, 
                demonstration, and commercial application for 
                wind energy, including--
                          (i) low speed wind energy;
                          (ii) offshore wind energy;
                          (iii) testing and verification 
                        (including construction and operation 
                        of a research and testing facility 
                        capable of testing wind turbines); and
                          (iv) distributed wind energy 
                        generation.
                  (C) Geothermal.--The Secretary shall conduct 
                a program of research, development, 
                demonstration, and commercial application for 
                geothermal energy. The program shall focus on 
                developing improved technologies for reducing 
                the costs of geothermal energy installations, 
                including technologies for--
                          (i) improving detection of geothermal 
                        resources;
                          (ii) decreasing drilling costs;
                          (iii) decreasing maintenance costs 
                        through improved materials;
                          (iv) increasing the potential for 
                        other revenue sources, such as mineral 
                        production; and
                          (v) increasing the understanding of 
                        reservoir life cycle and management.
                  (D) Hydropower.--The Secretary shall conduct 
                a program of research, development, 
                demonstration, and commercial application for 
                cost competitive technologies that enable the 
                development of new and incremental hydropower 
                capacity, adding to the diversity of the energy 
                supply of the United States, including:
                          (i) Fish-friendly large turbines.
                          (ii) Advanced technologies to enhance 
                        environmental performance and yield 
                        greater energy efficiencies.
                  (E) Miscellaneous projects.--The Secretary 
                shall conduct research, development, 
                demonstration, and commercial application 
                programs for--
                          (i) ocean energy, including wave 
                        energy;
                          (ii) the combined use of renewable 
                        energy technologies with one another 
                        and with other energy technologies, 
                        including the combined use of wind 
                        power and coal gasification 
                        technologies;
                          (iii) renewable energy technologies 
                        for cogeneration of hydrogen and 
                        electricity; and
                          (iv) kinetic hydro turbines.
  (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to 
be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out renewable energy 
research, development, demonstration, and commercial 
application activities, including activities authorized under 
this subtitle--
          (1) $632,000,000 for fiscal year 2007;
          (2) $743,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
          (3) $852,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; and
          (4) $963,000,000 for fiscal year 2010.
  (c) Bioenergy.--From the amounts authorized under subsection 
(b), there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out 
section 932--
          (1) $213,000,000 for fiscal year 2007, of which 
        $100,000,000 shall be for section 932(d);
          (2) $377,000,000 for fiscal year 2008, of which 
        $125,000,000 shall be for section 932(d);
          (3) $398,000,000 for fiscal year 2009, of which 
        $150,000,000 shall be for section 932(d); and
          (4) $419,000,000 for fiscal year 2010, of which 
        $150,000,000 shall be for section 932(d).
  (d) Solar Power.--From amounts authorized under subsection 
(b), there is authorized to be appropriated to carry out 
activities under subsection (a)(2)(A)--
          (1) $140,000,000 for fiscal year 2007, of which 
        $40,000,000 shall be for activities under section 935;
          (2) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2008, of which 
        $50,000,000 shall be for activities under section 935; 
        and
          (3) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2009, of which 
        $50,000,000 shall be for activities under section 935.
  (e) Administration.--Of the funds authorized under subsection 
(c), not less than $5,000,000 for each fiscal year shall be 
made available for grants to--
          (1) part B institutions;
          (2) Tribal Colleges or Universities (as defined in 
        section 316(b) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 
        U.S.C. 1059c(b))); and
          (3) Hispanic-serving institutions.
  (f) Rural Demonstration Projects.--In carrying out this 
section, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of 
Agriculture, shall demonstrate the use of renewable energy 
technologies to assist in delivering electricity to rural and 
remote locations including --
          (1) advanced wind power technology, including 
        combined use with coal gasification;
          (2) biomass; and
          (3) geothermal energy systems.
  (g) Analysis and Evaluation.--
          (1) In general.--The Secretary shall conduct analysis 
        and evaluation in support of the renewable energy 
        programs under this subtitle. These activities shall be 
        used to guide budget and program decisions, and shall 
        include--
                  (A) economic and technical analysis of 
                renewable energy potential, including resource 
                assessment;
                  (B) analysis of past program performance, 
                both in terms of technical advances and in 
                market introduction of renewable energy; and
                  (C) any other analysis or evaluation that the 
                Secretary considers appropriate.
          (2) Funding.--The Secretary may designate up to 1 
        percent of the funds appropriated for carrying out this 
        subtitle for analysis and evaluation activities under 
        this subsection.

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *

                              ----------                              


              ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF 2007



           *       *       *       *       *       *       *
             TITLE VI--ACCELERATED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Subtitle A--Solar Energy

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


[SEC. 606. SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.

  [(a) Establishment.--The Secretary shall establish a 
research, development, and demonstration program to promote 
less costly and more reliable decentralized distributed solar-
powered air conditioning for individuals and businesses.
  [(b) Authorized activities.--Grants made available under this 
section may be used to support the following activities:
          [(1) Advancing solar thermal collectors, including 
        concentrating solar thermal and electric systems, flat 
        plate and evacuated tube collector performance.
          [(2) Achieving technical and economic integration of 
        solar-powered distributed air-conditioning systems with 
        existing hot water and storage systems for residential 
        applications.
          [(3) Designing and demonstrating mass manufacturing 
        capability to reduce costs of modular standardized 
        solar-powered distributed air conditioning systems and 
        components.
          [(4) Improving the efficiency of solar-powered 
        distributed air-conditioning to increase the 
        effectiveness of solar-powered absorption chillers, 
        solar-driven compressors and condensors, and cost-
        effective precooling approaches.
          [(5) Researching and comparing performance of solar-
        powered distributed air conditioning systems in 
        different regions of the country, including potential 
        integration with other onsite systems, such as solar, 
        biogas, geothermal heat pumps, and propane assist or 
        combined propane fuel cells, with a goal to develop 
        site-specific energy production and management systems 
        that ease fuel and peak utility loading.
  [(c) Cost sharing.--Section 16352 of this title shall apply 
to a project carried out under this section.
  [(d) Authorization appropriations.--There are authorized to 
be appropriated to the Secretary for carrying out this section 
$2,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012.

[SEC. 607. PHOTOVOLTAIC DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM.

  [(a) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a program of 
grants to States to demonstrate advanced photovoltaic 
technology.
  [(b) Requirements.--
          [(1) Ability to meet requirements.--To receive 
        funding under the program under this section, a State 
        must submit a proposal that demonstrates, to the 
        satisfaction of the Secretary, that the State will meet 
        the requirements of subsection (f).
          [(2) Compliance with requirements.--If a State has 
        received funding under this section for the preceding 
        year, the State must demonstrate, to the satisfaction 
        of the Secretary, that it complied with the 
        requirements of subsection (f) in carrying out the 
        program during that preceding year, and that it will do 
        so in the future, before it can receive further funding 
        under this section.
  [(c) Competition.--The Secretary shall award grants on a 
competitive basis to the States with the proposals the 
Secretary considers most likely to encourage the widespread 
adoption of photovoltaic technologies. The Secretary shall take 
into consideration the geographic distribution of awards.
  [(d) Proposals.--Not later than 6 months after December 19, 
2007, and in each subsequent fiscal year for the life of the 
program, the Secretary shall solicit proposals from the States 
to participate in the program under this section.
  [(e) Competitive criteria.--In awarding funds in a 
competitive allocation under subsection (c), the Secretary 
shall consider--
          [(1) the likelihood of a proposal to encourage the 
        demonstration of, or lower the costs of, advanced 
        photovoltaic technologies; and
          [(2) the extent to which a proposal is likely to--
                  [(A) maximize the amount of photovoltaics 
                demonstrated;
                  [(B) maximize the proportion of non-Federal 
                cost share; and
                  [(C) limit State administrative costs.
  [(f) State program.--A program operated by a State with 
funding under this section shall provide competitive awards for 
the demonstration of advanced photovoltaic technologies. Each 
State program shall--
          [(1) require a contribution of at least 60 percent 
        per award from non-Federal sources, which may include 
        any combination of State, local, and private funds, 
        except that at least 10 percent of the funding must be 
        supplied by the State;
          [(2) endeavor to fund recipients in the commercial, 
        industrial, institutional, governmental, and 
        residential sectors;
          [(3) limit State administrative costs to no more than 
        10 percent of the grant;
          [(4) report annually to the Secretary on--
                  [(A) the amount of funds disbursed;
                  [(B) the amount of photovoltaics purchased; 
                and
                  [(C) the results of the monitoring under 
                paragraph (5);
          [(5) provide for measurement and verification of the 
        output of a representative sample of the photovoltaics 
        systems demonstrated throughout the average working 
        life of the systems, or at least 20 years; and
          [(6) require that applicant buildings must have 
        received an independent energy efficiency audit during 
        the 6-month period preceding the filing of the 
        application.
  [(g) Unexpended funds.--If a State fails to expend any funds 
received under this section within 3 years of receipt, such 
remaining funds shall be returned to the Treasury.
  [(h) Reports.--The Secretary shall report to Congress 5 years 
after funds are first distributed to the States under this 
section--
          [(1) the amount of photovoltaics demonstrated;
          [(2) the number of projects undertaken;
          [(3) the administrative costs of the program;
          [(4) the results of the monitoring under subsection 
        (f)(5); and
          [(5) the total amount of funds distributed, including 
        a breakdown by State.
  [(i) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized 
to be appropriated to the Secretary for the purposes of 
carrying out this section--
          [(1) $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2008;
          [(2) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;
          [(3) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2010;
          [(4) $60,000,000 for fiscal year 2011; and
          [(5) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2012.]

           *       *       *       *       *       *       *


                           XX. Minority Views

    It is the view of the minority that establishing a diverse 
portfolio of advanced clean energy sources is essential to the 
long-term economic growth, environmental stewardship, and 
national security of the United States. It is also the view of 
the minority that basic research is the most effective means of 
developing next-generation clean energy technologies. Federal 
research agencies like the Department of Energy (DOE) should 
invest in basic research and associated critical infrastructure 
that will lead to the next scientific discovery and cutting-
edge technology, rather than prioritizing support for proven 
energy applications and private industry.
    Last year, the U.S. wind energy industry supported 120,000 
jobs and invested $14 billion in new wind projects. While the 
minority supports targeted investment in next-generation wind 
energy technologies and hybrid systems, it is the view of the 
minority that this legislation focuses too heavily on reducing 
market barriers for mature wind energy technology, where 
industry already has a clear ability and incentive to step in.
    It is the view of the minority that H.R. 3609 includes an 
unnecessary increase in authorization of appropriations for DOE 
work. DOE's wind energy activities are housed within the 
Department's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 
(EERE), which has more funding at its disposal than DOE's other 
applied offices in Nuclear Energy, Fossil Energy, Electricity, 
and Cybersecurity combined. It is the view of the minority that 
any increased funding for DOE's wind energy activities could be 
reasonably allocated from within the existing EERE budget.

                                   Frank D. Lucas,
                                           Ranking Member.
                                   Randy K. Weber, Sr.,
                                           Ranking Member, Subcommittee 
                                               on Energy. 
                                               [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]