[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 163 (2017), Part 4]
[Senate]
[Pages 4573-4598]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




        DISAPPROVING A RULE SUBMITTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will report the joint 
resolution.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk read as follows:

       A joint resolution (H.J. Res. 83) disapproving the rule 
     submitted by the Department of Labor relating to 
     ``Clarification of Employer's Continuing Obligation to Make 
     and Maintain an Accurate Record of Each Recordable Injury and 
     Illness.''

  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Louisiana.
  Mr. CASSIDY. Mr. President, I rise with my colleagues to support H.J. 
Res. 83 and companion S.J. Res. 27, a resolution I introduced with 25 
of my colleagues, under the Congressional Review Act, or CRA, to stop 
the Obama administration Department of Labor's regulation, known as the 
Volks rule, from expanding the statute of limitations for record-
keeping violations. This regulatory scheme represents a backwards 
approach to workplace safety, and it is a blatant overreach by the 
Federal Government.
  Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers are required 
to record injuries and illnesses that occur in the work place and 
maintain those records for 5 years. The law provides for a 6-month 
period for which OSHA can issue citations to employers who fail to 
maintain the records properly. However, it was the practice of OSHA, 
based on their interpretation of the law, that they were able to issue 
citations regarding keeping those records properly for the entire 5-
year period employers must keep those records.
  Under this practice, OSHA took action against Volks Constructors, a 
firm in Prairieville, LA, in 2006 for recordkeeping violations that 
occurred nearly 5 years earlier--again, recordkeeping violations. This 
was well beyond the 6-month statute of limitations. Volks Constructors, 
located in Prairieville, is a heavy industrial contractor that provides 
manufacturing services and industrial specialties to the petrochemical 
and related industries. It has been in business for more than 40 years. 
Volks challenged OSHA in the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals for those 
citations and won. The Circuit Court of Appeals issued a unanimous, 
three-judge opinion rebuking OSHA's attempt to file citations past the 
statute of limitations. One of the three judges was President Obama's 
Supreme Court nominee, Judge Merrick Garland.
  The Volks ruling has since been upheld by the Fifth Circuit Court of 
Appeals. Let me read a few of the comments from the court's opinion: 
``We do not believe Congress expressly established a statute of 
limitations only to implicitly encourage the Secretary to ignore it.''
  Another comment: ``The Act clearly renders the citations untimely, 
and the Secretary's argument to the contrary relies on an 
interpretation that is neither natural nor consistent with our 
precedents.''
  From Judge Garland's concurring opinion: ``[B]ecause none of the 
challenged citations were issued within 6 months, `flowing the 
occurrence of any violation,' I agree with my colleagues that the 
petition for review should be granted and the citation vacated.''

[[Page 4574]]

  After the court was clear in its ruling, OSHA, in order to negate 
such ruling and continue issuing citations beyond the 6-month statute 
of limitations, promulgated this regulation, the Volks rule.
  This joint resolution must invalidate the Volks rule. The Volks rule 
is a clear violation of the court's ruling and is in direct 
contradiction of the 6-month statute of limitations. Only Congress can 
amend a Federal statute. Article I of the U.S. Constitution is clear. 
Members of the legislative branch write the law, not the Federal 
departments and agencies.
  Overturning the Volks rule will not--will not--decrease workplace 
safety. The rule only changes the window during which OSHA can issue 
citations for recordkeeping violations. This rule is about paperwork 
violations and not workers' health or safety.
  The Volks rule also creates regulatory confusion for small 
businesses. By finalizing this unlawful regulation, the Obama 
administration created uncertainty for employers facing a confusing 
maze of recordkeeping standards and unwarranted litigation.
  The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Association of General Contractors, 
the National Home Builders Association, the National Restaurant 
Association, the National Retail Association, along with more than 70 
State and national organizations, all support this joint resolution.
  I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Record the Coalition 
for Workplace Safety's letter.
  There being no objection, the material was ordered to be printed in 
the Record, as follows:

                               Coalition For Workplace Safety,

                                                   March 10, 2017.
     Hon. Mitch McConnell,
     Majority Leader, U.S. Senate,
     Washington, DC.
     Hon. John Cornyn,
     Majority Whip, U.S. Senate,
     Washington, DC.
     Hon. Lamar Alexander,
     Chairman, Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and 
         Pensions, Washington, DC.
     Hon. Johnny Isakson,
     Chairman, Senate Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace 
         Safety, Committee on Health, Education, Labor and 
         Pensions, Washington, DC.
       Dear Majority Leader McConnell, Majority Whip Cornyn, 
     Chairmen Alexander and Isakson: The undersigned groups 
     strongly urge you to pass H.J. Res. 83/S.J. Res. 27, a 
     Congressional Review Act (CRA) joint resolution of 
     disapproval to invalidate the Obama Administration's OSHA 
     regulation overturning the decision in Volks regarding the 
     statute of limitations for recordkeeping violations.
       At its core, the Volks Rule is an extreme abuse of 
     authority by a federal agency that will subject millions of 
     American businesses to citations for paperwork violations, 
     while doing nothing to improve worker health and safety. 
     Finalized on December 19, 2016, the rule attempts to extend 
     to five years the explicit six month statute of limitations 
     on recordkeeping violations in the Occupational Safety and 
     Health (OSH) Act of 1970. This regulation simultaneously 
     represents one of the most egregious end runs around 
     Congress' power to write the laws and a clear challenge to 
     the judicial branch's authority to prevent an agency from 
     exceeding its authority to interpret the law.
       In 2012, citing the unambiguous language in the OSH Act, 
     the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia held 
     that OSHA could not sustain citations against an employer for 
     alleged recordkeeping violations that occurred more than six 
     months before the issuance of the citation because, as the 
     employer asserted, they were outside the six month statute of 
     limitations set forth in the OSH Act. The court was 
     unequivocal in its rebuke of OSHA. Judge Janice Rogers Brown 
     expressed particular concern on the issue of the agency's 
     overstepping its authority: ``we were rightly troubled by the 
     notion of being asked by an agency to expand that agency's 
     enforcement authority when Congress had evidently not seen 
     fit to do so.'' Judge Merrick Garland, in his concurrence, 
     plainly rejected OSHA's rationale for issuing the fines, 
     ``the Secretary's contention--that the regulations that Volks 
     was cited for violating support a `continuing violation' 
     theory--is not reasonable.'' The Volks decision has since 
     been endorsed by the Fifth Circuit in the Delek decision, 
     issued in December 2016, where the court found ``its 
     reasoning persuasive.''
       In response to the Court of Appeals ruling, OSHA 
     promulgated this regulation specifically to negate the Volks 
     case ruling and extend liability for paperwork violations 
     beyond the six month window permitted under the Act. OSHA 
     issued the final rule in the waning days of President Obama's 
     Administration with an effective date of January 19, 2017. 
     The Senate has until April 7 to pass H.J. Res. 83/S.J. Res. 
     27.
       We urge you to help put a stop to OSHA's abuse of its 
     authority and support swift passage of a joint resolution of 
     disapproval for this burdensome, unlawful rule. Because the 
     final rule directly contradicts both clear statutory language 
     and two U.S. Courts of Appeals rulings, it must not be 
     allowed to stand.
       Thank you for your consideration of this request and for 
     your continued efforts to rein in agency overreach and reduce 
     the regulatory burden on America's job creators.
           Sincerely,
       Air Conditioning Contractors of America, American Bakers 
     Association, American Coke and Coal Chemicals Institute, 
     American Composites Manufacturers Association, American Farm 
     Bureau Federation, American Feed Industry Association, 
     American Foundry Society, American Fuel and Petrochemical 
     Manufacturers, American Health Care Association, American 
     Iron and Steel Institute, American Road and Transportation 
     Builders Association, American Society of Concrete 
     Contractors, American Subcontractors Association, Inc., 
     American Supply Association, American Trucking Associations, 
     Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association, Associated 
     Builders and Contractors, Associated General Contractors, 
     Associated Wire Rope Fabricators, Copper & Brass Fabricators 
     Council, Inc., Corn Refiners Association, Distribution 
     Contractors Association.
       Flexible Packaging Association, Global Cold Chain Alliance, 
     Independent Electrical Contractors, Industrial Minerals 
     Association--North America, Institute of Makers of 
     Explosives, International Dairy Foods Association, 
     International Foodservice Distributors Association, 
     International Franchise Association, International Warehouse 
     Logistics Association, IPC-Association Connecting Electronics 
     Industries, Leading Builders of America, Mason Contractors 
     Association of America, Mechanical Contractors Association of 
     America, Mike Ray, Motor & Equipment Manufacturers 
     Association, National Association for Surface Finishing, 
     National Association of Home Builders, National Association 
     of Manufacturers, National Association of Professional 
     Employer Organizations, National Association of the 
     Remodeling Industry, National Association of Wholesaler-
     Distributors, National Automobile Dealers Association, 
     National Center for Assisted Living, National Chicken 
     Council, National Cotton Ginners' Association, National 
     Council of Self-Insurers, National Demolition Association, 
     National Electrical Contractors Association, National 
     Federation of Independent Business, National Grain and Feed 
     Association, National Lumber and Building Material Dealers 
     Association, National Oilseed Processors Association, 
     National Restaurant Association, National Retail Federation, 
     National Roofing Contractors Association.
       National School Transportation Association, National 
     Tooling and Machining Association, National Turkey 
     Federation, National Utility Contractors Association, Non-
     Ferrous Founders' Society, North American Die Casting 
     Association, North American Meat Institute Plastics, Industry 
     Association (PLASTICS), Power and Communication Contractors 
     Association, Precision Machined Products Association, 
     Precision Metalforming Association, Printing Industries of 
     America, Retail Industry Leaders Association, Sheet Metal and 
     Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, 
     Shipbuilders Council of America, Southeastern Cotton Ginners 
     Association, Inc., Texas Cotton Ginners' Association, The 
     Association of Union Constructors (TAUC), Thomas W. Lawrence, 
     Jr.--Safety and Compliance Management, Tile Roofing 
     Institute, Tree Care Industry Association, TRSA--The Linen, 
     Uniform and Facility Services Association, U.S. Chamber of 
     Commerce, U.S. Poultry & Egg Association.

  Mr. CASSIDY. Mr. President, I urge my colleagues to support this 
joint resolution and allow Congress to review the law and make changes, 
if needed. It is the right thing to do.
  I ask unanimous consent that quorum calls during the consideration of 
H.J. Res. 83 be equally divided in the usual form.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Mr. CASSIDY. Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will call the roll.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Cassidy). Without objection, it is so 
ordered.


                   Recognition of the Minority Leader

  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Democratic leader is recognized.

[[Page 4575]]




                       Nomination of Neil Gorsuch

  Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, yesterday Judge Neil Gorsuch went through 
over 11 hours of questioning in the Judiciary Committee. As expected, 
he used the opportunity to speak at length about his knowledge of case 
law, hiding behind precedents rather than giving an impression of his 
actual views. As expected, his supporters are saying that Judge Gorsuch 
was erudite, polished, homespun. But none of this matters compared to 
the real purpose of hearings: to find out a nominee's views and what 
kind of judge he will be, not how his repartee from the bench will 
sound.
  For 11 hours, Judge Gorsuch looked like he was playing dodgeball with 
the Senate Judiciary Committee, bending over backward to avoid 
revealing anything that might constitute a judicial philosophy or give 
hints about his approach to the legal issues of our day. Those, to me, 
are far more important than any superficial impressions he may have 
left. He dodged questions on previous cases like Citizens United, Roe 
v. Wade, and Brown v. Board. He dodged general questions on dark money 
in politics, LGBTQ rights, and the constitutionality of a Muslim ban.
  He did manage to wax poetic on the significance of a judge's robe and 
the humility it brings. He said it reminds us that ``ours is a 
judiciary of honest black polyester.'' Well, if he were truly humbled, 
he would realize the augustness of this position and answer questions 
directly. Judge Gorsuch's testimony yesterday was replete with humble 
kinds of metaphors and homespun stories but pitifully short on 
substance, which is what really matters.
  The hearings this week are starting to have the element of farce. The 
Republicans ask softball questions, while we Democrats endeavor to get 
the judge to offer a meaningful response on one--any legal issue but 
are met with constant refrains of ``That is settled law'' and ``I can't 
prejudge'' and ``Gee, Senator, my personal views have no place here.'' 
Let me repeat. There is no legal precedent, rule, or logic for failing 
to answer questions that don't involve immediate and specific cases 
before the Court. Is Judge Gorsuch hiding behind this rhetoric because 
he does not want people to know his views?
  After 4 days of this Kabuki theatre, the press will write that Judge 
Gorsuch was smooth and well-spoken, but I doubt that even at the end of 
the hearing process we will have any greater views of his 
jurisprudence. Will we know any better than we do today what kind of 
Justice he will be on our Nation's highest Court?
  You know, we have seen this before. It was not all that long ago that 
another charming, polished, erudite judge named John Roberts came 
before the committee, impressing lawmakers while playing the role of a 
model jurist. He displayed a similar reluctance to answer specific 
questions, but he assured us all that he was a judge who was free from 
the biases of politics and ideology, that, in his words, he simply 
``called balls and strikes.'' We were duped. Judge Roberts showed his 
true activist colors as soon as he got to the bench and dragged the 
Court sharply to the right, ruling consistently in favor of wealthy 
special interests and powerful corporations. The whole episode with 
Judge Gorsuch feels like a Roberts' rerun. If his voting record is any 
indication, according to the New York Times survey, he will be even 
more conservative than Justice Roberts.
  This is not how the hearing process is supposed to work. Although it 
has become practice for Supreme Court Justices to elude specific 
questions, it is not in the best interests of our country to elevate a 
cipher to the Supreme Court. We don't want the qualifications for 
Senate confirmation to be an ability of skillful evasion. The hearing 
process cannot accomplish what it is designed to if the nominee refuses 
to engage on matters of legal substance.
  If anyone doubts that Judge Gorsuch does not have strong views, that 
he is not simply a caller of balls and strikes, a tabula rasa, just 
look at the way he was chosen. He was supported and pushed by the 
Heritage Foundation and the Federalist Society. Do they just call balls 
and strikes, or do those two groups have an avowed interest in moving 
the judiciary far to the right? He was supported by billionaires like 
Mr. Anschutz who have a similar desire. Does anyone think the 
Federalist Society would choose someone who just called balls and 
strikes when they have been dedicated for a generation to moving the 
courts to the right? They have not endorsed a moderate judge in their 
history. Again, they are dedicated to moving the court far away from 
the mainstream.
  If anyone doubts that Judge Gorsuch would be an activist judge with 
strong conservative views eschewing the interests of average people, 
just look at how he was selected--by the Federalist Society, by the 
Heritage foundation, not by average American jurists.


                               TrumpCare

  Mr. President, on another matter, TrumpCare, as we speak, the House 
Republican leadership is desperately trying to whip enough votes to 
pass their bill tomorrow, making sweetheart deals to sway recalcitrant 
Members.
  It is funny that all the changes House Republicans have made this 
past week don't even attempt to address the real problems with the 
bill: that 24 million fewer Americans will have coverage and that 
premiums will go up. In fact, the changes they are making to TrumpCare 
are even more cruel than their existing bill in an attempt to win 
conservative votes. Still, many of them don't think it is cruel enough 
yet. In their rush, they included language in their managers' amendment 
that would exclude 7 million or so veterans from the eligibility for 
tax credits in the bill--7 million veterans. That is what happens when 
you try to rush a complicated bill like this through.
  When Democrats were in the majority and working through healthcare, 
we debated the bill over the course of a whole year. We had one of the 
longest committee hearings and amendment processes in recent memory. 
Still, even then, Republicans criticized us for trying to jam it 
through. ``Read the bill,'' they would chant.
  Now Republicans are trying to do in 2 weeks what we spent 1 year on 
because the time was required. My friend the distinguished majority 
leader says he hopes to have TrumpCare brought up and passed through 
the Senate by the end of next week--no committee process, potentially 
no CBO score.
  I guess Senate Republicans are negotiating a substitute bill behind 
closed doors right now to meet that accelerated, speedy, and reckless 
timeline. When you are talking about a drastic reformation of our 
healthcare system, one-sixth of our economy, that is breathtakingly 
irresponsible and rankly hypocritical. When will Democrats get to view 
the substitute bill? Will there be a CBO score before both Republicans 
and Democrats have to vote on it in the Senate? We don't know. But 
rushing it through in this fashion, as the majority leader promised, is 
unwise and unfair to Democratic Senators and, far more importantly, to 
the American people. It is also a direct contradiction to how then-
Minority Leader McConnell spoke about health reform in 2009. Here is 
what he said: ``We shouldn't try to do it in the dark, and whatever 
final bill is produced should be available to the American public and 
to members of the Senate for enough time to come to grips with it, and 
there should be and must be a CBO score.''
  Well, Leader McConnell, what was good enough for us back in 2009 
should be good enough for you today.
  I certainly hope Leader McConnell follows his own advice from 2009 
now that he is majority leader.
  My Republican friends like to claim this bill isn't the end of the 
story on healthcare. They claim they can pass a third prong later on 
down the road. Republicans in the Senate and the House should know 
this: There is no third prong. It is a fantasy.
  Any legislation outside of reconciliation requires 60 votes, and 
Democrats will not help Republicans repeal and replace the Affordable 
Care Act today, tomorrow, or 6 months from now. This bill, TrumpCare, 
Republicans, is your one shot.
  I think that is why House Republicans have tried to jam some extra 
policy changes onto their bill--like the

[[Page 4576]]

Medicaid work requirement and the restrictions on abortion--because 
they know they won't be able to later on, and they need more 
conservative votes to pass this bill tomorrow.
  This approach has a serious problem. There is a serious question as 
to whether these changes are budgetary changes or policy changes. If 
they are policy changes, they will not meet the Senate's standards of 
reconciliation, known as the Byrd rule, and can be stricken from the 
bill.
  Of particular vulnerability, my Republican colleagues, are provisions 
like the Medicaid work requirement and the restrictions on abortion. 
House Republicans should hear this before they vote: Those provisions 
that you might think help you vote yes on the bill may not survive. 
Factor that into your vote.
  Ahead of the vote tomorrow, I just want to say to my Republican 
colleagues--and I have sympathy, although I don't agree. I vehemently 
disagree. I know you feel caught between a rock and a hard place, 
between the prospect of failing to fulfill a shrill and unthought-
through campaign pledge and a bill that would badly hurt millions of 
Americans, particularly your voters.
  I say to them: There is a way out. Drop your efforts to repeal the 
Affordable Care Act, and Democrats will work with you on serious 
proposals to improve the existing law. Drop TrumpCare. Come to us with 
some ideas on how to improve the ACA, and we will sit down with you and 
try to figure out what is best for our country. You can avoid this 
disaster of a bill called TrumpCare, which will result in higher costs, 
less care, and 24 million fewer Americans with health coverage. Turn 
back before it is too late.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Sullivan). The Senator from West Virginia.
  Mr. MANCHIN. Mr. President, first of all, I agree with my friend 
wholeheartedly. We are asking for a repair. It doesn't make any sense 
at all to go down the path of repealing until we make an effort to make 
this better and protect the people who are depending on us. With that, 
let's see what happens. We are all willing to sit down and work on both 
sides of the aisle to help improve it.


                          Opioid Abuse Crisis

  Mr. MANCHIN. Mr. President, I rise today because of the crisis we 
have with the country's opiate addictions--prescription drugs--in the 
Presiding Officer's wonderful State of Alaska, the State of West 
Virginia, and every other State in the Union.
  West Virginia has the highest drug overdose death rate in the Nation 
due to prescription drug abuse. Just in 2016, West Virginia reported 
818 overdose deaths, which is 4 times the number that occurred in 2001 
and is a nearly 13-percent increase just from 2015, when it was about 
607. More than 700 West Virginians died from an opioid overdose last 
year, and 42,000 people in West Virginia, including 4,000 youth, sought 
treatment for illegal drug use, but they failed to receive it. There is 
no place for them to go.
  The Presiding Officer and I have spoken about this, and I appreciate 
his willingness and openness to look at how we cure that. I have a bill 
called the LifeBOAT Act, which the Presiding Officer has been so 
graciously looking at. It is something that I believe would give us the 
funding mechanism, and it won't be a hardship. It also gives exemptions 
for people who have chronic pain from cancer and all the chronic 
illnesses that are out there. Basically, the opiate drugs that are sold 
on a day-to-day basis by the millions and millions--it is a one-penny 
revenue source, one penny per milligram. That would give us the funding 
mechanism we need in order to continue to have expanded services for 
addiction.
  I have been involved in public service for quite some time, and 20 
years ago, I would have thought anybody who has fooled with drugs, 
whether legal prescription or illicit drugs--it would be a criminal act 
and they should go to jail for it. Well, we have put people in jail for 
consumption for the last 20 years, and it hasn't cured one. So I have 
come to the conclusion, basically, in looking and talking to the 
experts, after we have had two decades of evaluating this, that it is 
an illness, and an illness needs treatment. We don't have the treatment 
centers, so we are letting people go untreated, and that is basically 
sinful in this country.
  There are 2.1 million Americans who abuse or are dependent on 
opioids--2.1 million. I think to get the scope of how bad the situation 
is, and this epidemic, when you think about how over 200,000 people 
have died since 2000--200,000--any other catastrophic cause of death in 
this country would be of pandemic proportions, and we would do whatever 
it costs in order to get the National Institutes of Health to find a 
cure. We would. But with this, we kind of sit back idly.
  According to the CDC, three out of four new heroin users abused 
prescription opiates before moving to heroin. It is a segue for people 
to move right into tougher, stronger, powerful drugs.
  Heroin use has more than doubled among young adults ages 18 to 25 in 
the past decade, and 45 percent of the people who used heroin were also 
addicted to prescription opiate painkillers. Between 2009 and 2013, 
only 22 percent of Americans suffering from opioid addiction 
participated in any form of addiction treatment.
  Think about the enormity of this epidemic. The United States of 
America, our great country, makes up only about 4.6 percent of the 
world's population; yet we consume 80 percent of all opiates produced 
and consumed in the world. How did it happen? The Presiding Officer and 
I grew up in a time when this wasn't prevalent, but how did it happen?
  I will tell you one thing: We have to cure it. It is ravaging and 
destroying every part of this great country. We are taking so many 
productive people out of the workforce because they are addicted. If 
you talk to your police and law enforcement anywhere in this country, 
they will tell you that 80 to 90 percent of all of the calls they make 
in the form of justice are due to opiate or drug use. It is horrible 
what it is costing us in real time, in real dollars, in real people's 
lives.
  There is another bill I have out there, too, and I call it last 
chance. It really deals with this. If we know we have a problem--we 
have people whom we don't have in the workforce because three things 
keep you out of the workforce: You are either addicted or convicted or 
lack of skills. You have an addiction; you have been convicted of a 
crime, so you have a record; or you have a lack of skills or a 
combination of the three.
  I can tell you that the addiction and conviction usually go hand in 
hand. People who are addicted often have a larceny or maybe even a 
felony on their record, and it is so hard for them to get back into the 
workforce. If you get them in a treatment center, there is no carrot to 
say: Stick with this because you are going to be clean.
  It takes a lot of fortitude for a person to stay with the program 
when they have such an addiction and a craving. But if they know that 
at the end of that 1 year in a treatment center, there is a chance for 
them to expunge their record if it wasn't a violent crime, if it wasn't 
a sexual crime--but it was probably grand larceny, because usually they 
will steal from their family, and then once the family gets tough with 
them, they will steal from any type of extended family, and then they 
will steal from the neighborhood or anywhere they can get the money to 
support their habit.
  What my bill says is that after 1 year in a certified treatment 
program, they complete another year of mentoring, helping other people 
get off and stay off and maybe not start, then they are able to, with 
their sponsors--people who say: Yes, they have completed this program; 
yes, they have mentored for 1 year--they can go before the arresting 
officers and the sentencing judge to see if they can get that expunged 
to give them a clean start. It is the Clean Start Act. I call it last 
chance, but officially it is called the Clean Start Act. It is one way 
to get this workforce in America producing again because if not, the 
only thing they have waiting for them is a minimum wage job, and

[[Page 4577]]

the skill sets most of them have are going to go unused and 
unproductive. So these are things we are working on.
  When you look at the misuse and abuse of opiates and what it costs 
our country, think about this. This was in 2013, the last figures I 
have--an estimated $78.5 billion in lost productivity, medical costs, 
and criminal justice cost. In 2013, it cost our country $78.5 billion. 
So we are paying for it. It is like ``Pay me now or pay me later.'' We 
are paying for it.
  That one penny on every milligram of opiates that are produced and 
consumed in this country would raise about $1.5 to $2 billion a year. I 
would hope it would raise none, but it would raise that much because of 
the amount of consumption we have. We consume 80 percent of all of the 
world's opiates. With that, we can start creating treatment centers and 
curing people.
  For the past year, I have been coming to the Senate floor to read 
letters from West Virginians and those struggling all throughout our 
country with opioid abuse. They all mention how hard it is to get 
themselves or their loved ones into treatment. Sometimes it takes 
months, and sometimes it never happens. Most of the time, it never 
happens. This problem stems from a lack of a system to help those who 
are looking for help. We need permanent funding. We talked about that. 
That is why I introduced the LifeBOAT Act.
  Today I am going to read a letter from a mother from West Virginia--
she is no different from a mother from Alaska, I can assure you--who 
lost her daughter to drug abuse after she struggled to get her into 
treatment facilities she desperately needed. This is Leigh Ann Wilson's 
story.

       On behalf of the families who have lost their children to 
     addiction, I ask that any health law reforms contain a 
     serious effort to ensure effective addiction treatment for 
     all who need it, whatever it takes.
       Just yesterday, the Boston Globe published a special report 
     about my daughter, Taylor Leigh Wilson.

  Leigh Ann's daughter is named Taylor Leigh Wilson.

       My youngest child was one of West Virginia's promising 
     young people, a former Girl Scout, Cabell Midland High School 
     graduate and Marshall student who wanted to turn her love of 
     books into a career as a librarian. But drugs destroyed her 
     life despite her willingness, and months of effort, to get 
     treatment.
       Taylor's overdose was the first--

  You have to listen to this because you are just not going to believe 
what happened in Huntington, WV, on this day.

       Taylor's overdose was the first of 28 that would be 
     reported in Huntington in the span of five hours on Aug. 15, 
     2016. The horror of that afternoon made national news. Then 
     the reporters left. Our nightmare, though, was just 
     beginning.
       Taylor and I would spend the next 41 days trying to get 
     help. We drove door to door in search of inpatient treatment 
     beds to isolate her from the heroin world. All we found were 
     waiting lists; out-of-state centers that wouldn't take West 
     Virginia Medicaid; and doctors who discouraged Taylor from 
     inpatient treatment, saying she could do without it.
       Then Taylor put her name on Prestera's waiting list for 
     Suboxone, a drug proven to reduce withdrawal symptoms. No one 
     told her how long she might have to wait. Though evidence 
     suggests that the combination of counseling and prescription 
     drugs to reduce cravings can be very effective, our lawmakers 
     have restricted the availability of this medication.
       On September 28, 2016, Prestera Center called to inform me 
     that Taylor had been accepted into the Suboxone program.

  That was September 28, and, as I told you, this overdose happened on 
August 15.

       On September 28, Prestera Center called to inform me that 
     Taylor had been accepted in the suboxone program. I had to 
     tell her that she had overdosed and died 3 days before. The 
     next February I got a call from Prestera Pinecrest following 
     up on Taylor's application for recovery housing and to see if 
     she was still interested.
       Before she passed away, Taylor herself told the Boston 
     Globe reporter that the real story that needs to be told is 
     why there are no treatment beds when our state has a crisis 
     epidemic.

  Your State, my State--almost every State in America has this.

       Why must it be so hard to get addiction treatment in a 
     state with the nation's highest drug death rate--818 deaths 
     last year, most of them from [legal prescription drugs]?

  Think about how this epidemic has gotten to this proportion. We have 
a drug that is put on the market by the FDA. This is an organization, a 
Federal agency, that is supposed to make sure that we have for 
consumption a safety net built into it. So the FDA gives their stamp of 
approval: This is a product that can be used, and it should be of help. 
Then it goes to the DEA to find out who is allowed to dispense it 
without any type of education or any type of work to make sure that 
there is competency in our doctors who are prescribing it--or I might 
say overprescribing it. Then it goes to the doctor, who is the most 
trusted person outside of our family, who says: This is going to help 
you. This is good for you. This is what we are talking about--what is 
killing West Virginians and Americans every day.
  If you need heart surgery, you have insurance providers around the 
State that would compete for your care. That is what she is saying. 
There is someone there; for any other treatment or any other need for 
treatment of any illness, we can find help, but not for this.
  This has been such a silent killer that I know--and my family 
included. Everyone I talk to--anybody I talk to knows somebody in their 
immediate family or extended family or a close family friend. All of 
our young interns here know the same. They know people. But we keep it 
quiet; especially if it's in our family, we keep quiet because it is 
embarrassing. We don't want anybody to know that we have failed as a 
family structure. Something fell apart for this to happen. Why would 
someone have to turn to drugs when they have a loving, caring family? 
We just don't understand, so we keep quiet about it.
  It isn't a Democrat or Republican or liberal or conservative cause. 
This is a killer that has no boundaries; it attacks everybody. That is 
what I am saying. When you see a mother who is doing everything she can 
to get her daughter somewhere just to save her life and can't get her 
in--we are talking about this one penny: What is a one-penny tax, Joe? 
I can't vote for any new taxes.
  I am not asking you to vote for a tax. I am asking you to look any of 
your constituents in the eye and say: We have a program that is 
lifesaving for you or your family member. God forbid if you ever need 
it, but we have it.
  We don't hesitate to put taxes on cigarettes. We didn't hesitate. 
Everybody voted for taxes on cigarettes. Everybody has voted for taxes 
on alcohol. I am asking for one penny--one penny to save thousands and 
thousands of lives in America. I guarantee that there will not be one 
person to vote against it--a Republican or Democrat who would not vote 
for something that is going to put permanent funding for treatment 
centers in the most needed areas in America and saves people's lives.

       There aren't enough resources to accommodate the addiction 
     problem in the heroin capital of the United States, Taylor 
     [herself told] a reporter. If no one changes it this whole 
     city will go under.

  Let me tell you what this city of Huntington is doing right now. I 
met with them last week when I was home. They are going to have a 
center of excellence starting with Marshall University, the city of 
Huntington, Calvert County, and the entire organization. All the 
policymakers are working together because this is something they are 
fighting every day. This center of excellence is built around this. We 
know we have a problem. We have people overdosing. We are trying to 
save lives. We are trying to get them clean, and we are trying to get 
them back into the workforce.
  The center of excellence is going to start at conception for a mother 
who may be using and conceives a child. How do we get her clean? How 
does she have a healthy baby versus a drug-addicted baby?
  We have Lily's Place down there, and what they are doing in neonatal 
care is unbelievable. They are trying to get this baby weaned off the 
addiction that the mother passed on in her pregnancy. Then we want to 
make sure that mother goes back home with the baby in a

[[Page 4578]]

clean home because, if not, the cycle will continue. This is what the 
center of excellence is going to do.
  The success we think we are going to have, starting at ground zero in 
Huntington, WV, will be able to be shared all over the country because 
they are going to take a holistic approach. You just can't say: I am 
going to treat the addict. I am going to treat the cause. It goes 
further than that. These children are being born to a drug-infested 
mother and a father or a person who is paternal or into a family that 
is still drug-infested. It does nothing but perpetuate the cycle. This 
is what we have to stop if we want to save the country.
  Here is what I tell children, and I will tell all of our young 
interns. I go to schools and talk every day. I tell them that there is 
not another country that will take on the United States of America 
militarily. No one compares with the greatest military that the world 
has ever known, that history has ever recorded, the United States of 
America. It is not going to happen. Nobody can take on this great 
economy of ours--the greatest economy in the world, $19 trillion, 
almost $20 trillion GDP. The closest economy we have next to us is 
China, with an economy that is about half of ours, $10.5 to $11 
trillion. Then it drops off the scale with Japan and then Russia. 
Russia is at $2.5 to $3 trillion. No one compares to the United States 
of America for the economy and military might we have as a superpower--
the only superpower left in the world, the United States of America. We 
are the hope of the world, the United States of America.
  I tell them: They don't think they have to fight you. They don't have 
to take over our economy. They think we will give it to them. They 
think we will give it to them because we have a lack of skill sets. Our 
education attainment is not as high as what they are doing, and our 
addiction problem means we will not be clean enough to be able to 
perform. They will just sit back and wait because time is on their 
side. They can sit back and wait for us to turn it all over. And you 
might be the last generation that lives in our country as the only 
superpower, the United States of America. God, I hope that doesn't 
happen, but we have to fight this. We just can't continue to keep 
talking about it.
  We have a good piece of legislation. Think about this: I introduced 
this bill a year ago--introduced it to honor Jessie Grubb and her mom 
and dad. Her dad served in the State legislature with me. We have been 
friends for a long time. Jessie was 30 years old. She was a promising 
young girl. She got sexually molested when she was in college. She came 
home, hid it from them, was depressed, got started on--they gave her 
some pain pills, some drug suppressants so she could cope with it. She 
got addicted. She overdosed a few times. She was trying to cure--she 
was 30 years old. She had gone to Michigan. She was in treatment. She 
had been clean for 6 months. She was a runner, an athlete. She was 
doing her first marathon.
  She had a hip injury, and she went to the hospital. When she went to 
the hospital, her mom and dad went up there. So here was the mom, the 
dad, and the girl; they went to admissions. She said: I want you all to 
know, I am so proud that I am a recovering addict, and I am 6 months 
clean. I want to make sure you all know that. The parents reiterated 
it.
  She goes into this, and there are no laws--nothing. They ask her all 
different types of questions: Are you allergic to penicillin--whatever 
it may be? They make sure that her chart is marked right, so that 
another attending physician or another attending nurse or the night 
shift or whatever looks and sees that they can't do that because it 
says she is allergic to that or they shouldn't give her this because of 
her condition.
  She goes in and she gets treated and she has an infection. They want 
to treat the infection, so they put a port in to treat the infection 
because that is how she would be treated with that.
  The discharging physician did not know she was a recovering addict. 
He saw a healthy young lady with an injury and knew that she was going 
to have pain, so he prescribed her some pain medication. He prescribed 
her 50 OxyContin on the afternoon she was discharged, and she overdosed 
and died by 1 in the morning.
  Jessie's Law basically says that if the guardian or parent and if the 
patient both come in and identify their problem and they want you to 
mark their charts accordingly, that should be done. Pretty simple, 
right?
  Let me tell you what has happened. For 1 year it has been stalled 
because of HIPAA privacy laws. All this was going on; 1 year was up, 
and I called David. They had written me a letter that said: Do you 
think anything will ever happen?
  So we went back again and started working on it. Here's what we did 
to change it. I said: David, we are going to have to take the parents 
or guardians off of it. If the patient themself asks for that, freely 
and willingly asks for that, we think that will pass muster, and all 
the different interest groups out there that are so concerned will 
basically accept that.
  So we have that piece of legislation called Jessie's Law. God forbid, 
if someone has a constituent or a loved one and it is not known, they 
can lose that child, just like that.
  These are all things that we are dealing with after the effects of 
addiction. Huntington, WV, and Marshall University are going to take on 
an effort that I think is heroic: How do we start from the beginning, 
conception, and make sure that child doesn't grow up to be an addict, 
make sure that family can get clean enough, and make sure they can be 
given the responsibility to care for that child so that they can grow 
up not in an addicted environment? That is what we are trying to do. We 
are at ground zero.
  I am hopeful for this great country and this new generation that we 
are counting on that they can keep themselves clean and still continue 
to be the hope of the world, and they truly are.
  With that, I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. GARDNER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


                       Nomination of Neil Gorsuch

  Mr. GARDNER. Mr. President, over the past several days, the American 
people have had a chance to participate in the Supreme Court nomination 
process by watching Judge Neil Gorsuch, judge of the Tenth Circuit 
Court of Appeals, based in Denver, take questions from the Judiciary 
Committee. For several days now, there have been hearings, with the 
Judiciary Committee's meeting 12 hours yesterday or so and, the day 
before, there being a number of speeches from every member of the 
Judiciary Committee. I and Senator Bennet, my colleague from Colorado, 
had the great privilege of introducing Judge Gorsuch on Monday to the 
Senate Judiciary Committee.
  I think what people across the country are seeing in this 
confirmation process is a judge who has a keen grasp of the law, a 
judge who understands the limits of power that are placed on the 
judicial branch, understands the role of the executive branch, 
understands the role of the legislative branch, and how he as a judge 
is supposed to rule when it comes to checking that balance of power.
  We also see, of course, after 12 hours of questioning--everything 
from the kind of temperament he has to the kinds of decisions he would 
make--that he is an even-tempered individual who would serve this 
country well. So I come to the floor again to talk about my support for 
Judge Gorsuch.
  Eleven years ago, this Chamber unanimously confirmed Judge Gorsuch 
through a voice vote for his position in 2006 on the Tenth Circuit 
Court. Judge Gorsuch has been described as a ``brilliant legal mind'' 
by the Denver Post and both liberal and conservative attorneys in 
Denver. He is a mainstream jurist who has the right temperament and the 
right view of judging in order to be on the Supreme Court, according to 
the Denver Post.

[[Page 4579]]

  Moreover, Judge Gorsuch is a faithful and ardent defender of our 
Constitution, a judge who has, time and again, shown a fidelity to the 
separation of powers and the limited role of government that was 
envisioned and prescribed by our Founders.
  It is no wonder that Judge Gorsuch has always enjoyed overwhelming 
bipartisan support. In fact, 12 of our current Senate colleagues, 
including minority leader Senator Schumer and Senators Leahy, 
Feinstein, and Durbin, all of whom are on the Judiciary Committee, were 
in office in 2006 when Judge Gorsuch was unanimously confirmed to the 
Tenth Circuit. None of them opposed his confirmation--none of them.
  Perhaps the best question for them today would be: Do you regret that 
decision 11 years ago? Did you not do enough work to know the nominee 
then?
  When Senator Graham held his committee hearing 11 years ago--the 
confirmation process--no one else showed up. It was an empty dais. If 
you tuned in to watch C-SPAN on Monday or Tuesday, you saw a different 
level of participation from the Judiciary Committee. What a difference 
a court makes. So I hope this process is one that will be shown to be 
fair to the American people--this process of getting to know Judge 
Gorsuch's temperament and his legal philosophy, but not 1 of the 12 
Democratic Members who are here today and who were here in 2006 voted 
against him in 2006.
  The approval of Judge Gorsuch was also in addition to a few other 
colleagues who have since left. We were joined at that time--Judge 
Gorsuch was supported at that time by then-Senator Barack Obama, by 
then-Senator Joe Biden, by then-Senator Hillary Clinton, and, at that 
point, by Senator John Kerry, all of whom participated in the 
confirmation process of Judge Gorsuch 11 years ago and all of whom did 
not oppose his nomination on the floor of the U.S. Senate. It shouldn't 
come as a surprise, if you have been paying attention to the 
confirmation process, to watch a mainstream consensus pick for the 
Supreme Court answer questions. From when the hearings began--of 
course, just a couple days ago--I think, since then, we have seen 
overwhelming bipartisan support emerge publicly in the Senate, once 
again, and we will see that emerge over the next several weeks.
  Several of our colleagues from across the aisle have already 
indicated they believe Judge Gorsuch deserves an up-or-down vote, and I 
hope that will continue. A fair shake in this process is what we are 
asking for. I wholeheartedly agree with my colleagues from across the 
aisle that he deserves a fair shake and an up-or-down vote. Let's give 
him that fair shake. Let's give him that up-or-down vote. Let's make 
sure the process remains fair, and let's give it in a timely fashion.
  Let's also give the American people a fair shake. Let's not forget 
that Judge Gorsuch is their choice for the Supreme Court. The American 
people rejected the previous administration's nominee and instead chose 
Judge Gorsuch. We should respect the will of the American people.
  Today, I would also like to speak about Judge Gorsuch's jurisprudence 
on the separation of powers and the administrative state. Under the 
previous administration, I, like many Coloradans and many of my 
distinguished Senate colleagues, grew worried as we watched continued 
administrative overreach. We watched 8 years of continued 
administrative overreach, agency overreach, and a judiciary that was 
ill-suited, or not inclined, to push back on the executive branch's 
unconstitutional overreach.
  As James Madison warned us in Federalist No. 47, ``The accumulation 
of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same 
hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-
appointed or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of 
tyranny.''
  It is, therefore, James Madison concluded, that the separation of 
powers must be a ``sacred maxim of free government.''
  That is what we are seeing in this debate over the confirmation of 
Judge Gorsuch. Through his writing, Judge Gorsuch undoubtedly 
recognizes this sacred maxim of free government. The questions he is 
receiving and the answers he is giving talk about that sacred maxim of 
free government.
  His body of work indicates, one, an understanding that there are 
clear constitutional limits to administrative agency power; two, it 
also demonstrates and illustrates a willingness to ensure agencies do 
not exceed their statutory authority; three, a genuine concern for the 
due process of regulated parties, which rightly requires these parties 
to receive clear notice on the scope of the regulations they must 
follow; and, four, a recognition that there are constitutional limits 
on the lawmaking responsibilities that Congress can delegate to the 
executive branch.
  Remember, going back to the founding of our country and the arguments 
that took place over the type of government we should have, this Nation 
started first with the Articles of Confederation and this loose 
collection of States--States that were able to print their own money, 
States that were able to raise their own militia because they feared 
the power of tyranny; they feared the power of centralized government 
that the British monarch represented, but that loose Confederation 
wasn't working so our Founders realized they had to go back to the 
drawing board to come up with something different.
  So in the late 1700s--1787, 1788--we saw this great debate break out 
published across the pages of papers in New York and throughout the 
country as the anti-Federalists and the Federalists began debating what 
kind of a government we should have. We had to recognize that too much 
government was a bad thing, but we also recognized that when we were 
too loose with that government, then it wouldn't function either.
  So James Madison and others who had gotten together recognized that 
we should put forward a different type of government, and they did so 
in the Constitution, but they did it amongst guidance by people like 
James Madison and Federalist No. 47. They did so understanding that one 
branch of our government wouldn't gain an unfair advantage over another 
branch of the government.
  As the years since that debate in 1789 took place, we have seen that 
there has been a mission creep, so to speak; that there has been a 
branch overreach, as the executive branch has grown in power at the 
expense of the legislative branch. I wish I could say that was all the 
fault of the executive branch, but it certainly hasn't been. At times, 
the legislative branch has yielded too much power and too much 
authority. Instead of doing its job, the legislative branch has given 
that authority to the executive branch. Of course, the executive branch 
hasn't just pushed it away, saying: No, don't do that. They have taken 
it. Both Republicans and Democrats, over the past several years, have 
done exactly that, but it has hurt our balance of powers, and it has 
hurt that very idea enshrined in Federalist No. 47; that we have to 
make sure the same hands don't hold all the power of government, 
leading to that maxim of free government.
  So a judge who understands and who will rule that there are clear 
constitutional limits to administrative agency power is an important 
philosophy. It is an important approach that a judge would have. A 
judge who is showing a willingness to ensure that agencies don't exceed 
their statutory authority--we need that in our Nation's Court. We need 
that on our Nation's High Court to restore the balance of power. We 
need someone with a genuine concern for due process, someone who 
recognizes that there are constitutional limits on lawmaking 
responsibilities that Congress can delegate to the executive branch. 
That is why it is important we talk about the views of Judge Gorsuch 
and the questions he is being asked because his views are rooted in the 
Constitution--very mainstream rules that are rooted in the 
Constitution, mainstream views that should ease any concerns our 
colleagues on the other side of the aisle may have about Judge Gorsuch.

[[Page 4580]]

  As Judge Gorsuch explained in his famous concurring opinion on the 
deference given to administrative agencies interpretations, the so-
called Chevron doctrine, he said:

       We managed to live with the administrative state before 
     Chevron. We could do it again. Put simply, it seems to me 
     that in a world without Chevron very little would change--
     except perhaps the most important things.

  That maxim of free government, that balance of power, the separation 
of powers, the limits on the administrative agency powers, it is 
something that I think we have to focus more time on, to restore the 
role we are supposed to play. We need to restore the role we are not 
just supposed to play but the role we are mandated by the Constitution 
to fulfill.
  For these reasons, and many others I have shared on the floor, I look 
forward to working with my distinguished Democratic colleagues to make 
sure Judge Gorsuch gets that fair shake and that timely up-or-down vote 
and I certainly hope the bipartisan support he deserves.
  Thank you, Mr. President.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Ms. WARREN. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mrs. Ernst). Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Ms. WARREN. Madam President, during his campaign, President Trump 
talked a big game about standing up for workers and creating good, 
high-paying jobs, but so far, the Republicans haven't voted on a single 
piece of legislation to create jobs, to grow our economy, or to 
increase wages for middle-class families--not one single piece, no 
votes to create jobs, grow the economy, or increase wages for middle-
class families--but they have been voting.
  Two weeks ago, Senate Republicans voted along party lines, 49 to 48, 
to make it easier for companies that get big-time, taxpayer-funded 
government contracts to steal wages from their employees. They also 
made it easier for those companies to injure their workers without 
admitting liability. Today, we are voting to make it easier for 
employers in the most dangerous industries to hide the most serious 
injuries and illnesses their workers suffer on the job.
  This isn't some burdensome new regulation. Large employers in the 
most dangerous industries have been required to record serious 
illnesses and injuries their employees suffer on the job since 1972, a 
few years after the Occupational Health and Safety Act was first passed 
in 1970.
  The rule Republicans are trying to overturn today simply clarifies an 
employer's obligation to maintain accurate, up-to-date records on 
workplace illnesses and injuries for 5 years. The Occupational Safety 
and Health Administration--or OSHA, as most of us call it--at the Labor 
Department has been enforcing this requirement in every administration 
since 1972, Democratic and Republican. OSHA uses these data to 
determine how best to prioritize workplace inspections. Since OSHA 
resources are so scarce, they have only enough money to inspect each 
workplace once every 140 years. So they kind of pick and choose where 
to focus these days to make sure they are targeting their inspections 
at industries and in occupations where workers are at the highest risk 
of injury. The Department also uses these reports to publish yearly 
statistics on the workplace hazards that kill 4,800 people and injure 
another 3 million people--American workers hurt and killed every year.
  Data show employers already vastly underreport workplace injuries and 
illnesses, and without this rule, underreporting will skyrocket. It 
will get harder for OSHA to hold employers accountable when they cut 
corners and endanger worker safety.
  Today's vote is great news for the Republicans who will rake in 
campaign contributions from their buddies at the Chamber of Commerce. 
It is great news for giant corporations that are lobbying hard against 
this rule, but it is not great news for hard-working Americans. The 
people did not send us to Washington to work for companies that plump 
up their profits by skirting safety regulations.
  The problem? This is just the beginning. Last week, President Trump 
proposed cutting the Department of Labor's budget by more than 20 
percent. These cuts will take cops off the beat and send a clear signal 
to employers that they can cut corners on safety with impunity.
  President Trump also proposed eliminating a 1970 program at OSHA that 
gives grants to nonprofits and community organizations that provide 
free training for workers on how to identify and prevent job hazards 
that could injure or kill them. These programs work, and now President 
Trump wants to cut them. That would mean the end of successful worker 
training programs like the Brazilian Worker Center's program in 
Allston, MA, that provides residential construction workers with 
lifesaving fall protection training. It also would cut funding for a 
Massachusetts Coalition on Occupational Health and Safety program in 
Dorchester that gives teens working in the retail sector training on 
how to prevent workplace violence, including sexual assault. Please 
note how important this is--200,000 young workers are the victims of 
workplace sexual assault every single year. This is a training program 
that was so successful that since it has been implemented, it has been 
replicated now nationwide. Yet the Trump administration wants to defund 
it.
  Just yesterday, the Trump administration finalized a 60-day delay of 
a rule to protect 60,000 workers who are exposed to lethal, cancer-
causing beryllium at work. This regulation saves about 100 lives every 
single year. Because the beryllium standards haven't been updated in 40 
years, tens of thousands of workers are putting their lives at risk 
every single day. Americans who are exposed to beryllium on the job 
shouldn't have to wait another 60 days before they can get some 
protection so their jobs will not cause them lung cancer.
  The pattern emerging is pretty clear. Republicans have no plans to 
improve the lives of American workers. Quite the opposite. Republicans 
are increasing the odds that workers will be injured or even killed.
  When I came to the Senate floor 2 weeks ago to speak out against the 
repeal of the Fair Pay and Safe Workplaces Act, I said the debate on 
this vote was about whom Congress works for. Today's debate is no 
different. The Republicans are working for giant employers that don't 
want to follow the basic rules to keep their employees safe. This is 
shameful. This Congress should be working for the Americans who work 
for a living and just want to be able to do that without putting their 
lives at risk.
  I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. NELSON. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


                            Opioid Epidemic

  Mr. NELSON. Madam President, there has been a lot of conversation 
from so many of our fellow Senators about the opioid crisis that has 
been devastating individuals and families across the country. We heard 
this particularly in New Hampshire as it was a topic of discussion last 
fall during the election. It was an opportunity to bring to the 
Nation's attention--because of the eyes being focused first on the New 
Hampshire primary--of a real opioid crisis.
  What we also then discussed was that it was not just affecting a few 
States, it was affecting most of the States. That is the case with my 
State of Florida. Addiction to opioids has reached staggering levels, 
and the situation is only getting worse. In 2015, more than 33,000 
Americans died from prescription opioid overdoses. That is 15 percent 
more people than had died just the previous year. I don't have the 
figures for last year, 2016.

[[Page 4581]]

  So Florida is right there in that national trend. What Florida saw 
between 2014 and 2015 was a 22.7-percent increase. It is staggering 
because in that year, Florida suffered over 2,000 deaths from opioid 
overdoses. Earlier this month, our office interviewed a woman from 
Florida for yesterday's Committee on Aging's hearing.
  She is caring for her 7-year-old grandson because his mother lost 
custody, was later incarcerated due to her drug addiction. Sadly, this 
story is all too familiar. The number of grandparents serving as the 
primary caretakers for their grandchildren is increasing, as was the 
case with the lady from Florida who testified at the Committee on Aging 
hearing this week. They are primary caretakers for their grandchildren. 
It is, in large part, because of the opioid epidemic.
  In addition to the devastating loss of life and the challenges for 
the new caregivers, opioid abuse is straining local and State budgets. 
Just last month, the vice mayor of Palm Beach County sent a letter to 
the Governor urging him to declare a public health emergency in Florida 
citing the loss of life and financial impact--in this case to Palm 
Beach County.
  Yesterday, several of my colleagues and I sent a letter to the 
majority leader of the Senate highlighting some of our concerns with 
the House of Representative's healthcare bill that I call TrumpCare and 
how it is going to impact those with substance abuse disorders because 
one of the things we are most concerned about is how the proposed 
changes in Medicaid that they are going to vote on at the other end of 
the hall--right down here tomorrow, they are going to vote on the House 
of Representative's healthcare TrumpCare bill.
  The changes they make to Medicaid would prevent States from being 
able to respond to the opioid crisis because Medicaid plays a critical 
role in the fight against opioids, but changing the Medicaid Program to 
a block grant or a cap is going to shift costs to the States. The 
States are not going to pick up that additional cost. It is going to 
eliminate also some of the Federal protections, and it is only going to 
hurt our people who rely on Medicaid to help them as we are combating 
this opioid crisis because with less Federal funding, how are States 
like mine going to provide the necessary services to help individuals 
with substance abuse disorders?
  Congress ought to be doing more to help with this crisis, not less. 
How many times have you heard a Senator, like this Senator, come to the 
floor and talk about the opioid epidemic? Yet we are just about to do 
it to ourselves if we pass this TrumpCare bill. Remember, last year, 
while so many of us, including this Senator, were early supporters of 
the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016--it was signed 
into law last year. The law takes a comprehensive approach to this 
opioid problem.
  A few months ago, a lot of us, including this Senator, voted to 
provide additional funding to start implementing this crucial new law 
to fight opioid addiction. Despite this progress, the House tomorrow--
probably, tomorrow night--is about to pass legislation that would 
completely undermine last year's bipartisan efforts to respond to the 
epidemic and to undercut healthcare for millions of people in this 
country.
  Opioid abuse is a deadly, serious problem, and we cannot ignore it. 
We should be investing more resources into helping these people and 
their families, not cutting them at the time we need them the most.
  Again, I make a plea. We made progress last year with the law. We 
passed the new law. We made progress, giving some additional funding. 
The crisis hasn't gone away. We still need to respond.
  But at the very same time, what we see happening to the Medicaid 
Program--eliminating Medicaid as we know it, healthcare for the people 
who are the least fortunate among us--is that we are about to cut back 
on all that progress we have made on this opioid crisis. I hope that we 
will think better of this and not do it to ourselves.
  I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. BROWN. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. BROWN. Madam President, one thing has become clear in this 
country: Hard work just doesn't pay off like it used to. Over the last 
40 years, GDP has gone up, corporate profits have gone up, and 
executive salaries have gone up all because of the productivity of 
American workers, but companies are not investing in their workers the 
way they did. Workers don't feel like institutions--whether it is 
government or big companies--work for them.
  Again, GDP goes up, corporate profits go up, executive salaries go 
up, worker productivity goes up, but workers' wages do not. Actions 
like this today are the reason. Congress is voting to allow employers 
in our most dangerous industries to hide injuries to workers and to 
skirt worker protection laws.
  This Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, rule 
simply makes clear that it is the employer's responsibility to maintain 
accurate records of serious injuries that happen on the job. The rule 
simply makes clear that it is the employer's responsibility to maintain 
accurate records of serious injuries that happen on the job.
  It doesn't impose new costs. It doesn't affect small business. What 
it does is it holds companies accountable for maintaining their own 
records, as they have done for 40 years. These records are the most 
important tool we have to identify and root out the most dangerous 
workplace hazards. They are the basis for national statistics on 
workplace health and safety.
  Two former Commissioners from the Bureau of Labor Statistics--one 
from the George Bush administration and one from the Barack Obama 
administration--have written to this body, warning us that killing this 
rule could undermine nearly a half century of worker safety 
information.
  So a leading Republican and a leading Democrat have both written to 
this body saying: Don't do this; it will mean more workplace injuries.
  I know people around here who have these kinds of jobs--where 
workplace injuries rarely are even a fact of life--may not think about 
this enough. Pope Francis exhorted his parish priests to go out and 
smell like the flock. People in this body need to go out and talk to 
workers more. Go to union halls, go to workplaces, listen to what 
workers are saying, listen to what union members are saying, and listen 
to what nonunion members are saying about what these workplace safety 
rules mean.
  Worse yet, this vote today will allow employers to falsify their 
safety records with impunity. Companies can avoid OSHA rules and 
inspections by underreporting--underreporting--harm to their workers, 
and they can avoid making a real investment to make their workplaces 
safer.
  Over the past three decades, some of the worst offenders with 
dangerous workplaces hid injuries and kept fraudulent records. They hid 
injuries, and they kept fraudulent records. They claimed they were 
safe, while workers were being hurt on the job.
  These requirements only apply to the most dangerous industries--
industries where proper safety precautions could mean the difference 
between life and death or a permanent disability for these workers. We 
are talking about fall hazards, dangerous machines without proper 
guarding, workers handling dangerous chemicals without adequate washing 
stations.
  Look at the poultry processing industry. These workers face serious 
health and safety problems. In many plants, workers process 140 
chickens a minute, and they are at risk for disabling injuries.
  Maybe people around here don't think much about people processing 
chickens. It is not a job that pays well. It is a job that is 
difficult. Frankly, people in this body don't know people

[[Page 4582]]

who do those jobs, by and large. They are handling 140 chickens a 
minute. They are at risk for disabling injuries.
  We eat the chickens, but we don't see what happens when they are 
processed, and we are not paying attention to that. That is why it is 
so important we not vote for this rule change.
  Too many employers fail to report these injuries. If OSHA isn't 
empowered to enforce recordkeeping, processing plants will be able to 
hide their safety violations and expose their workers to crippling 
injuries.
  This CRA vote today is about workers' safety, period. Workers' safety 
is something so fundamental that it is hard to believe we are arguing 
about it.
  In the United States of America in 2017, companies shouldn't be able 
to put workers' lives and safety at risk just so they can make more 
money. They shouldn't be able to put their workers' lives and safety at 
risk just to make more money, and we shouldn't be part of that effort 
to help those companies do that.
  To my colleagues who are prepared to gut this rule, I ask: Would you 
be willing to work these jobs? Would my fellow Senators be willing to 
send their children to work in these dangerous industries while turning 
a blind eye to safety rules?
  I think we know what the answers to those questions are. This is why 
Americans are losing their faith in our institutions.
  Earlier this month, at the Glenn School in Columbus--which is named 
after my good friend, the late Senator John Glenn--I rolled out a plan 
to reinvest in the American worker, but instead of coming together to 
work on solutions, the Senate today is going in the wrong direction. We 
are debating a measure to give big corporations--which in many cases 
are more profitable than they have ever been--more ways to exploit 
American workers, more ways to evade the consequences, and more ways to 
pad their profits at the expense of everyday Americans.
  American workers aren't just a cost to be minimized. Protections for 
workers' safety aren't a luxury you can cut. It is disgraceful that 
this body fails to understand this.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. MERKLEY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Tillis). Without objection, it is so 
ordered.


                             We the People

  Mr. MERKLEY. Mr. President, the most important words in our 
Constitution are the first three words, ``We the People.'' With those 
words, our Founding Fathers laid out the vision, the principles, and 
the foundation for our new Nation's government. It would be, as 
President Lincoln so eloquently described, ``a government of the 
people, by the people, and for the people.'' It would not be a 
government by and for the privileged. It would not be a government by 
and for the powerful. It would not be a government by and for the 
elite, and it certainly would not be an authoritarian government.
  I believe it is more important than ever for us to recommit ourselves 
to that vision, a vision of a nation that measures successes, not at 
the boardroom table but at the kitchen tables of hard-working Americans 
across this land, the vision of a nation that derives its power and 
authority from the people.
  In order to do that, we must resist President Trump's dangerous tilt 
toward authoritarianism. Throughout his candidacy and now within the 
walls of the White House, President Trump has viciously and repeatedly 
attacked the media. He has inflamed people's anger toward immigrants, 
toward religious minorities, toward refugees, and he has undermined or 
attacked individuals who publicly stand up to him and the shortcomings 
of his policies. These are four strategies used by authoritarian 
leaders from time immemorial to consolidate power. These are strategies 
that are incompatible with our constitutional ``we the people'' 
construction of government, and we must call out and resist these 
strategies.
  President Trump's authoritarian leanings were there from the 
beginning. Like many figures throughout history, he rode into office as 
much on a cult personality as on the merits of his policies. It started 
with the nicknames and the unrestrained insults, calling opponents 
crooked and lyin' and phony, calling critics dumb as a rock, 
incompetent, crazy, or dishonest. He escalated the calls to toss out or 
hurt protesters at his rallies. At one point, he promised to pay the 
legal bills of a man arrested for punching a protester at a rally in 
North Carolina. Then there were the ``lock her up'' chants that he 
repeated himself, calling for imprisoning a political opponent. 
Threatening to throw your opponent in jail if you win is a strategy 
usually seen only with dictators.
  Mr. Trump himself best summed up his populist cult personality when 
he said at one campaign event: ``I could stand in the middle of Fifth 
Avenue and shoot somebody, and I wouldn't lose any voters, OK?'' The 
scary thought is that he was probably not so far off the mark. This 
aggressive and unswerving loyalty is a challenge to our ``we the 
people'' democracy.
  Let's take a look at Senior White House Policy Adviser Stephen 
Miller's declaration on Face the Nation last month. He said: ``Our 
opponents, the media, and the whole world will soon see as we begin to 
take further actions, that the powers of the President to protect our 
country are very substantial and will not be questioned.''
  That is an interesting statement to make: The President's powers will 
not be questioned. What a bold, un-American, authoritarian statement to 
make because here in America, our Nation, our national government, is 
premised on the concept that we can challenge our leaders. It is not 
only a privilege, it is a responsibility. Yet Mr. Trump has repeatedly 
attacked this fundamental American principle and those who exercise it.
  Take, for instance, his attack on freedom of the press. Demosthenes, 
an ancient Greek statesman, orator, and legal scholar of the third 
century B.C. once said: ``There is one safeguard known generally to the 
wise, which is an advantage and security to all, but especially to 
democracies as against despots--suspicion.''
  What Demosthenes was saying is that in a democracy we don't take the 
statements of our political leaders simply at face value. We test those 
statements against the facts to find our way to the truth. In the 
United States, a free and open press is how we exercise that suspicion 
and find our way to the truth.
  Thomas Jefferson believed that. He said: ``Our liberty depends on the 
freedom of the press.'' Our liberty depends upon the freedom of the 
press.
  Benjamin Franklin echoed that belief when he said: ``Freedom of 
speech is ever the Symptom as well as the Effect of a good 
Government.''
  John Adams wrote: ``The liberty of the press is essential to the 
security of the state.'' It is so essential, in fact, that the Founding 
Fathers enshrined our commitment to a free and open press to the very 
First Amendment to the Constitution, that ``Congress shall make no law 
. . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.'' Yet what we 
have seen time and again from President Trump is an endless attack 
against the fourth estate, against the press. He said: ``The media is 
very unfair. They're very biased.'' He complained on FOX News last 
August.
  He attacked the New York Times in that same interview, not for the 
first or last time, saying: ``You look at The New York Times, I mean 
the fail--I call it `The Failing New York Times.'''
  Apparently any news story critical of the President is now ``fake 
news.'' He tweeted in February: ``Any negative polls are fake news.''
  And when asked about leaks from the intelligence community during 
last month's press conference in the East Room, he said: ``The leaks 
are absolutely real. The news is fake because so much of the news is 
fake.''
  His staff has gotten into the action, too, pushing at one point the 
Orwellian term, ``alternative facts.'' During an

[[Page 4583]]

interview on NBC's Meet the Press, Kellyanne Conway said: ``Sean 
Spicer, our press secretary, gave alternative facts,'' and, in the 
administration, ``we feel compelled to go out and clear the air and put 
alternative facts out there.''
  The White House has taken their fight with the media so far as to 
block access to outlets they disagree with, banning outlets such as 
CNN, POLITICO, the New York Times, and Los Angeles Times from an off-
camera press briefing last month.
  But of all of President Trump's relentless attacks against the media, 
the most disturbing to me was when he tweeted in February: ``The FAKE 
NEWS media (failing @nytimes, @NBCNews, @ABC, @CBS, @CNN) is not my 
enemy, it is the enemy of the American People!''
  President Trump, I have a message for you: A free and open press is 
not the enemy of the American people. A free and open press is the 
salvation of our democratic Republic. It is an essential warrior in our 
Republic against fake news, charlatans, and those who would use fake 
news and attacks on the press to advance authoritarian government.
  I thought my colleague from Arizona, Senator McCain, made a very apt 
analysis when he said that suppressing free speech is how dictators 
``get started . . . when you look at history, the first thing that 
dictators do is shut down the press.'' Senator McCain went on to say: 
``If you want to preserve democracy as we know it, you have to have a 
free and many times adversarial press.''
  So this is a major concern, this attack on the media, and 
particularly an attack on news organizations that work to vet their 
reporting before they share it with the American people. In other 
words, we are in the ironic situation that the very groups under attack 
by President Trump are the groups that work hardest to get true facts, 
actual facts, vetted facts, carefully fact-checked information to the 
American people. That is the foundation for a national dialogue: 
carefully vetted information so that we know when we read it, it is 
reliable. That is the type of news we need more of in this Nation.
  Mr. Trump's authoritarian tactics aren't just limited to his war on 
the media. His second approach is to attack and scapegoat immigrants, 
religious minorities, and refugees ever since he stood in the lobby of 
Trump Tower and said:

       When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their 
     best. . . . They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. 
     They're rapists.

  Since then President Trump has made it his mission to turn the 
American people against Mexican immigrants, to make them the enemy. He 
has talked about the ``bad hombres'' flooding across our southern 
border, stealing our jobs, committing crimes, and murdering American 
citizens. In his mind, the people coming from Mexico are all dangerous, 
violent cartel members transporting an endless supply of drugs across 
our country in order to ruin America. But this storyline is completely 
at odds with the facts. First, drug cartels do not ship their products 
into our country through the backpacks of immigrants.
  Recently I traveled with a congressional delegation to the U.S.-
Mexico border to examine this issue. The experts on the border told our 
delegation that drugs come into the United States through freight, in 
trucks, and through tunnels--not through backpacks. What this means is 
that a proposal to build a wall, whether it is 20 feet high or 30 feet 
high, will be absolutely useless in diminishing the flow of drugs into 
our country.
  I will tell you what else they told us. They said that an end zone 
defense does not work against drugs. If you want to stop the flow of 
drugs, you have to work carefully with regard to everything from the 
moment they are being manufactured or shipped into Mexico until they 
migrate north. That means you have to work in close cooperation with 
the security agencies of Mexico, with the police, and with the 
intelligence agencies of Mexico. That cooperation requires a very close 
coordination between respected partners, and disrespecting the partners 
of Mexico is the best way to damage the ability to intercept drugs that 
are coming into the United States.
  We also know that the underlying premise of there being a flood of 
Mexican immigrants coming into our country is false. A 2015 study from 
the Pew Research Center found that between 2009 and 2014, there was a 
net outflow of 140,000 Mexican immigrants from the United States. They 
were migrating from the United States to Mexico, a net outflow. A more 
recent Pew Study determined that the number of undocumented Mexican 
immigrants in America has declined by more than 1 million since 2007. 
If you take the span during the Obama administration, there was an 
outflow, not an inflow--the exact opposite of the story line the 
President is presenting.
  What about those violent crimes being committed by undocumented 
criminals? The data does not support the President. In fact, the New 
York Times reported that ``several studies, over many years, have 
concluded that immigrants are less likely to commit crimes than people 
born in the United States.'' Between 1980 and 2010, among men aged 18 
to 49, immigrants were one-half to one-fifth as likely to be 
incarcerated as those born in the United States.
  When you look closer, the attacks on immigrants fall apart, as I have 
pointed out, but that is what authoritarian leaders do. They create a 
false enemy, and they use the perception of that enemy to generate hate 
and fear. They use that hate and fear to consolidate power. It is our 
responsibility as citizens, as the press in the United States, and as 
legislators to resist this authoritarian strategy of President Trump.
  Another of his strategies is to attack religious minorities in our 
country and abroad. Take for instance his pledge on the campaign trail 
for a ``total and complete'' shutdown on Muslims entering the United 
States. As we know, Mr. Trump followed up on this approach after the 
election by asking Rudy Giuliani to help fashion a legal Muslim ban.
  During a FOX News interview, Mr. Giuliani said:

       Trump called me up. He said, Put a commission together. 
     Show me the right way to do it legally.

  To attempt to meet constitutional muster, Trump aimed his ban at 
immigrants from seven Muslim-majority nations.
  Rudy Giuliani went on to say in that same FOX News interview:

       What we did was we focused on, instead of religion, 
     danger--the areas of the world that create danger for us, 
     which is a factual basis, not a religious basis. Perfectly 
     legal, perfectly sensible. And that's what the ban is based 
     on.

  But, as William Banks, the director of the Institute for National 
Security and Counterterrorism at Syracuse University, observed, ``Since 
9/11, no one has been killed in this country in a terrorist attack by 
anyone who emigrated from any of the seven countries.''
  The President's own Department of Homeland Security recently reported 
that citizens from the countries listed in the Muslim ban are ``rarely 
implicated in U.S.-based terrorism.'' In fact, the report concluded 
that individuals who died in the pursuit of or who were convicted of 
terrorism were far more likely to be U.S.-born citizens than to be 
immigrants.
  Here is the great irony and the tragedy of President Trump's effort 
to demonize Muslims: Instead of protecting the United States, he is 
damaging the security of the United States. His attacks feed perfectly 
into and therefore strengthen ISIS's recruiting strategy of claiming 
that the United States is at war with Islam. Video of his speeches and 
public statements, especially Trump's call for a Muslim ban, has 
already been featured in ISIS's recruiting tools. In addition, it 
weakens the Muslim leaders we are seeking to partner with in taking on 
ISIS. It undermines those leaders' support from their own countries in 
their cooperating with the United States.
  Trump's strategy does double damage to American security, and I wish 
his impact against religious minorities stopped there. I wish it 
stopped long

[[Page 4584]]

before there because it is incompatible with the fundamental premise, 
the fundamental values of the United States of America, which is 
religious freedom. Yet, throughout the course of his campaign, he gave 
voice time and again to the views and opinions of White nationalists 
and anti-Semites. He did not directly attack the Jewish community, but 
his White nationalist rhetoric and actions have had the effect of doing 
it indirectly. When he needs news or information, he turns to the White 
nationalist Breitbart News--a fake news source which has infamously 
attacked American Jews with stories like ``Bill Kristol: Republican 
spoiler, renegade Jew'' and another one that attacked Anne Applebaum of 
the Washington Post, which read: ``Hell hath no fury like a Polish, 
Jewish, American elitist scorned.''
  But President Trump does not just tap into the Breitbart White 
nationalist themes; he brought the former executive chair of Breitbart, 
Steve Bannon, into the White House as his chief strategist and then 
appointed him to the Principals Committee of the National Security 
Council. This individual has no business being anywhere near the 
Capital of the United States and certainly not on the Principals 
Committee of the National Security Council. Bannon is a man who has not 
only been embraced by White supremacists for his views, but according 
to testimony from his ex-wife, he has said he does not want his 
children going to school with Jewish kids and had once asked a school 
administrator why there were so many Hanukkah books in the library.
  If you think this theme has not had a real effect on our country, you 
are wrong. When Donald Trump was elected, the KKK and other White 
nationalist groups celebrated. They felt free to come out of the 
shadows. They felt bold enough to hold an annual White nationalist 
conference right here in Washington, DC, at the Ronald Reagan Building, 
steps from the White House, because they finally felt like they had one 
of their own in the Oval Office.
  These nationalist groups are so emboldened that we have seen more 
than 100 bomb threats called in to Jewish community centers around the 
country since January. We have witnessed the desecration of Jewish 
headstones in cemeteries in St. Louis and in Philadelphia.
  Last month the President, speaking to a roomful of State attorneys 
general, said he condemned these threats. I applaud him for condemning 
them. But then he turned around and said: ``You have to be careful, 
because the reverse could be true.'' What did he mean by that? 
Commentators have suggested that the President meant by ``the reverse 
could be true'' that the bomb threats, the Swastika graffiti, and the 
desecration of Jewish burial sites might actually be the work of Jewish 
Americans to generate criticism of President Trump. There is no 
evidence of that, and I certainly do not believe it to be true. What I 
do believe is that a ``blame the victim'' tactic is reprehensible and 
in itself an anti-Semitic strategy.
  The President has also dedicated a significant amount of time to 
trying to make the country fear refugees, to demonize refugees. Many of 
us grew up in a world in which Lady Liberty's words of ``give us your 
tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free'' 
stirred our hearts because, unless you are 100 percent Native American, 
you are tied in through your parents, your grandparents, your great-
grandparents, your ancestors. You are tied to those who immigrated to 
the United States, who came here, often fleeing persecution, often 
fleeing famine. This Nation gave them a place to stand and in which to 
build a new life and thrive and hand down a better, stronger nation to 
their children. That is a property of our history. That is a value 
deeply rooted in our hearts.
  The President, instead, has dedicated his energy to attacking 
refugees, those, like our ancestors, who came here, fleeing persecution 
and fleeing famine, especially Syrian refugees, who are fleeing for 
their lives in search of a safe haven. He has falsely claimed they 
represent a ``great Trojan horse'' that threatens the safety of 
Americans. Mr. Trump says these victims of war have to be subjected to 
extreme vetting because we have no idea who these people are or where 
they come from. The fact is that we do know who they are. We know 
exactly where they come from because before they can come here as 
refugees, they already go through extreme vetting. It takes 18 months 
to 2 years of vetting, on average, before refugees are given tickets to 
come to the United States of America, and if at any point during that 
18 to 24 months something does not add up, they do not get the tickets.
  Now, if ISIS or another terrorist organization wants to get people 
who are dangerous into our country, they do not go through an 18- or a 
24-month vetting process. No. They come on tourist visas or student 
visas or business visas. Going through the refugee process would be the 
worst possible way to do it.
  As an analysis by the Migration Policy Institute reminded us in 
October of 2015, of the 784,000 refugees who have been resettled in our 
country since September 11, 2001, 3 have been arrested for planning 
terrorist activities. None of them got past the planning phase, and 
only one of those three was talking about potential attacks here in the 
United States. The others were talking about sending money and weapons 
to al-Qaida. In other words, no one has been injured by those 784,000 
refugees.
  These are just some of the pieces of the President's authoritarian 
strategy to demonize groups, to create hate, to create fear, and to try 
to consolidate power. As a result of his activities, we have seen waves 
of hate crimes and violence and bigotry sweep across our Nation.
  Latino and Latina students in our schools and in our classrooms have 
been forced to confront classmates' bullying and taunts, chants of 
``build the wall'' and ``go back to your country,'' and graffiti 
sprayed on walls to ``build the wall higher.''
  We have heard reports of verbal and physical attacks against people 
of the Muslim faith.
  A woman at San Jose University lost her balance and choked when a man 
attempted to rip off her head scarf.
  A Muslim student at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
campus reported having a knife pulled on her.
  A Muslim teacher in Georgia found left on her desk a note that read 
that a head scarf is not allowed anymore and that she should hang 
herself with it.
  Within the last 8 weeks, four mosques around the country have been 
burned to the ground.
  Just recently, a man in Kansas went into a bar, hurled ethnic slurs 
at two Indian engineers, and shot them, killing one and seriously 
injuring the other.
  As I mentioned earlier, since January, there have been more than 100 
bomb threats against Jewish community centers.
  Throughout history, we have seen this tactic used by an executive 
here, an executive there, by a dictator here, a dictator there, in 
country after country, to characterize minority communities as a threat 
to be feared in order to make the body politic afraid, to make them 
angry, and to make them willing to support authoritarian exercise of 
power.
  What is our job? It is our job to expose this strategy, to call 
attention to this strategy, to address the myths that are used to 
instill fear and the falsehoods that are used to instill hatred. It is 
our job to oppose this authoritarian game plan in every way possible.
  The third leg of President Trump's authoritarian attacks are ones 
that go against public opposition to him and attack the protests of the 
people of the United States. What was the President's response after 
millions of people in cities all around the country--and all around the 
world, for that matter--joined the women's march to stand up for the 
fundamental values of peace, tolerance, and equality? His response was 
a rebuke and a dismissal. He tweeted:

       Watched protests yesterday but was under the impression 
     that we just had an election! Why didn't these people vote?


[[Page 4585]]


  Well, President Trump, they did vote, and they all voted 
overwhelmingly for your opponent, by a 3 million-vote margin.
  We saw similarly disparaging responses from Republican lawmakers like 
the Facebook post from a State Senator in Mississippi who said:

       So a group of unhappy liberal women marched in Washington, 
     D.C. We shouldn't be surprised; almost all liberal women are 
     unhappy.

  After countless citizens around the country began showing up at 
townhall meetings to make their voices heard, what was his response? He 
dismissed these engaged citizens as ``so-called angry crowds,'' and 
then he tweeted: ``Professional anarchists, thugs and paid protesters 
are proving the point of the millions of people who voted to make 
America great again!''
  I have held a lot of townhalls since January, many of them filled 
beyond capacity with regular citizens who are deeply distressed by what 
they are seeing in our country. At one townhall, more than 3,500 people 
showed up. We had so many people that the hundreds of folks who 
couldn't get in had to stand outside the building in the cold, 
listening. We took a speaker and put it in the window so those outside 
could hear, and they watched through the windows.
  This is ``we the people'' government. This is American citizens 
saying: Your strategy, President Trump, is not OK. Your strategy to 
divide us into factions in America and to pit one faction against 
another, to demonize groups, to incite hate is just wrong.
  I find it truly disheartening to see the President attacking citizens 
exercising their voice, which is often the most basic civic duty.
  President Jefferson said there is a mother principle for our 
government, and the mother principle is that the actions of the 
government will only reflect the will of the people if each and every 
citizen has an equal voice. We know, in the modern day of campaign 
financing, some citizens and, indeed, often some noncitizens--that is, 
massive rich corporations--have a very loud voice compared to the 
average citizen. So citizens, to compensate, are saying: We are going 
to show up. We are going to take our time and our energy and we are 
going to join together and we are going to send a lot of emails to 
Capitol Hill, a lot of letters to Capitol Hill, but we are also going 
to show up in the parks and the streets to march in order to say this 
strategy, this authoritarian strategy, or this strategy to take away 
healthcare from millions of Americans is absolutely unacceptable. And 
the President somehow is living in a fantasy world where he thinks they 
are paid? I don't think so. I don't think this last weekend, when 800 
people showed up at Redmond, OR, to my townhall, that a single one of 
them was paid--not a single one.
  When we look across the country and we see the 7-year-old who wanted 
to be at a townhall because he doesn't want us to cut funding for PBS 
in order to build a wall, he wasn't paid, or the Muslim immigrant who 
risked his life for our Nation in Afghanistan as a military interpreter 
and now wants to know ``Who is going to save me here,'' he wasn't paid.
  American citizens are using their voice as designed in our ``we the 
people'' Constitution, but in the mind of our President and in the 
words of his adviser, Stephen Miller, his powers are very substantial 
and will not be questioned, not even by the citizens and voters of this 
great Nation.
  Well, they are being questioned, massively, by citizens raising their 
voices in every possible way.
  American citizens everywhere are deeply disturbed by what they are 
seeing unfold in our Nation. They fear we are headed down a dark and 
dangerous path that will betray the founding principles of our ``we the 
people'' government, and they have every right to be anxious and 
concerned.
  There have been allusions made by a number of experts to Mr. Trump's 
actions and the early days of Vladimir Putin's regime and especially 
his relentless war with the media. All of these are reasons citizens 
are fired up, raising their voices to oppose the authoritarian tactics 
of this administration.
  While the President seeks to dismiss the legitimacy of these voices, 
I stand here today to praise those Americans for standing up, for 
taking on their responsibility as citizens to create a powerful, 
courageous chorus, a public stand against the authoritarian strategy of 
President Trump--his strategy of attacking the media, his strategy of 
attacking immigrants, his strategy of attacking refugees, and his 
strategy of attacking religious minorities.
  A friend sent me a message the other day saying:

       I'm more devastated daily. I can't believe the Republicans 
     are not stopping this, saying something. How can this be 
     happening? Don't the Republicans see what's happening? I weep 
     for my kids.

  Millions of Americans across the country are feeling those same 
fears. It is up to all of us here, imbued with the awesome 
responsibility to speak for and represent the people of this Nation, to 
stand up against advancing authoritarianism. It is right for us to 
fight for a free, open democratic republic, with a ``government of the 
people, by the people, for the people.''
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Sullivan). The clerk will call the roll.
  The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. BLUMENTHAL. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. BLUMENTHAL. Mr. President, I am here in the midst of a Judiciary 
Committee hearing on Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch, showing, and 
in a way showcasing, the wonder of American justice. This hearing will 
proceed through the balance of the day with him as our witness, and 
then into tomorrow with others who will comment on his qualifications.
  The showcasing of American justice really demonstrates how the rule 
of law serves our democracy and how we strive to appoint the best 
possible people--men and women, dedicated public servants--to the 
courts of our land to assure that the rule of law and American justice 
are second to none and as infallible in protecting individual rights as 
they can possibly be.
  In a sense, I am here to talk about a rule that also serves American 
justice. It is a rule put forward by the Occupational Safety and Health 
Administration under the last administration. I am here to oppose H.J. 
Res. 83, which would repeal that rule. The rule is known as the OSHA 
injury recordkeeping rule. It sounds very technical, obscure, and for 
most people it is, but there are nearly 3 million serious injuries 
reported every year at American workplaces.
  For over 40 years; that is, four decades, Federal law has required 
employers with 11 or more employees in dangerous professions--poultry 
slaughtering, meat packing, steel mills, construction--which see the 
bulk of these injuries to keep active records of injury suffered in 
those workplaces and others like them that are considered dangerous.
  Having accurate records is common sense for employers who want to 
know what is going right in their places of work and what is going 
wrong and how they can prevent workers from being hurt on the job 
because they don't want anybody hurt. Responsible employers want safe 
workplaces. It is really that simple. We all know injuries are bad for 
business and they cost time and money.
  With those records, OSHA can also investigate companies and work to 
make them safer and ensure they comply with the law. In essence, they 
can look at the outliers--who are lawbreakers, who cares less about 
safety than profits--but also maybe employers who don't do as much as 
they could or would if they were better informed.
  A misguided court ruling in 2012, after 40 years of the law 
prevailing, curtailed OSHA's ability to sanction employers concerning 
those records. The ruling limited OSHA's ability to sanction employers 
to just 6 months of the start of the investigation based on the 
records. Soon after that ruling, OSHA and the Obama administration

[[Page 4586]]

discovered it could not adequately investigate employers who provided 
an unsafe workplace, making them effectively immune from some safety 
laws.
  After going through all the proper rulemaking, all of the steps that 
are necessary to make an administrative rule, all the channels and 
procedures, the last administration put forward a rule that responds to 
the court decision and allows OSHA to review those records for 5 years. 
That is essentially how things worked for 40 years. It worked well for 
40 years, and it was simply reinstituted because the court decision was 
so crippling to the rule of law and American justice. That is the rule 
we are discussing today--a return to longstanding policy that existed 
for decades under Republican and Democratic administrations, dating 
back to the Presidency of Richard Nixon.
  Putting aside the 40 years' worth of this rule working well, it does 
some very important things. It requires these large employers in 
dangerous industries to keep accurate records of serious work-related 
injuries and illnesses. It has no impact on a huge swath of the economy 
that is not considered dangerous. It doesn't apply to restaurants, 
offices, and many other workplaces, regardless of the number of 
employees they have; the rule impacts just the most dangerous 
industries in our economy and companies in that industry with more than 
10 employees. It essentially prevents them from covering up injuries, 
maintaining fraudulent records concerning injuries, and willfully 
violating the law.
  There are things the rule does not do. It imposes no new costs on 
employers. It imposes no new obligations. It simply returns to a policy 
that worked well for decades--I repeat, under both Democratic and 
Republican administrations, accepted by both--and it gives certainty to 
businesses. That is one of the great advantages in an economy and 
society where certainty for our job creators is very valuable.
  Repealing this rule would lead to more dangerous workplaces and give 
unsafe companies an upper hand in competition. It would unlevel the 
playing field between the good guys and the bad guys in those 
industries. This rule would essentially eliminate requirements that 
employers keep proper records, as they know OSHA can do nothing to 
investigate. Repeal of the rule amounts to the Federal Government 
siding with the companies that see injuries on the job but in effect 
sweep them under the rug. Repeal promotes companies to keep false 
records--if they keep records at all--limiting enforcement and 
punishment of anyone who keeps two sets of books, which few would do. 
Repeal of this rule undermines companies that keep safe workplace 
records and are in competition with companies that are cutting corners. 
This has implications for taxpayers. Many procurement processes seek 
information about companies' safety records, giving a leg up to the 
safer company, as should be the case. That is in taxpayers' interests. 
Repeal of the rule would take away this incentive to protect employees.
  Repealing this rule is bad for taxpayers, is bad for Federal policy, 
particularly in those areas where the Federal Government is a purchaser 
and a consumer, because it deserves to know--and so do we all--which 
ones are the safe employers.
  Former Obama and Bush administration officials oppose repeal of this 
rule. Dozens of health and safety groups warn against the spike in 
injuries that repeal may encourage in work-related injuries and 
illnesses. Labor organizations representing millions of workers 
nationwide and many Fortune 500 companies oppose this resolution and 
support the rule. Health and safety groups, labor organizations, 
Fortune 500 companies, and officials from the past two administrations 
all support the rule and oppose this resolution. It is truly 
bipartisan.
  I urge my colleagues to unite across the aisle and resist the false 
and unfortunate arguments that are made in favor of this resolution. I 
urge colleagues to join me in opposing it because it will endanger 
workers in the most hazardous places in the workplace and the country.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  Mr. FRANKEN. Mr. President, I rise today in opposition to a 
resolution that will roll back nearly 45 years of OSHA workplace safety 
enforcement precedents. We would be reversing a precedent that helps 
ensure every American worker heads homes safely at the end of their 
shift.
  This resolution is an effort by my Republican colleagues to overturn 
a rule issued by OSHA on December 16, 2016, entitled, ``Clarification 
of Employer's Continuing Obligation to Make and Maintain an Accurate 
Record of Each Recordable Injury and Illness.'' As the title says, this 
rule provides employers with clarification on the requirements to 
timely report and record workplace injury and illnesses. This rule adds 
no new employer requirements that differ from 45 years of policy. The 
rule supports a practice that law-abiding businesses comply with and 
have operated under since passage of the Occupational Safety and Health 
Act of 1970. Passing this resolution and repealing this rule only 
creates a safe harbor for businesses that have broken the law in the 
last 5 years or don't intend to follow longstanding rules created to 
protect the safety and health of workers.
  For nearly the last 45 years, OSHA has required employers, with the 
exception of small employers, to timely report workplace injury and 
illnesses to the Department of Labor and maintain a record of such 
incidents going back at least 5 years. If an employer failed to do 
either, they could be cited and penalized. OSHA's rule issued last 
December simply maintains this longstanding practice.
  This resolution aims to change that record keeping requirement, or 
lookback period, from 5 years to 6 months. So if an unscrupulous 
employer fails to report a worker injury or illness and OSHA doesn't 
discover the underreporting and cite the employer in the first 6 months 
after the incident occurred, the employer is able to get away with it 
and the data used to identify dangerous industries or worksites is 
lost.
  Accurate injury and illness records are critical for the protection 
of workers and for OSHA to direct the most efficient use of their 
limited resources, and the more data they have, the better. With their 
current resources, OSHA is only able to inspect a workplace, on 
average, once every 140 years. That is clearly not sufficient, 
especially when over 4,800 workers were killed in 2015 and almost 3 
million more suffered a serious workplace injury or illnesses. The OSHA 
reporting rule is critical for OSHA to conduct a thorough 
investigation, enforce accurate recordkeeping requirements, and focus 
limited resources on industries and bad actors that pose the greatest 
risk to worker safety.
  Take, for instance, the Exel Corporation, a Pennsylvania warehouse 
and trucking company, which hired hundreds of foreign students on 
temporary visas, and was cited for numerous unrecorded injuries after 
some students were seriously injured on the job. Only after students 
fought for fair pay and safer working conditions and OSHA was able to 
conduct an investigation was it revealed that, for years, the company 
had withheld wages and willfully failed to record about half the 
serious injuries to student workers as well as other serious health and 
safety violations.
  By the time DOL had completed their lengthy investigation, the Wage 
and Hour division recovered over $200,000 in wages withheld from 1,028 
foreign student workers. OSHA cited the company for dozens of 
unrecorded injuries, all of which occurred over the 6-month period 
before OSHA issued the violations, and a penalty of $283,000. About 
two-thirds of the $283,000 penalty was for unrecorded violations that 
occurred outside the 6-month statute of limitations window this CRA is 
proposing to codify.
  In response, the Exel Corporation accepted all the penalties, agreed 
to pay half the total fine, and instituted a new corporate-wide program 
to fix their recordkeeping practices which added safety protections for 
roughly 40,000 workers at over 500 facilities nationwide.
  None of those violations and the associated fine would have been 
allowed

[[Page 4587]]

if a narrower 6-month statute of limitations was in place as this 
resolution proposes to do. I think it is safe to say that Exel's new 
corporate-wide program that added protections for 40,000 workers in 500 
facilities nationwide would not have been implemented either.
  Efforts to repeal the OSHA reporting rule and 45 years of OSHA 
enforcement precedent, without even a hearing or vigorous debate, is 
reckless and runs contrary to any proworker vision. The change in 
longstanding OSHA precedent was prompted by a D.C. Circuit Court ruling 
in the 2012 Volks Constructors v. Secretary of Labor case. After that 
decision, OSHA revised its recordkeeping regulation to conform with 
guidance provided in a concurring opinion. If there is a legal 
disagreement regarding the authority of OSHA to cite employers for 
continuing violations, we should let the legal process conclude before 
any congressional or legislative action is taken.
  The OSHA reporting rule is a fair occupational safety standard, and 
that is why every administration in the last 45 years, Democratic and 
Republican, has enforced the requirement this rule clarifies.
  Opponents of the OSHA reporting rule and supporters of this CRA 
resolution claim that the OSHA rule would extend the statute of 
limitations on recordkeeping paperwork violations and that this CRA 
resolution is necessary to protect jobs, eliminate burdensome 
regulations and protect small business. None of that is accurate.
  The OSHA reporting rule does not kill jobs; it creates no new 
employer obligations that are different from what they were required to 
uphold for nearly 45 years. And the rule does not cover small 
businesses.
  What the rule does do is save employers from killing and maiming 
workers. It gives OSHA the tools it needs to identify dangerous 
industries, reckless employers, as well as punish those who break the 
law at the expense of worker health and safety and businessowners who 
obey the law.
  No law-abiding business, which values the safety of its workers and 
the information used to make the workplace even safer, should be at a 
competitive disadvantage facing a competitor that underreports injuries 
and cuts corners at the expense of workers' safety.
  The safety of the American worker and a level playing field for law 
abiding employers should not be a partisan issue. I encourage my 
colleagues on both sides of the aisle to join me, working Americans, 
and the millions of law-abiding businesses that strive to create a safe 
workplace and oppose this resolution. Vote no on H.J. Res. 83.
  Mr. VAN HOLLEN. Mr. President, last year, the Occupational Safety and 
Health Administration clarified employers' continuing duty to keep 
records of work-related injuries and illnesses. Today the congressional 
majority is using the Congressional Review Act to both repeal this rule 
and prevent OSHA from doing anything similar. I support the rule and 
oppose the resolution to repeal it.
  In 1970, Congress found that workplace injuries and illnesses result 
in lost production, lost wages, medical expenses, and disability 
compensation payments. In response, Congress enacted the Occupational 
Safety and Health Act of 1970 to ensure that employers provide workers 
with safe and healthful workplaces.
  To carry out the law, Congress directed the Secretary of Labor to 
issue regulations requiring employers to make and maintain accurate 
records of work-related injuries and illnesses. In the legislative 
history of the law, the House Committee on Education and Labor found 
that State reporting requirements varied widely and concluded that 
Congress had an ``evident Federal responsibility'' to provide for 
``accurate, uniform reporting standards.'' The report of the Senate 
Committee on Labor and Public Welfare found that ``full and accurate 
information is a fundamental precondition for meaningful administration 
of an occupational safety and health program.''
  In 1971, OSHA issued its first recordkeeping regulations. OSHA 
revised these regulations in 2001 to make the recordkeeping system 
easier to use.
  OSHA's recordkeeping regulations require employers to keep records of 
certain injuries and illnesses in the workplace and to make that 
information available to employees, OSHA, and the Bureau of Labor 
Statistics. Employers must record work-related injuries and illnesses 
resulting in death, loss of consciousness, days away from work, 
restricted work activity or job transfer, medical treatment beyond 
first aid, or a diagnosis of a significant injury or illness by a 
doctor or other healthcare professional.
  Accurate injury and illness records give employers information that 
they need. The records make employers more aware of the kinds of 
injuries and illnesses that occur and the hazards that contribute to 
them. That allows employers to identify and correct hazardous workplace 
conditions. Injury and illness records thus help employers to manage 
workplace safety and health more effectively.
  Similarly, injury and illness records give workers information that 
they can use. Workers who are aware of the hazards around them are more 
likely to follow safe work practices and to report workplace hazards. 
That contributes to the overall level of safety and health in the 
workplace.
  As the UAW said in its letter opposing the resolution to disapprove 
of the rule: ``Accurate injury and illness records are critically 
important for workers and their families. Having the necessary tools to 
collect complete and accurate data on work-related injuries and 
illnesses is a key component in reducing, mitigating, and eliminating 
hazards and deaths in the workplace.''
  Injury and illness records give OSHA an important source of 
information for smart enforcement. The records allow OSHA to focus its 
inspection on the hazards that the data reveal. The records allow OSHA 
to help identify the most dangerous types of worksites and the most 
common safety and health hazards.
  As the American Public Health Association wrote: ``Public health 
professionals understand the critical importance of accurate 
information to help identify hazards in order to develop and implement 
better health and safety protections. One important source of that 
information is the records some employers are required to keep on work-
related injuries and illnesses. These records are invaluable for 
employers, workers and OSHA to monitor the cause and trends of injuries 
and illnesses. Such data is essential for determining appropriate 
interventions to prevent other workers from experiencing the same 
harm.''
  In 2012, in the case of AKM LLC doing business as Volks Constructors 
v. Secretary of Labor, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of 
Columbia Circuit held that the law does not permit OSHA to impose a 
recordkeeping obligation on employers that continues beyond the 
expiration of the law's 6-month statute of limitations. While OSHA 
disagreed with the court's ruling, it agreed that its recordkeeping 
regulations needed clarification. So OSHA issued its rule amending its 
recordkeeping regulations to clarify that the duty to make and maintain 
accurate records of work-related injuries and illnesses is an ongoing 
obligation. OSHA made clear that the duty to record an injury or 
illness continues, as long as the employer is required to keep records 
of the recordable injury or illness and does not expire just because 
the employer failed to create the necessary records when it was first 
required to do so.
  The new rule adds no new compliance obligations. It does not require 
employers to make records of any injuries or illnesses for which 
records are not currently required to be made.
  The rule clarifies that, if an employer fails to record an injury or 
illness within 7 days, the obligation to record continues on past the 
7th day. If the employer records the injury on some later day, the 
violation ceases at that point, and OSHA would need to issue any 
citation within 6 months of the cessation of the violation.
  Every Presidential administration since 1972 has supported OSHA's 
interpretation of the law.

[[Page 4588]]

  Repealing the rule would lessen OSHA's enforcement ability. It would 
allow employers to get away with systematic underreporting of injuries 
over many years, and it would decrease worker safety.
  As the AFL-CIO wrote in its letter opposing the resolution: ``Without 
the new rule, it will be impossible for OSHA to effectively enforce 
recordkeeping requirements and assure that injury and illness records 
are complete and accurate. In the absence of enforcement, there is no 
question that the underreporting of injuries, already a widespread 
problem, will get much worse, undermining safety and health and putting 
workers in danger.''
  And as National Nurses United wrote: ``By revoking OSHA's authority 
to enforce recordkeeping requirements, this Congressional Review Act 
(CRA) resolution denudes the agency of the tools necessary to identify 
and target patterns of workplace hazards . . . . The elimination of 
OSHA's ability to enforce rules on workplace safety records allows--and 
even incentivizes--employers to obscure ongoing workplace hazards.''
  Good decisionmaking relies on good information. OSHA's regulation 
helps to ensure that employers keep good records. The pending 
resolution to repeal that rule goes in the wrong direction, and thus I 
oppose the resolution and urge my colleagues to vote against it.
  Mr. BLUMENTHAL. I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mrs. MURRAY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Mrs. MURRAY. Mr. President, when President Trump was running for 
office, he made a lot of promises to the American people. He promised 
the middle class he would stand up for them. He promised workers he 
would bring good jobs back to their communities, and he promised to 
drain the swamp of corporate lobbyists that muck up our democracy with 
dysfunction.
  Well, we are just over 2 months into this Presidency, and all we have 
seen from this administration is a series of broken promises, whether 
it is Cabinet picks who are billionaires, Wall Street bankers, and 
corporate CEOs; or his plan to jam through a healthcare bill that the 
President himself admits will hurt middle- and working-class families; 
or his proposed budget, which guts everything from job-training 
programs to assistance for low-income families who pay their heating 
bills, to meals on wheels, which provides hot meals to low-income 
grandparents. It is clear President Trump is standing with his 
billionaire and corporate lobbyist friends at the expense of the people 
he promised to stand up and fight for.
  While we have made many improvements in our economy in the last 8 
years, we have a lot of work left to do. Too many people in our country 
today are working multiple jobs trying to support their families and 
pay their bills, and they are still struggling to make ends meet. That 
is what we should be talking about today on the Senate floor--how to 
build an economy that works for everyone. We should be working together 
to make sure that people are making a decent wage to support their 
families, that corporations aren't getting rich at the expense of their 
workers, and that hard-working people aren't risking their lives in 
dangerous conditions at work.
  Instead, what we are doing today is that my Republican colleagues, 
with the backing of President Trump, are trying to roll back a rule 
that protects workers and prevents work-related deaths and injuries. 
This rule allows the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or 
OSHA--an agency whose sole purpose is to keep workers safe on the job--
to accurately monitor and prevent workplace injuries and fatalities in 
our Nation's most dangerous industries.
  Dangerous businesses have been recording serious workplace injuries 
and deaths for more than four decades, and this rule simply affirms the 
policy enshrined in the OSHA law itself of 1970 that these records have 
to be accurate--a precedent of keeping workers safe and monitoring 
dangerous workplaces.
  After a recent court case put this important safety practice at risk, 
OSHA issued this rule to clarify their recordkeeping practices. This 
rule is not new. It does not impose added obligations or costs on 
employers, and it was actually suggested by the court in its decision. 
And it does not cover small businesses with 10 employees or fewer.
  We should be trying to make workplaces safer, but in rolling back 
this rule, President Trump and my Republican colleagues are doing 
exactly the opposite. This is not something we should be playing 
politics with. Without this rule--if it is overturned today by the 
Senate Republicans--some of the most dangerous industries will then be 
able to hide worker injuries and keep falsified records of injuries and 
workplace deaths, and it will make it more difficult for OSHA to punish 
low-road companies that are putting their workers' lives in danger.
  Every year, more than 4,800 workers are killed on the job in America, 
and 3 million more suffer serious injuries and illnesses. We have found 
that it is often the same companies that are repeat offenders. Without 
this rule, OSHA cannot sanction employers for keeping fraudulent injury 
records for multiple years before OSHA walks in the door to conduct an 
inspection.
  So many people in this country get up every day and go to work at 
tough, dangerous jobs to support their families and drive the economy. 
Those workers deserve to be able to trust that their employer isn't 
knowingly putting their life at risk. Without this rule, corporations 
and dangerous industries can take advantage of their workers, and OSHA 
will not have the tools it needs to stop it. We should not overturn 
this rule. If we do, recordkeeping will become elective.
  This goes against everything President Trump promised to middle- and 
working-class families on the campaign trail. He promised to stand up 
for them, to bring back good, respectable jobs to their communities. 
Instead, he wants to allow his billionaire corporate friends to take 
advantage of workers and threaten their safety, and, unfortunately, it 
appears my Republican colleagues are now onboard.
  Instead of doing President Trump's bidding, I urge my Republican 
colleagues to do what President Trump promised and start putting 
workers first by abandoning this deeply harmful effort.
  I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. CORNYN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so 
ordered.


                       Nomination of Neil Gorsuch

  Mr. CORNYN. Mr. President, this week the Judiciary Committee has been 
considering the nomination of Judge Neil Gorsuch to fill the vacancy on 
the Supreme Court left by the death of the late Justice Antonin Scalia.
  I think it has been a remarkable opportunity for the country--indeed, 
the world--to see not only somebody who is obviously very intelligent 
but very articulate and very committed to the basic principles that 
created this country, which were shaped in the framework of the 
Constitution.
  Sometimes people forget that judges aren't legislators and 
legislators aren't judges and that we do have separate 
responsibilities. Indeed, the separation of powers between the 
President and the legislature and the judiciary is very important and 
for a good reason.
  Judge Gorsuch has done a tremendous job for the last 2 days handling 
questions from both sides of the aisle with humility and with clarity.
  I told him that I had hoped he would consider Chairman Grassley's 
proposal that we have a camera in the Supreme Court courtroom.

[[Page 4589]]

  Years ago, when I was on the Texas Supreme Court, we decided to have 
a single camera--which nobody, really, frankly noticed--in order to 
document and record the proceedings in the Supreme Court of Texas. It 
didn't turn into a sideshow. It wasn't the O.J. Simpson trial. People 
didn't misbehave because they were on camera. But it was a great 
opportunity for people to see their government and their elected 
officials in action.
  Given the performance of Judge Gorsuch over the last couple of days 
and the benefits that accrue to the country as a result of learning 
more about his qualifications, his temperament, and his principles when 
it comes to judging, I hope more people will want to see that. We could 
all learn from it.
  That would be good for our country, it would be good for the 
judiciary, and I think it would be good for America's standing in the 
world. We are in a vast minority of countries in the world when it 
comes to having an independent judiciary, and that is essential to our 
form of government and to who we are as Americans.
  The country has learned a lot about Judge Gorsuch in the last few 
days. His career has been marked by a dedication to the law. In his 
decade on the bench interpreting the law, he has developed quite a 
record. As a matter of fact, he said that he had decided to participate 
in the decision of about 2,700 cases, and he has been reversed once. I 
find that remarkable. It is really almost hard to believe. He is 
clearly no extremist.
  Some of our Democratic colleagues try to argue that he is not for the 
little guy but, as he so ably points out, he is for whoever the facts 
and the law say should win in a case. He doesn't view it as his role to 
put his thumb on the scales of justice and to predetermine a case or 
the outcome before the facts and the law have been applied. In short, 
he is not a politician. It would be totally inappropriate for a judge, 
given the fact that they are given lifetime tenure and they don't have 
to stand for election in front of the people--it would be entirely 
inappropriate for the judge to say: If I am confirmed, I will rule on 
this contentious issue this way or that way. That is not what judges 
do. That is what politicians do. That is why, when we stand for 
election, we go out and campaign and we tell people: This is what I 
believe in, and if you elect me, this is what I am going to do when I 
am elected into office. That is entirely appropriate for members of the 
legislative and executive branch because if the American people don't 
like what we are doing, they can fire us in the next election or, 
conversely and hopefully, if they like what we are doing, they will 
return us to office.
  So as the judge pointed out, he said that judges actually would make 
``rotten legislators,'' those are his words, not mine, because their 
job isn't to write the laws, it is to interpret them. They don't stand 
for election. They are not in intimate contact with the constituencies 
we all represent. Importantly, as I said at the outset, he did affirm 
his strong support of the separation of powers. Again, I think it is 
really important for everyone to acknowledge the different roles 
performed by different actors in our form of government. Legislators 
play one role, executive officers, the Presidents, and Governors in our 
State system play another role, and then the judiciary plays an 
entirely different, important but limited, role in our government.
  One of our colleagues was complaining about the judge's decision in a 
case and that the so-called little guy lost in the case. Well, the 
judge said, while he didn't necessarily like the outcome, he felt bound 
by the facts and the law that Congress had actually passed to render a 
judgment as he did in that case. I pointed out, were it otherwise--were 
the judge untethered to any sort of deference to precedent, that he 
would basically be a loose cannon and making political decisions or 
deciding what the outcome would be before he worked through the facts 
and laws to determine what the appropriate outcomes should be. I 
pointed out, and the judge confirmed, that if in interpreting a 
statute, which the court did in that case, if Congress doesn't like the 
outcome, then it is within Congress's power to change the law, to 
change the statute which would mandate a different outcome in a future 
case.
  He pointed out, appropriately, that the role of the judiciary is for 
neutral and independent judges to apply the law in the people's 
disputes. So he is aware of the limits and the important role of the 
judiciary in our form of government. He also made clear his judicial 
philosophy is based on nothing more and nothing less than a faithful 
interpretation of the text of our Constitution and laws. Now, sometimes 
you hear people talking about, well, we have a living Constitution. To 
me, that suggests there is something wrong with applying the text of 
our existing Constitution, which was passed through constitutional 
amendment or originally when the Constitution was ratified by the 
States.
  It kind of raises an interesting question. If a judge isn't bound by 
the text of the Constitution or of a statute, what can he use? Does he 
use his own value judgments? Does he use his own policy preferences? 
Does he use his political agenda in order to do his or her job? 
Obviously, I hope we would all agree that would be inappropriate.
  Judge Gorsuch has also talked about the role of judicial courage, 
meaning following the law and the facts wherever they may lead, even 
though the judge, as a personal matter, may not agree with that or that 
may not be his personal preference. I know it sounds hard for those of 
us living in a political world, but actually judges do every day put 
their personal policy preferences aside and decide cases on the facts 
and the law. I believe it would be wrong of them and I believe a 
violation of their oath of office for them to do otherwise. What 
happens when there is a nominee like this who is so outstanding, so 
articulate, and so principled? Some of our colleagues across the aisle 
said: We are going to ask him some hypothetical questions. We are going 
to smoke him out and see if he will take the bait and prejudge some of 
these cases on controversial areas that will come before his Court or 
some other court. The judge--and I would expect nothing less--said it 
would compromise the independence of the judiciary and would be 
unethical for him to prejudge the outcome of some future case that 
might come before the Supreme Court. If you can imagine this, how would 
you feel if in a case before a court, the judge had already made a 
commitment to the outcome and you ended up on the short end of the 
stick? You wouldn't feel that was justice at all. You wouldn't feel 
that was fair at all. That is what the judge was doing in declining to 
head down that path to prejudge cases. In doing so, he followed the 
example of a number of previous nominees, people such as Justice 
Ginsburg and Justice Kagan, both nominated by Democratic Presidents. 
Knowing he can't answer, our colleagues have claimed they have no clue 
how Judge Gorsuch would perform his job and have used that as a pretext 
to oppose someone who is eminently qualified, but Judge Gorsuch has 
given them all they need. They have all the information they need in 
order to make an informed decision. He pledged to hear all sides of the 
case, to look at the merits, based on the law in question, and then and 
only then to come up with an unbiased and fair, impartial decision.
  Can he do it? Well, the best evidence of ``can he do it'' is ``has he 
done it'' and the answer to that is yes. He has a decade of time on the 
bench, with hundreds of decisions, filled with millions of words, done 
in exactly the way he said he would do, to decide cases, based on the 
merits, in an unbiased and independent fashion.
  So we have his record to judge him by, and his record is impeccable, 
which is the reason some of the critics have to go down this path of 
asking him hypothetical questions he can't ethically answer or 
otherwise claiming to be in the dark about his qualifications, 
temperament, and philosophy of judging.
  It should come as no surprise that lawyers and academics and judges 
all across the political spectrum have spoken out in favor of the 
confirmation of

[[Page 4590]]

Judge Gorsuch, agreeing that he is an independent jurist, with 
integrity and the right temperament, intellect, and experience to serve 
on the Supreme Court.
  He was introduced to the committee by both of his home State 
Senators, the junior Senator, a Republican, and the senior Senator, a 
Democrat, who called Judge Gorsuch a man with ``a distinguished record 
of public service'' and ``outstanding integrity and intellect.'' I 
couldn't agree more.
  Neal Katyal, a Solicitor General under President Obama, also spoke 
glowingly of Judge Gorsuch and provided a strong endorsement of his 
qualifications to serve on the bench. He was one of the first on the 
other side of the aisle to urge the Senate confirmation of Judge 
Gorsuch, citing his independence, his integrity, and his superb 
qualifications. The bipartisan recognition of Judge Gorsuch's fitness 
for this high office is nothing new because a decade ago, 10 years ago, 
he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by voice vote, essentially 
unanimously. Not one Member of the Senate opposed his confirmation, and 
the truth is, nothing has really changed since then. So you would think 
that if some of our colleagues across the aisle thought he was good 
enough to be confirmed as a circuit judge to the Tenth Circuit Court of 
Appeals, that they could have something they could point to if they 
were inclined to vote no, something that happened within the 
intervening 10 years, but I have to tell you, there is not much there 
for them, if anything. In fact, his opinions have rarely elicited 
dissent, and he has a rare record of reversal which I think is 
remarkable.
  In truth, he is a great jurist, and that is clear by the evolving 
reasons coming from our friends on the other side of the aisle as to 
why they had some concern. First, we heard some Senate Democrats would 
fight a nominee who isn't in the mainstream. Well, Judge Gorsuch passed 
that test with flying colors so they moved on. Next, they said they 
would oppose him because of his refusal to answer questions about 
issues that would come before the Court. As I said, not only do the 
ethics rules prohibit him from doing that, but the tradition set by 
Justices Ginsburg and Kagan rightfully dictated that he refuse to do so 
during the hearing. Now we hear from our Democratic colleagues that his 
vote must be delayed because of an ongoing FBI investigation that is 
completely unrelated to him. I think that is just an indication of how 
desperate they are to come up with a reason, any reason, to oppose this 
judge's confirmation.
  Watching Judge Gorsuch this week, it is clear our Democratic friends 
are finding it hard to come up with a reason to oppose his nomination. 
Indeed, they are struggling to do so, and they are desperate for an 
excuse to oppose him, but they are not going to find a good excuse or a 
good reason.
  I hope our colleagues will help us confirm this good man, this good 
judge for this office. I know our politics, when it comes to judicial 
confirmation, have become very contentious, but it wasn't always that 
way. Back when President Clinton was in office, before President Bush 
43, judges were confirmed routinely by an up-or-down vote of the 
majority of the U.S. Senate. Indeed, Justice Scalia, whose seat will be 
filled by Judge Gorsuch, was confirmed overwhelmingly. I think it was 
by 97 votes, if I am not mistaken. Justice Ginsberg, somebody from the 
opposite end of the ideological spectrum, was confirmed with 96 votes 
or thereabouts. So I hope it is a time we can get back to the 
traditions of the past, which means not filibustering mainstream 
nominees, as some of our colleagues across the aisle have threatened to 
do even before the hearing began.
  I would ask them this. If you can't vote for somebody like Judge 
Gorsuch, you are not going to be able to vote for any nominee from a 
Republican President because there simply isn't anybody better 
qualified by virtue of his experience, his education, his training, and 
his temperament for this job. I hope they will reconsider.
  I am happy to support his confirmation and urge all my colleagues to 
do so as well. If they can't vote for his confirmation, at least allow 
us to have an up-or-down vote, without setting the bar at 60 votes, but 
making it a majority vote in the U.S. Senate, which has been the 
tradition in this body for many, many, many years, excepting the last 8 
years during the George W. Bush administration.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Toomey). The clerk will call the roll.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. MURPHY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


                               TrumpCare

  Mr. MURPHY. Mr. President, the House is still on schedule to vote 
tomorrow on a reform of one-sixth of the American economy that the 
American public has not seen. This is, frankly, unprecedented--this 
rush job, this attempt to jam through a massive rewrite of the American 
healthcare system, intentionally done so fast that the American public 
cannot keep up with what is a truly disastrous piece of legislation. It 
is a train wreck. It is a dumpster fire. I cannot come up with enough 
words to describe how bad this legislation is going to be for the 
American public.
  Bill Kristol, who is an icon of the conservative movement and who has 
been arguing for the repeal and replacement of the Affordable Care Act 
since it was passed, tweeted out this:

       This healthcare bill does not, A, lower costs; B, improve 
     insurance; C, increase liberty; D, make healthcare better. So 
     what is the point?

  Frankly, many Americans, many healthcare professionals, and many 
consumers are asking the same question: What problem does this bill 
solve?
  Whatever you want to call it--the American Health Care Act, 
TrumpCare, RyanCare--what problem does this bill solve other than a 
political problem?
  Clearly, Republicans have a political problem. They have promised, 
for the last 6 years, to repeal the Affordable Care Act. Now they have 
control of the White House, the House, and the Senate, and they feel 
pressured to make good on that promise.
  It does solve a political problem for the Republicans. The passage of 
this bill in the House or the Senate would allow my Republican friends 
to say: We told you we were going to repeal the Affordable Care Act, 
and--doggone it--we did it. But it does not solve any other problem in 
the American healthcare system. It makes the existing, remaining 
problems even worse. The Republicans know this because, for 6 years, we 
have heard criticism--relentless criticism--that the Affordable Care 
Act was rammed through the process, that it was passed without Members' 
knowing what was in it, that it was shoved down the throats of the 
American people. Well, imagine our surprise when the replacement to the 
Affordable Care Act is being pushed through at absolutely light speed 
compared to the passage of the Affordable Care Act.
  So we look at what happened when the Affordable Care Act was passed, 
and the HELP Committee that I sit on, the Finance Committee in the 
Senate, the Energy and Commerce Committee, and the Ways and Means 
Committee held dozens of hearings--dozens of committee meetings. The 
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee in the Senate alone 
debated hundreds of amendments and accepted 130 Republican amendments 
to the Affordable Care Act.
  This time around, the HELP Committee isn't even going to have a 
meeting on the replacement. The committees in the Senate aren't going 
to have anything to do with this bill. The substitute language that 
Speaker Ryan has filed likely will not even get a CBO analysis before 
it is jammed through the House tomorrow. Why is that? Because 
Republicans are so fearful that the American public will have the time 
to take a look at this and realize what it is.
  I don't often say that Bill Kristol is right, but he is right when he 
says that this bill doesn't lower costs, it doesn't improve insurance, 
increase liberty, or

[[Page 4591]]

make healthcare better, so what is the point?
  Here are three really simple ways to understand this bill. This bill 
is all about higher costs for consumers, all about less care for 
Americans, all in order to finance tax cuts for the rich. These are the 
three prongs of TrumpCare: higher costs, less care, and tax cuts for 
the rich. You don't have to spend a lot of time deep inside this bill 
to figure out what it is all about.
  So costs go up, CBO says 15 to 20 percent, just in the first couple 
of years for a number of reasons, but primary amongst them is the fact 
that the help that you are going to get to afford insurance just 
dramatically decreases. For low-income Americans, here it is: You get 
$1,200 less if you are 27, you get $1,100 less if you are 40, and if 
you are 60, you get really hosed. If you are 60, good luck affording 
insurance. Your subsidy goes down by $5,800. It gets even worse than 
that because this bill allows for the insurance companies to 
discriminate against older Americans by jacking up the ratios that you 
can charge older Americans versus younger Americans from 3 to 1 to 5 to 
1, so the average low-income, sixtyish-year-old in this country will be 
paying about $15,000 more out of pocket for healthcare.
  What problem does that solve? Talking to people in Connecticut, I 
didn't hear a lot of my constituents who are in their fifties and 
sixties say: Let me tell you the problem with the American healthcare 
system. I am paying way too little. I need to be paying--if I could be 
paying $13,000 more, that would scratch me where I itch.
  Nobody says that the problem with the healthcare system today is that 
costs are too low. It is the opposite. Costs are too high. Yet the 
first prong of TrumpCare: higher costs. That is not me saying it; that 
is CBO saying it.
  I will give my colleagues the exception to this because let's lay all 
of our cards out on the table. CBO does say that if you are young, 
healthy, and relatively affluent, you might get a lower rate. Let's be 
honest about that. So if you are young, healthy, and you are affluent, 
you might get a lower rate. But that is a sliver of the population 
compared to all of the people who are going to be paying higher rates, 
especially older people and especially low-income people, because the 
subsidies don't change if your income goes up, and because of the 
discrimination made legal in this bill, older people have to pay more.
  So, basically, another way to think about this in terms of how costs 
are going up is the more you need healthcare, the less help you get. If 
you are low-income and you are older, you get less help. If you are 
younger and higher income, comparatively, you get more help from this 
bill. Again, that is not attacking a problem that I hear about very 
often. People who need more help tend to need more help.
  Here is the second chart. All of this is done in order to give a big 
tax cut. So here is the amount of tax cuts in this bill for people 
making $10,000; here is the amount for people making $20,000 to 
$30,000; here is the amount of the tax cut one gets if you are at 
$50,000 to $60,000. We see a trend line. It is about the same amount if 
you are making $10,000 up to about $200,000. The amount of tax cut you 
get from this bill in that range is zero. But if you are making 
$200,000 or more, well, here is where the money is, up to the point 
where people who are making the highest incomes in this country get 
over $1 million in tax cuts.
  It repeals some tax provisions in the Affordable Care Act that were 
used to finance the subsidies, but all of those tax provisions affect 
the very top income level earners. So there is a tax cut in this bill, 
but it gives you zero if you make less than $200,000 a year. It gives 
you a lot if you are making more than $200,000 a year.
  Here is the last chart: less care. Here is what CBO says will happen 
if the Affordable Care Act remains. This is a really important line to 
look at here because part of the narrative, part of the explanation for 
this piece of legislation is that, in Paul Ryan's words, ObamaCare is 
in a ``death spiral,'' and Donald Trump says it is ``collapsing.''
  The Congressional Budget Office--which is run by a man who was 
handpicked by the Republican caucus in the House--the Congressional 
Budget Office says: No, actually, it is not collapsing; it is not in a 
death spiral. If we do nothing and allow the Affordable Care Act to 
remain--yes, over 10 years, the number of people without insurance will 
go up by a little bit, up to 28 million, but the death spiral happens 
if you pass TrumpCare. There is a death spiral coming into the American 
healthcare system. There is a humanitarian catastrophe that is about to 
hit us, but it only happens if you choose to pass this piece of 
legislation that is pending before the House of Representatives today.
  Now, I hear this legislation can't pass the U.S. Senate because my 
Republican colleagues understand this. So I am not necessarily talking 
directly to my Republican colleagues here because I trust that they 
understand the collapse of the American healthcare system that occurs 
when, in a very short period of time, you create 24 million more 
uninsured people.
  But, remember, Donald Trump said during the campaign that no one was 
going to lose healthcare. Republicans in the House said that everyone 
who is on healthcare today will get to keep it. CBO says that is not 
even close to true. In the first 2 years, 14 million people lose care, 
and eventually those who are uninsured goes to 52 million. The 
Presiding Officer knows this, and my Republican colleagues here know 
this.
  This 52 million, it is not that they are totally outside of the 
American healthcare system. If there is an emergency, they go to an 
emergency room, and the emergency room covers their care. That is the 
most inhumane way to run a healthcare system, to wait until you are so 
sick, so ill, that your cancer has ravaged your body so badly, you have 
to show up in the emergency room, but they will get that care--often 
the most expensive care--and we will all pay for it. Part of the reason 
that CBO says that rates will go up is because this 52 million gets 
their care from emergency rooms. The emergency rooms and the hospitals 
pass that cost along to private insurers, and everybody's premiums go 
up.
  Here is another way to think of this. I know these numbers tend to 
get a little hard to digest, a little hard to understand as they get 
thrown around. Here is what 24 million people losing healthcare looks 
like. How many people is 24 million? Twenty-four million is the entire 
combined population of Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, 
Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, 
Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming. This 
isn't a minor shift in the number of people who will not have 
healthcare. This is a seismic change. The entire population of 17 
States loses healthcare over the course of 10 years if this bill is 
passed.
  By the way, let's be honest about who these people are. Yes, many of 
them will be people losing healthcare in the private marketplace. CBO 
says people who have private insurance will lose it because of this 
bill, either because their cost-sharing goes up and they can't afford 
it or because their employer might not offer it any longer. But a lot 
of this is in the Medicaid population, and you have to make a decision. 
The Medicaid population is, by and large, poor people, disabled people, 
elderly Americans, a lot of children, a lot of kids. The Members are 
going to have to make a decision about whether their conscience will be 
OK with 24 million. Most of them are pretty sick and disabled and 
pretty young--if you are OK with that many people losing coverage.
  So Paul Ryan is right; it is a three-pronged approach. The three 
prongs are higher costs, less care, in order to finance tax cuts for 
the rich. It doesn't solve any problem that exists today in the 
healthcare system, except for maybe, as I mentioned, that very narrow 
issue of young, healthy, affluent Americans. They will probably do a 
little bit better here. But everybody else does worse.
  By the way, here is what CBO says is the reason why those young, 
affluent healthy Americans do better--because

[[Page 4592]]

you kick old people off of insurance. The only reason that premiums 
stabilize in years 3 and 4 and 5, according to CBO, is because this 
bill jettisons millions of older, relatively sicker Americans off of 
healthcare. So as you just kick old people off healthcare, then it gets 
a little bit cheaper for the younger people who remain.
  So even the small percentage of Americans who, from a monetary 
standpoint, do a little bit better under this bill, they only do better 
because individuals who really needed care lose it under this approach.
  This bill is moving really, really fast. It is moving really, really 
fast. Its impact is absolutely stunning. My hope is that it gets stuck 
somehow, that Senators of goodwill recognize, as Bill Kristol did in 
his tweet, that this bill doesn't actually solve any problems. Maybe 
they recognize that it looks an awful lot like the Affordable Care Act. 
For the Speaker's reputation as being a big ideas guy, there are no new 
ideas in this legislation. It is essentially just the Affordable Care 
Act dialed down from 10 to 3.5, making healthcare unaffordable for 
everybody. The subsidies are still there; they are just much less. The 
individual mandate is still there; it just applies it in a different, 
more cruel way. Instead of paying a penalty when you lose coverage, you 
now pay a penalty when you lose coverage and try to sign up again. It 
is the same concept; it is just the penalty applied at a different 
place, and the insurance requirements are there.
  So there are no new ideas. If you were ideologically opposed to the 
Affordable Care Act, there is no reason why this solves any of your 
problems. And from a practical consideration, it raises costs, it 
doesn't improve insurance, and it kicks a lot of people off healthcare.
  My final thought is this: I know this issue of healthcare has become 
probably the most partisan, in part because there are some real 
important philosophical questions at the heart of this debate. I don't 
apologize for the fact that I do believe that healthcare should be 
looked at as a human right. I really think that in this country, we 
give you access to education; we should give you access to healthcare 
as well. You are living in the most powerful, most affluent country in 
the world. You probably shouldn't die because you are not rich enough 
to afford access to a doctor. It seems like something we should be able 
to do for you. So there are some serious ideological differences 
because I know a lot of my Republican colleagues don't view it that 
way. They view healthcare as a commodity much more so than I do. But we 
have shown the ability to work together on healthcare and on some 
pretty controversial pieces of it.
  At the end of 2016, just 2 months ago, we passed the 21st Century 
Cures Act. That wasn't easy. That was $6 billion of additional spending 
on medical research in this country. It included legislation that 
Senator Cassidy and I wrote--the Mental Health Reform Act--that had 
some tough reforms on our insurance markets requiring insurance 
companies to cover more mental illness. We had to work through some 
very tough issues with Senator Cornyn, who opposed our legislation 
until we worked out issues he had, and then he became a supporter and 
champion of it. We had to work through some difficult issues, but we 
passed a big healthcare bill at the end of 2016, with Republicans and 
Democrats supporting it. Frankly, in the end, some progressive 
Democrats voted against it and some conservative Republicans voted 
against it. It wasn't without controversy even until that final vote. 
But we have shown the ability to be able to work together, so why don't 
we do the same thing here?
  I submit there are still big problems in the healthcare system. The 
Affordable Care Act didn't solve every problem out there, and even some 
aspects of the Affordable Care Act have to be amended, have to be 
changed. But let's work together on ways to keep what is working in the 
Affordable Care Act and make improvements to the parts that aren't 
working as well. Let's move into territory that we haven't covered yet, 
like drug prices, and do something about that.
  Donald Trump, the President of the United States, gave a speech 
earlier this week in which he told Americans that if you pass this 
legislation, drug prices will come ``way, way, way down.'' That is his 
quote, that drug prices will come ``way, way, way down.'' That is not 
in this bill. TrumpCare doesn't have anything that controls drug 
prices. Drug prices are not coming way, way, way down, but we could 
work together to try to make sure that happens. We could have a tough 
conversation about what we are willing to pay when it comes to drugs, 
whether we are willing to let the rest of the world free ride on the 
contribution of the United States to global research and development. 
That would be a very important discussion to have. I bet it wouldn't 
get all 100 of us, but it would allow for Republicans and Democrats to 
work together.
  Instead of ramming this bill through this process, through the 
reconciliation process, which means you can do it without a single 
Democrat supporting it, let's sit together and try to work out a 
bipartisan approach to improving our healthcare system.
  I know why Speaker Ryan is pushing this bill through so fast. He 
knows it doesn't solve any problems that exist in the American 
healthcare system. He knows that the only problem it solves is a 
political problem--a political problem created by the promise that 
Republicans and this President made to repeal the Affordable Care Act. 
But because they are doing it so fast, so ham-handedly, the replacement 
is going to result in disaster for Americans. That is not me saying 
that. That is the Congressional Budget Office. That is Bill Kristol. 
That is Republicans and Democrats all across the country.
  Whatever happens tomorrow in the House of Representatives, the Senate 
will have a chance to be the adults in this conversation. Senate 
Republicans will have a chance to take a big step back and start over, 
and they can start over in a partisan way, or they can start over by 
reaching out to Democrats and saying: Let's try to work this out 
together. We may not get to that point where we have a bipartisan 
agreement, but, boy, it would be nice if my Senate Republican 
colleagues would at least try because if they don't, then Paul Ryan is 
right--there will be three prongs to what will be called TrumpCare, if 
it isn't already: higher costs for consumers, less care for Americans, 
all in order to finance a giant tax cut for the rich. This isn't what 
the American people thought they were getting, and we have a chance in 
the Senate to do so much better.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


     National Institutes of Health Budget and Pharmaceutical Prices

  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, last Thursday was a sunny, cold day in 
Chicago, but I looked forward to it because there was an event that I 
wouldn't miss. We have a hospital there known as the Rehab Institute of 
Chicago. It is one of my favorites, and we have some great hospitals. 
The Rehab Institute of Chicago literally focuses on people who have had 
serious accidents, strokes, injuries and who are trying to get 
rehabilitated so they can function and walk.
  I really got to know this hospital years ago when I had a town 
meeting in Chicago and talked about our returning veterans from Iraq 
and Afghanistan. Many of them were coming home with serious injuries 
from roadside bombs and the types of injuries that can change your 
life.
  A man came up to me, and his name was Ed Edmundson. He was from North 
Carolina. I was kind of surprised that he was at a Chicago town 
meeting. He explained to me that he heard about the town meeting 
because he had a son named Eric who was a disabled veteran

[[Page 4593]]

and was at the Rehab Institute of Chicago. It turns out that Eric was 
seriously wounded by a roadside bomb in Iraq, and during the course of 
the surgery afterward, there was an accident. The net result of it was 
that he had very limited mobility and he could no longer speak.
  Eric, if I remember, was about 23 years old. He was married and the 
father of a little girl. Well, the VA did the best for him, and they 
finally came to his mom and dad and said: We can't do anything more. We 
need you to pick out a motorized wheelchair for Eric because he needs 
to be in a nursing home. His father said: He is 23 years old. He is not 
going to a nursing home. We are not quitting. His dad then set out to 
find the best hospital in the United States and came to the conclusion 
that the Rehab Institute of Chicago was the place.
  So he came to invite me to come up and meet Eric at the hospital, 
which I did a couple of days later. Eric was there with his mom and 
dad, and he started the rehab. I went back to see him a week or so 
later to see how he was doing. His mom said, as I came into the room: 
Eric has a gift for you. I thought: A gift for me? The gift was that 
Eric, with a little help, was able to stand on his own feet. It was a 
breakthrough. Some people had said it would never happen again.
  His dad said to me that Eric planned on Memorial Day to put on his 
full dress uniform from the Army and walk out of the front door of that 
hospital with a little help and show folks that they shouldn't have 
given up on him. They asked me if I could be there. I said: I will move 
Heaven and Earth; I will be there. I wasn't the only one. There were a 
lot of people there--the mayor, elected officials, and every TV camera 
in Chicago--as Eric Edmundson walked out of the front door of the Rehab 
Institute in Chicago.
  You never forget those moments, do you? Here is a young man who 
risked his life for America, came back gravely injured, and through his 
father and mother's determination--and his own strength--he found the 
best place for treatment. This rehab institute does research to find 
ways that give people who have spinal injuries and other injuries 
another chance.
  Well, last Thursday they opened up the new Rehab Institute of 
Chicago, and it is renamed. It is the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab. It is 
not a hospital. They call it an AbilityLab, and the reason is that they 
try to integrate research with actual doctors, clinicians, and patients 
all in the same place--not separate universities and hospitals and so 
forth. It is a bold idea. It is a new concept, but if anybody can pull 
it off, it is Dr. Joanne Smith, who heads up now the Shirley Ryan 
AbilityLab.
  Do you know what I learned as I got out of the car to give the speech 
and to cut the ribbon at this new research facility? I learned that the 
President of the United States, Donald Trump, had just announced his 
new budget. Do you know what was included in his new budget? A new 
spending line for the National Institutes of Health. That agency is the 
premier medical research agency in the world, and we are lucky to have 
it right here in the United States. We are lucky that Congress has 
given more money to NIH for biomedical research last year. Senator 
Blunt, a Republican of Missouri, who heads up the subcommittee with 
Senator Murray of Washington, planned on giving more this year, and we 
are still trying.
  Do you know what President Trump suggested for next year's budget for 
the National Institutes of Health? He suggested cutting their 
appropriation by $5.8 billion. It is a $32 billion appropriation. 
Cutting it by $5.8 billion will bring the level of biomedical research 
in the United States of America down to the lowest point it has been in 
16 years. That is President Trump's idea of a priority--the most 
dramatic cut in biomedical research in the last 16 years.
  I announced it when I did the ribbon-cutting speech. First, I thanked 
all the folks at the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Dr. Smith, and Shirley 
and Pat Ryan. I told them if there is ever a time both political 
parties ought to come together and tell this President that you are 
just flat-out wrong, this is it. This is it because the medical 
research that is taking place in the National Institutes of Health is 
not just for those who are sick today but for those who may be 
diagnosed later today or tomorrow.
  You know what the most frequently asked questions will be when you 
get that heartbreaking diagnosis? Doctor, is there anything you can do 
for me? Is there a medicine? Is there a procedure? Basically, is there 
any hope? If the NIH, or the National Institutes of Health, isn't 
properly funded and isn't doing its job, that answer is not always 
going to be a good one.
  Young medical researchers don't get rich, but they love what they do. 
To keep them on the job doing what they should do with all of their 
talent and all of their skill and all of their education, we have to 
promise them that we are going to continue to fund medical research in 
a serious way, without the peaks and valleys.
  President Donald Trump does not understand that. Mick Mulvaney, head 
of the Office of Management and Budget, who came up with this terrible 
budget, doesn't understand that. To them, they are just numbers on a 
page. We will just cut biomedical research to the lowest level in 16 
years.
  A few minutes ago I had a visit from some folks from Chicago, IL. 
They were with the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. They come to 
see me each year. You will see them around the halls wearing their 
orange ties and orange scarves. They came to talk about multiple 
sclerosis, which for many of my close friends is a disabling disease 
they fight every day. It is a disease of the central nervous system. It 
interrupts the flow of information within the brain and between the 
brain and the body. Symptoms range from numbness to tingling, to 
blindness and paralysis. The progress, severity, and specific symptoms 
of MS of any one person can't be predicted.
  The good news is that we are engaged in research that can make a 
difference, research that gives us hope. They talked to me about Donald 
Trump's cuts to the National Institutes of Health. I told them I was 
going to do everything in my power to restore that money so that the 
research continues.
  Incidentally, there is another issue. It isn't just fighting the 
disease and doing the research. It is what is happening to the cost of 
the drugs that these people need to maintain their lives and that give 
them hope. In 2004 the average wholesale price of available MS disease-
modifying therapies was $16,000. By 2013, the average price had gone up 
to $61,000. In 2017, the average price is up to $83,600. All of the top 
10 specialty medication classes, which include MS, increased in 
spending, and all had increases in the price of medication. Some of 
these drugs have been on the market for years, and now the 
pharmaceutical industry is driving the costs up across the board.
  When we talk about healthcare in America, it is interesting how 
little time we spend talking about the cost of pharmaceuticals. But how 
wrong we are. When the head of Blue Cross in Chicago came to see me, 
she said: Senator, I will bet you didn't know last year Blue Cross Blue 
Shield spent more money in their hospitalization plans for 
pharmaceuticals and medications than they spent for inpatient hospital 
care for those who were covered--more money on drugs than inpatient 
hospital care.
  So what did the Affordable Care Act, which is being debated, do about 
the price of pharmaceuticals? Almost nothing. What does the new 
Republican replacement plan do about the cost of pharmaceuticals? 
Almost nothing. Why? Why is there this hands-off attitude when it comes 
to an integral part of the cost of healthcare and an integral factor in 
the dramatic increases in the cost of healthcare? Because pharma has 
friends in high places.
  Watch your television sets. There are two things to watch for, if you 
still watch television. The first thing is to watch for all the drugs 
that are advertised on television. Do you know how many countries in 
the world allow drugs to be advertised on television? Two. And one of 
them is the United States.

[[Page 4594]]

  You see all these drugs being advertised that are going to allow you 
to be liberated, freed, and cured, and this and that and the other 
thing. Then, they run through all the disclaimers. This is the one I 
like the best: Be sure and tell your doctor if you have had a liver 
transplant: Oh, Doc, did I fail to mention I had a liver transplant?
  That is the kind of thing they put on television. Why does a 
pharmaceutical company spend all that money advertising on television? 
They make money off of it.
  Here is how. Americans walk into their doctor's office and say: I 
just saw this ad for this drug, and I think it is exactly what I need. 
Too many doctors, instead of taking 10 minutes to explain why it isn't 
the drug you need, take 1 minute to write out the script. So expensive 
drugs make it on the market and justify the advertising on television. 
That is one of the grim realities of what we are facing.
  When it comes to the drugs and their pricing, we know what is 
happening. They are running up the costs of drugs on individuals, and 
they can't afford it any more. I just met with some of these MS 
patients, and one of them told me she had gone now for weeks without 
medication because, she said: Senator, it is $6,000 I just don't have.
  Well, we can do better than that. We should do better than that as a 
nation. We ought to make certain that we don't get swept away with the 
pharmaceutical companies and their advertising. Those are the other 
things you are going to see on television now. They are really 
beautifully done ads. They are talking about all of us wanting to 
survive and how the pharmaceutical industries are finding, through 
their research, good drugs to help us survive. I don't quarrel with 
that premise. That is right, but it turns out many of them are spending 
more money on advertising than they are on research. So this is big 
business. It is big profits. They are trying to protect them. It is 
driving up the cost of healthcare. People like my friends with multiple 
sclerosis are wondering how this will end and whether they will be able 
to pay for the treatment they desperately need.
  If this means anything to those who are listening to this debate, if 
it means something to you or your family, you need to speak up--
Democrat, Republican, Independent, Trump voter or not--you need to let 
this administration and this Congress know that medical research is a 
priority to you. If it is not, hold on tight because Donald Trump's 
budget is about to rip the heart out of the National Institutes of 
Health.
  Whatever his ambition, whatever his goals, whatever his tweets, I 
could care less. When it comes to medical research, he is in for a 
fight.


                               TrumpCare

  Mr. President, the Republicans promised, if they took a majority, the 
first thing they would do is get rid of ObamaCare. He is gone. It has 
to be gone too. Fifty-seven times--maybe more--in the House of 
Representatives, they voted to abolish ObamaCare. It didn't mean 
anything. He was still President then. He was going to veto whatever 
they passed, but they did it over and over and over. It was an article 
of faith, and they beat their chests and went across America saying: 
Get rid of ObamaCare.
  Then the dog caught the bus. They got the majority in the House and 
the Senate, and all of those threats and promises about ObamaCare 
became reality. Then something else happened. People started saying to 
the Republican majority: And then what? What are you going to replace 
it with?
  Well, it turns out for 6 years they have been writing speeches about 
abolishing ObamaCare instead of for 6 years writing plans and bills to 
replace it. So they slapped together a replacement plan, sent it over--
I say that because it only took them a couple of weeks. They sent it 
over to the Congressional Budget Office, which is kind of like the 
umpire here, the referee, to take a look at it.
  The Congressional Budget Office gave a report on the Republican 
replacement plan for the Affordable Care Act. This is what it said: 
Under TrumpCare--ObamaCare to TrumpCare--under TrumpCare, 24 million 
Americans will lose their health insurance; 14 million in the first 
year--24 million Americans out of a nation of what, 350 million, 360 
million. That is a pretty large group.
  We know what happens when people lose their health insurance. They 
still get sick. When they get sick, they go to the emergency room when 
it is too bad, and the emergency room takes care of them. Then the 
hospital, because the person does not have health insurance, chalks up 
the cost of that health to charity care and passes it along to everyone 
else with health insurance.
  Under TrumpCare, seniors, rural communities, and lower and middle-
income families will see their premiums and out-of-pocket costs soar, 
according to the Congressional Budget Office. Under TrumpCare, 
Medicare's solvency will shrink by 4 years. Medicare, you remember, is 
the program primarily for seniors started back in the 1960s to make 
sure that when you got to a point in life, age 65, you may not be 
working, no longer have insurance through your employer, the government 
Medicare plan would cover you.
  Has it worked? Ask 60 million Americans who count on it. Yes. What 
about the results? Since the 1960s, people are living longer. We know 
Medicare works, but the cost of healthcare has been going up, and we 
worried about its long-term solvency. It turns out the Affordable Care 
Act, which we passed, brought some savings to healthcare and added 10 
years of solvency to Medicare.
  Now, the Republicans want to repeal the Affordable Care Act, and it 
will reduce the solvency of Medicare by 4 years--4 years sooner 
Medicare will go insolvent. The fiscally conservative Republican Party 
has come up with an answer, which leads to sooner insolvency for 
Medicare. Under TrumpCare, $880 billion in Federal Medicaid funding to 
States will be eliminated. What does it mean? Well, let me tell you the 
story of Judy.
  Judy works at a motel in Southern Illinois. She is in her sixties. 
She is a hard-working lady. There is not a lazy bone in her body. She 
works in the hospitality room where you get the free breakfast at the 
motel. She is the one who smiles and cleans off the table and makes 
sure you are happy. I got to know her. Judy asked me about all of this 
stuff going on with affordable care. I asked her: Would you mind 
working with my office? Let's see what we can do for you.
  It turns out that Judy, as hard as she works, makes a very low 
income. She qualified for Medicaid, which meant health insurance that 
did not cost her anything because her income was so low. She couldn't 
believe it. For the first time in her life--for the first time in her 
life she had health insurance--Medicaid--providing her health 
insurance. It was a good thing too because just shortly afterward she 
was diagnosed with diabetes. Now comes the proposal from the 
Republicans to remove so many people across America from Medicaid. 
Where does that leave Judy? Back where she started, working hard, with 
diabetes, a low income, and no health insurance. Terrible things can 
happen to you if you have diabetes and don't have some medical home or 
a doctor you can count on.
  That is the reality of what TrumpCare will mean to Judy in Southern 
Illinois. One trillion dollars will be cut from programs that serve 
low- and middle-class families so the Republican approach can cut taxes 
for the wealthiest people in America. I am not making that up.
  They are raising the premiums for working families to pay. They are 
cutting off seniors and others from Medicaid coverage so they can give 
tax breaks to the wealthiest superrich in America. It is going to cost 
us healthcare jobs across America. Downstate Illinois, those are good-
paying jobs. The Illinois Hospital Association says we are going to 
lose them.
  This Republican bill, TrumpCare, is bad for seniors, bad for middle-
class families, bad for people with disabilities. It is not very good 
for kids. Half of the kids in America are born under

[[Page 4595]]

and taken care of by Medicaid. It is bad for the States, bad for just 
about everyone who is not healthy or wealthy. Yet the House Republican 
leadership is intent on moving forward with TrumpCare this week.
  The President came to the House Republicans yesterday and said: If 
you don't support me on this vote, I am coming after your districts to 
defeat you.
  This approach is going to increase premiums for seniors in one of the 
most fundamental ways. We said in our bill that we voted for that you 
could not have a disparity in premiums more than 3 to 1. So the 
premiums charged to a 20-year-old and the premiums charged to a 60-
year-old could be no different than a 3-to-1 margin. The Republicans 
changed that and made it 5 to 1.
  That is why the American Association of Retired Persons opposes 
TrumpCare and why seniors across the country are waking up to the 
reality that they are in for a jolt when it comes to the premiums they 
have to pay.
  Senator Susan Collins of Maine, a Republican, has said: ``This is not 
a bill I could support in its current form . . . it really misses the 
mark.'' As Senator Collins noted, this bill does not come close to 
achieving the goal of allowing low-income seniors to purchase health 
insurance.
  Senator Bill Cassidy, a Republican from Louisiana, said:

       The CBO score was, shall we say, an eye-popper. . . . Can't 
     sugarcoat it. . . . Doesn't look good.

  Senator and Dr. Cassidy, Republican from Louisiana, said that. He 
went on to say:

       That's not what President Trump promised. . . . That's not 
     what the Republicans ran on.

  Senator Tom Cotton, Republican of Arkansas, said:

       I'm afraid that if [House Republicans] vote for this bill, 
     they're going to put the House majority at risk next year. . 
     . . Just from a practical standpoint, I don't think this bill 
     is going to reduce premiums for working Americans. . . . I 
     think it's going to cost coverage for many Americans.

  Why do we want to rush this process? It took us more than 2 years to 
write a bill, and it is still a bill that needs more work. I voted for 
it. To think that they can replace it in a matter of weeks, with this 
slap-dash approach, is not fair to America. It is not fair to people 
who count on health insurance for peace of mind and coverage when they 
desperately need it.
  I see my friend on the floor. I am going to close. I released a 
report today, and it is one I am going to share across the board in 
Illinois before our delegation votes this week. This bill in Illinois 
means that 311,000 people I represent would lose their private health 
insurance. By 2020, the average enrollee in Illinois would see their 
health insurance costs increase by over $3,000--by 2026, almost $5,000.
  The impact is particularly severe for Illinoisans ages 55 to 64. They 
would see their costs of premiums increase by over 50 percent. Illinois 
hospitals, they are against it too. They know that a lot of downstate 
hospitals and inner-city hospitals can't survive this Republican 
replacement plan.
  I will close with a letter from Christine McTaggart of Watseka, IL. 
Here is what she said to me: ``I wake up every day since the election 
fearing that a complete repeal will happen and for me that translates 
into a death sentence.''
  Christine was originally diagnosed with stage IIIb inflammatory 
breast cancer in September of 2012. Given this type of aggressive 
cancer, her prognosis was poor. She went through 16 cycles--16--of 
chemotherapy, a bilateral mastectomy, 33 radiation treatments, failed 
reconstruction and chronic tissue issues, and thyroid cancer as well.
  After all of that, in 2014, she learned her breast cancer was back. 
This time in her bones, stage IV. In her letter to me, Christine 
McTaggart of Watseka wrote:

       When the Affordable Care Act became law, I had no idea my 
     life would come to depend on policies such as pre-existing 
     conditions not excluding you from coverage . . . and lifetime 
     maximums being eliminated. If ACA were repealed, I would no 
     longer have coverage as my chronic ongoing treatment has far 
     exceeded the old lifetime maximums. . . . I would have to 
     choose between bankruptcy for treatments I cannot afford and 
     rolling the dice, waiting for death.

  She ends with this:

       I thank you for your tireless advocacy on this issue. . . . 
     My life literally depends on it.

  What we need to do is take repeal off the table, and this Senator 
will pull a chair up to the table. Let's make the Affordable Care Act 
work. Let's do it in a bipartisan way. Let's not look for a slam dunk 
for either political party. Let's try to do the right thing for 
America. We are not going to make the extremes in either political 
party happy, but if millions of Americans have health insurance and can 
find a way to pay for it, then we will do our job.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Gardner). The Senator from Louisiana.
  Mr. CASSIDY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that at 4:50 p.m. 
the remaining time on H.J. Res. 83 be yielded back and the joint 
resolution be read a third time and the Senate vote on the resolution 
with no interviewing action or debate.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Rhode Island.


                             Climate Change

  Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Mr. President, on the day of the news reporting the 
World Meteorological Organization is declaring that 2016 was the 
hottest year ever recorded, and further declaring that the planet is 
now in what they call, ``truly uncharted territory,'' I rise for my 
161st ``Time to Wake Up'' speech, in this case to update my colleagues 
on the state of our oceans.
  I am from the Ocean State. In January, the National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration released a report with the U.S. Geologic 
Survey, the Environmental Protection Agency, researchers at Rutgers 
University, Columbia University, and the South Florida Water Management 
District.
  The report updates global sea level rise estimates--perhaps not a big 
issue for Colorado but a big issue for Rhode Island. It made region-
specific assessments for our American coastline. Based on updated peer-
reviewed scientific literature, the report raised the previous upper 
range, or extreme, scenario for average global sea level in the year 
2100 by an additional half a meter.
  NOAA and its partners then tailored their findings to the U.S. 
coastline based on regional variations in ocean circulation and 
gravitational pull and local land conditions like erosion, subsidence, 
and groundwater depletion, all of which affect the local impacts of 
global sea level rise. They found that under the higher scenarios, all 
regions in the United States, except Alaska, can expect sea level rise 
higher than the global mean average. The news was particularly harsh 
for the western Gulf of Mexico and for the northeast Atlantic coast--
Virginia through Maine, including my home State of Rhode Island.
  Our coastal managers, like Rhode Island's Coastal Resources 
Management Council--the CRMC, we call them--are taking these new 
estimates seriously and incorporating the high scenario into their 
planning. Under the new scenario, the Northeast is expected to see 9 
vertical feet of sea level rise by the end of the century. That means 
that a child born today in Providence, RI, at Women & Infants Hospital 
is likely to live long enough to see this 9-foot vertical sea level 
rise take place along our shores.
  By the way, when you go up 9 feet, the shore goes back many, many 
hundreds of feet in many places. In Rhode Island, what CRMC is now 
planning for is between 9 and 12 vertical feet of sea level rise for 
our State. That is going to hit Rhode Island communities pretty hard.
  Rhode Island's CRMC and our University of Rhode Island have developed 
together something called STORMTOOLS. It is an online research tool 
that projects the effects of this sea level rise and additional storm 
surge onto the State's coastal properties.
  The tool actually now needs to be updated because it currently maxes 
out at 7 feet of sea level rise, which was the

[[Page 4596]]

previous high scenario. Now that we have raised it to 9 to 12 feet, 
they are going to have to go back and redo it.
  This is what it looks like based on the 7-foot max. Here is 7 feet of 
sea level rise in Newport, RI. This is the harbor. This is downtown 
Newport. America's Cup Avenue, which runs right through there, will be 
taken out. Through this area are a lot of very successful businesses 
that appeal to the people who come to visit historic Newport, RI.
  Through here, we have some of the most significant working wharves 
still in the Newport area. Then this area here, called The Point, is a 
historic section that goes back into the 18th and in some cases 17th 
centuries. These buildings, of course, will be flooded. There is the 
downtown Newport fire station in the middle of that as well, so it 
affects our safety infrastructure.
  This is further up the bay in Rhode Island. This is Barrington here. 
This is the town of Warren. As you can see in the blue, there are a lot 
of places where homes and businesses go underwater just under the 7-
foot scenario. Some of the stuff that goes underwater is pretty 
critical.
  Here in this bluish part is the Warren wastewater treatment plant. 
You can't have a wastewater treatment plant that is under water, so 
that is a very significant investment for Warren to have to face.
  I went to the Warren Town Hall not too long ago to meet with the 
manager and the folks who work there to hear from them about what they 
needed in order to accommodate this new risk.
  Remember that the sea level rise that we are looking at here is just 
the floor that high tides and storms ride in on. In this simplified 
illustration, we can see a coastal city with sea level rise encroaching 
on its infrastructure. Then we add to that the king tides. When 
celestial bodies line up so the tides are stronger than usual and, 
therefore, higher than usual, they are called king tides. That is not a 
scientific term, but it is the lay term for them.
  These king tides already push water into the streets of Miami and 
over the tops of the wharves of Boston on clear, sunny days--just from 
the tide. If you add on top of that a strong coastal storm, our city 
here does not stand a chance. Homes are destroyed, businesses are 
ruined, damages reach the billions, and lives perhaps are lost.
  America's coastal communities are not prepared for the future. Part 
of that is because so many people are denying the prospect of this 
future, but also we haven't caught up.
  Federal Emergency Management Agency flood maps are the things that 
guide flood insurance for most coastal property owners. FEMA's 
estimates, however, fall alarmingly short, we have discovered, for 
coastal communities like those in Rhode Island, as the FEMA studies 
rely on outdated data and incomplete models. This means that people 
along America's coast who rely on these models can be lulled into a 
false sense of comfort if their home falls outside one of FEMA's high 
risk zones but, in actuality, is in harm's way. So Rhode Island 
officials are out right now trying to educate everyone living and 
working along our State's coast about the flooding dangers that are 
fueled by climate change.
  It is not just State officials. Insurance and mortgage companies are 
starting to take these changes into account. Even the government-backed 
mortgage giant, Freddie Mac, is girding for broad housing losses from 
climate-driven flooding. Let me quote them: ``The economic losses and 
social disruption may happen gradually,'' Freddie Mac says on its 
website, ``but they are likely to be greater in total than those 
experienced in the housing crisis and great recession.''
  Think about that. That is pretty serious business, if you are saying 
that the housing damage and the consequent financial harm is going to 
be greater than the housing crisis and great recession that we just 
lived through.
  Some effects of climate change may not even be insurable, Freddie Mac 
says, and unlike the 2008 housing crash, owners of homes that are 
literally under water--not just financially under water--would have 
little expectation of their homes' values ever recovering and, 
therefore, little incentive to keep making mortgage payments which 
would, in turn, add to steeper losses for lenders and for insurers. 
This is deadly serious economic business.
  Shoreline counties are just 18 percent of the United States in land 
area, but they account for around 38 percent of the country's 
employment and 43 percent of our GDP. Each year, the sea and storms 
will take a higher toll on the roads, the bridges, the seawalls, the 
power and wastewater treatment plants, and the military facilities that 
serve that economically productive shore.
  Despite all this, President Trump's proposed ``America First'' budget 
blueprint zeros out the Global Climate Change Initiative, ends U.S. 
contributions to international climate change programs, eliminates EPA 
programs that conduct climate change research and implement the Clean 
Power Plan, ends NOAA's coastal and marine management, research, and 
education grants and programs, including the sea grant cooperative 
research program, shifts NASA's Earth science budget, which includes 
climate research, out to deep space exploration, and cuts funding for 
the Department of Energy's Office of Science.
  Obviously they don't like science very much.
  The President's proposal--if enacted--would accelerate the grim 
future laid out in NOAA's sea level rise report and in Rhode Island's 
STORMTOOLS projections. As that grim future accelerates, it is actually 
science that gives us the headlights to perceive the oncoming threats. 
Cuts to CRMC of as much as 60 percent would cripple the STORMTOOLS 
project that provides Rhode Island our headlights.
  The laws of thermodynamics will still govern the rise of our warming 
ocean waters. That is not going away. The laws of chemistry will still 
cause carbon dioxide to acidify seawater. That will not stop. The laws 
of biology will still affect vital coastal ecosystems and valuable 
ocean species and transmit the harms of climate change into those 
areas.
  The laws of economics mean that this will all have a pretty bleak 
effect on the prosperity of Americans. All that it gains is that we 
will just be blinder to what is coming at us.
  If the President were to forgo just one weekend at Mar-a-Lago, which 
POLITICO and the Washington Post estimate costs U.S. taxpayers $2 to $3 
million each weekend, that money from one weekend could fund Rhode 
Island's entire sea grant program for a year, helping us guide offshore 
energy and commercial ocean development, protecting important fishing 
grounds and the State's vital fishing industry. That is economic effect 
in Rhode Island.
  When the ocean starts lapping on the stairs of Mar-a-Lago, President 
Trump may be hard-pressed to continue denying what all of our 
scientific agencies are reporting and predicting. This graphic from the 
Boston Globe shows at 7 feet of sea level rise what is in store for the 
President's posh resort. The NOAA high scenario for that area actually 
projects for Florida's Atlantic coast sea level rise just over 8 feet 
by the end of the century--though this image understates the flooding 
that is going to take place at Mar-a-Lago in this century. That just 
shows 7 feet of sea level rise. An added foot of water not shown, plus 
that king tide problem I discussed, and storm surge--when you have a 
good wind kicking up, and it blows the surface of the ocean and raises 
the tide further--will all amplify these effects. Bye-bye, Mar-a-Lago.
  It is time that we in Congress put fossil fuel interests aside. They 
have had their way with us quite long enough. It is time for us to 
start doing what is right by all of the Americans who live and work 
near the coast and will be facing this predicament in the real world.
  If the President and this Congress remain beholden to this shameless, 
polluting industry, we will lose our chance to protect ourselves. It is 
time that we wake up to the reality of climate change, wake up to the 
reality of sea level rise, wake up to the reality of

[[Page 4597]]

ocean acidification, and start to do something about it.
  We can't say we weren't warned. We are just rotten with fossil fuel 
money and will not listen.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Tennessee.
  Mr. ALEXANDER. Mr. President, while the Senator from Rhode Island is 
still here, I was pleased to join with him in an article published in 
the New York Times not long ago. We don't agree on everything, but we 
do agree on this: Climate change is a serious problem, and it makes no 
sense to close nuclear power plants while they are safely operating and 
producing 60 percent of our carbon-free electricity in the United 
States.
  So I thank him for his partnership on that article in the New York 
Times.
  Mr. WHITEHOUSE. I appreciate the chairman saying that very much.


                                  TVA

  Mr. ALEXANDER. Mr. President, today I come to the floor to express my 
opposition once again to the possibility that the Tennessee Valley 
Authority--the TVA, as we call it--might raise our electric bills and 
waste more than $1 billion buying electricity the region does not need 
by agreeing to purchase power from the Clean Line Energy Partners' 
proposed Plains & Eastern wind power transmission project.
  Congress has a responsibility to conduct oversight of TVA's decisions 
and also to ensure that TVA is fulfilling its missions, as defined by 
the TVA Act. Although TVA does not receive any Federal funding from 
Congress, TVA is a Federal corporation, and its board members are 
nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the 
Senate.
  The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee and the Senate 
Environment and Public Works Committee, the committees responsible for 
the oversight of TVA, have held hearings to discuss TVA's budget and 
policies.
  So as a U.S. Senator, today I am here to exercise my oversight 
responsibilities on TVA. Clean Line Energy Partners, a Texas-based 
company, is proposing to build giant, unsightly transmission towers 
from Oklahoma, through Arkansas, to Tennessee--known as the Plains & 
Eastern Clean Line--to carry comparatively more expensive, less 
reliable electricity to Tennessee and other Southeastern States.
  For the first time ever, Federal eminent domain will be used over the 
objection of the State of Arkansas and both of Arkansas's U.S. Senators 
to acquire the land necessary for the transmission line. In order to 
move forward with the construction of a single 700-mile, high-voltage, 
direct current transmission line, Clean Line Energy Partners must find 
utilities in the Southeast that are willing to purchase the power 
produced by an Oklahoma wind farm and transmitted by the Plains & 
Eastern Clean Line. For this reason, Clean Line Energy Partners and 
their supporters have been urging the Tennessee Valley Authority to 
agree to a long-term power purchase agreement for wind power.
  In November, shortly after the election, the Southern Alliance for 
Clean Energy said: ``We strongly encourage TVA's Board of Directors to 
immediately contract for at least 1,000 megawatts of wind power on the 
Plains and Eastern Clean Line.'' Why the rush, I would ask. The answer 
is this: Federal subsidies for wind power--subsidies that waste 
billions of dollars of taxpayer money each year--end after 2019. A 
petition being pushed by the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy urging 
TVA to purchase the power spells this out. They said: ``Critical 
deadlines regarding the Federal production tax credit for wind power 
are fast approaching. . . . The time to contract for low-cost wind 
power is now.''
  So last December, I wrote to the TVA and said: ``There should not be 
a rush to approve any proposal from Clean Line Energy Partners. This is 
a big, expensive decision and should be left to the new board next 
year.''
  While this decision should be left to a full TVA board when all of 
its members are confirmed, I don't know why either a board with three 
vacancies, which is what we have today, or a complete board with all of 
its members confirmed would even consider approving such a deal. A 
contract with Clean Line Energy Partners could cost TVA ratepayers more 
than $1 billion over the next 20 to 30 years, the typical length of 
such an agreement. TVA would be disregarding its mission to provide 
low-cost power to the region if it were to contract for power the 
region doesn't need regardless of the source of the electricity.
  In recent years, according to TVA, power demand throughout the 
Tennessee Valley has declined.
  In 2013, TVA began working with its customers to develop a long-term 
plan to meet the region's power needs through 2033. In 2015, when TVA 
completed its Integrated Resource Plan, that plan concluded--this is 
TVA talking--that ``there is no immediate need for new base load plants 
after Watts Bar Nuclear Unit 2 comes online and upgrades are completed 
at Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant.'' As a result of this conclusion, 
because TVA did not need power, TVA decided last year to sell the 
unfinished Bellefonte nuclear power plant.
  For the foreseeable future, TVA has said it doesn't need any new 
baseload power and doesn't plan on any major new capital construction 
projects. This is good news for ratepayers because it means TVA can 
reduce debt and keep electric rates low. So why would TVA announce that 
it doesn't need new power for the next 15 years, sell a nuclear power 
plant capable of producing reliable baseload power for the next 60 
years, and then turn around and buy unreliable wind power that might 
only be available for 20 or 30 years until the turbines break down?
  TVA is, generally speaking, on a very good path. Its leadership has 
made sound decisions that will benefit ratepayers and our region. To 
fulfill its mission to provide safe, clean, reliable, and affordable 
power for the region's homes and businesses--that is its mission--it 
has opened the first nuclear power reactor in the 21st century. And I 
may say, going back to Senator Whitehouse's speech, nuclear power is 
emission free--no sulfur, no nitrogen, no mercury, no carbon. Nuclear 
power produces 60 percent of all of our carbon-free electricity. TVA is 
also placing pollution control equipment on all of its coal plants and 
is completing new natural gas plants. The TVA has done this while 
reducing its debt and reducing electric rates, which is good news for 
jobs and economic development in the region. Even if TVA did need more 
power, which it has said it does not, TVA should not agree to buy more 
wind power which is comparatively unreliable and expensive.
  A look at TVA's previous experience with wind power illustrates how 
unreliable it can be, especially in our region. In 2001, TVA opened its 
first commercial-scale wind project in the Southeast. It is generous to 
say that it has been a failure. This project on Buffalo Mountain near 
Knoxville has the capacity to generate 27 megawatts of electricity; 
however, according to TVA, in 2016--last year--the Buffalo Mountain 
wind turbines produced only 4.3 megawatts on average. Capacity is 27 
megawatts and generation was 4.3 megawatts--that is just 16 percent of 
their rated capacity. In other words, these turbines, which cost as 
much as $40 million to build and must cost millions more over the life 
of the contract, produce little electricity and little value to TVA's 
ratepayers.
  Wind usually blows at night when consumers are asleep and don't need 
as much electricity. Until there is some way to store large amounts of 
wind power, a utility still needs to operate gas, nuclear, or coal 
plants when the wind doesn't blow. For example, take a recent TVA peak 
summer day. On July 26, 2016, Tennessee Valley homes and businesses 
consumed 29,512 megawatts of electricity--nearly all of TVA's capacity 
of 33,000 megawatts of electricity. Part of TVA's capacity on that day 
included contracts for nearly 1,250 megawatts of electricity produced 
by wind power. However, at the peak demand during the day, when power 
is most urgently needed, those wind turbines with a rated capacity of 
1,250

[[Page 4598]]

megawatts actually delivered only 185 megawatts of electricity. So on a 
day when the Tennessee Valley needed power the most, wind turbines 
provided less than 15 percent of their rated capacity and less than 1 
percent of the total electricity needed to power our region's homes and 
businesses.
  Not only is wind power unreliable, it can be more expensive than 
nuclear, which also produces zero emissions, or natural gas, which is 
low emission.
  TVA is currently completing a new 900-megawatt natural gas plant for 
roughly $975 million that will improve air quality in Memphis and be 
one of the most efficient natural gas plants in the world. Natural gas 
plants usually operate for at least 30 years and according to TVA can 
provide power in as little as 20 minutes to meet peak demand during hot 
summer afternoons and cold winter nights.
  Last year, TVA opened the country's first nuclear power reactor in 
the 21st century, Watts Bar 2, at a cost of $5 billion. Watts Bar 2 
will safely provide 1,150 megawatts of power more than 90 percent of 
the time for the next 40, 60, and possibly even 80 years, all of it 
emission free, no sulfur, no nitrogen, no mercury, no carbon.
  The point is, TVA has concluded that it doesn't need more power for 
the foreseeable future; therefore, its board should resist obligating 
TVA's ratepayers for any new large power contracts, much less contracts 
for comparatively expensive and unreliable wind power. Instead, TVA 
should continue to provide low-cost, reliable power to the region 
because that boosts economic development throughout the Tennessee 
Valley.
  I thank the Presiding Officer, and I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. SASSE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Under the previous order, all remaining time for debate on H.J. Res. 
83 has been yielded back.
  The joint resolution was ordered to a third reading and was read the 
third time.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The joint resolution having been read the 
third time, the question is, Shall the joint resolution pass?
  Mr. SASSE. Mr. President, I ask for the yeas and nays.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a sufficient second?
  There appears to be a sufficient second.
  The clerk will call the roll.
  The assistant bill clerk called the roll.
  Mr. CORNYN. The following Senators are necessarily absent: the 
Senator from Georgia (Mr. Isakson) and the Senator from Kentucky (Mr. 
Paul).
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. (Mr. Lee). Are there any other Senators in the 
Chamber desiring to vote?
  The result was announced--yeas 50, nays 48, as follows:

                      [Rollcall Vote No. 93 Leg.]

                                YEAS--50

     Alexander
     Barrasso
     Blunt
     Boozman
     Burr
     Capito
     Cassidy
     Cochran
     Collins
     Corker
     Cornyn
     Cotton
     Crapo
     Cruz
     Daines
     Enzi
     Ernst
     Fischer
     Flake
     Gardner
     Graham
     Grassley
     Hatch
     Heller
     Hoeven
     Inhofe
     Johnson
     Kennedy
     Lankford
     Lee
     McCain
     McConnell
     Moran
     Murkowski
     Perdue
     Portman
     Risch
     Roberts
     Rounds
     Rubio
     Sasse
     Scott
     Shelby
     Strange
     Sullivan
     Thune
     Tillis
     Toomey
     Wicker
     Young

                                NAYS--48

     Baldwin
     Bennet
     Blumenthal
     Booker
     Brown
     Cantwell
     Cardin
     Carper
     Casey
     Coons
     Cortez Masto
     Donnelly
     Duckworth
     Durbin
     Feinstein
     Franken
     Gillibrand
     Harris
     Hassan
     Heinrich
     Heitkamp
     Hirono
     Kaine
     King
     Klobuchar
     Leahy
     Manchin
     Markey
     McCaskill
     Menendez
     Merkley
     Murphy
     Murray
     Nelson
     Peters
     Reed
     Sanders
     Schatz
     Schumer
     Shaheen
     Stabenow
     Tester
     Udall
     Van Hollen
     Warner
     Warren
     Whitehouse
     Wyden

                             NOT VOTING--2

     Isakson
     Paul
       
  The joint resolution (H.J. Res. 83) was passed.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The majority leader.

                          ____________________