[House Report 115-950]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


115th Congress   }                                    {        Report
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
 2d Session      }                                    {       115-950

======================================================================



 
                    NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ACT

                                _______
                                

 September 13, 2018.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on 
            the State of the Union and ordered to be printed

                                _______
                                

     Mr. Smith of Texas, from the Committee on Science, Space, and 
                  Technology, submitted the following

                              R E P O R T

                        [To accompany H.R. 6227]

      [Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]

    The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, to whom 
was referred the bill (H.R. 6227) to provide for a coordinated 
Federal program to accelerate quantum research and development 
for the economic and national security of the United States, 
having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an 
amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass.

                                CONTENTS

                                                                   Page
Committee Statement and Views....................................     8
Section-by-Section...............................................    12
Explanation of Amendments........................................    15
Committee Consideration..........................................    15
Application of Law to the Legislative Branch.....................    15
Statement of Oversight Findings and Recommendations of the 
  Committee......................................................    15
Statement of General Performance Goals and Objectives............    16
Duplication of Federal Programs..................................    16
Disclosure of Directed Rule Makings..............................    16
Federal Advisory Committee Act...................................    16
Unfunded Mandate Statement.......................................    16
Earmark Identification...........................................    16
Committee Estimate...............................................    16
Budget Authority and Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate...    16

    The amendment is as follows:
  Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the 
following:

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

  (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``National Quantum 
Initiative Act''.
  (b) Table of Contents.--

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
Sec. 3. Purposes.

                  TITLE I--NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE

Sec. 101. National Quantum Initiative Program.
Sec. 102. National Quantum Coordination Office.
Sec. 103. Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science.
Sec. 104. National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee.
Sec. 105. Sunset.

   TITLE II--NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM 
                               ACTIVITIES

Sec. 201. National Institute of Standards and Technology activities and 
quantum workshop.

 TITLE III--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS 
                   FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

Sec. 301. Quantum information science research and education program.
Sec. 302. Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and Education.

     TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY RESEARCH AND NATIONAL QUANTUM 
                  INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTERS

Sec. 401. Quantum Information Science Research program.
Sec. 402. National Quantum Information Science Research Centers.
Sec. 403. Spending limitation.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

  In this Act, the following definitions apply:
          (1) Advisory committee.--The term ``Advisory Committee'' 
        means the National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee 
        established under section 104(a).
          (2) Coordination office.--The term ``Coordination Office'' 
        means the National Quantum Coordination Office established 
        under section 102(a).
          (3) Institutions of higher education.--The term 
        ``institutions of higher education'' has the meaning given the 
        term in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 
        U.S.C. 1001(a)).
          (4) Program.--The term ``Program'' means the National Quantum 
        Initiative Program implemented under section 101(a).
          (5) Quantum information science.--The term ``quantum 
        information science'' means the storage, transmission, 
        manipulation, or measurement of information that is encoded in 
        systems that can only be described by the laws of quantum 
        physics.
          (6) Subcommittee.--The term ``Subcommittee'' means the 
        Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science of the National 
        Science and Technology Council established under section 
        103(a).

SEC. 3. PURPOSES.

   The purposes of this Act are to ensure the continued leadership of 
the United States in quantum information science and its technology 
applications by--
          (1) supporting research, development, demonstration, and 
        application of quantum information science and technology in 
        order to--
                  (A) expand the number of researchers, educators, and 
                students with training in quantum information science 
                and technology to develop a workforce pipeline;
                  (B) promote the development and inclusion of 
                multidisciplinary curriculum and research opportunities 
                for quantum information science at the undergraduate, 
                graduate, and postdoctoral level;
                  (C) address basic research knowledge gaps;
                  (D) promote the further development of facilities and 
                centers available for quantum information science and 
                technology research, testing and education; and
                  (E) stimulate research on and promote more rapid 
                development of quantum-based technologies;
          (2) improving the interagency planning and coordination of 
        Federal research and development of quantum information science 
        and technology and maximizing the effectiveness of the Federal 
        Government's quantum information science and technology 
        research and development programs;
          (3) promoting collaboration among government, Federal 
        laboratories, industry, and universities; and
          (4) promoting the development of standards for quantum 
        information science and technology security.

                  TITLE I--NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE

SEC. 101. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE PROGRAM.

  The President shall implement a 10-year National Quantum Initiative 
Program. In carrying out the Program, the President shall, acting 
through appropriate Federal agencies, councils, working groups, 
subcommittees, and the Coordination Office--
          (1) establish the goals, priorities, and metrics for a 10-
        year plan to accelerate development of quantum information 
        science and technology applications in the United States;
          (2) invest in fundamental Federal quantum information science 
        and technology research, development, demonstration, and other 
        activities to achieve the goals established in paragraph (1);
          (3) invest in activities to develop a quantum information 
        science and technology workforce pipeline;
          (4) provide for interagency coordination of Federal quantum 
        information science and technology research, development, 
        demonstration, and other activities undertaken pursuant to the 
        Program;
          (5) partner with industry and academia to leverage knowledge 
        and resources; and
          (6) leverage existing Federal investments efficiently to 
        advance Program goals and objectives.

SEC. 102. NATIONAL QUANTUM COORDINATION OFFICE.

  (a) Establishment.--The President shall establish a National Quantum 
Coordination Office, which shall have--
          (1) a Director appointed by the Director of the Office of 
        Science and Technology Policy, in consultation with the 
        Secretary of Commerce, the Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, and the Secretary of Energy; and
          (2) staff that shall be comprised of employees detailed from 
        the Federal agencies that are members of the Subcommittee.
  (b) Responsibilities.--The Coordination Office shall--
          (1) provide technical and administrative support to--
                  (A) the Subcommittee; and
                  (B) the Advisory Committee;
          (2) oversee interagency coordination of the Program, 
        including encouraging and supporting joint agency solicitation 
        and selection of applications for funding of projects under the 
        Program;
          (3) serve as the point of contact on Federal civilian quantum 
        information science and technology activities for Government 
        organizations, academia, industry, professional societies, 
        State governments, and others to exchange technical and 
        programmatic information;
          (4) ensure coordination between the Multidisciplinary Centers 
        for Quantum Research and Education established under section 
        302(a) and the National Quantum Information Science Research 
        Centers established under section 402(a);
          (5) conduct public outreach, including dissemination of 
        findings and recommendations of the Advisory Committee, as 
        appropriate;
          (6) promote access to and early application of the 
        technologies, innovations, and expertise derived from Program 
        activities to agency missions and systems across the Federal 
        Government, and to United States industry, including startup 
        companies; and
          (7) promote access, through appropriate Government agencies, 
        to existing quantum computing and communication systems 
        developed by industry, academia, and Federal laboratories to 
        the general user community in pursuit of discovery of the new 
        applications of such systems.
  (c) Funding.--Funds necessary to carry out the activities of the 
Coordination Office shall be made available each fiscal year by the 
participating agencies of the Subcommittee, as determined by the 
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy.

SEC. 103. SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.

  (a) Establishment.--The President shall establish, through the 
National Science and Technology Council, a Subcommittee on Quantum 
Information Science.
  (b) Membership.--The Subcommittee shall include--
          (1) the National Institute of Standards and Technology;
          (2) the National Science Foundation;
          (3) the Department of Energy;
          (4) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
          (5) the Department of Defense;
          (6) the Office of the Director of National Intelligence;
          (7) the Office of Management and Budget;
          (8) the Office of Science and Technology Policy; and
          (9) any other Federal agency as considered appropriate by the 
        President.
  (c) Chairs.--The Subcommittee shall be jointly chaired by the 
Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the 
Director of the National Science Foundation, and the Secretary of 
Energy.
  (d) Responsibilities.--The Subcommittee shall--
          (1) coordinate the quantum information science and technology 
        research and education activities and programs of the Federal 
        agencies;
          (2) establish goals and priorities of the Program, based on 
        identified knowledge and workforce gaps and other national 
        needs;
          (3) assess and recommend Federal infrastructure needs to 
        support the Program; and
          (4) evaluate opportunities for international cooperation with 
        strategic allies on research and development in quantum 
        information science and technology.
  (e) Strategic Plan.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
enactment of this Act, the Subcommittee shall develop a 5-year 
strategic plan, and 6 years after enactment of the Act develop an 
additional 5-year strategic plan, with periodic updates as appropriate 
to guide the activities of the Program, meet the goals, priorities, and 
anticipated outcomes of the participating agencies.
  (f) Reports.--The Chairs of the Subcommittee shall submit to the 
President, the Advisory Committee, the Committee on Science, Space, and 
Technology of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Commerce, 
Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Energy and Natural 
Resources of the Senate, and other appropriate committees of Congress 
the strategic plans developed under subsection (e) and any updates to 
such plans.

SEC. 104. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

  (a) In General.--The President shall establish a National Quantum 
Initiative Advisory Committee.
  (b) Qualifications.--The Advisory Committee established by the 
President under subsection (a) shall consist of members from industry, 
academic institutions, and Federal laboratories. The President shall 
appoint members to the Advisory Committee who are qualified to provide 
advice and information on quantum information science and technology 
research, development, demonstrations, education, technology transfer, 
commercial application, or national security and economic concerns.
  (c) Membership Consideration.--In selecting an Advisory Committee, 
the President may seek and give consideration to recommendations from 
the Congress, industry, the scientific community (including the 
National Academy of Sciences, scientific professional societies, and 
academia), the defense community, and other appropriate organizations.
  (d) Duties.--The Advisory Committee shall advise the President and 
the Subcommittee and make recommendations that shall be considered in 
reviewing and revising the Program. The Advisory Committee shall 
provide the President and the Subcommittee with an independent 
assessment of--
          (1) trends and developments in quantum information science 
        and technology;
          (2) progress made in implementing the Program;
          (3) whether the Program activities, priorities, and technical 
        goals developed by the Subcommittee are helping to maintain 
        United States leadership in quantum information science and 
        technology;
          (4) the management, coordination, implementation, and 
        activities of the Program;
          (5) the need to revise the Program;
          (6) whether or not there are opportunities for international 
        cooperation with strategic allies on research and development 
        in quantum information science and technology; and
          (7) whether national security, societal, economic, legal, and 
        workforce concerns are adequately addressed by the Program.
  (e) Reports.--The Advisory Committee shall report, not less 
frequently than once every 2 years, to the President on the assessments 
required under subsection (d) and any recommendations to improve the 
Program. The first report under this subsection shall be submitted not 
later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act. The 
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall transmit 
a copy of each report under this subsection to the Committee on 
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives, the 
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Technology of the Senate, the 
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, and other 
appropriate committees of the Congress.
  (f) Travel Expenses of Non-Federal Members.--Non-Federal members of 
the Advisory Committee, while attending meetings of the Advisory 
Committee or while otherwise serving at the request of the head of the 
Advisory Committee away from their homes or regular places of business, 
may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of 
subsistence, as authorized by section 5703 of title 5, United States 
Code, for individuals in the Government serving without pay. Nothing in 
this subsection shall be construed to prohibit members of the Advisory 
Committee who are officers or employees of the United States from being 
allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in 
accordance with existing law.
  (g) Exemption.--The Advisory Committee shall be exempt from section 
14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.).

SEC. 105. SUNSET.

  (a) In General.--Except as provided for in subsection (b), the 
authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, and 104 shall terminate 
on the date that is 11 years after the date of enactment of this Act.
  (b) Extension.--The President may continue the activities under such 
sections if the President determines that such activities are necessary 
to meet national economic or national security needs.

   TITLE II--NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM 
                               ACTIVITIES

SEC. 201. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES AND 
                    QUANTUM WORKSHOP.

  (a) National Institute of Standards and Technology Activities.--As 
part of the Program described in title I, the Director of the National 
Institute of Standards and Technology shall--
          (1) continue to support and expand basic quantum information 
        science and technology research and development of measurement 
        and standards infrastructure necessary to advance commercial 
        development of quantum applications;
          (2) use its existing programs, in collaboration with other 
        agencies, as appropriate, to train scientists in quantum 
        information science and technology to increase participation in 
        the quantum fields;
          (3) establish or expand collaborative ventures or consortia 
        with other public or private sector entities, including 
        academia, National Laboratories, and industry for the purpose 
        of advancing the field of quantum information science and 
        engineering; and
          (4) have the authority to enter into and perform such 
        contracts, including cooperative research and development 
        arrangements and grants and cooperative agreements or other 
        transactions, as may be necessary in the conduct of the work of 
        the Institute and on such terms as the Director considers 
        appropriate, in furtherance of the purposes of this Act.
  (b) Quantum Workshop.--
          (1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
        enactment of this Act, the Director of the National Institute 
        of Standards and Technology shall convene a workshop of 
        stakeholders to discuss the future measurement, standards, 
        cybersecurity, and other appropriate needs for supporting the 
        development of a robust quantum information science and 
        technology industry in the United States. The goals of the 
        workshop shall be to--
                  (A) assess the current research on the issues 
                described in this paragraph;
                  (B) evaluate the research gaps relating to such 
                issues; and
                  (C) provide recommendations on how the National 
                Institute of Standards and Technology and the Program 
                can address the research needs identified.
          (2) Report to congress.--Not later than 2 years after the 
        date of enactment of this Act, the Director of the National 
        Institute of Standards and Technology shall transmit to the 
        Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 
        Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and 
        Transportation of the Senate a summary report containing the 
        findings of the workshop convened under this section.
  (c) Funding.--The Secretary of Commerce shall devote $400,000,000 to 
carry out this section, which shall include $80,000,000 for each of 
fiscal years 2019 through 2023, subject to the availability of 
appropriations, to come from amounts made available for the National 
Institute of Standards and Technology. This section shall be carried 
out using funds otherwise appropriated by law after the date of 
enactment of this Act.

 TITLE III--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS 
                   FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

SEC. 301. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION PROGRAM.

  (a) In General.--The Director of the National Science Foundation 
shall carry out a basic research and education program on quantum 
information science and engineering.
  (b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program required under 
subsection (a), the Director of the National Science Foundation shall 
carry out activities that continue to support basic interdisciplinary 
quantum information science and engineering research, and support human 
resources development in all aspects of quantum information science and 
engineering. Such activities shall include--
          (1) using the existing programs of the National Science 
        Foundation, in collaboration with other Federal agencies, as 
        appropriate, to--
                  (A) improve the teaching and learning of quantum 
                information science and engineering at the 
                undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate levels; and
                  (B) increase participation in the quantum fields, 
                including by individuals identified in sections 33 and 
                34 of the Science and Engineering Equal Opportunities 
                Act (42 U.S.C. 1885a; 42 U.S.C. 1885b);
          (2) formulating goals for quantum information science and 
        engineering research and education activities to be supported 
        by the National Science Foundation;
          (3) leveraging the collective body of knowledge from existing 
        quantum information science and engineering research and 
        education activities;
          (4) coordinating research efforts funded through existing 
        programs across the directorates of the National Science 
        Foundation; and
          (5) engaging with other Federal agencies, research 
        communities, and potential users of information produced under 
        this section.

SEC. 302. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION.

  (a) Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and Education.--
          (1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in consultation with other Federal agencies as 
        appropriate, shall award grants to institutions of higher 
        education or eligible nonprofit organizations (or consortia 
        thereof) to establish up to 5 Multidisciplinary Centers for 
        Quantum Research and Education.
          (2) Collaborations.--A collaboration receiving an award under 
        this subsection may include institutions of higher education, 
        eligible nonprofit organizations, and private sector entities.
          (3) Purpose.--The purpose of the Centers shall be to conduct 
        basic research and education activities in support of the goals 
        and priorities of the Program as determined in title I, to--
                  (A) continue to advance quantum information science 
                and engineering;
                  (B) support curriculum and workforce development in 
                quantum information science and engineering; and
                  (C) foster innovation by bringing industry 
                perspectives to quantum research and workforce 
                development, including by leveraging industry resources 
                and research capacity.
          (4) Requirements.--An institution of higher education or an 
        eligible nonprofit organization (or a consortium thereof) 
        seeking funding under this section shall submit an application 
        to the Director at such time, in such manner, and containing 
        such information as the Director may require. The application 
        shall include, at a minimum, a description of--
                  (A) how the Center will work with other research 
                institutions and industry partners to leverage 
                expertise in quantum science, education and curriculum 
                development, and technology transfer;
                  (B) how the Center will promote active collaboration 
                among researchers in multiple disciplines involved in 
                quantum research including physics, engineering, 
                mathematics, computer science, chemistry, and material 
                science;
                  (C) how the Center will support long-term and short-
                term workforce development in the quantum field;
                  (D) how the Center can support an innovation 
                ecosystem to work with industry to translate Center 
                research into applications; and
                  (E) a long-term plan to become self-sustaining after 
                the expiration of Foundation support.
          (5) Selection and duration.--
                  (A) In general.--The Centers selected and established 
                under this section are authorized to carry out 
                activities for a period of 5 years.
                  (B) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an 
                additional, subsequent period of 5 years on a 
                competitive, merit-reviewed basis.
                  (C) Termination.--Consistent with the existing 
                authorities of the Foundation, the Director of the 
                National Science Foundation may terminate an 
                underperforming Center for cause during the performance 
                period.
          (6) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation 
        shall devote $250,000,000 to carry out this section, which 
        shall include $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2019 through 
        2023, subject to the availability of appropriations, to come 
        from amounts made available for Research and Related Activities 
        and Education and Human Resources. This section shall be 
        carried out using funds otherwise appropriated by law after the 
        date of enactment of this Act.
  (b) Graduate Traineeships.--The Director of the National Science 
Foundation may establish a program to provide traineeships to graduate 
students at institutions of higher education within the United States 
who are citizens of the United States and who choose to pursue masters 
or doctoral degrees in quantum information science.

     TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY RESEARCH AND NATIONAL QUANTUM 
                  INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTERS

SEC. 401. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM.

  (a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall carry out a basic 
research program on quantum information science.
  (b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program required under 
subsection (a), the Secretary shall--
          (1) formulate goals for quantum information science research 
        to be supported by the Department of Energy;
          (2) leverage the collective body of knowledge from existing 
        quantum information science research;
          (3) coordinate research efforts funded through existing 
        programs across the Office of Science; and
          (4) engage with other Federal agencies, research communities, 
        and potential users of information produced under this section.

SEC. 402. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTERS.

  (a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall ensure that the Office 
of Science carries out a program, in consultation with other Federal 
agencies, as appropriate, to establish and operate up to 5 National 
Quantum Information Science Research Centers to conduct basic research 
to accelerate scientific breakthroughs in quantum information science 
and technology and to support research conducted under section 401. 
Such centers shall be established through a competitive, merit-reviewed 
process, and consider applications from National Laboratories, 
institutions of higher education, research centers, multi-institutional 
collaborations, and other appropriate entities.
  (b) Collaborations.--A collaboration receiving an award under this 
subsection may include multiple types of research institutions and 
private sector entities.
  (c) Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, the Centers 
developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under this section 
shall serve the needs of the Department of Energy, industry, the 
academic community, and other relevant entities to create and develop 
processes for the purpose of advancing basic research in quantum 
information science and improving the competitiveness of the United 
States.
  (d) Coordination.--The Secretary shall ensure the coordination of, 
and avoid unnecessary duplication of, the activities of each Center 
with the activities of--
          (1) other research entities of the Department, including the 
        Nanoscale Science Research Centers, the Energy Frontier 
        Research Centers, and the Energy Innovation Hubs; and
          (2) industry.
  (e) Selection and Duration.--
          (1) In general.--The centers selected and established under 
        this section are authorized to carry out activities for a 
        period of 5 years.
          (2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an additional, 
        subsequent period of 5 years on a competitive, merit-reviewed 
        basis.
          (3) Termination.--Consistent with the existing authorities of 
        the Department, the Secretary may terminate an underperforming 
        Center for cause during the performance period.
  (f) Funding.--The Secretary of Energy shall devote $625,000,000 to 
carry out this section, which shall include $125,000,000 for each of 
fiscal years 2019 through 2023, subject to the availability of 
appropriations, to come from amounts made available for the Office of 
Science. This section shall be carried out using funds otherwise 
appropriated by law after the date of enactment of this Act.

SEC. 403. SPENDING LIMITATION.

  No additional funds are authorized to be appropriated to carry out 
this Act and the amendments made by this Act, and this Act and such 
amendments shall be carried out using amounts otherwise available for 
such purpose.

                     Committee Statement and Views


                          PURPOSE AND SUMMARY

    H.R. 6227, the ``National Quantum Initiative Act,'' was 
introduced by Chairman Lamar Smith and sponsored by Ranking 
Minority Member Eddie Bernice Johnson. The purpose of H.R. 6227 
is to provide for a coordinated Federal program to accelerate 
quantum research and development for the economic and national 
security of the United States. The bill establishes a 10-year 
program to advance quantum research and technology applications 
and workforce development. The bill authorizes quantum 
activities at the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology (NIST), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and 
the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science.

                  BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR LEGISLATION

    Quantum Information Science (QIS) is a multi-disciplinary 
field of research that is at an inflection point. Advancing 
current quantum science into real world applications will 
create scientific and technological breakthroughs that will 
stimulate economic growth and enhance American global 
competitiveness. QIS is also critical to national security, as 
the nation that develops quantum communications technology 
first will enable secure networks and possess powerful decoding 
capabilities.
    QIS is based on exploiting subtle aspects of quantum 
physics, such as ``quantum superposition'' and ``entanglement'' 
for valuable, real-world technologies. These technologies can 
handle computationally complex problems, provide communication 
security and enhance navigation, imaging and other sensing 
technologies in ways that are impossible using conventional 
hardware.
    It is vital that the United States increase and accelerate 
its quantum efforts to maintain the nation's scientific and 
technological leadership. H.R. 6227 meets these challenges by 
bringing a ``whole of government'' approach to moving QIS to 
the next level of research and development through addressing 
fundamental research gaps, creating a stronger workforce 
pipeline and taking the lead in developing quantum standards 
and measures for global use to give U.S. companies and workers 
an enduring competitive advantage. The bill also encourages 
private sector companies, which are investing heavily in 
quantum research, and a wave of quantum technology start-ups, 
to contribute their knowledge and resources to a national 
effort.
    H.R. 6227 establishes a National Quantum Coordination 
Office within the White House Office of Science and Technology 
Policy (OSTP) to oversee interagency coordination, provide 
strategic planning support, serve as a central point of contact 
for stakeholders, conduct outreach and promote 
commercialization of federal research by the private sector. 
The bill authorizes research activities at NIST, NSF and DOE. 
H.R. 6227 also establishes up to five NSF multidisciplinary 
centers for quantum research and education and up to five DOE 
National Quantum Information Science Research Centers.

                          LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

    On January 28, 2015, the Subcommittee on Energy held a 
hearing titled, ``Supercomputing and American Technology 
Leadership.'' Witnesses were: Mr. Norman Augustine, Board 
Member, Bipartisan Policy Center; Dr. Roscoe Giles, Chairman, 
DOE Advanced Scientific Computing Advisory Committee; Mr. David 
Turek, Vice President, Technical Computing, IBM; and Dr. James 
Crowley, Executive Director, Society for Industrial and Applied 
Mathematics.
    On June 28, 2017, the Energy Subcommittee and the Research 
and Technology Subcommittee held a hearing titled, ``Material 
Science: Building the Future.'' Witnesses were: Dr. Matthew 
Tirrell, Deputy Laboratory Director for Science and Chief 
Research Officer, Argonne National Laboratory; Dr. Laurie 
Locascio, Acting Associate Director for Laboratory Programs and 
Director, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute 
of Standards and Technology; Dr. Adam Schwartz, Director, Ames 
Laboratory; Dr. Fred Higgs, John and Ann Doerr Professor of 
Mechanical Engineering, Rice University.
    On October 24, 2017, the Energy Subcommittee and the 
Research and Technology Subcommittee held a hearing titled, 
``American Leadership in Quantum Technology.'' Witnesses were: 
Dr. Carl J. Williams, Acting Director, Physical Measurement 
Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Dr. 
Jim Kurose, Assistant Director, Computer and Information 
Science and Engineering Directorate, National Science 
Foundation; Dr. John Stephen Binkley, Acting Director of 
Science, U.S. Department of Energy, Dr. Scott Crowder, Vice 
President and Chief Technology Officer for Quantum Computing, 
IBM Systems Group; Dr. Christopher Monroe, Distinguished 
University Professor & Bice Zorn Professor, Department of 
Physics, University of Maryland and Founder, and Chief 
Scientist, IonQ, Inc.; and Dr. Supratik Guha, Director, 
Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National 
Laboratory, and Professor, Institute for Molecular Engineering, 
University of Chicago.
    On January 30, 2018, the Committee held a hearing titled, 
``Department of Energy: Management and Priorities.'' Witnesses 
were: the Honorable Paul Dabbar, Under Secretary for Science, 
U.S. Department of Energy; and the Honorable Mark Menezes, 
Under Secretary of Energy, U.S. Department of Energy.
    On March 14, 2018, the Committee held a hearing titled, 
``National Laboratories: World-Leading Innovation in Science.'' 
Witnesses were: Dr. Mark Peters, Director, Idaho National 
Laboratory; Dr. Susan Seestrom, Advanced Science and Technology 
Associate Laboratory Director and Chief Research Officer, 
Sandia National Laboratory; Dr. Mary E. Maxon, Associate 
Laboratory Director for Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National 
Laboratory; Dr. Chi-Chang Kao, Director of Stanford Linear 
Accelerator Center, National Accelerator Laboratory; and Dr. 
Paul Kearns, Director, Argonne National Laboratory.
    On March 15, 2018, the Committee held a hearing titled ``An 
Overview of the National Science Foundation Budget Proposal for 
Fiscal Year 2019.'' Witnesses were: Dr. France Cordova, 
Director, National Science Foundation; and Dr. Maria T. Zuber, 
Chair, National Science Board.
    On May 9, 2018, the Committee held a hearing titled, ``An 
Overview of the Budget Proposal for the Department of Energy 
for Fiscal Year 2019.'' The witness was the Honorable Rick 
Perry, Secretary, U.S. Department of Energy.
    On June 27, 2018, the full Committee approved by voice vote 
H.R. 6227, the National Quantum Initiative Act, as amended.

                            COMMITTEE VIEWS

The potential of Quantum Information Science

    The Committee believes that Quantum Information Science--
the measurement, manipulation, transmission, and storage of 
information that is encoded in sub-atomic particle systems that 
can only be understood and controlled by the laws of quantum 
physics--is one of the most promising and exciting fields of 
science today. QIS involves a multitude of science and 
engineering disciplines, with potential applications in 
cybersecurity, medicine, communications, financial services and 
transportation.
    The Committee is concerned that as other nations around the 
world are rapidly advancing quantum programs, the United States 
faces the threat of falling behind. China and the European 
Union are investing billions of dollars in new research 
facilities and equipment for quantum computing. China, in 
particular, has stated publicly its national goal of surpassing 
the U.S. during the next decade.
    The Committee believes that now is the time to compose a 
national quantum strategy and preserve America's dominance in 
the scientific world. The Committee believes that the United 
States must leverage the expertise and resources of U.S. 
industry, academia and government to move QIS to the next level 
of research and development. The Committee believes that the 
United States has an opportunity to be a world leader in 
quantum computing, quantum sensing, and quantum communications.

National Institute of Standards and Technology

    The Committee recognizes the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology's leadership role in the field of 
quantum information science and technology. The Committee 
acknowledges NIST's current intramural and extramural research 
efforts that are critical to driving advancements in the field 
of quantum in order to maintain the Nation's preeminence in the 
field.
    The Committee recommends $80,000,000 each fiscal year, for 
5 years, to support NIST's QIS activities. The Committee 
believes that this additional investment of $50,000,000 a year 
over the current level of NIST support for QIS research will 
help accelerate the scientific advancements necessary to 
maintain United States leadership in QIS. The Committee 
encourages NIST to utilize such models as public-private 
partnerships and industry and academic consortia to use its 
unique capabilities to accelerate quantum measurement science, 
standards development, basic research and workforce 
development.

National Science Foundation

    The Committee recognizes that the National Science 
Foundation's (NSF) scientific leadership and decades of 
sustained support for basic research in physics, quantum 
mechanics, mathematics, computer science, engineering and other 
core fields has enabled the advances in QIS that are occurring 
and possible today. The Committee believes that NSF's support 
for innovative academic research collaborations with industry, 
private foundations, other agencies, as well as international 
collaborations, gives NSF an important leadership role in 
accelerating QIS research and workforce development as part of 
the National Quantum Initiative.
    The Committee recommends $50,000,000 each fiscal year, for 
five years, to establish up to five NSF Multidisciplinary 
Centers for Research and Education. The Committee believes that 
this should supplement important core research NSF is already 
supporting in QIS research and education activities. The 
Committee has not recommended an overall allocation for QIS 
research for NSF. The Committee believes that NSF supports many 
multidisciplinary research projects that contribute to the 
knowledge of QIS and an overall recommended level could be 
unintentionally limiting to NSF and its research over the next 
five years.

Department of Energy

    The Committee recognizes DOE's capabilities, research 
infrastructure, and expertise in materials science, physics, 
applied mathematics, and computer science provide a foundation 
for significant advances in QIS research and technological 
development. In particular, the DOE National Laboratories, 
which operate world-class, open-access user facilities around 
the country, provide access to the supercomputers, x-ray light 
sources, photon sources, and neutron sources that are necessary 
to conduct ground-breaking quantum research. The Committee 
supports DOE's current efforts to increase investment in QIS 
across the Office of Science, including for proposed programs 
in Biological and Environmental Research, High Energy Physics, 
Nuclear Physics, Basic Energy Sciences, and Advanced Scientific 
Computing Research (ASCR), as requested in the President's 
fiscal year 2019 Budget.
    The Committee also recommends the establishment of up to 
five National Quantum Information Science Research Centers, 
which will support the DOE Office of Science's basic research 
mission by convening talented groups of researchers in order to 
conduct basic research and accelerate scientific breakthroughs 
in quantum information science and technology. The Committee 
recommends $125,000,000 each fiscal year, for five years, to 
establish and operate these centers. The Committee encourages 
DOE to consider a cross-cutting research approach to ensure 
coordination of QIS research across the Office of Science and 
effective engagement with the research community and industry.
    The Committee acknowledges the contributions of the 
following reports: the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee 
(BESAC) ``Grand Challenges'' report; the BESAC ``From Quanta to 
the Continuum: Opportunities for Mesoscale Science'' report; 
and the 2015 publication of the Office of Science Quantum 
Computing Working Group titled, ``ASCR Report on Quantum 
Computing for Science.''

Quantum computing resources

    The Committee believes that federal research agencies, 
through their quantum research programs and the new NSF and DOE 
Centers, should utilize existing or new prototype quantum 
computers and communications systems for federally funded 
research. The Committee believes that the most transformative 
QIS technology will likely be the quantum computer, with its 
ability to solve certain problems that can never be approached 
with conventional devices.

                           Section-by-Section


                  TITLE I--NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE


Sec. 1. Short title; Table of contents

    This section establishes the short title for the bill as 
the ``National Quantum Initiative Act.''

Sec. 2. Definitions

    This section defines the terms ``Advisory Committee,'' 
``Coordination Office,'' ``institutions of higher education,'' 
``Program,'' ``quantum information science,'' and 
``Subcommittee.''

Sec. 3. Purposes

    This section outlines the purposes of the Act in promoting 
U.S. leadership in quantum information science and technology 
by supporting research and development, as well as improving 
interagency planning and coordination within Federal programs, 
promoting collaboration among government, Federal laboratories, 
industry, and universities, as well as promoting the 
development of standards for quantum information science and 
technology security.

Sec. 101. National Quantum Initiative Program

    This section directs the President to implement a 10-year 
National Quantum Initiative Program. The Program will establish 
goals, priorities, and metrics for quantum science and 
technology in the U.S., invest in Federal quantum research and 
development, develop a quantum workforce pipeline, provide for 
interagency coordination of Federal quantum information 
science, research, and development, as well as partner with 
industry and academia to leverage knowledge and resources.

Sec. 102. National Quantum Coordination Office

    This section establishes a National Quantum Coordination 
Office within the White House Office of Science and Technology 
Policy. The Office will provide technical and administrative 
support to the Subcommittee and the Advisory Committee, oversee 
interagency coordination, serve as the point of contact on 
Federal civilian quantum information science and technology 
activities, including public outreach and dissemination of 
findings and recommendations, promote access to and early 
application of technologies, innovations, and expertise derived 
from quantum activities, and promote access to existing quantum 
computing and communications systems for research. This section 
also directs funding for the Coordination Office come from 
funds made available by the participating agencies of the 
Subcommittee, as recommended by the Director of the Office of 
Science and Technology Policy.

Sec. 103. Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science

    This section directs the President to establish a 
Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science of the National 
Science and Technology Council. The Subcommittee shall include 
OSTP, NIST, NSF, DOE, the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration, the Department of Defense, the Office of the 
Director of National Intelligence, the Office of Management and 
Budget, and any other federal agencies designated by the 
President. The Subcommittee will be co-chaired by the NIST 
Director, NSF Director, and the DOE Secretary. The Subcommittee 
will coordinate QIS among the Federal agencies, establish the 
Program's goals and priorities, recommend Federal 
infrastructure needs, and evaluate opportunities for 
international cooperation on quantum research. This section 
directs the Subcommittee to develop a five-year strategic plan, 
and another five-year strategic plan, six years after 
enactment. This section requires the Subcommittee Chairs to 
submit reports to the President, the Advisory Committee, and 
Congress.

Sec. 104. National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee

    This section directs the President to establish a National 
Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee comprised of members from 
industry, academia, and Federal laboratories. Specific 
qualifications and criteria for membership consideration are 
also outlined in this section. The Advisory Committee will 
advise the President and the Subcommittee and make 
recommendations that shall be considered in reviewing and 
revising the Program, including independent assessments 
outlined in this section. A report is due to the President 
within one year of enactment, and subsequently once every two 
years, on the assessments required, as well as any 
recommendations to improve the Program.

Sec. 105. Sunset

    This section terminates authority to carry out the National 
Quantum Initiative Program, the National Quantum Coordination 
Office, the National Quantum NSTC Subcommittee, and the 
National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee 11 years after 
enactment. The President can extend the activities of these 
programs if they are necessary to meet national economic and 
security needs.

   TITLE II--NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM 
                               ACTIVITIES


Sec. 201. National Institute of Standards and Technology Activities and 
        Quantum Workshop

    This section directs NIST to continue to support quantum 
information science and technology research and development of 
measurement and standards infrastructure necessary to advance 
deployment of commercial quantum applications, establishes or 
expands collaborations with public or private sector entities, 
and grants authority to enter into contracts or other 
transactions for quantum research and development. This section 
also requires NIST to convene a workshop of stakeholders within 
one year of enactment to discuss the future measurement, 
standards, cybersecurity, and other needs for supporting the 
development of the quantum information science and technology 
industry in the United States. A report is also required within 
two years of enactment on the findings of the workshop. This 
section authorizes $400,000,000 to carry out the section over 
five years, which shall include $80,000,000 for each fiscal 
year 2019 through 2023.

 TITLE III--NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS 
                   FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION


Sec. 301. Quantum information science research and education program

    This section directs the NSF Director to carry out a basic 
research and education program on quantum information science 
and engineering. It directs the NSF Director to continue to 
support interdisciplinary QIS research and human resource 
development, use existing programs at NSF to improve the 
teaching and learning of QIS, increase participation of 
underrepresented individuals in the quantum fields, formulate 
NSF's goals for quantum research, coordinate research efforts 
across the Foundation, and engage with other Federal agencies.

Sec. 302. Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and Education

    This section directs the NSF Director to award grants to 
eligible entities to establish up to five Multidisciplinary 
Centers for Quantum Research and Education. The purpose of the 
Centers is to conduct basic research and education activities 
in support of the Program. The section specifies requirements 
for Center applications. Centers are authorized for five years 
and can reapply for five additional years on a competitive, 
merit-based process. This section authorizes $250,000,000 to 
support the Centers, which shall include $50,000,000 for each 
fiscal years 2019 through 2023. This section also authorizes 
the NSF Director to establish a traineeship program for U.S. 
citizen graduate students at U.S. institutions of higher 
education in QIS.

     TITLE IV--DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY RESEARCH AND NATIONAL QUANTUM 
                  INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTERS


Sec. 401. Quantum information science research program

    This section directs the Secretary of Energy to carry out a 
basic research program on quantum information science. This 
program will formulate scientific goals for QIS basic research 
in the U.S., utilize the collective knowledge from existing 
quantum research, coordinate research efforts across the DOE 
Office of Science, and engage users of the quantum information 
produced.

Sec. 402. National Quantum Information Science Research Centers

    This section directs the DOE Office of Science to establish 
and operate up to five National Quantum Information Science 
Research Centers to conduct basic research to accelerate 
scientific breakthroughs in quantum information science and 
technology. This section also outlines criteria for 
establishment, collaborations, and other requirements. The 
Centers are directed to carry out activities for a period of 
five years. This section authorizes appropriations of 
$625,000,000 over five years for the Office of Science to carry 
out this section, which shall include $125,000,000 for each 
fiscal years 2019 through 2023.

Sec. 403. Spending limitation

    No additional funds are authorized to be appropriated to 
carry out this Act and its amendments, and shall be carried out 
using amounts otherwise available for such purpose.

                       Explanation of Amendments

    An amendment offered by Representative Randy Hultgren was 
adopted by the Committee. The amendment adds to the 
Coordination Office responsibility for promoting access to 
existing quantum systems for research.

                        Committee Consideration

    On June 27, 2018, the Committee met in open session and 
ordered reported favorably the bill, H.R. 6227, as amended, by 
voice vote, a quorum being present.

              Application of Law to the Legislative Branch

    Section 102(b)(3) of Public Law 104-1 requires a 
description of the application of this bill to the legislative 
branch where the bill relates to the terms and conditions of 
employment or access to public services and accommodations. 
This bill provides for a coordinated Federal program to 
accelerate quantum research and development for the economic 
and national security of the United States. As such this bill 
does not relate to employment or access to public services and 
accommodations.
    Legislative branch employees and their families, to the 
extent that they are otherwise eligible for the benefits 
provided by this legislation, have equal access to its 
benefits.

  Statement of Oversight Findings and Recommendations of the Committee

    In compliance with clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII and clause 
(2)(b)(1) of rule X of the rules of the House of 
Representatives, the Committee's oversight findings and 
recommendations are reflected in the descriptive portions of 
this report.

         Statement of General Performance Goals and Objectives

    H.R. 6227, the National Quantum Initiative Act, will 
accelerate quantum research and development for the United 
States' economic and national security.

                    Duplication of Federal Programs

    No provision of H.R. 6227 establishes or reauthorizes a 
program of the Federal Government known to be duplicative of 
another Federal program, a program that was included in any 
report from the Government Accountability Office to Congress 
pursuant to section 21 of Public Law 111-139, or a program 
related to a program identified in the most recent Catalog of 
Federal Domestic Assistance.

                  Disclosure of Directed Rule Makings

    The Committee estimates that enacting H.R. 6227 does not 
direct the completion of any specific rule makings within the 
meaning of 5 U.S.C. 551.

                     Federal Advisory Committee Act

    The Committee finds that the legislation does not establish 
or authorize the establishment of an advisory committee within 
the definition of 5 U.S.C. App., Section 5(b).

                       Unfunded Mandate Statement

    Section 423 of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment 
Control Act (as amended by Section 101(a)(2) of the Unfunded 
Mandate Reform Act, P.L. 104-4) requires a statement as to 
whether the provisions of the reported include unfunded 
mandates. In compliance with this requirement the Committee has 
received a letter from the Congressional Budget Office included 
herein.

                         Earmark Identification

    H.R. 6227 does not include any congressional earmarks, 
limited tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits as defined in 
clause 9 of rule XXI.

                           Committee Estimate

    Clause 3(d)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of 
Representatives requires an estimate and a comparison by the 
Committee of the costs that would be incurred in carrying out 
H.R. 6227. However, clause 3(d)(3)(B) of that rule provides 
that this requirement does not apply when the Committee has 
included in its report a timely submitted cost estimate of the 
bill prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget 
Office under section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act.

     Budget Authority and Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate

    With respect to the requirements of clause 3(c)(2) of rule 
XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives and section 
308(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 and with respect 
to requirements of clause (3)(c)(3) of rule XIII of the Rules 
of the House of Representatives and section 402 of the 
Congressional Budget Act of 1974, the Committee has received 
the following cost estimate for H.R. 6227 from the Director of 
Congressional Budget Office:

                                     U.S. Congress,
                               Congressional Budget Office,
                                     Washington, DC, July 20, 2018.
Hon. Lamar Smith,
Chairman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology,
House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
    Dear Mr. Chairman: The Congressional Budget Office has 
prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 6227, the National 
Quantum Initiative Act.
    If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be 
pleased to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Janani 
Shankaran.
            Sincerely,
                                             Mark P. Hadley
                                        (For Keith Hall, Director).
    Enclosure.

H.R. 6227--National Quantum Initiative Act

    Summary: H.R. 6227 would establish an office and a program 
to advance research in quantum information science and 
technology applications. The bill would authorize the 
appropriations for the Department of Energy (DOE), the National 
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the National 
Science Foundation (NSF) to carry out related activities. CBO 
estimates that implementing H.R. 6227 would cost $1.1 billion 
over the 2019-2023 period, assuming appropriation of the 
authorized and necessary amounts.
    Enacting the bill would not affect direct spending or 
revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.
    CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 6227 would not increase 
net direct spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four 
consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2029.
    H.R. 6227 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector 
mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA).
    Estimated cost to the Federal Government: The estimated 
budgetary effect of H.R. 6227 is shown in the following table. 
The costs of the legislation fall within budget functions 250 
(science, space, and technology) and 370 (commerce and housing 
credit).

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             By fiscal year, in millions of dollars--
                                                ----------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   2018     2019     2020     2021     2022     2023   2019-2023
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                 INCREASES IN SPENDING SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATION
 
Department of Energy:
    Authorization Level........................        0      125      125      125      125      125       625
    Estimated Outlays..........................        0       69      106      125      125      125       550
National Institute of Standards and Technology:
    Authorization Level........................        0       80       80       80       80       80       400
    Estimated Outlays..........................        0       62       78       80       80       80       380
National Science Foundation:
    Authorization Level........................        0       50       50       50       50       50       250
    Estimated Outlays..........................        0        6       24       37       44       49       160
National Quantum Coordination Office:
    Estimated Authorization Level..............        0        1        1        1        1        1         5
    Estimated Outlays..........................        0        1        1        1        1        1         5
    Total:
        Estimated Authorization Level..........        0      256      256      256      256      256     1,280
        Estimated Outlays......................        0      138      209      243      250      255     1,095
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Basis of estimate: For this estimate, CBO assumes the 
legislation will be enacted near the end of 2018. Section 403 
of the bill states that no additional funds are authorized to 
be appropriated by H.R. 6227. In CBO's view, however, the bill 
effectively authorizes the appropriation of specified amounts 
by directing agencies to fund certain activities.
    H.R. 6227 effectively would authorize appropriations 
totaling $1.3 billion over the 2019-2023 period for the 
following agencies:
           $125 million annually for DOE to carry out 
        basic research and establish and operate quantum 
        information science research centers;
           $80 million annually for NIST to expand 
        quantum research and advance commercial development of 
        quantum applications; and
           $50 million annually for the NSF to carry 
        out a quantum research and education program and to 
        award grants to nonprofit organizations and 
        institutions of higher education.
    According to a Congressional Research Service report, in 
recent years the federal government has spent between $200 
million and $250 million annually on quantum information 
science research and development.\1\ DOE, NIST, and NSF 
received appropriations in 2018 for such activities. Under 
current law, no specific sums are authorized to be appropriated 
to those agencies for those purposes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\Congressional Research Service, Federal Quantum Information 
Science: An Overview (July 2, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    H.R. 6227 also would direct the President to establish a 
national quantum coordination office to manage interagency 
activities and conduct public outreach. Under the bill, the 
office would be staffed by employees detailed from federal 
agencies such as DOE, NIST, the NSF, the Department of Defense, 
the Office of Management and Budget, and the National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration. Based on programs of 
similar size and scope, CBO estimates that the office would 
require five full-time employees annually at a cost of about 
$150,000 each. The bill also would establish an advisory 
committee of representatives from industry, academic 
institutions, and federal laboratories, whose travel expenses 
could be reimbursed. CBO estimates that such expenses would be 
insignificant in any year. In total, CBO estimates that 
implementing the bill's staffing provisions would cost $1 
million annually.
    Based on historical spending patterns for similar 
activities, and assuming appropriation of the authorized and 
necessary amounts, CBO estimates that enacting H.R. 6227 would 
cost $1.1 billion over the 2019-2023 period.
    Pay-As-You-Go considerations: None.
    Increase in long-term direct spending and deficits: CBO 
estimates that enacting H.R. 6227 would not increase net direct 
spending or on-budget deficits in any of the four consecutive 
10-year periods beginning in 2029.
    Mandates: H.R. 6227 contains no intergovernmental or 
private-sector mandates as defined in UMRA.
    Estimate prepared by: Federal Costs: Janani Shankaran 
(Department of Energy and National Science Foundation), Stephen 
Rabent (National Institute of Standards and Technology); 
Mandates: Jon Sperl.
    Estimate reviewed by: Kim P. Cawley, Chief, Natural and 
Physical Resources Cost Estimates Unit; H. Samuel Papenfuss, 
Deputy Assistant Director for Budget Analysis.

                                  [all]