[House Report 104-105]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]



H.L.C.

                                                                       
104th Congress                                                   Report
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

 1st Session                                                    104-105
_______________________________________________________________________


 
            STRIPED BASS CONSERVATION ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1995

_______________________________________________________________________


  May 1, 1995.--Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the 
              State of the Union and ordered to be printed

                                _______


  Mr. Young of Alaska, from the Committee on Resources, submitted the 
                               following

                              R E P O R T

                        [To accompany H.R. 1139]

      [Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]
  The Committee on Resources, to whom was referred the bill 
(H.R. 1139) to amend the Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation 
Act, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report 
favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill 
as amended do pass.
  The amendment is as follows:
  Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert in lieu 
thereof the following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

  This Act may be cited as the ``Striped Bass Conservation Act 
Amendments of 1995''.

SEC. 2. REAUTHORIZATION.

  Section 7(a) of the Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 
1851 note) is amended by striking ``For each of fiscal years 1986,'' 
and all that follows through ``1994,'' and insert ``For each of fiscal 
years 1995 and 1996,''.

SEC. 3. TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.

  (a) Commission Monitoring of Implementation of Interstate Plan.--
Section 4(a)(1) of the Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act (16 
U.S.C. 1851 note) is amended in the material preceding subparagraph (A) 
by striking ``of fiscal year 1987, and of each fiscal year 
thereafter,'' and inserting ``of each fiscal year,''.
  (b) Repeal of Inoperative Provisions.--Sections 8 and 10 of the 
Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 1851 note) are 
repealed.

SEC. 4. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PREPARATION OF PLANS AND AMENDMENTS TO 
                    PLANS FOR ATLANTIC STRIPED BASS.

  (a) In General.--The Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act (16 
U.S.C. 1851 note), as amended by section 2(b) of this Act, is further 
amended by adding after section 7 the following new section:

``SEC. 8. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PREPARATION OF PLANS AND AMENDMENTS 
                    TO PLANS FOR ATLANTIC STRIPED BASS.

  ``The Commission shall establish standards and procedures to ensure 
that the Commission provides an adequate opportunity for public 
participation in the preparation of any plan for the management of 
Atlantic Striped Bass and any amendment to such a plan (including any 
amendment to the Interstate Fisheries Management Plan for Striped Bass, 
dated October 1, 1981), including public hearings and procedures for 
the submission of written comments to the Commission.''.
  (b) Deadline.--Within 6 months after the date of the enactment of 
this Act, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission shall issue 
standards and procedures under section 8 of the Atlantic Striped Bass 
Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 1851 note), as amended by subsection (a) of 
this section.

SEC. 5. TRANSFER OF EXISTING PROVISION TO ATLANTIC STRIPED BASS 
                    CONSERVATION ACT.

  So much of section 6 of the Act entitled ``An Act To authorize 
appropriations to carry out the Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act 
for fiscal years 1989 through 1991, and for other purposes'' (approved 
November 3, 1988; Public Law 100-589; 102 Stat. 2986) as precedes 
subsection (g) of that section--
          (1) is transferred from that Act to the Atlantic Striped Bass 
        Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 1851 note);
          (2) shall appear immediately after section 8 of the Atlantic 
        Striped Bass Conservation Act, as amended by section 4 of this 
        Act; and
          (3) is redesignated as section 9 of the Atlantic Striped Bass 
        Conservation Act.

SEC. 6. AMENDMENT AND EXTENSION OF AUTHORIZATION FOR ANADROMOUS FISH 
                    CONSERVATION ACT.

  (a) Scope of Studies.--Section 7(a) of the Anadromous Fish 
Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 757g(a)) is amended by striking ``and'' 
after the semicolon at the end of paragraph (2), by striking the period 
at the end of paragraph (3) and inserting ``; and'', and by adding at 
the end the following new paragraph:
          ``(4) the effects of water quality and other habitat changes 
        on the recruitment, spawning potential, mortality rates, and 
        population abundance of the Delaware River striped bass 
        population.''.
  (b) Extension of Authorization.--Section 7(d) of the Anadromous Fish 
Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 757g(d)) is amended by striking ``each of 
the fiscal years 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994'' and inserting ``each of 
the fiscal years 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998''.
                          Purpose of the Bill

    The purpose of H.R. 1139 is to reauthorize the Atlantic 
Striped Bass Conservation Act through 1996, and section 7 of 
the Anadromous Fish Conservation Act, which authorizes a 
striped bass study, through 1998.

                  Background and Need for Legislation

    Striped bass are anadromous fish which spawn in freshwater 
streams and migrate to estuarine or marine waters. They reside 
there until spawning season again arrives, and the process is 
repeated. The Atlantic coast stock of striped bass and 
important striped bass fisheries are found in coastal waters 
from North Carolina through Maine. They are highly migratory, 
but move primarily along the coast within the three-mile zone 
which is subject to State fishery management. They rarely 
venture into waters under Federal fisheries jurisdiction (the 
Exclusive Economic Zone).
    Because of the migratory characteristics of striped bass, 
they are subject to the jurisdiction of many States. While 
striped bass populations have fluctuated dramatically in the 
past, serious concerns were raised as the result of a 
population decline that began in the 1970s. Commercial striped 
bass harvests dropped from 15 million pounds in 1973 to 3.5 
million pounds in 1983. Concern focused on the failure of 
States to implement consistent and effective State regulations 
on the harvesting of the species. As a result of this decline, 
the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) 
developed an interstate fishery management plan (ISFMP) for 
striped bass to reduce harvest pressure on the species until it 
was considered fully recovered. At that time, however, the 
Commission did not have the authority to require that States 
adopt management measures consistent with the plan.
    Congress also took note of the severe decline of striped 
bass populations in 1979 by authorizing an emergency striped 
bass study under section 7 of the Anadromous Fish Conservation 
Act (AFCA, 16 U.S.C. 757g). This legislation called for the 
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine 
Fisheries Service to undertake a joint study of the causes of 
the striped bass decline and to recommend remedial action.
    In 1984, Congress enacted the Atlantic Striped Bass 
Conservation Act (ASBCA, 16 U.S.C. 1851 note) to provide 
Federal support for enforcing the ASMFC Striped Bass Management 
Plan to conserve this species. Under the Act, States are 
required to implement management measures that are consistent 
with the ISFMP for striped bass. That plan is developed by the 
ASMFC. Each Atlantic coastal State is represented on the ASMFC 
by the State's chief fishery officer and a legislative and 
citizen representative. The ASMFC reports annually to the 
Secretaries of the Interior and Commerce on State compliance. 
If the Secretaries find that a State is out of compliance with 
the plan, they must impose a Federal moratorium on striped bass 
fishing in the waters of that State.
    As a result of the State-Federal partnership created under 
ASBCA, the ASMFC declared striped bass stocks recovered as of 
January 1, 1995, and adopted a new management plan, Amendment 
5, that became effective on March 9, 1995. This amendment will 
phase in an increase in the fishing mortality target from the 
current level of 0.25 to 0.40 over three years. This should 
allow States to increase their harvest limits.
    ASBCA was reauthorized in 1986 and 1991. Current law 
authorizes appropriations of such sums as may be necessary or 
appropriate to carry out the Act. This authorization expired on 
September 30, 1993.
    In 1993, Congress enacted the Atlantic Coastal Fisheries 
Cooperative Management Act. This Act provides for a Federal 
moratorium on fishing for any species when a State is out of 
compliance with an ASMFC interstate fishery management plan for 
that species.

                            Committee Action

    H.R. 1139 was introduced on March 6, 1995, by Congressman 
Jim Saxton and Congressman Gerry Studds. The bill was referred 
to the Committee on Resources, and within the Committee to the 
Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife and Oceans. On march 16, 
1995, the Subcommittee held a hearing on H.R. 1139, where the 
Administration, the ASMFC, and other witnesses testified in 
support of the bill.
    On March 30, 1995, the Subcommittee met to mark up H.R. 
1139. An amendment to require public participation in the 
preparation of Commission plans, to expand the scope of the 
study to include the effects of water quality and habitat 
changes on the Delaware River striped bass population, and to 
extend ASBCA through Fiscal Year 1996 and the striped bass 
study under AFCA through Fiscal Year 1998 was offered by Mr. 
Saxton and adopted by voice vote. The bill was then ordered 
favorably reported to the Full Committee.
    On April 5, 1995, the Full Resources Committee met to 
consider H.R. 1139. No amendments were offered to the bill. The 
bill was ordered favorably reported to the House of 
Representatives by voice vote, in the presence of a quorum.

                      Section-by-Section Analysis

Section 1. Short title

    This section states the Act may be cited as the ``Striped 
Bass Conservation Act Amendments of 1995''.

Section 2. Reauthorization

    This section reauthorizes the Atlantic Striped Bass 
Conservation Act through Fiscal Year 1996.

Section 3. Technical and conforming amendments
    This section makes technical and conforming amendments to 
ASBCA.

Section 4. Public participation in preparation of plans and amendments 
        to plans for Atlantic striped bass

    This section requires the ASMFC to establish standards and 
procedures to ensure an adequate opportunity for public 
participation in the preparation of striped bass management 
plans.

Section 5. Transfer of existing provision to Atlantic Striped Bass 
        Conservation Act

    This section designates an existing provision of law 
dealing with the regulation of striped bass in the Exclusive 
Economic Zone as section 9 of the Atlantic Striped Bass 
Conservation Act. Currently the section is included separately 
in a note in the U.S. Code rather than as a part of ASBCA.

Section 6. Amendment and extension of authorization for Anadromous Fish 
        Conservation Act.

    This section extends the authorization for the striped bass 
study under AFCA through Fiscal Year 1998 and expands the scope 
of the study to include the effects of water quality and other 
habitat changes on the Delaware River striped bass population.

            Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations

    With respect to the requirements of clause 2(l)(3) of rule 
XI of the Rules of the House of Representatives, and clause 
2(b)(1) of rule X of the Rules of the House of Representatives, 
the Committee on Resources' oversight findings and 
recommendations are reflected in the body of this report.

                     Inflationary Impact Statement

    Pursuant to clause 2(l)(4) of rule XI of the Rules of the 
House of Representatives, the Committee estimates that the 
enactment of H.R. 1139 will have no significant inflationary 
impact on prices and costs in the operation of the national 
economy.

                        Cost of the Legislation

    Clause 7(a) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of 
Representatives requires an estimate and a comparison by the 
Committee of the costs which would be incurred in carrying out 
H.R. 1139. However, clause 7(d) of that Rule provides that this 
requirement does not apply when the Committee has included in 
its report a timely submitted cost estimate of the bill 
prepared by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office 
under section 403 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974.

                     Compliance With House Rule XI

    1. With respect to the requirement of clause 2(l)(3)(B) of 
rule XI of the Rules of the House of Representatives and 
section 308(a) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, H.R. 
1139 does not contain any new budget authority, spending 
authority, credit authority, or an increase or decrease in 
revenues or tax expenditures.
    2. With respect to the requirement of clause 2(l)(3)(D) of 
rule XI of the Rules of the House of Representatives, the 
Committee has received no report of oversight findings and 
recommendations from the Committee on Government Reform and 
Oversight on the subject of H.R. 1139.
    3. With respect to the requirement of clause 2(l)(3)(C) of 
rule XI of the Rules of the House of Representatives and 
section 403 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, the 
Committee has received the following cost estimate for H.R. 
1139 from the Director of the Congressional Budget Office.

               Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate
                                     U.S. Congress,
                               Congressional Budget Office,
                                     Washington, DC, April 6, 1995.
Hon. Don Young,
Chairman, Committee on Resources,
House of Representatives Washington, DC.
    Dear Mr. Chairman: The Congressional Budget Office has 
prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 1139, the Striped 
Bass Conservation Act Amendment of 1995.
    Enactment of H.R. 1139 would not affect direct spending or 
receipts. Therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures would not apply 
to the bill.
    If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be 
pleased to provide them.
            Sincerely,
                                         June E. O'Neill, Director.
    Enclosure.

               congressional budget office cost estimate

    1. Bill number: H.R. 1139.
    2. Bill title: The Striped Bass Conservation Act Amendments 
of 1995.
    3. Bill status: As ordered reported by the House Committee 
on Resources on April 5, 1995.
    4. Bill purpose: H.R. 1139 would authorize the 
appropriation of whatever sums are necessary for programs 
carried out under the Atlantic Striped Bass Conservation Act in 
fiscal years 1995 and 1996. The bill also would extend the 
authorization of funding for section 7 of the Anadromous Fish 
Conservation Act at its current annual level of $1 million 
through fiscal year 1998.
    5. Estimated cost to the Federal Government: For purposes 
of this estimate, CBO has assumed that H.R. 1139 will be 
enacted in fiscal year 1995, and that all sums authorized will 
be appropriated for fiscal years 1995 through 1998. Based on 
information from the Departments of Commerce and the Interior, 
CBO estimates that the agencies would need around $1 million 
for 1996 for activities authorized by the Atlantic Striped Bass 
Conservation Act, primarily for the comprehensive annual 
surveys required by section 6 of that act. Fiscal year 1995 
appropriations total $0.55 million for the two acts, including 
$0.25 million to the National Marine Fisheries Service and $0.3 
million to the National Biological survey. The following table 
summarizes the estimated budgetary impact of H.R. 1139.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      1995     1996     1997     1998     1999     2000 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Projected spending                                                      
 under current                                                          
 law:                                                                   
    Budget                                                              
     authority....      0.5  .......  .......  .......  .......  .......
    Estimated                                                           
     outlays......      0.4      0.1  .......  .......  .......  .......
Proposed changes:                                                       
    Estimated                                                           
     authorization      0.5      2.0      1.0      1.0  .......  .......
    Estimated                                                           
     outlays......  .......      1.5      1.5      1.0      0.5  .......
Projected spending                                                      
 under H.R. 1139:                                                       
    Estimated                                                           
     authorization                                                      
      \1\.........      1.0      2.0      1.0      1.0  .......  .......
    Estimated                                                           
     outlays......      0.4      1.6      1.5      1.0      0.5  .......
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The 1995 amount includes $0.5 million already appropriated.         

    The costs of this bill fall within budget function 300.
    6. Pay-as-you-go considerations: None.
    7. Estimated cost to State and local governments: None.
    8. Estimate comparison: None.
    9. Previous CBO estimate. None.
    10. Estimate prepared by: Deborah Reis.
    11. Estimate approved by: Paul N. Van de Water, Assistant 
Director for Budget Analysis.

                          Departmental Reports

    The Committee has received no departmental reports on H.R. 
1139 .
         Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported

  In compliance with clause 3 of rule XIII of the Rules of the 
House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by the 
bill, as reported, are shown as follows (existing law proposed 
to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new matter is 
printed in italic, existing law in which no change is proposed 
is shown in roman):

                 ATLANTIC STRIPED BASS CONSERVATION ACT

          * * * * * * *

SEC. 4. COMMISSION FUNCTIONS.

  (a) Monitoring of Implementation and Enforcement.--
          (1) During December [of fiscal year 1987, and of each 
        fiscal year thereafter,] of each fiscal year, and at 
        any other time it deems necessary, the Commission shall 
        determine:
                  (A) * * *
          * * * * * * *

SEC. 7. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS; COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS.

  (a) Authorization.--[For each fiscal years 1986, 1987, 1988, 
1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994,] For each of fiscal 
years 1995 and 1996, there are authorized to be appropriated 
such sums as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out this 
Act.
          * * * * * * *

[SEC. 8. SECRETARIAL STUDY.

  [Within six months of the date of enactment of this Act, the 
Secretaries shall review the existing Plan and shall report to 
the Commission, the Chairman of the House Committee on Merchant 
Marine and Fisheries, the Chairman of the Senate Committee on 
Commerce, Science and Transportation and the Chairman of the 
Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works on the 
adequacy of the Plan to achieve the purposes of this Act. Such 
report shall include recommendations for additional measures 
that may need to be taken and include recommendations 
concerning specific State actions regarding the management and 
conservation of striped bass.]
SEC. 8. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN PREPARATION OF PLANS AND AMENDMENTS TO 
                    PLANS FOR ATLANTIC STRIPED BASS.

  The Commission shall establish standards and procedures to 
ensure that the Commission provides an adequate opportunity for 
public participation in the preparation of any plan for the 
management of Atlantic Striped Bass and any amendment to such a 
plan (including any amendment to the Interstate Fisheries 
Management Plan for Striped Bass, dated October 1, 1981), 
including public hearings and procedures for the submission of 
written comments to the Commission.
SEC. 9. PROTECTION OF STRIPED BASS IN THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE.

  (a) Regulation of Fishing in Exclusive Economic Zone.--The 
Secretary of Commerce shall promulgate regulations governing 
the fishing for Atlantic striped bass in the exclusive economic 
zone that the Secretary determines to be consistent with the 
national standards set forth in section 301 of the Magnuson 
Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1851) and 
necessary and appropriate to--
          (1) ensure the effectiveness of State regulations or 
        a Federal moratorium on fishing for Atlantic striped 
        bass within the coastal waters of a coastal State; and
          (2) achieve conservation and management goals for the 
        Atlantic striped bass resource.
  (b) Consultation; Periodic Review of Regulations.--In 
preparing regulations under subsection (a), the Secretary shall 
consult with the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 
the appropriate Regional Fishery Management Councils, and each 
affected Federal, State, and local government entity. The 
Secretary shall periodically review regulations promulgated 
under subsection (a), and if necessary to ensure their 
continued consistency with the requirements of subsection (a), 
shall amend those regulations.
  (d) Applicability of Magnuson Act Provisions.--The provisions 
of sections 307, 308, 309, 310, and 311 of the Magnuson Fishery 
Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1857, 1858, 1859, 
1860, and 1861) regarding prohibited acts, civil penalties, 
criminal offenses, civil forfeitures, and enforcement shall 
apply with respect to regulations and any plan issued under 
subsection (a) of this section as if such regulations or plan 
were issued under the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and 
Management Act.
  (e) Definition.--As used in this section, the term 
``exclusive economic zone'' has the meaning given such term in 
section 3(6) of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and 
Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1802(6)).
[SEC. 10. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.

  [(a) Section 7 of the Anadromous Fish Conservation Act (16 
U.S.C. 757g) is amended by amending subsection (d) by striking 
out ``and September 30, 1984.'' and inserting in lieu thereof 
``September 30, 1984, September 30, 1985, and September 30, 
1986.''.
  [(b) There are authorized to be appropriated to the 
Department of Commerce, $200,000 for each of fiscal years 1986 
and 1987, and the amount that is appropriated under this 
authority for each such year shall be apportioned equally by 
the Secretary between the States of Maryland and Virginia for 
use by each of them for the propagation, in existing hatchery 
facilities of that State, of striped bass for the replenishment 
of the Chesapeake Bay stock: (1) if that State, for each such 
fiscal year, expends an equal amount of State moneys for the 
propagation of such stock in its hatchery facilities; and (2) 
if the Secretary considers that that State is in full 
compliance with the Plan.
  [(c) Section 207 of the Act entitled ``An Act to provide for 
the establishment of the Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, 
Coos County, State of Oregon, and for other purposes'' (Public 
Law 97-137) is amended to read as follows:
                   [``authorization of appropriations

  [``Sec. 207. The Secretary of the Army is authorized to carry 
out his responsibilities under this title, at an estimated cost 
of $1,040,000. Any sums appropriated under this title shall 
remain available until expended.''.
  [(d) The amendment made by subsection (c) shall take effect 
October 1, 1986.]
          * * * * * * *
                              ----------                              


                        ACT OF NOVEMBER 3, 1988

 AN ACT To authorize appropriations to carry out the Atlantic Striped 
Bass Conservation Act for fiscal years 1989 through 1991, and for other 
                               purposes.

          * * * * * * *

[SEC. 6. PROTECTION OF STRIPED BASS IN THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE.

  [(a) Regulation of Fishing in Exclusive Economic Zone.--The 
Secretary of Commerce shall promulgate regulations governing 
the fishing for Atlantic striped bass in the exclusive economic 
zone that the Secretary determines to be consistent with the 
national standards set forth in section 301 of the Magnuson 
Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1851) and 
necessary and appropriate to--
          [(1) ensure the effectiveness of State regulations or 
        a Federal moratorium on fishing for Atlantic striped 
        bass within the coastal waters of a coastal State; and
          [(2) achieve conservation and management goals for 
        the Atlantic striped bass resource.
  [(b) Consultation; Periodic Review of Regulations.--In 
preparing regulations under subsection (a), the Secretary shall 
consult with the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, 
the appropriate Regional Fishery Management Councils, and each 
affected Federal, State, and local government entity. The 
Secretary shall periodically review regulations promulgated 
under subsection (a), and if necessary to ensure their 
continued consistency with the requirements of subsection (a), 
shall amend those regulations.
  [(d) Applicability of Magnuson Act Provisions.--The 
provisions of sections 307, 308, 309, 310, and 311 of the 
Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 
1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, and 1861) regarding prohibited acts, 
civil penalties, criminal offenses, civil forfeitures, and 
enforcement shall apply with respect to regulations and any 
plan issued under subsection (a) of this section as if such 
regulations or plan were issued under the Magnuson Fishery 
Conservation and Management Act.
  [(e) Definition.--As used in this section, the term 
``exclusive economic zone'' has the meaning given such term in 
section 3(6) of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and 
Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1802(6)).]
          * * * * * * *
                              ----------                              

           SECTION 7 OF THE ANADROMOUS FISH CONSERVATION ACT

  Sec. 7. (a) Conduct and Scope of Studies.--The Secretary 
shall cooperate with States and other non-Federal interests in 
conducting scientific studies of the anadromous stocks of 
Atlantic striped bass. These studies shall include, but not be 
limited to--
          (1) estimates of recruitment, spawning potential, 
        mortality rates, stock composition of coastal 
        fisheries, and other population parameters;
          (2) investigations of factors affecting abundance of 
        striped bass, including analyses of the extent and 
        causes of mortality at successive life stages; [and]
          (3) monitoring population abundance and age and sex 
        composition of striped bass stocks on fishery-dependent 
        and fishery-independent data[.]; and
          (4) the effects of water quality and other habitat 
        changes on the recruitment, spawning potential, 
        mortality rates, and population abundance of the 
        Delaware River striped bass population.
          * * * * * * *
  (d) There are authorized to be appropriated for the purposes 
of carrying out the studies described in subsection (a) of this 
section not to exceed $1,000,000 for [each of the fiscal years 
1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994] each of the fiscal years 1995, 
1996, 1997, and 1998.