[House Report 111-679]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
111th Congress Rept. 111-679
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
2d Session Part 1
======================================================================
WARTIME TREATMENT STUDY ACT
_______
December 13, 2010.--Ordered to be printed
_______
Mr. Conyers, from the Committee on the Judiciary, submitted the
following
R E P O R T
together with
DISSENTING VIEWS
[To accompany H.R. 1425]
[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]
The Committee on the Judiciary, to whom was referred the bill
(H.R. 1425) to establish commissions to review the facts and
circumstances surrounding injustices suffered by European
Americans, European Latin Americans, and Jewish refugees during
World War II, having considered the same, report favorably
thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as
amended do pass.
CONTENTS
Page
The Amendment.................................................... 2
Purpose and Summary.............................................. 7
Background and Need for the Legislation.......................... 7
Hearings......................................................... 8
Committee Consideration.......................................... 8
Committee Votes.................................................. 9
Committee Oversight Findings..................................... 10
New Budget Authority and Tax Expenditures........................ 10
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate........................ 11
Performance Goals and Objectives................................. 12
Constitutional Authority Statement............................... 12
Advisory on Earmarks............................................. 12
Section-by-Section Analysis...................................... 12
Dissenting Views................................................. 15
Appendix......................................................... 17
The Amendment
The amendment is as follows:
Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the
following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Wartime Treatment Study Act''.
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) During World War II, the United States Government
deemed as ``enemy aliens'' more than 600,000 Italian-born and
300,000 German-born United States resident aliens and their
families, requiring them to carry Certificates of
Identification and limiting their travel and personal property
rights. At that time, these groups were the two largest
foreign-born groups in the United States.
(2) During World War II, the United States Government
arrested, interned, or otherwise detained thousands of European
Americans, some remaining in custody for years after cessation
of World War II hostilities, and repatriated, exchanged, or
deported European Americans, including American-born children,
to European Axis nations, many to be exchanged for Americans
held in those nations.
(3) Pursuant to a policy coordinated by the United States
with Latin American nations, thousands of European Latin
Americans, including German and Austrian Jews, were arrested,
relocated to the United States, and interned. Many were later
repatriated or deported to European Axis nations during World
War II and exchanged for Americans and Latin Americans held in
those nations.
(4) Millions of European Americans served in the armed
forces and thousands sacrificed their lives in defense of the
United States.
(5) The wartime policies of the United States Government
were devastating to the German American and Italian American
communities, individuals, and families. The detrimental effects
are still being experienced.
(6) Prior to and during World War II, the United States
restricted the entry of Jewish refugees who were fleeing
persecution or genocide and sought safety in the United States.
During the 1930s and 1940s, the quota system, immigration
regulations, visa requirements, and the time required to
process visa applications affected the number of Jewish
refugees, particularly those from Germany and Austria, who
could gain admittance to the United States.
(7) The United States Government should conduct an
independent review to fully assess and acknowledge these
actions. Congress has previously reviewed the United States
Government's wartime treatment of Japanese Americans through
the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of
Civilians. An independent review of the treatment of German
Americans and Italian Americans and of Jewish refugees fleeing
persecution and genocide has not yet been undertaken.
(8) Time is of the essence for the establishment of
commissions, because of the increasing danger of destruction
and loss of relevant documents, the advanced age of potential
witnesses and, most importantly, the advanced age of those
affected by the United States Government's policies. Many who
suffered have already passed away and will never know of this
effort.
SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) During world war ii.--The term ``during World War II''
refers to the period beginning September 1, 1939, and ending
December 31, 1948.
(2) European americans.--
(A) In general.--The term ``European Americans''
refers to United States citizens and resident aliens of
European ancestry, including Italian Americans, German
Americans, Hungarian Americans, Romanian Americans, and
Bulgarian Americans.
(B) German americans.--The term ``German
Americans'' refers to United States citizens and
resident aliens of German ancestry.
(C) Italian americans.--The term ``Italian
Americans'' refers to United States citizens and
resident aliens of Italian ancestry.
(3) European latin americans.--The term ``European Latin
Americans'' refers to persons of European ancestry, including
German or Italian ancestry, residing in a Latin American nation
during World War II.
(4) Latin american nation.--The term ``Latin American
nation'' refers to any nation in Central America, South
America, or the Caribbean.
TITLE I--COMMISSION ON WARTIME TREATMENT OF EUROPEAN AMERICANS
SEC. 101. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSION ON WARTIME TREATMENT OF EUROPEAN
AMERICANS.
(a) In General.--There is established the Commission on Wartime
Treatment of European Americans (referred to in this title as the
``European American Commission'').
(b) Membership.--The European American Commission shall be composed
of 7 members, who shall be appointed not later than 90 days after the
date of the enactment of this Act as follows:
(1) 3 members shall be appointed by the President.
(2) 2 members shall be appointed by the Speaker of the
House of Representatives, in consultation with the minority
leader.
(3) 2 members shall be appointed by the majority leader of
the Senate, in consultation with the minority leader.
The selections of the members of the European American Commission shall
be done to ensure that all of the members are fully able to adequately
and fairly review the facts and discharge the duties of the commission
without bias.
(c) Terms.--The term of office for members shall be for the life of
the European American Commission. A vacancy in the European American
Commission shall not affect its powers, and shall be filled in the same
manner in which the original appointment was made.
(d) Representation.--The European American Commission shall include
two members with professional expertise relating to the treatment of
Italian Americans and two members with professional expertise relating
to the treatment of German Americans.
(e) First Meeting.--The President shall call the first meeting of
the European American Commission not later than 120 days after the date
of the enactment of this Act.
(f) Quorum.--Four members of the European American Commission shall
constitute a quorum, but a lesser number may hold hearings.
(g) Chairs.--The European American Commission shall elect a
Chairperson and Vice Chairperson from among its members. The term of
office of each shall be for the life of the European American
Commission.
(h) Compensation.--
(1) In general.--Members of the European American
Commission shall serve without pay.
(2) Reimbursement of expenses.--All members of the European
American Commission shall be reimbursed for reasonable travel
and subsistence, and other reasonable and necessary expenses
incurred by them in the performance of their duties.
SEC. 102. DUTIES OF THE EUROPEAN AMERICAN COMMISSION.
(a) In General.--The European American Commission shall review the
United States Government's wartime treatment of European Americans and
European Latin Americans, as provided in subsection (b).
(b) Scope of Review.--The European American Commission's review
shall include the following:
(1) A comprehensive review of the facts and circumstances
surrounding action by the United States Government during World
War II with respect to European Americans and European Latin
Americans pursuant to United States laws and directives,
including the Alien Enemies Acts (50 U.S.C. 21 et seq.),
Presidential Proclamations 2526, 2527, 2655, 2662, and 2685,
Executive Orders 9066 and 9095, and any directive of the United
States Government pursuant to these and other pertinent laws,
proclamations, or executive orders, including registration
requirements, travel and property restrictions, establishment
of restricted areas, raids, arrests, internment, exclusion,
policies relating to the families and property that excludees
and internees were forced to abandon, internee employment by
American companies (including a list of such companies and the
terms and type of employment), exchange, repatriation, and
deportation, and the immediate and long-term effect of such
actions, particularly internment, on the lives of those
affected. This review shall also include a list of--
(A) all temporary detention and long-term
internment facilities in the United States and Latin
American nations that were used to detain or intern
European Americans and European Latin Americans during
World War II (in this paragraph referred to as ``World
War II detention facilities'');
(B) the names of European Americans and European
Latin Americans who died while in World War II
detention facilities and where they were buried;
(C) the names of children of European Americans and
European Latin Americans who were born in World War II
detention facilities and where they were born; and
(D) the nations from which European Latin Americans
were brought to the United States, the ships that
transported them to the United States and their
departure and disembarkation ports, the locations where
European Americans and European Latin Americans were
exchanged for persons held in European Axis nations,
and the ships that transported them to Europe and their
departure and disembarkation ports.
(2) An assessment of the underlying rationale of the
decision of the United States Government to develop the
programs and policies described in paragraph (1), the
information the United States Government received or acquired
suggesting these programs and policies were necessary, the
perceived benefit of implementing such programs and policies,
and the immediate and long-term impact of such programs and
policies on European Americans and European Latin Americans and
their communities.
(3) A brief review of the participation by European
Americans in the United States Armed Forces, including the
participation of European Americans whose families were
excluded, interned, repatriated, or exchanged.
(4) A recommendation of appropriate remedies, including
public education programs and the creation of a comprehensive
online database by the National Archives and Records
Administration of documents related to the United States
Government's wartime treatment of European Americans and
European Latin Americans during World War II.
(c) Field Hearings.--The European American Commission shall hold
public hearings in such cities in the United States as it considers
appropriate.
(d) Report.--The European American Commission shall submit a
written report of its findings and recommendations to the Congress not
later than 18 months after the date of the first meeting called
pursuant to section 101(e).
SEC. 103. POWERS OF THE EUROPEAN AMERICAN COMMISSION.
(a) In General.--The European American Commission or, on the
authorization of the Commission, any subcommittee or member thereof,
may, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this title, hold
such hearings and sit and act at such times and places, and request the
attendance and testimony of such witnesses and the production of such
books, records, correspondence, memorandum, papers, and documents as
the Commission or such subcommittee or member considers advisable. The
European American Commission may request the Attorney General to invoke
the aid of an appropriate United States district court to require, by
subpoena or otherwise, such attendance, testimony, or production.
(b) Government Information and Cooperation.--The European American
Commission may acquire directly from the head of any department,
agency, independent instrumentality, or other authority of the
executive branch of the Government, available information that the
European American Commission considers useful in the discharge of its
duties. All departments, agencies, and independent instrumentalities,
or other authorities of the executive branch of the Government shall
cooperate with the European American Commission and furnish all
information requested by the European American Commission to the extent
permitted by law, including information collected under the Commission
on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Act (Public Law 96-
317; 50 U.S.C. App. 1981 note) and the Wartime Violation of Italian
Americans Civil Liberties Act (Public Law 106-451; 50 U.S.C. App. 1981
note). For purposes of section 552a(b)(9) of title 5, United States
Code (commonly known as the ``Privacy Act of 1974''), the European
American Commission shall be deemed to be a committee of jurisdiction.
SEC. 104. ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS.
The European American Commission may--
(1) appoint and fix the compensation of such personnel as
may be necessary, without regard to the provisions of title 5,
United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive
service, and without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and
subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to
classification and General Schedule pay rates, except that the
compensation of any employee of the Commission may not exceed a
rate equivalent to the rate payable under GS-15 of the General
Schedule under section 5332 of such title;
(2) obtain the services of experts and consultants in
accordance with the provisions of section 3109 of such title;
(3) obtain the detail of any Federal Government employee,
and such detail shall be without reimbursement or interruption
or loss of civil service status or privilege;
(4) enter into agreements with the Administrator of General
Services for the procurement of necessary financial and
administrative services, for which payment shall be made by
reimbursement from funds of the Commission in such amounts as
may be agreed upon by the Chairperson of the Commission and the
Administrator;
(5) procure supplies, services, and property by contract in
accordance with applicable laws and regulations and to the
extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation
Acts; and
(6) enter into contracts with Federal or State agencies,
private firms, institutions, and agencies for the conduct of
research or surveys, the preparation of reports, and other
activities necessary to the discharge of the duties of the
Commission, to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in
appropriation Acts.
SEC. 105. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
There is authorized to be appropriated $600,000 to carry out this
title.
SEC. 106. SUNSET.
The European American Commission shall terminate 60 days after it
submits its report to the Congress under section 102(d).
TITLE II--COMMISSION ON WARTIME TREATMENT OF JEWISH REFUGEES
SEC. 201. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSION ON WARTIME TREATMENT OF JEWISH
REFUGEES.
(a) In General.--There is established the Commission on Wartime
Treatment of Jewish Refugees (referred to in this title as the ``Jewish
Refugee Commission'').
(b) Membership.--The Jewish Refugee Commission shall be composed of
7 members, who shall be appointed not later than 90 days after the date
of the enactment of this Act as follows:
(1) 3 members shall be appointed by the President.
(2) 2 members shall be appointed by the Speaker of the
House of Representatives, in consultation with the minority
leader.
(3) 2 members shall be appointed by the majority leader of
the Senate, in consultation with the minority leader.
The selections of the members of the Jewish Refugee Commission shall be
done to ensure that all of the members are fully able to adequately and
fairly review the facts and discharge the duties of the commission
without bias.
(c) Terms.--The term of office for members shall be for the life of
the Jewish Refugee Commission. A vacancy in the Jewish Refugee
Commission shall not affect its powers, and shall be filled in the same
manner in which the original appointment was made.
(d) Representation.--The Jewish Refugee Commission shall include
two members with professional expertise relating to the treatment of
Jewish refugees.
(e) First Meeting.--The President shall call the first meeting of
the Jewish Refugee Commission not later than 120 days after the date of
the enactment of this Act.
(f) Quorum.--Four members of the Jewish Refugee Commission shall
constitute a quorum, but a lesser number may hold hearings.
(g) Chairs.--The Jewish Refugee Commission shall elect a
Chairperson and Vice Chairperson from among its members. The term of
office of each shall be for the life of the Jewish Refugee Commission.
(h) Compensation.--
(1) In general.--Members of the Jewish Refugee Commission
shall serve without pay.
(2) Reimbursement of expenses.--All members of the Jewish
Refugee Commission shall be reimbursed for reasonable travel
and subsistence, and other reasonable and necessary expenses
incurred by them in the performance of their duties.
SEC. 202. DUTIES OF THE JEWISH REFUGEE COMMISSION.
(a) In General.--The Jewish Refugee Commission shall review the
United States Government's refusal to allow Jewish and other refugees
fleeing persecution or genocide in Europe entry to the United States,
as provided in subsection (b).
(b) Scope of Review.--The Jewish Refugee Commission's review shall
cover the period beginning January 1, 1933, and ending December 31,
1945, and shall include, to the greatest extent practicable, the
following:
(1) A review of the United States Government's decision to
deny Jewish and other refugees fleeing persecution or genocide
in Europe entry to the United States, including a review of the
underlying rationale of the United States Government's decision
to refuse the Jewish and other refugees entry, the information
the United States Government received or acquired suggesting
such refusal was necessary, the perceived benefit of such
refusal, and the impact of such refusal on the refugees.
(2) A review of Federal refugee law and policy relating to
those fleeing persecution or genocide, including
recommendations for making it easier in the future for victims
of persecution or genocide to obtain refuge in the United
States.
(c) Field Hearings.--The Jewish Refugee Commission shall hold
public hearings in such cities in the United States as it considers
appropriate.
(d) Report.--The Jewish Refugee Commission shall submit a written
report of its findings and recommendations to the Congress not later
than 18 months after the date of the first meeting called pursuant to
section 201(e).
SEC. 203. POWERS OF THE JEWISH REFUGEE COMMISSION.
(a) In General.--The Jewish Refugee Commission or, on the
authorization of the Commission, any subcommittee or member thereof,
may, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this title, hold
such hearings and sit and act at such times and places, and request the
attendance and testimony of such witnesses and the production of such
books, records, correspondence, memorandum, papers, and documents as
the Commission or such subcommittee or member considers advisable. The
Jewish Refugee Commission may request the Attorney General to invoke
the aid of an appropriate United States district court to require, by
subpoena or otherwise, such attendance, testimony, or production.
(b) Government Information and Cooperation.--The Jewish Refugee
Commission may acquire directly from the head of any department,
agency, independent instrumentality, or other authority of the
executive branch of the Government, available information that the
Jewish Refugee Commission considers useful in the discharge of its
duties. All departments, agencies, and independent instrumentalities,
or other authorities of the executive branch of the Government shall
cooperate with the Jewish Refugee Commission and furnish all
information requested by the Jewish Refugee Commission to the extent
permitted by law. For purposes of section 552a(b)(9) of title 5, United
States Code (commonly known as the ``Privacy Act of 1974''), the Jewish
Refugee Commission shall be deemed to be a committee of jurisdiction.
SEC. 204. ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS.
The Jewish Refugee Commission may--
(1) appoint and fix the compensation of such personnel as
may be necessary, without regard to the provisions of title 5,
United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive
service, and without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and
subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to
classification and General Schedule pay rates, except that the
compensation of any employee of the Commission may not exceed a
rate equivalent to the rate payable under GS-15 of the General
Schedule under section 5332 of such title;
(2) obtain the services of experts and consultants in
accordance with the provisions of section 3109 of such title;
(3) obtain the detail of any Federal Government employee,
and such detail shall be without reimbursement or interruption
or loss of civil service status or privilege;
(4) enter into agreements with the Administrator of General
Services for the procurement of necessary financial and
administrative services, for which payment shall be made by
reimbursement from funds of the Commission in such amounts as
may be agreed upon by the Chairman of the Commission and the
Administrator;
(5) procure supplies, services, and property by contract in
accordance with applicable laws and regulations and to the
extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation
Acts; and
(6) enter into contracts with Federal or State agencies,
private firms, institutions, and agencies for the conduct of
research or surveys, the preparation of reports, and other
activities necessary to the discharge of the duties of the
Commission, to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in
appropriation Acts.
SEC. 205. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.
There is authorized to be appropriated $600,000 to carry out this
title.
SEC. 206. SUNSET.
The Jewish Refugee Commission shall terminate 60 days after it
submits its report to the Congress under section 202(d).
Purpose and Summary
H.R. 1425, the ``Wartime Treatment Study Act,'' creates one
commission to review the United States Government's treatment
of European Americans and European Latin Americans during World
War II, and a second commission to review the United States
Government's refusal to allow refugees fleeing persecution or
genocide in Europe entry to the United States during that same
period.
Background and Need for the Legislation
The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of
Civilians Act established a commission to review the history of
the internment and relocation of Japanese Americans and legal
permanent residents and to recommend appropriate remedies.\1\
In 1983, the Commission produced an extensive report of its
findings, and made a series of recommendations ranging from a
formal apology to restitution payments.\2\ While the
Commission's report consisted of a thorough examination of the
World War II internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans, the
treatment of other populations during the same time period was
either insufficiently examined, or not addressed at all.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Pub. L. No. 96-317, 94 Stat. 964 (1980).
\2\The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of
Civilians, Personal Justice Denied (U.S. Government Printing Office
1983).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
European Latin Americans, European Americans, and Jewish
refugees were among the populations that were not thoroughly
addressed by the Commission's report. Although the Commission
detailed the treatment of German and Italian Latin Americans
during World War II, it did so only in the appendix of its
report.\3\ The report observes that ``approximately 3,000
residents of Latin America were deported to the United States
for internment to secure the Western Hemisphere from internal
threats and to supply exchanges for American citizens held by
the Axis. Most of these deportees were citizens, or their
families, of Japan, Germany and Italy.''\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\Id. at 305-14.
\4\Id. at 305.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The appendix states that:
[n]ormal legal proceedings were ignored. . . . On
entering the United States, officials of Axis nations
were placed in State Department custody and private
citizens were sent to INS internment camps in Texas. In
most cases passports had been confiscated before
landing, and the State Department ordered American
consuls . . . to issue no visas prior to departure.
Despite their involuntary arrival, deportees were
treated by INS as having illegally entered this
country. Thus the deportees became illegal aliens in
U.S. custody who were subject to deportation
proceedings, i.e., repatriation.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\Id. at 308
In addition to the appendix on European Latin Americans,
the Commission included one chapter detailing the treatment of
German and Italian Americans in the U.S. In this single chapter
on German and Italian Americans, the Commission noted that
``[b]y February 16, 1942, the Justice Department had interned
2,192 Japanese; 1,393 Germans and 264 Italians.''\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\6\Id. at 284.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The German and Italian American and Latin American
communities have long advocated for a study similar to the one
completed by the Commission in 1983. These communities argue
that their experiences were never given a proper and thorough
review by the Federal Government.
The treatment of the Italian American community during WWII
was the subject of the Italian American Civil Liberties Act in
2000 and a subsequent report by the Department of Justice.
However, many Italian Americans believe they received less with
an Act requiring a Department of Justice report--but no
recommendations for follow up action--than the Japanese
American community received through an Act that established a
Federal commission and resulted in the production of a report
and recommendations.
Additionally, the Commission did not report on the
treatment of Jewish refugees seeking safe haven in the U.S.
from genocide and persecution in Europe during World War II.
The Jewish community has advocated for a Federal commission to
study this history and report to Congress with findings and
recommendations.
Hearings
The Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship,
Refugees, Border Security, and International Law held 1 day of
hearings on ``The Treatment of Latin Americans of Japanese
Descent, European Americans, and Jewish Refugees During World
War II'' on March 19, 2009. Testimony was received from Daniel
M. Masterson, Professor of Latin American History, U.S. Naval
Academy; Grace Shimizu, Director, Japanese Peruvian Oral
History Project; Libia Yamamoto, former Japanese of Latin
American Descent Internee; John Christgau, author of Enemies:
World War II Alien Internment; Karen E. Ebel, President, German
American Internee Coalition; Heidi Gurcke Donald, Board and
Founding Member, German American Internee Coalition; John
Fonte, Director, Center for American Common Culture and Senior
Fellow, Hudson Institute; David A. Harris, Executive Director,
American Jewish Committee; Leo Bretholz, author of Leap Into
Darkness; Valery Bazarov, Director, Location and Family History
Service, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society; and Michael Horowitz,
Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute. Additional materials were
submitted for the hearing and may be found in the Appendix to
the Committee's report.
Committee Consideration
On July 23, 2009, the Subcommittee on Immigration,
Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law
met in open session and ordered the bill H.R. 1425 favorably
reported with an amendment by a vote of 9 to 1, a quorum being
present. On October 21, 2009, the Committee met in open session
and ordered the bill H.R. 1425 favorably reported with an
amendment by a rollcall vote of 19 to 7, a quorum being
present.
Committee Votes
In compliance with clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of
the House of Representatives, the Committee advises that the
following rollcall votes occurred during the Committee's
consideration of H.R. 1425:
1. An amendment by Mr. King to limit the ability of
commissioners to consider all appropriate remedies by barring
them from recommending monetary compensation. Defeated 10 to
17.
ROLLCALL NO. 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ayes Nays Present
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mr. Conyers, Jr., Chairman...................................... X
Mr. Berman......................................................
Mr. Boucher.....................................................
Mr. Nadler...................................................... X
Mr. Scott....................................................... X
Mr. Watt........................................................ X
Ms. Lofgren.....................................................
Ms. Jackson Lee.................................................
Ms. Waters...................................................... X
Mr. Delahunt.................................................... X
Mr. Wexler...................................................... X
Mr. Cohen....................................................... X
Mr. Johnson..................................................... X
Mr. Pierluisi................................................... X
Mr. Quigley..................................................... X
Ms. Chu......................................................... X
Mr. Gutierrez...................................................
Ms. Baldwin..................................................... X
Mr. Gonzalez....................................................
Mr. Weiner...................................................... X
Mr. Schiff...................................................... X
Ms. Sanchez..................................................... X
Ms. Wasserman Schultz...........................................
Mr. Maffei...................................................... X
Mr. Smith, Ranking Member....................................... X
Mr. Sensenbrenner, Jr...........................................
Mr. Coble....................................................... X
Mr. Gallegly....................................................
Mr. Goodlatte................................................... X
Mr. Lungren.....................................................
Mr. Issa........................................................ X
Mr. Forbes...................................................... X
Mr. King........................................................ X
Mr. Franks......................................................
Mr. Gohmert..................................................... X
Mr. Jordan......................................................
Mr. Poe......................................................... X
Mr. Chaffetz....................................................
Mr. Rooney...................................................... X
Mr. Harper...................................................... X
-----------------------------------------------
Total....................................................... 10 17
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Motion to report H.R. 1425 favorably, as amended. Passed
19 to 7.
ROLLCALL NO. 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ayes Nays Present
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mr. Conyers, Jr., Chairman...................................... X
Mr. Berman......................................................
Mr. Boucher..................................................... X
Mr. Nadler...................................................... X
Mr. Scott....................................................... X
Mr. Watt........................................................ X
Ms. Lofgren.....................................................
Ms. Jackson Lee.................................................
Ms. Waters...................................................... X
Mr. Delahunt....................................................
Mr. Wexler...................................................... X
Mr. Cohen....................................................... X
Mr. Johnson..................................................... X
Mr. Pierluisi................................................... X
Mr. Quigley..................................................... X
Ms. Chu......................................................... X
Mr. Gutierrez...................................................
Ms. Baldwin..................................................... X
Mr. Gonzalez....................................................
Mr. Weiner...................................................... X
Mr. Schiff...................................................... X
Ms. Sanchez..................................................... X
Ms. Wasserman Schultz...........................................
Mr. Maffei...................................................... X
Mr. Smith, Ranking Member....................................... X
Mr. Sensenbrenner, Jr...........................................
Mr. Coble....................................................... X
Mr. Gallegly....................................................
Mr. Goodlatte................................................... X
Mr. Lungren.....................................................
Mr. Issa........................................................ X
Mr. Forbes...................................................... X
Mr. King........................................................ X
Mr. Franks......................................................
Mr. Gohmert.....................................................
Mr. Jordan......................................................
Mr. Poe......................................................... X
Mr. Chaffetz....................................................
Mr. Rooney...................................................... X
Mr. Harper...................................................... X
-----------------------------------------------
Total....................................................... 19 7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Committee Oversight Findings
In compliance with clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules
of the House of Representatives, the Committee advises that the
findings and recommendations of the Committee, based on
oversight activities under clause 2(b)(1) of rule X of the
Rules of the House of Representatives, are incorporated in the
descriptive portions of this report.
New Budget Authority and Tax Expenditures
Clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives is inapplicable because this legislation does
not provide new budgetary authority or increased tax
expenditures.
Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate
In compliance with clause 3(c)(3) of rule XIII of the Rules
of the House of Representatives, the Committee sets forth, with
respect to the bill, H.R. 1425, the following estimate and
comparison prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget
Office under section 402 of the Congressional Budget Act of
1974:
U.S. Congress,
Congressional Budget Office,
Washington, DC, November 18, 2009.
Hon. John Conyers, Jr., Chairman,
Committee on the Judiciary,
House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
Dear Mr. Chairman: The Congressional Budget Office has
prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 1425, the
``Wartime Treatment Study Act.''
If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be
pleased to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Matthew
Pickford, who can be reached at 226-2860.
Sincerely,
Douglas W. Elmendorf,
Director.
Enclosure
cc:
Honorable Lamar S. Smith.
Ranking Member
H.R. 1425--Wartime Treatment Study Act.
H.R. 1425 would establish the Commission on Wartime
Treatment of European Americans and the Commission on Wartime
Treatment of Jewish Refugees. The first commission would review
the conduct of the United States government during World War II
towards European Americans and European Latin Americans. The
second commission would focus on the government's treatment of
Jewish refugees during World War II.
Each commission, consisting of seven members, would have 18
months to report on its findings and recommendations. Members
would serve without pay, but would be reimbursed for travel
expenses. In addition, the commissions could hire staff or use
personnel from other agencies. Each commission would terminate
60 days after submitting its final report. To fund the costs of
the commissions, the bill would authorize the appropriation of
$1.2 million ($600,000 per commission).
Assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts, CBO
estimates that implementing H.R. 1425 would cost about $1
million over the 2010-2012 period. Enacting the bill would not
affect direct spending or revenues. The legislation does not
authorize any payment of restitution; such authority would
require a separate act of Congress.
H.R. 1425 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector
mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and
would not affect the budgets of State, local, or tribal
governments.
The CBO staff contact for this estimate is Matthew
Pickford, who can be reached at 226-2860. This estimate was
approved by Theresa Gullo, Deputy Assistant Director for Budget
Analysis.
Performance Goals and Objectives
The Committee states that pursuant to clause 3(c)(4) of
rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives, H.R.
1425 will establish a Commission to review the United States
Government's treatment of European Americans and European Latin
Americans during World War II, and a second Commission to
review the United States Government's refusal to allow Jewish
and other refugees fleeing persecution or genocide in Europe
entry to the United States during that same period. Each
commission shall submit a written report of its findings and
recommendations to Congress not later than 18 months after the
date of its first meeting.
Constitutional Authority Statement
Pursuant to clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, the Committee finds the authority for
this legislation in article I, section 8 of the Constitution.
Advisory on Earmarks
In accordance with clause 9 of rule XXI of the Rules of the
House of Representatives, H.R. 1425 does not contain any
congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff
benefits as defined in clause 9 of rule XXI.
Section-by-Section Analysis
The following discussion describes the bill as reported by
the Committee.
Sec. 1. Short title. Section 1 sets forth the short title
of the bill as the ``Wartime Treatment Study Act.''
Sec. 2. Findings. Section 2 sets forth several findings of
Congress. Congress finds that during WWII, more than 600,000
Italian-born and 300,000 German-born United States resident
aliens and their families were deemed ``enemy aliens.''
Thousands of these European Americans were detained in the
United States--sometimes for years--and some were returned to
European Axis countries for the purpose of prisoner exchanges.
Congress also finds that thousands of European Latin Americans,
including German and Austrian Jews, were brought to the United
States, detained or interned, and later repatriated or deported
to European Axis countries in exchange for Americans and Latin
Americans held in those countries. Congress also finds that
prior to and during WWII, Jewish refugees fleeing persecution
and genocide--particularly from Germany and Austria--were
unable to gain entry to the United States.
Sec. 3. Definitions. Section 3 provides basic definitions.
TITLE I--COMMISSION ON WARTIME TREATMENT OF
EUROPEAN AMERICANS
Sec. 101. Establishment of Commission on Wartime Treatment
of European Americans. Establishes a European American
Commission composed of seven members, who shall be appointed
not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of the Act
as follows: (1) three members shall be appointed by the
President; (2) two members shall be appointed by the Speaker of
the House of Representatives, in consultation with the minority
leader; and (3) two members shall be appointed by the majority
leader of the Senate, in consultation with the minority leader.
The European American Commission shall include two members with
professional expertise relating to the treatment of Italian
Americans and two members with professional expertise relating
to the treatment of German Americans. Members shall be selected
so that they may adequately and fairly review the facts and
discharge the duties of the commission without bias. Four
members shall constitute a quorum, but fewer members may hold
hearings. Members of the European American Commission shall
serve without pay.
Sec. 102. Duties of the European American Commission.
Directs the European American Commission to review the United
States Government's wartime treatment of European Americans and
European Latin Americans during World War II. The Commission
shall assemble a list of temporary detention and long-term
internment facilities, a list of European Americans and
European Latin Americans who were born in, or who died in, such
camps, and a complete accounting of how European Latin
Americans were brought to the United States and how European
Americans and European Latin Americans were transported to
European Axis countries. The review shall include a
consideration of the United States Government's underlying
rationale for this treatment, and make appropriate
recommendations, including public education programs and the
creation of a comprehensive online database by the National
Archives and Records Administration of relevant documents. The
European American Commission shall hold public hearings in such
cities of the United States as it deems appropriate. The
European American Commission shall submit a written report of
its findings and recommendations to Congress not later than 18
months after the date of the first meeting.
Sec. 103. Powers of the European American Commission.
Authorizes the European American Commission to hold hearings
and to require attendance or testimony by subpoena or
otherwise. Authorizes the European American Commission to
acquire relevant information directly from the executive
branch.
Sec. 104. Administrative Provisions. Authorizes the
European American Commission to take certain administrative
actions, including setting pay rates for Commission employees,
obtain the services of experts and Federal Government
detailees, and enter into agreements to obtain necessary
services and supplies.
Sec. 105. Authorization of Appropriations. Authorizes
$600,000 to be appropriated to carry out Title I.
Sec. 106. Sunset. The European American Commission shall
terminate 60 days after it submits its report to Congress.
TITLE II--COMMISSION ON WARTIME TREATMENT OF
JEWISH REFUGEES
Sec. 201. Establishment of Commission on Wartime Treatment
of Jewish Refugees. Establishes a Jewish Refugee Commission
composed of seven members, who shall be appointed not later
than 90 days after the date of enactment of the Act as follows:
(1) three members shall be appointed by the President; (2) two
members shall be appointed by the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, in consultation with the minority leader; and
(3) two members shall be appointed by the majority leader of
the Senate, in consultation with the minority leader. The
Jewish Refugee Commission shall include two members with
professional expertise relating to the treatment of Jewish
refugees. Members shall be selected so that they may adequately
and fairly review the facts and discharge the duties of the
commission without bias. Four members shall constitute a
quorum, but fewer members may hold hearings. Members of the
Jewish Refugee Commission shall serve without pay.
Sec. 202. Duties of the Jewish Refugee Commission. Directs
the Jewish Refugee Commission to review the United States
Government's refusal to allow Jewish and other refugees fleeing
persecution or genocide in Europe entry to the United States
between January 1, 1933, through December 31, 1945. The review
shall include, to the greatest extent possible, consideration
of the rationale underlying the decision to refuse entry to
Jewish and other refugees and all relevant Federal laws and
policies relating to persons fleeing persecution or genocide.
The Jewish Refugee Commission shall hold public hearings in
such cities of the United States as it deems appropriate. The
Jewish Refugee Commission shall submit a written report of its
findings and recommendations to Congress not later than 18
months after the date of the first meeting.
Sec. 203. Powers of the Jewish Refugee Commission.
Authorizes the Jewish Refugee Commission to hold hearings and
receive testimony and evidence. The Commission is also
authorized to request the Attorney General to invoke judicial
intervention to require, by subpoenas or otherwise, attendance,
testimony, or production of records. The Jewish Refugee
Commission may acquire relevant information directly from the
Executive Branch.
Sec. 204. Administrative Provisions. Authorizes the Jewish
Refugee Commission to take certain administrative actions,
including setting pay rates for Commission employees, obtaining
the services of experts and Federal Government detailees, and
entering into agreements to obtain necessary services and
supplies.
Sec. 205. Authorization of Appropriations. Authorizes
$600,000 to be appropriated to carry out Title II.
Sec. 206. Sunset. The Jewish Refugee Commission shall
terminate 60 days after it submits its report to Congress.
Dissenting Views
We oppose H.R. 1425, which creates a seven-member
Commission to ``review the United States Government's wartime
treatment of European Americans and European Latin Americans .
. .'' and of Jewish refugees, during World War II.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\H.R. 1425, Wartime Treatment Study Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 102(b)(4) requires the Commission, as one of its
duties, to recommend ``appropriate remedies'' based on the
Commission's review of facts and circumstances surrounding the
U.S. government's actions during WWII.\2\ Because there is no
specific definition of ``remedies,'' such remedies can include
reparations. During both Subcommittee and Full Committee markup
of the bill, Subcommittee Ranking Member King offered an
amendment to prevent ``remedies'' from including ``monetary
compensation.'' The amendment was defeated both times despite
assurances from many Members of the Majority, including the
bill's author, that the bill was not intended as a conduit for
monetary compensation for those affected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\H.R. 1425, Wartime Treatment Study Act, Sec. 102(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our concern is well warranted. The ``Commission on Wartime
Relocation and Internment of Civilians Act''\3\ enacted in
1980, established a commission to review the history of the
internment and relocation of 120,000 Japanese Americans and
legal permanent residents during World War II and to recommend
appropriate remedies.\4\ One of the Commission's recommended
remedies was for Congress to establish a fund which would
provide a one-time per capita compensatory payment of $20,000
to each of the approximately 60,000 surviving persons
interned.\5\ Congress did so with the Civil Liberties Act of
1988.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\Pub. L. No. 96-317, 94 Stat. 964 (1980).
\4\Id.
\5\U.S. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of
Civilians: Personal Justice Denied 462-63 (University of Washington
Press 1997) (1983).
\6\Pub. L. No. 100-383, 102 Stat. 903 (1988).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
As noted by Rep. Dan Lungren, current Member of this
Committee, and a member of the original Commission on Wartime
Relocation and Internment of Civilians, concerns were raised
during debate on the bill to create the Commission on Wartime
Relocation and Internment of Civilians that the Commission
would recommend reparations. During a March 19, 2009,
Immigration Subcommittee hearing, Rep. Lungren stated, ``I do
recall at the very first meeting that we had of the commission,
one of the commissioners turned to us assembled and said,
`Okay, how much money are we talking about?' which, frankly,
put off alarm bells in my head because I had promised Members
[of Congress] that was not the purpose of it. Rather, I had
thought it was important for us to investigate that period of
time, since it was fairly well unknown about the treatment of
fellow citizens and people who were here legally at that
time.''\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\Statement of Congressman Daniel Lungren, Hearing before the
Subcommittee on Immigration. Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security and
International Law, ``Treatment of Latin Americans of Japanese Descent,
European Americans, and Jewish Refugees During World War II,'' 111th
Congress, Mar. 19, 2009.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our concerns about future reparations are justified. It is
one thing to require a Commission to investigate and report on
U.S. government activities, and quite another to expect U.S.
taxpayers to hand over perhaps millions of dollars to the
people who felt that they were victims of injustice.
Proponents of the bill claim they simply want to be
recognized, and for the government to acknowledge its actions.
However, much of this issue has been previously studied by a
commission, Congress and the U.S. Department of Justice.
In its report, the Commission on Wartime Relocation and
Internment of Civilians included one chapter, of thirteen, on
mistreatment of German and Italian Americans in the U.S.
The House Judiciary Committee held hearings in 1999 and
2000, to study the issue as it relates to Italian Americans.\8\
As a result, the Wartime Violation of Italian-American Civil
Liberties Act was enacted.\9\ The Italian-American Civil
Liberties Act required the Attorney General,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\145 Cong. Rec. H11904 (1999); 146 Cong. Rec. H10627 (2000).
\9\Wartime Violation of Italian-American Civil Liberties Act, 50
U.S.C. app. 1981 note, Pub. L. No. 106-451, 114 Stat. 1947 (2000).
``to conduct a comprehensive review of the treatment by
the United States Government of Italian Americans
during World War II (between September 1, 1939, and
December 31, 1945) and to submit to Congress a report
that documents the findings of such review.''\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\10\Wartime Violation of Italian-American Civil Liberties Act, 50
U.S.C. app. 1981 note, Pub. L. No. 106-451, Sec. 3, 114 Stat. 1947,
1947 (2000).
The Attorney General issued its Report on November 7, 2001.
No further action was taken by the Administration or the
Congress.
So the story has been told and the actions of the U.S.
government have been acknowledged. We should not rehash the
issue--especially when it makes the possibility of reparations
more likely. In addition to the basic belief that we should not
have to re-evaluate decisions made by Administrations nearly
sixty years ago for national security reasons during a period
of grave peril to our country, we oppose this bill because it
may very well lead to reparations.
Steve King.
Gregg Harper.
Appendix
The Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees,
Border Security, and International Law received the following
additional materials in conjunction with the March 19, 2009,
hearing entitled: ``The Treatment of Latin Americans of
Japanese Descent, European Americans, and Jewish Refugees
During World War II.''
Signatories to Scholars' Letter of Support: Lane
Hirabayashi, University of California, Los Angeles; Jerry Kang,
University of California, Los Angeles; Tetsuden Kashima,
University of Washington; Daniel Masterson, Naval Academy;
Valerie Matsumoto, University of California, Los Angeles; Don
T. Nakanishi, University of California, Los Angeles; Natsu
Taylor Saito, Georgia State University; Robert L. Tsai,
American University; Greg Robinson, Universite du Quebec A
Montreal; Frank H. Wu, University of Maryland; Sumi Cho, DePaul
University; Louis Fiset, University of Washington; Cynthia Lee,
George Washington University; Judy Yung (Professor Emerita),
University of California, Santa Cruz; Hiroshi Motomura,
University of California, Los Angeles; Robert S. Chang, Seattle
University School of Law; Lisa C. Ikemoto, University of
California, Davis; Gerald P. Lopez, University of California,
Los Angeles; Carol Izumi, George Washington University; Jeffrey
A. Ow, Arizona State University; Roger Daniels (Professor
Emeritus), University of Cincinnati; Craig D. Uchida, George
Mason University; Rita Takahashi, San Francisco State
University; Stephen Mastrofski, George Mason University; Tazuko
Shibusawa, New York University; Jere Takahashi, University of
California, Berkeley; Eric Yamamoto, University of Hawaii;
Karen J. Leong, Arizona State University; Wayne H. Maeda,
California State University, Sacramento; Roshni Rustomji-Kerns
(Professor Emerita), Sonoma State University; R. Benedito
Ferrao, Birkbeck College, University of London; Hatem Bazian,
University of California, Berkeley; Satsuki Ina (Professor
Emeritus), California State University, Sacramento; Roger B.
Parks, Indiana University; Emily S. Ihara, George Mason
University; Max Paul Friedman, American University; John E.
Eck, University of Cincinnati; Bill Ong Hing, University of
California, Davis; Jonathan Y. Okamura, University of Hawaii;
David K. Yoo, Claremont McKenna College; Paul G. Clark, George
Mason University; Stephen S. Fugita, Santa Clara University;
Felix F. Gutierrez, University of Southern California; Sudarat
Musikawong, Willamette University; Brad Yamauchi, Golden Gate
University School of Law; Nelson Nagai, San Joaquin Delta
College; C. Keith Wingate, University of California, Hastings
College of the Law; Naomi Roht-Arriaza, University of
California, Hastings College of the Law; Josephine Lee,
University of Minnesota; Priscilla Wegars, University of Idaho;
Joanne Doi, Franciscan School of Theology; Viet Thanh Nguyen,
University of Southern California; Thomas Kim, Scripps College;
Jane H. Yamashiro, Sophia University; Sue Chan, University of
California, San Francisco; Janelle Wong, University of Southern
California; Wayne H. Cole, Cape Breton University, Sierra
Nevada College; Alan Nishio, California State University, Long
Beach; Akemi Matsumoto, Bellevue Community College; Takeyuki
(Gaku) Tsuda, Arizona State University; Bill Carpenter, City
College of San Francisco; Sabrina Alimahomed, University of
California, Riverside; Rebecca Alvarez, University of
California, Riverside; Meghan Andrew, University of California,
Riverside; Suzel Bozada-Deas, University of Southern
California; Scott Brooks, University of California, Riverside;
Amalia Cabezas, University of California, Riverside; Toi
Carter, East Los Angeles College; Piya Chatterjee, University
of California, Riverside; Mike Chavez, California State
University, Los Angeles; Brianne Davila, University of
California, Santa Barbara; Daniel Diaz, University of
California, Riverside; Jesse Diaz, University of California,
Riverside; Glenda Flores, University of Southern California;
Linda Kim, University of California, Riverside; Zack Knorr,
East Los Angeles College; Patrick Linder, University of
California, Riverside; Alfredo Mirande, University of
California, Riverside; Robert Perez, University of California,
Riverside; Christine Petit, University of California,
Riverside; Ellen Reese, University of California, Riverside;
James Thing, University of Southern California; Shigueru Tsuha,
University of California, Riverside; Jake Wilson, California
State University, Long Beach; James McKeever, University of
Southern California; Shinji Sakai-Egi, University of
California, Riverside; Ming Tu, California State University,
Fullerton; Dolores Ortiz, University of California, Riverside;
Juan Pitones, University of California, Riverside; Jose Lopez,
University of California, Riverside; Erika Gutierrez,
University of California, Riverside; Roy Kwon, University of
California, Riverside; Dennis Egi, Norte De Namur University;
Henry Neiderneier, Colorado University, Boulder; Ruth Sison,
San Jose State University; Vu Pham, University of California,
Los Angeles; Paul Von Blum, University of California, Los
Angeles; Steve On, University of California, Los Angeles;
Pamela Hobbs, University of California, Los Angeles; Susumu
Ito, Harvard University; Erin Hashimoto-Martell, Boston
College; Christopher Martell, Boston University; Rick Bonus,
University of Washington; Ben Kobashigawa, San Francisco State
University; Wesley Ueunten, San Francisco State University;
Linda Vo, University of California, Irvine; Claire Jean Kim,
University of California, Irvine; Glen Mimura, University of
California, Irvine; Sarah Park, College of St. Catherine; Ruben
Rumbaut, University of California, Irvine; Russell Jeung, San
Francisco State University; Eiichiro Azuma, University of
Pennsylvania; Dana Nakano, University of California, Irvine;
Dean Adachi, Claremont Graduate School; Diana Pan, University
of California, Irvine; Kathy Rim, University of California,
Irvine; Rose Cuison Villazor, Southern Methodist University
Dedman School of Law; Donna H. Lee, City University of New York
School of Law; Thomas W. Joo, University of California, Davis
School of Law; Keith H. Hirokawa, Texas Wesleyan School of Law;
Wendy Ho, University of California, Davis; Andrew Chin,
University of North Carolina School of Law; Isao Fujimoto,
University of California, Davis; Taunya Lovell Banks,
University of Maryland School of Law; Carwina Weng, Indiana
University Maurer (Bloomington) School of Law; Cecilia M. Tsu,
University of California, Davis; Roy Yoshio Myose, Wichita
State University; Song Richardson, DePaul University; Gabriel
``Jack'' Chin, University of Arizona; James E. Rogers College
of Law; Jan Ting, Temple University Beasley School of Law; Mark
A. Chinen, Seattle University School of Law; Margaret Chon,
University of Michigan Law School.
Signatories to Organizational Letters of Support: American
Friends Service Committee; American Jewish Committee; American-
Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee; Anti-Defamation League;
Asian American Bar Association of the Greater Bay Area; Asian
American Justice Center; German American National Congress;
Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund; Asian Law
Alliance; Asian Pacific American Bar Association of Los Angeles
County; Asian Pacific American Bar Association of South
Florida; Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance; AFL-CIO;
Association of Humanitarian Lawyers; Berkeley Fellowship of
Unitarian Universalist; Campaign For Justice: Redress Now For
Japanese Latin Americans!; Congressional Asian Pacific American
Caucus; Council on American-Islamic Relations; Friends
Committee on National Legislation; Global Rights; Human Rights
First; International Association of Official Human Rights
Agencies; Japanese American Bar Association; Japanese American
Citizens League--Berkeley Chapter; Japanese American Citizens
League--Honolulu Chapter; Japanese American Citizens League--
National; Japanese American Citizens League--Pacific Southwest
District; Japanese American Citizens League--San Diego Chapter;
Japanese American Citizens League--Seattle Chapter; Japanese
American Citizens League--SELANOCO Chapter; Japanese American
Citizens League--Ventura County Chapter; Japanese American
Living Legacy; Japanese Peruvian Oral History Project; Korean
American Bar Association of Southern California; Korean
American Coalition--DC Chapter; Korean American Resource &
Cultural Center; Korean Resource Center; Leadership Conference
on Civil Rights; League of United Latin American Citizens;
Manzanar Committee; Mennonite Central Committee Washington
Office; Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund;
National Advocacy Center of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd;
National Asian Pacific American Bar Association; National Asian
Pacific American Women's Forum; National Association of
Japanese Canadians; National Coalition for Redress/
Reparations--San Francisco; National Council of La Raza;
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium;
NETWORK: A National Catholic Social Justice Lobby; Nihonmachi
Outreach Committee; Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress; Orange
County Korean American Bar Association; Organization of Chinese
Americans; Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Washington Office; Sikh
American Legal Defense and Education Fund; South Asian
Americans Leading Together; Southern California Chinese Lawyers
Association; The Episcopal Church; The United Church of Christ;
Justice and Witness Ministries; Union for Reform Judaism;
Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations; United
Methodist Church; General Board of Church and Society;
Washington Office on Latin America; Young Korean American
Service and Education Center; Asian Pacific Islander Justice
Coalition; Asian American Recovery Services; Asian American
Women's Alliance; Asian Law Alliance; Asian Pacific American
Leadership Institute; Asian Pacific Bar Association; Cambodian
American Resource Agency; Contemporary Asian Theatre Scene;
Filipino National History Society; Santa Clara Chapter;
Filipino Youth Coalition; Japanese American Citizens League of
San Jose; Japantown Community Congress of San Jose; Korean
American Bar Association of Northern California; Korean
American Community Services, Inc.; Maitri; MALAYA; Organization
of Chinese Americans; Silicon Valley; South Bay First
Thursdays; Southeast Asia Community Center; Vision New America;
Vietnamese Voluntary Foundation; Yu-Ai-Kai; International
Children Assistance Network; Akbayan; Vietnamese American Bar
Association of Northern California; NETWORK: A National
Catholic Social Justice Lobby; Unitarian Universalist
Association of Congregations; The United Church of Christ;
Justice and Witness Ministries; Union for Reform Judaism;
United Methodist Church; General Board of Church and Society;
National Advocacy Center of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd;
Mennonite Central Committee Washington Office; The Episcopal
Church; Friends Committee on National Legislation; Presbyterian
Church (U.S.A.) Washington Office.
Stories: Ursula V. Potter, Searching for Erich Braemer--
Interned Father of Fred Braemer, Jimmy Doolittle's Navigator;
Paul Grayber, The Grayber Family Story; Guther Graber with
assistance from Karen Ebel, The Graber Family Story; Arthur D.
Jacobs, Major, USAF Retired, The Prison Called Hohenasperg: An
American Boy Betrayed By His Government During World War II;
Max Paul Friedman, Department of History, American University,
The Deportation and Internment of Germans, Japanese, and
Italians from Latin America During World War II; John Heitmann,
Ph.D., World War II German Enemy Alien Case Study: Alfred and
Caroline Heitmann; Deborah McCarty Smith, Internment: German
Americans; John Eric Schmitz, Enemies Among Us: The Relocation,
Internment, and Repatriation of German, Italian, and Japanese
Americans During the Second World War; John Schmitz, The
Schmitz Family Story; Kimberly Contag, Ph.D., The Relocation of
a German-Ecuadorian Family in World War II: The Americans Clean
House; Rudy A. Dimmling; The Reseneder Family Internment Story;
Lawrence DiStasi, Project Director, Una Storia Segreta: When
Italian Americans Were ``Enemy Aliens;'' Gertrude Anna
Schneider and Paul Schneider, as told to Vilma Schneider
Ralston, A Mother Interned, A Family Left Behind; Jo Anna
Wartemann, The Internment of Wilhelm and Anna Wartemann and
Family; Bob Wilbanks, Last Man Out: Glenn McDole, USMC,
Survivor of the Palawan Massacre in World War II; Heidi Gurcke
Donald, author of We Were Not the Enemy: Remembering the United
States' Latin-American Civilian Internment Program of World War
II; Anneliese ``Lee'' Krauter, From the Heart's Closet: A Young
Girl's World War II Story; David D. Lowman, Magic: The Untold
Story of U.S. Intelligence and the Evacuation of Japanese
Residents from the West Coast during WWII; John Christgau,
Enemies: World War II Alien Internment.
Testimonies: Josef Baumgartner; Hildegard Maria Mantel
Gordon; Theodore A. Eckardt; Frieda Ahrens; Shirley A. Weiss;
Eileen P. Kelly; Lothar Eiserloh; Helga (Renner) Emde; Jose
Antonio Gomez Iturralde; Pietro Tosi.
Editorials and Op-Eds: Hon. Xavier Becerra and Hon. Dan
Lungren, Justice for the Forgotten, Washington Post, Feb. 19,
2007 at A19; Japanese Latinos: The Forgotten Internees, Los
Angeles Times, Mar. 18, 2007.