[House Report 108-632]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]



108th Congress                                                   Report
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
 2d Session                                                     108-632
_______________________________________________________________________

                                     

 
 RESOLUTION OF INQUIRY REQUESTING THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTING CERTAIN 
OTHER FEDERAL OFFICIALS TO TRANSMIT TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NOT 
 LATER THAN 14 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF THE ADOPTION OF THIS RESOLUTION 
   DOCUMENTS IN THE POSSESSION OF THE PRESIDENT AND THOSE OFFICIALS 
     RELATING TO THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OR DETAINEES IN IRAQ, 
                     AFGHANISTAN, OR GUANTANAMO BAY

                               __________

                             ADVERSE REPORT

                                 OF THE

                      COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES

                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                                   ON

                              H. RES. 689

                             together with

                    ADDITIONAL AND DISSENTING VIEWS

                                     


                                     

   July 22, 2004.--Referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be 
                                printed.
                   HOUSE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES
                      One Hundred Eighth Congress

                  DUNCAN HUNTER, California, Chairman
CURT WELDON, Pennsylvania            IKE SKELTON, Missouri
JOEL HEFLEY, Colorado                JOHN SPRATT, South Carolina
JIM SAXTON, New Jersey               SOLOMON P. ORTIZ, Texas
JOHN M. McHUGH, New York             LANE EVANS, Illinois
TERRY EVERETT, Alabama               GENE TAYLOR, Mississippi
ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland         NEIL ABERCROMBIE, Hawaii
HOWARD P. ``BUCK'' McKEON,           MARTY MEEHAN, Massachusetts
    California                       SILVESTRE REYES, Texas
MAC THORNBERRY, Texas                VIC SNYDER, Arkansas
JOHN N. HOSTETTLER, Indiana          JIM TURNER, Texas
WALTER B. JONES, North Carolina      ADAM SMITH, Washington
JIM RYUN, Kansas                     LORETTA SANCHEZ, California
JIM GIBBONS, Nevada                  MIKE McINTYRE, North Carolina
ROBIN HAYES, North Carolina          CIRO D. RODRIGUEZ, Texas
HEATHER WILSON, New Mexico           ELLEN O. TAUSCHER, California
KEN CALVERT, California              ROBERT A. BRADY, Pennsylvania
ROB SIMMONS, Connecticut             BARON P. HILL, Indiana
JO ANN DAVIS, Virginia               JOHN B. LARSON, Connecticut
ED SCHROCK, Virginia                 SUSAN A. DAVIS, California
W. TODD AKIN, Missouri               JAMES R. LANGEVIN, Rhode Island
J. RANDY FORBES, Virginia            STEVE ISRAEL, New York
JEFF MILLER, Florida                 RICK LARSEN, Washington
JOE WILSON, South Carolina           JIM COOPER, Tennessee
FRANK A. LoBIONDO, New Jersey        JIM MARSHALL, Georgia
TOM COLE, Oklahoma                   KENDRICK B. MEEK, Florida
JEB BRADLEY, New Hampshire           MADELEINE Z. BORDALLO, Guam
ROB BISHOP, Utah                     RODNEY ALEXANDER, Louisiana
MICHAEL TURNER, Ohio                 TIM RYAN, Ohio
JOHN KLINE, Minnesota
CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan
PHIL GINGREY, Georgia
MIKE ROGERS, Alabama
TRENT FRANKS, Arizona

                    Robert S. Rangel, Staff Director


                            C O N T E N T S

                              ----------                              
                                                                   Page

Purpose and Summary..............................................     1
Background.......................................................     2
Executive Communication..........................................     3
Legislative History..............................................     4
Committee Position...............................................     4
Committee Cost Estimate..........................................     4
Oversight Findings...............................................     5
Constitutional Authority Statement...............................     5
Statement of Federal Mandates....................................     5
Record Votes.....................................................     5
Additional and Dissenting Views..................................     7
  Dissenting views of Adam Smith.................................     7
  Dissenting views of Ike Skelton, John Spratt, Solomon P. Ortiz, 
    Lane Evans, Neil Abercrombie, Marty Meehan, Silvestre Reyes, 
    Vic Snyder, Adam Smith, Loretta Sanchez, Ciro D. Rodriguez, 
    Ellen O. Tauscher, John B. Larson, Steve Israel, Rick Larsen, 
    Jim Cooper, Kendrick B. Meek, Tim Ryan of Ohio...............     9
  Additional views of Jeff Miller................................    11


108th Congress                                                   Report
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
 2d Session                                                     108-632

======================================================================


 RESOLUTION OF INQUIRY REQUESTING THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTING CERTAIN 
OTHER FEDERAL OFFICIALS TO TRANSMIT TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NOT 
 LATER THAN 14 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF THE ADOPTION OF THIS RESOLUTION 
   DOCUMENTS IN THE POSSESSION OF THE PRESIDENT AND THOSE OFFICIALS 
     RELATING TO THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OR DETAINEES IN IRAQ, 
                     AFGHANISTAN, OR GUANTANAMO BAY

                                _______
                                

   July 22, 2004.--Referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be 
                                printed

                                _______
                                

    Mr. Hunter, from the Committee on Armed Services, submitted the 
                               following

                             ADVERSE REPORT

                             together with

                    ADDITIONAL AND DISSENTING VIEWS

                       [To accompany H. Res. 689]

    The Committee on Armed Services, to whom was referred the 
resolution (H. Res. 689) of inquiry requesting the President 
and directing certain other Federal officials to transmit to 
the House of Representatives not later than 14 days after the 
date of the adoption of this resolution documents in the 
possession of the President and those officials relating to the 
treatment of prisoners or detainees in Iraq, Afghanistan, or 
Guantanamo Bay, having considered the same, report unfavorably 
thereon without amendment and recommend that the resolution not 
be agreed to.

                          PURPOSE AND SUMMARY

    House Resolution 689, introduced on June 23, 2004, by 
Representative John Conyers, requests the President and directs 
certain other Federal officials to transmit to the House of 
Representatives not later than 14 days after the date of the 
adoption of this resolution documents in the possession of the 
President and those officials relating to the treatment of 
prisoners or detainees in Iraq, Afghanistan, or Guantanamo Bay.
    Clause 7 of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of 
Representatives provides for a committee to report on a 
qualifying resolution of inquiry, such as H. Res. 689, within 
14 legislative days or a privileged motion to discharge the 
committee is in order. H. Res. 689 was introduced and referred 
to the Committee on Armed Services on June 23, 2004.
    Under the rules and precedents of the House, a resolution 
of inquiry is one of the means by which the House may request 
information from the President of the United States or the head 
of one of the executive departments. It is a simple resolution 
making a direct request or demand of the President or head of 
an executive department to furnish the House of Representatives 
with specific factual information in the possession of the 
executive branch. It is not used to request opinions or require 
an investigation on a subject.

                               BACKGROUND

    House Resolution 689 would call for the transmission of 
documents in the possession of the President, the Secretary of 
Defense, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney General, 
which relate to the treatment of prisoners and detainees in 
Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo Bay. The resolution would 
direct these cabinet members to provide documentation of work 
completed and planned in over 20 comprehensive categories. 
These categories encompass a broad range of information 
including reports, memorandums, complaints, chain-of-command 
charts, contracting receipts, interrogation doctrine, and 
translation data produced by sources such as the International 
Committee of the Red Cross, local sub-contractors, and 
individual military units.
    The committee is concerned that House Resolution 689 would 
impose an exhaustive, unreasonable, and unnecessary burden on 
the executive branch for information that is already available 
to Congress, does not exist, or in the case of ongoing 
investigations, has yet to be completed. The committee believes 
that the effort to compile and organize the extensive library 
of documents dictated by this resolution would monopolize 
entire offices within the Department of Defense (DOD) and 
complete units within our armed forces, thus diverting valuable 
time and resources from their important, practical missions in 
the global war on terrorism. The committee further notes that 
this task is one that is not limited to the confines of 
Washington, D.C., but rather encompasses hundreds of military 
units worldwide.
    In addition to consuming limited but valuable resources, 
the very foundation or basis for utilizing this type of 
legislative measure is without merit. The purpose of a 
resolution of inquiry is to compel the executive branch to 
provide information that has been denied to Congress. Thus far, 
there is no evidence to suggest the Department has been 
unresponsive to congressional requests for information. In 
fact, when scrutinized, the opposite is true. The Department 
has continually provided Members of Congress with access to 
full reports on the investigations surrounding the doctrine, 
practice, training, and contracting aspects of detainee 
operations. Furthermore, the Department, through its own 
initiative, has made additional relevant and probative 
information available. The committee has received voluminous 
amounts of information regarding the treatment of detainees in 
Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo Bay, including three 
extensive reports conducted by Major General Donald J. Ryder, 
Major General Geoffrey D. Miller, and Major General Antonio M. 
Taguba. These reports afford detailed assessments of the 
detention, intelligence, and corrections operations in Iraq and 
Guantanamo Bay. Specifically, the latter investigation, Article 
15-6 Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade, 
conducted by Major General Taguba provided the committee 
members with an extensive administrative investigation of 
detainee operations at the Abu Ghraib detention center. The 
accompanying report exceeds 6,000 pages and has been available 
for Members of the Armed Services Committee to review since May 
2004.
    Additionally, between May 5, 2004, and July 9, 2004, senior 
DOD officials have participated in 16 congressional hearings, 
15 Member briefings, 25 staff briefings, and 15 office calls 
with Members. Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld also 
discussed detainee issues at several all-chamber operations and 
intelligence briefings in the House and Senate, involving 55 
Senators and over 230 Members of the House of Representatives. 
The Department is still conducting seven separate 
administrative investigations or reviews of detainee policy and 
abuses and will release their respective reports upon 
conclusion. Additionally, on May 12, 2004, Secretary Rumsfeld 
appointed the Honorable James R. Schlesinger to chair an 
independent panel to address, among other matters, the cause of 
the detainee abuse problems, and to recommend steps to correct 
these problems. This independent report is scheduled for 
completion in the next month, and will be provided to the 
Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of 
Representatives.
    In summary, this committee has been provided relevant 
investigatory materials to date and will be provided over the 
next several months with the results of additional 
comprehensive investigations that encompass virtually all 
aspects of the issues raised in this resolution of inquiry. 
These investigations and associated documentation has been and 
will continue to be provided voluntarily and without the need 
to resort to a resolution of inquiry. Based upon an analysis of 
the directives detailed in House Resolution 689 and the 
information the Department of Defense has provided to the 
Congress, the committee concludes that a call for the 
transmission of the requested documents would prove 
unwarranted, overly burdensome, and in some cases, redundant. 
Therefore, the committee ordered the resolution to be reported 
adversely.

                        EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATION

                             Department of Defense,
                                      Secretary of Defense,
                                     Washington, DC, July 15, 2004.
Hon. Duncan Hunter,
Chairman, Committee on Armed Services,
House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
    Dear Chairman Hunter: Thank you for the opportunity to 
respond to House Resolution 689. The Department of Defense has 
presented, or is preparing to present as they become available, 
the following reports and information to the Congress:
    1. Reports received by the Department of Defense from the 
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) concerning the 
treatment of detainees.
    2. Briefings and reports on at least six major 
investigations ongoing within the Department of Defense, 
including:
          (a) Major General Fay's review of military 
        intelligence and contractor interrogation procedures;
          (b) The assessment by the Army Inspector General on 
        overall doctrine and training of detention operations;
          (c) Brigadier General Jacoby's review of detainee 
        operations and facilities in Afghanistan;
          (d) Vice Admiral Church's investigation into 
        detention operations and detainee interrogation 
        techniques;
          (e) The Army Reserve Command assessment of reserve 
        training, with a special focus on Military Intelligence 
        and Military Police functions;
          (f) The Schlesinger Panel independent review into the 
        pace, breadth, and thoroughness of the investigations 
        and whether additional investigations need to be 
        initiated.
    3. The Department will also continue its practice of 
periodically updating Members on the status of relevant 
criminal investigations.
    Over the last 34 legislative days, Department witnesses, 
including the Deputy Secretary and me, have testified at 15 
hearings, conducted 31 Member briefings, and 25 staff 
briefings. Additionally, the Department has forwarded to 
Congress 75 documents, comprising several thousand pages, and 
has declassified several interrogation memorandums for the 
record. We have briefed or met with 285 Members regarding the 
treatment and detention of persons under the control of the 
Department of Defense.
    It is almost certain additional information will come to 
light that we have not anticipated and which will call for 
further investigation. However, we have tried to be expansive 
in the investigations we have initiated, and are ready to 
initiate others should the facts suggest the need to do so. 
Further, we have tried to be forthcoming with the Congress and, 
where appropriate, the media and general public with respect to 
our activities and initial findings.
            Sincerely,
                                           Donald Rumsfeld,
                                              Secretary of Defense.

                          LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

    As noted above, H. Res. 689 was introduced on June 23, 
2004, and referred to the Committee on Armed Services. On July 
15, 2004, the Committee on Armed Services held a mark-up 
session to consider H. Res. 689. The committee reported 
adversely the resolution by a record vote of 31 ayes to 27 
noes, with 1 voting present.

                           COMMITTEE POSITION

    On July 15, 2004, the Committee on Armed Services met in 
open session, a quorum being present, and reported adversely 
the resolution H. Res. 689 to the House by a record vote of 31 
ayes to 23 noes, with 1 voting present.

                        COMMITTEE COST ESTIMATE

    Pursuant to clause 3(d) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 
House of Representatives, the committee estimates the costs of 
implementing the resolution would be minimal. The Congressional 
Budget Office did not provide a cost estimate for the 
resolution.

                           OVERSIGHT FINDINGS

    With respect to clause 3(c)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of 
the House of Representatives, the committee reports that the 
findings and recommendations of the committee, based on 
oversight activities pursuant to clause 2(b)(1) of rule X, are 
incorporated in the descriptive portions of this report.
    With respect to clause 3(c)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of 
the House of Representatives and section 308(a)(1) of the 
Congressional Budget Act of 1974, this legislation does not 
include any new spending or credit authority, nor does it 
provide for any increase or decrease in tax revenues or 
expenditures.
    With respect to clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII of the Rules of 
the House of Representatives, performance goals and objectives 
can not be explained, because the resolution does not require 
any new funding.

                   CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY STATEMENT

    The committee finds that clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII of the 
Rules of the House of Representatives does not apply because H. 
Res. 689 is not a bill or joint resolution that may be enacted 
into law.

                     STATEMENT OF FEDERAL MANDATES

    Pursuant to section 423 of Public Law 104-4, this 
legislation contains no federal mandates with respect to state, 
local, and tribal governments, nor with respect to the private 
sector. Similarly, the resolution provides no unfunded federal 
intergovernmental mandates.

                              RECORD VOTES

    In accordance with clause 3(b) of rule XIII of the Rules of 
the House of Representatives, the committee sets forth the 
following record vote that occurred during the committee's 
consideration of H. Res. 689.



                            DISSENTING VIEWS

    I am disappointed with the House Armed Services Committee 
vote last week to report H. Res. 689 to the whole House 
unfavorably and I respectfully dissent. This resolution would 
require the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, and 
the Attorney General to transmit to the House information 
produced in connection with the investigations into allegations 
of abuse against prisoners and detainees in Iraq, Afghanistan, 
and at the U.S. base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
    Congress has a critical oversight role of the executive 
branch and, in exercising this duty, we serve as a check and a 
balance. This is not a partisan role, it is one rooted in the 
need to ensure that no one branch of government becomes too 
powerful. It is also an essential part of shining light on 
government activities so that the public has all the 
information they need and deserve.
    The importance of this oversight role cannot be 
overestimated regarding the investigation of the detention 
abuses that have occurred in Iraq, Guantanamo, and Afghanistan. 
This issue not only threatens our nation's credibility abroad 
but also undermines our effort to fight terrorism and ensure 
security in Iraq. The scandal has also undercut our efforts to 
advance peace in the Middle East.
    In order to restore credibility and begin remedying the 
damage that has been done, a full, independent investigation--
that is perceived as thorough and relentless and goes up the 
chain of command to the highest levels--is essential. The 
bottom line is that we need accountability within the chain of 
command. It's not enough to simply prosecute junior level 
enlisted personnel and suggest that that is a full response to 
dealing with the prisoner abuse scandal. We cannot back away 
from this responsibility.
    Finally, I do not believe that the recent ``document dump'' 
of the 2,000 Taguba report is adequate. I would hope the 
Department of Defense understands they have a shared interest 
in getting to the bottom of the prison abuse matter. The 
adversarial relationship that has, frankly, been instigated by 
this Administration does not serve the country well. As Members 
of the Committee, I believe strongly that we should be able to 
obtain specific information in response to specific inquiries. 
Burying details in thousands of pages of data is perilously 
close to obfuscation.
    The abuse of prisoners was completely counter to the 
character of our nation and of our military. It has embarrassed 
our government, our brave and dedicated troops in the field, 
and the American people. The process recently undertaken by the 
House Armed Services Committee was not only aimed at getting 
all the appropriate information out in the public sphere, but 
also to gain a better understanding of how this abuse was 
allowed to occur and to determine where breakdowns occurred in 
the chain of command. The goal is to have the information 
necessary to take concrete steps aimed to prevent any such 
abuse from happening again.
    It is my sincere hope--for the credibility and security of 
our nation--that the Department and the Administration will 
work constructively with Congress to conduct a thorough 
investigation and work to put this matter behind our nation. I 
urge the Congress to reject the majority opinion on H. Res. 689 
and instead require the Administration to supply all the 
documents and data we need to fulfill our oversight role.
                                                        Adam Smith.

                            DISSENTING VIEWS

    House Resolution 689 would require the Secretary of 
Defense, the Secretary of State, and the Attorney General to 
transmit to the House information produced in connection with 
the investigations into allegations of abuse against prisoners 
and detainees in Iraq, Afghanistan, and at the U.S. base at 
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The committee ordered this resolution 
reported to the House with an adverse recommendation. 
Consideration of this resolution marks the second time this 
year that the Armed Services Committee has declined to order 
the production of documents that could have assisted the 
committee in getting to the bottom of the prisoner abuse 
scandal. In June, the committee adversely reported House 
Resolution 640, a bill that sought documents associated with 
the investigation by Army Major General Antonio Taguba into 
prisoner abuses at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. We believe the 
committee should have acted favorably upon H. Res. 689 for 
several reasons.
    In our view, the Armed Services Committee has a 
constitutional duty under Article 1, section 8 of the 
Constitution to provide for our military and to oversee how the 
Department executes the programs and activities Congress 
authorizes. This duty doesn't end just because we're at war or 
because the task may be unpleasant. We have a constitutional 
obligation to look into this matter--to ask tough questions and 
to probe for answers, and we should not shrink from that 
responsibility. We had hoped that the committee would hold a 
series of open and bipartisan hearings on this subject to show 
the American people, our troops, the international community 
and the Iraqis that Congress is committed to a thorough and 
public investigation of this matter. When that avenue was 
foreclosed, we were forced to consider options like this 
resolution. The failure to report it favorably is a 
disappointing abdication of our responsibility.
    Although several Department of Defense-sponsored inquiries 
or reviews are ongoing and may assist in assessing systemic 
deficiencies and in identifying wrongdoers, there are real 
questions about ultimate accountability up the chain of 
command, particularly where the upper echelons of that chain 
are concerned. For example, it is a disturbing signal to send 
to the world that the first individuals prosecuted for abusing 
prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison are junior enlisted personnel 
rather than officers. Congress is in the best position to 
ensure accountability and justice because we are not 
constrained by the internal pressures that exist in the 
military's rank-sensitive culture.
    The nations of the world are watching to see how we as a 
nation handle the prisoner abuse scandal. Unfortunately, the 
image of the United States has been tarnished by the 
reprehensible pictures of prisoner abuse we have all seen. 
America needs to reestablish its credibility. We have to prove 
to other nations--particularly to our allies and the Arab world 
whose support we will ultimately need to succeed in Iraq--that 
the events at Abu Ghraib and elsewhere were an aberration. We 
must prove that cruelty and maltreatment are not the standard 
operating procedure for our military and don't reflect our 
national values. Only a comprehensive, transparent and public 
investigation will permit us to show the world that we have 
higher standards--that we are a nation of laws, not of men, and 
that we are dedicated to freedom, truth and justice. H. Res. 
689 is an instrument that would have helped us do that. The 
Armed Services Committee's adverse report on this bill again 
forfeits the opportunity to demonstrate Congress' commitment to 
accountability and to ensuring that these abuses cannot recur. 
We can only hope that this failure will not further contribute 
to a loss of trust of the Iraqi people, goodwill of the Arab 
world or among our allies in the war against terrorism.

                                   Ike Skelton.
                                   Lane Evans.
                                   Solomon P. Ortiz.
                                   Martin T. Meehan.
                                   Silvestre Reyes.
                                   Jim Cooper.
                                   Neil Abercrombie.
                                   Ciro D. Rodriguez.
                                   Rick Larsen.
                                   Vic Snyder.
                                   Loretta Sanchez.
                                   John B. Larson.
                                   Ellen O. Tauscher.
                                   Kendrick B. Meek.
                                   Steve Israel.
                                   Adam Smith.
                                   Tim Ryan.
                                   John Spratt.

             ADDITIONAL VIEWS OF REPRESENTATIVE JEFF MILLER

    It was in accordance with our jurisdictional purview that 
we considered, marked-up, and now report this ``Resolution of 
Inquiry'' by Rep. John Conyers. The resolution requests the 
President, and directs Secretaries Powell and Rumsfeld and 
Attorney General Ashcroft, to transmit all unprotected 
documents relating to the treatment of prisoners or detainees 
in Iraq, Afghanistan, or Guantanamo Bay.
    While these issues are of continuing importance to the 
Committee, there are several reasons that this resolution is 
fatally flawed and is an inappropriate mechanism.
    A Resolution of Inquiry is an extraordinary device used by 
the Congress to obtain information that has previously been 
denied. It is to be used as the exception, not the rule. The 
resolution functions similarly to a subpoena, to be reserved 
for instances when an Administration has demonstrated a 
reluctance or refusal to provide information.
    These conditions simply do not exist in this instance. Most 
of what is ``directed'' in this resolution has not been 
previously requested, and therefore claims of reluctance or 
denial are at this time not only premature, but 
unsubstantiated.
    This is, however, about something much larger than the 
chosen mechanism. It is about the fact that we are a humane 
nation, and when we find aberrant behavior, we deal with it.
    In its quest to root out such behavior, this Committee--and 
the Congress on the whole--has in no way been strong-armed by 
the Administration. We have had several opportunities to view 
the photographic evidence of the Abu Ghraib prison abuses. We 
have held an open hearing and closed briefings on Abu Ghraib, 
and a closed briefing on the treatment of detainees at 
Guantanamo Bay. The Department of Defense has assured 
additional briefings, and has provided them, as the situation 
has developed. The Administration has cooperated fully with the 
Committee, and every indication is that it will continue to do 
so.
    As a Congress and as a nation, we must set priorities. As a 
Committee, our priorities are ensuring that we win this war on 
terror, properly equipping our troops to carry out their 
difficult and dangerous campaigns, and making the American 
people as safe as we are able. Duplicating ongoing 
investigations into prison mistreatment will only distract us 
from our principal goals.
    What has happened with regard to prisoner mistreatment and 
abuse is indeed important and worthy of our attention. The 
Committee has discharged its responsibilities conscientiously. 
We are doing oversight of substance and it will make a 
difference. The Conyers resolution does not advance our goal of 
ensuring that these kinds of abuses do not happen again.
                                                       Jeff Miller.

                                  
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