[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 163 (2017), Part 11]
[Senate]
[Pages 16037-16079]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




         CONCURRENT RESOLUTION ON THE BUDGET, FISCAL YEAR 2018

  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under the previous order, the 
Senate will resume consideration of H. Con. Res. 71, which the clerk 
will report.

[[Page 16038]]

  The legislative clerk read as follows:

       A concurrent resolution (H. Con. Res. 71) establishing the 
     congressional budget for the United States Government for 
     fiscal year 2018 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary 
     levels for fiscal years 2019 through 2027.

  Pending:

       Enzi amendment No. 1116, in the nature of a substitute.

  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under the previous order, the time 
until 3 p.m. will be equally divided between the managers or their 
designees.
  The Senator from Wyoming.
  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, this week the Senate is debating a fiscal 
year 2018 budget resolution focused on growing America's economy 
through tax policies that put more money in the hands of hard-working 
Americans. Tax reform is long overdue and is needed to jump start our 
Nation's economic growth. It is crucial that Congress approve this 
fiscal framework in order to eliminate the dated and stifling tax 
policies that are holding back not only investment and productivity but 
American families. It is time for more jobs, fairer taxes, and bigger 
paychecks.
  The tax reform framework recently announced by the President and 
congressional leaders represents the beginning of a process aimed at 
boosting America's economic growth and putting more money in the 
pockets of everyday Americans. That tax framework has to be defined by 
the Finance Committee. This sets up a process so that can be done as 
easily as possible.
  It is crucial that we allow U.S. companies--large and small, 
especially small--to better compete both at home and overseas, which 
will make the United States more attractive for investment and to do 
business. This will improve our competitiveness, it will help keep good 
paying jobs here at home, and it will bring back jobs that have been 
lost.
  Lowering taxes on small businesses will also help unleash the 
ingenuity of America's job creators. We are the most ingenious and most 
inventive in the world.
  Unfortunately, as many hard-working families personally understand, 
our economy has experienced 8 years of stagnant growth. This economic 
downturn and slow growth has resulted in a lost decade that has cost 
the Nation millions of jobs.
  Family income is not rising as fast as it should, which has real 
consequences for our future. When family incomes fail to grow, it 
becomes difficult for parents to pay for their children's education and 
for their own needs. Sluggish family income growth also means less 
money for retirement or healthcare and makes it harder to save for a 
downpayment on a house.
  It is no surprise that incomes are stuck, given America's overall 
economic stagnation over the past decade. Without wage growth, American 
families find it difficult to improve their standard of living. We must 
do better for these hard-working American families, and this budget 
resolution will help put our Nation on a better fiscal track with a 
combination of restrained spending, reduced tax burdens, and a growing 
economy.
  The budget puts in motion a process to cut taxes for American 
families and job creators by $1.5 trillion over 10 years. In addition 
to keeping more money in the pockets of hard-working families, tax 
reform done right will spur investment and reinvigorate productivity 
here at home.
  America's tax system is incredibly complicated. This budget will 
provide Congress with the opportunity to make more Tax Code 
simplifications and make it fairer for all Americans. We especially 
want to make sure families, small businesses, and workers are not 
penalized for their success.
  Simplifying the Tax Code is an important part of tax reform efforts. 
America's current code is made up of more than 4 million words. That is 
seven times the length of Leo Tolstoy's ``War and Peace,'' and it is 
more than two times the combined length of the complete works of 
William Shakespeare and the King James Bible.
  The National Taxpayers Union recently released some figures that 
calculate the burden of tax compliance for families and small 
businesses. The National Taxpayers Union learned that the total annual 
time burden of tax compliance is more than 6 billion hours. Let me 
repeat that. The total time burden for tax compliance is more than 6 
billion hours. That is a lot of family time. That costs families and 
small businesses nearly $34 billion a year on tax software and other 
out-of-pocket expenses, as well as--this is the important part--$229 
billion in time and labor to comply with the Tax Code. The Tax Code's 
combined burden of $263 billion is more than the gross domestic product 
of 154 nations.
  To understand just how complex and outdated the U.S. Tax Code has 
become, it is important to put it in the historical context of how it 
has grown over the years. In 1913, the 1040 Income Tax Form consisted 
of three pages, with one page of instructions. More than 100 years 
later, that same form now consists of 2 pages, with 106 pages of basic 
instructions and, depending on taxpayer circumstances, 13 separate 
schedules, each with numerous pages of instructions. In fact, there are 
more than 70,000 pages of instructions in total. This is why, every tax 
season, Americans are forced to wade through an ever-changing labyrinth 
of forms and regulations when they file their returns.
  Each year, hard-working families navigate a minefield of tax 
definitions and tax tests in order to fully reap the benefits of tax 
credits. Is it any wonder that many who are eligible may not even claim 
these credits because of this complex web of tax forms? For example, 
there are many definitions of ``child'' in the Tax Code, meaning a 
family with children may qualify for some child benefits but not others 
and may fail to receive the full benefits they deserve.
  To promote fair treatment, our budget is focused on providing the 
tools needed to simplify the Tax Code. Let me repeat that. These are 
the tools that are needed to simplify the Tax Code. The Finance 
Committee still has to plug in details and eliminations and a final 
version, and that would allow Americans to keep more of what they earn. 
That is another part of the process, but this part of the process is 
necessary in order to make sure we get to that part of the process. 
Hard-working families deserve an economy that provides higher wages and 
more and better jobs. Pro-growth tax reform can boost small businesses, 
and it can free Americans to make their own decisions about how to 
spend their hard-earned money.
  I want to repeat some of those numbers. I am an accountant. Usually, 
numbers put people to sleep, but I think these are ones people will 
understand.
  The National Taxpayers Union did some figuring on the burden of tax 
compliance by families and small businesses. This National Taxpayers 
Union learned that the total annual time burden of tax compliance is 
more than 6 billion hours, which costs families and small businesses 
nearly $34 billion a year on tax software and other out-of-pocket 
expenses as well as--and this is the important part--$229 billion in 
time and labor to comply with the Tax Code. The Tax Code's combined 
burden of $263 billion is more than the gross domestic product of 154 
countries.
  We need to take action. We need to pass this budget so the process 
can be simplified and expedited, and we can get to that yet this year 
so people, when they are filing their taxes next year, can take 
advantage of what is being done here. I think we will have bipartisan 
support in making these important changes. The process is set up so 
there can be that bipartisan support since it goes through the Finance 
Committee, and we have been promised there will be a markup, which will 
allow everybody to make amendments to the Tax Code and the tax bill. 
Then it will come to the floor, where everybody will have a chance to 
make amendments to the bill.
  This sets the budget and sets up the opportunity to have some tax 
reform this year so people can take advantage of it next year. I ask my 
colleagues to support this budget and work with us on getting tax 
reform that will make a difference for all hard-working Americans.

[[Page 16039]]

  I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so 
ordered.
  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I want to explain why I took us out of the 
quorum call. If I leave us in a quorum call, all time will be charged 
to my side. If I take us out of a quorum call, even though no one is 
here to speak, it will get divided equally. That is fair, and that is 
what we are trying to do.
  I yield the floor.
  The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. If no one yields time, the time 
will be divided equally.


                   Recognition of the Minority Leader

  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Cotton). The Democratic leader is 
recognized.


                               Healthcare

  Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, yesterday the chairman and the ranking 
member of the HELP Committee came to a bipartisan agreement on a 
package to stabilize our healthcare law and to lower premiums. It was 
the product of months of difficult negotiations. Like all good 
negotiations, both sides gave some and both sides got some. The product 
is something that neither side is completely happy with but that both 
sides can move forward with. That is what a good, fair compromise looks 
like. It took work, and, at a time when bipartisanship is desperately 
sought after, this was not even just a flicker but a nice flame of 
bipartisanship burning brightly.
  Then, a few minutes ago, President Trump tweeted: I am supportive of 
Lamar as a person, and also of the process, but I can never support 
bailing out insurance companies who have made a fortune with ObamaCare.
  There are many reasons to be vehemently strongly upset about this 
tweet and how wrong it is. First, frankly, the President doesn't know 
what he is talking about in the compromise.
  It doesn't bail out insurance companies. It helps people who are sick 
and who need healthcare. It keeps their premiums low. It allows them to 
go to a doctor or get a medicine that they need.
  Senators Alexander and Murray made sure that, in the provisions they 
were writing, the money would not go to the insurance companies but 
rather would go to millions of Americans who need help because they 
couldn't afford healthcare on their own.
  The President ought to know what he is talking about when he tweets 
about bills because on this one, he had no understanding of what it is 
about. This helps millions of people. This keeps premiums down. This 
allows Americans--working class, middle class, many of whom are in 
rural areas in red States--it allows them to go to the doctor, go to 
the hospital, get medicine. Nothing bothers Americans more than when 
they can't get healthcare they desperately need for themselves or a 
loved one.
  So, first, the President ought to know what the bill is about before 
he tweets. Clearly from this tweet, he doesn't.
  Second, this President keeps zigging and zagging, so it is impossible 
to govern. Two Thursdays ago, the President called me in the gym and 
said: Let's work on a bipartisan solution on healthcare. It was his 
initiation. He first talked about, let's repeal and replace; I told him 
that is off the table. But I then said that Senator Alexander and 
Senator Murray are working on a compromise--and I outlined the basic 
compromise they were coming up with, that each side got something--and 
the President suggested that he call Senator Alexander and I call 
Senator Murray and encourage them. I called Senator Murray; he called 
Senator Alexander. And he called Senator Alexander, from what Senator 
Alexander told me, several times to encourage him.
  Yesterday, he called the Murray-Alexander deal a ``very good 
solution.'' Now, this morning, he says he can't support it. He can't 
support bailing out insurance companies that have made a fortune with 
ObamaCare. He is wrong on the facts, as I mentioned, doesn't know what 
the bill is. We should have a President who actually knows the facts of 
bills he talks about.
  Second, he is totally inconsistent. He is for it one day, against it 
the next day.
  Mr. President, you cannot govern a country, you cannot keep America 
great if you don't know what is in the bills and don't have a 
consistent policy about them.
  But he keeps zigging and zagging. Our only hope is that maybe 
tomorrow he will be for this again.
  Finally, a word in general: We all know there are extremes in 
America. The hard right has a lot of power here. If every time the hard 
right says ``jump,'' the President says ``how high,'' his Presidency 
will be a failure. Yet that is what has happened repeatedly.
  The hard right doesn't represent America on healthcare. Eighty 
percent of the people did not like the TrumpCare bill that the hard 
right supported--80 percent. The majority of Americans, by a 
substantial margin, want to see ObamaCare strengthened, not repealed. 
The hard right doesn't; they want to get rid of it.
  If the President simply is responding to them, it is not leadership. 
He did the same thing on DACA. Leader Pelosi and I met with him. It was 
clear what we sought--approval of the Dream Act. He agreed, provided 
there was border security, explicitly no wall. The next day, the 
rightwing attacked him. Laura Ingraham or one of those radio 
commentators said he should be impeached. I think Breitbart News called 
him Amnesty Trump. And he totally reversed himself.
  That is not leadership, Mr. President. That is blatant fear.
  We all understand political forces. They push us all around. When you 
are President, you have an obligation to lead. And this Presidency has 
been so unsuccessful in accomplishing things--he can blame Mitch 
McConnell, which the President has done, or the Republicans in the 
Senate. He can blame the Democrats. But really the reason that we are 
not getting anything done and his Presidency has been so bare of 
accomplishment is that this President is embracing a hard-right, 
extreme position that is very far away from what Americans want. His 
Presidency will continue to fail, continue to be a failure, if he 
continues to do that.
  So I would say to my colleagues on both sides of the aisle, going 
back to the agreement, the agreement is fair, and it is down the 
middle. As I said, each side gave. Let's move forward. Let's get a 
large percentage, a large number of Democrats and Republicans to 
sponsor this legislation. Let Leader McConnell have the good sense and 
the courage to put it on the floor. I would bet my bottom dollar it 
will pass. Let Speaker Ryan do the same, and we will have shown that we 
can get something done in a bipartisan way.
  Lamar Alexander is not obstructing. Patty Murray is not obstructing. 
The President is obstructing at the moment. We should overcome that 
obstruction and work together. That is what the American people want.
  I hope the President rethinks his position. He has rethought it 
several times already. I hope he actually reads and learns what is in 
the bill. And I hope we can get this done--not for any party's sake or 
any individual's sake but for the American people's sake, the millions 
and millions of Americans who can't afford high premiums, who 
desperately need healthcare and medicine, and who are praying for us to 
do something to help them.
  Mr. President, on the budget, yesterday the Republican majority voted 
to start debate on a budget resolution that would increase the deficit 
by $1.5 trillion--so much for the deficit hawks. It would slash 
Medicare and Medicaid by $1.5 trillion--so much for the many people who 
don't want to cut it, who promised not to cut it, including the 
President. It blows a huge hole in the deficit--as I said, deficit 
hawks. Finally, it favors the very wealthy.
  My friend here was once head of the Club for Growth. I salute him. He

[[Page 16040]]

states his position. He believes tax cuts on the very wealthy and on 
big corporations will create jobs. We can have that debate. It is 
called trickle-down economics. But he is honest about it.
  Some of the others--our Secretary of the Treasury, our advisers to 
the President, many in this Chamber--are saying this is a middle-class 
tax cut. When 80 percent of the benefits go to the top 1 percent, when 
we remove the estate tax, which doesn't apply to anyone whose estate is 
less than close to $11 million, it is a tax cut for the wealthy. Some 
people believe that is a good way to exercise policy. The American 
people don't. But let's debate it that way.
  Our Republican colleagues, just like on healthcare, are ashamed of 
this bill. They can't debate it on what they really believe, and so 
they put up these chimeras. They sort of make it up: Oh, no, we won't 
have a deficit; there will be huge growth. I think the Secretary of the 
Treasury said that it will decrease the deficit by a trillion dollars. 
That was laughable. Oh, it will go to the middle class, not the 
wealthy. When they lower the top rate, raise the bottom rate, get rid 
of the estate tax, and allow passthroughs which will mainly go to very 
wealthy individuals to reduce their tax rate to 15 percent--that is in 
the outline.
  So today we begin the process of shining light on this awful 
proposal, of telling the truth. That is what the amendment process will 
be today.
  Today we are going to vote on a Democratic amendment to strike the 
trillion dollars of cuts in Medicaid. If our colleagues don't want to 
cut Medicaid, they should vote for this. If our colleagues are OK with 
a trillion dollars of cuts in Medicaid, let them vote against the 
amendment, but believe me, the American people will know exactly how 
each Member of this Chamber feels when it comes to dramatically cutting 
Medicaid.
  We will also propose an amendment to strike the cuts to Medicare. 
Now, in the healthcare bill, in one of the reiterations, we debated 
cutting Medicaid. We haven't debated cutting Medicare, but now we will. 
Some $473 billion of cuts are in the exact budget our Republican 
colleagues wish us to vote for. And it will shine a light on what 
really is in this bill, not what is said.
  How many of you on the Republican side have mentioned that this bill 
cuts Medicare and Medicaid, this budget proposal? Are you going to 
start mentioning it today, or are you going to try to hide it? Because 
it does. By the way, the idea that this doesn't count because it is 
just in a budget that we can ignore is belied by the fact that there is 
statutory pay-go--statutory, not rules--and it says that Medicare is 
cut 4 percent if there is a deficit in terms of tax cuts. OK? Are you 
going to cut Medicare 4 percent? We don't want to do that. We hope you 
don't. But this budget would require that under the pay-go rules, and 
that is law.
  So we are going to have amendments. Do you want to cut Medicaid or 
not? Yes or no. Do you want to cut Medicare or not? Yes or no. Do you 
want to vote for a $1.5 trillion deficit or not? Yes or no. And do you 
want 80 percent of the tax cuts to go to the top 1 percent, to the very 
wealthy, while middle-class taxes are raised for many people? Yes or 
no.
  Today begins the process of truth. Today begins the process that 
shines light on all of the misrepresentations by Secretary Mnuchin and 
Gary Cohn and by the President himself, who says he is just going to 
cut taxes on the middle class, not on the wealthy.
  This process will be going on for a while. There is going to be a 
very bright light shining on our Republican colleagues in the House and 
Senate. It is going to take them a while to come up with a bill. It is 
not easy writing a massive tax bill. And all the while, while they are 
writing it--and certainly once it comes out--that bright line of truth 
will produce, in my judgment, the same result we had on healthcare. The 
more the American people see, the less they will like it.
  A CBS poll on Sunday said that 58 percent of the American people 
believe that the Trump bill is tax cuts for the wealthy; only 19 
percent believe it is for the middle class. That number is going to get 
worse, my colleagues, just as the healthcare thing got worse. The 
American people turned against you as we Democrats shined a bright 
light on what it really did.
  You cannot govern from the hard right. As wealthy as they are, as 
much as they threaten you with primaries, it is not going to work. We 
still have a foundation of democracy. There is still a foundation of 
honor and truth. And when honor and truth and sunlight hit this bill, 
it will crumble.
  Now, I say to some of my colleagues that we want to work with you on 
a good tax reform bill, one that is revenue neutral, one that doesn't 
favor the wealthy. We believe small businesses should get tax breaks. 
We believe money from overseas should come back and be used to create 
jobs. There are lots of things we can do on common ground without 
blowing a hole in the deficit, without cutting Medicare and Medicaid, 
without favoring the rich. Defeat this bill, we will work with you, 
just as we have on healthcare. We said: If you defeat that bill, we 
will try to come up with a bipartisan compromise, and we have--one that 
the President is flip-flopping on, zigzagging on, saying yes one day 
and no the next. But we have come up with a compromise, and the same 
thing can happen on taxes.
  Today is a beginning turning point in the tax debate, the day that 
what is really in this Republican bill will come to light, and the 
American people, as they learn about it, will not like it.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Pennsylvania.
  Mr. TOOMEY. Mr. President, I yield myself as much time as I may 
consume.
  I want to say some words about our Budget resolution, which I hope we 
will be passing this week, and how important it is that we do, in fact, 
pass this. I want to clarify a few issues because the tax reform 
legislation continues to be a work in progress, and many elements have 
been mischaracterized, while others have been made up out of the clear 
blue sky.
  Let me start with the budget resolution and start by thanking 
Chairman Enzi for the very hard work he has done and the very great 
work he has done in bringing together the Republican conference around 
a budget resolution that I think is very likely to pass.
  Let's be candid about what this is about. The budget resolution is 
about giving us the tools to pass tax reform later this year. That is 
what this budget resolution is about. It is a misnomer, really, when 
you think about it. The most important substantive item in the budget 
resolution, by far, is the procedural tools it will give us to pass tax 
reform with a simple majority vote in the Senate, so that a minority of 
the body is not able to block tax reform by filibuster. That is what 
this is about. That is what we are endeavoring to accomplish here.
  Why is it important? The main reason it is so important is because 
for so long we--our entire country--have been laboring with such feeble 
economic growth. For the last 60 years, prior to the Obama 
administration, annual economic growth in America was 3.4 percent. 
During the entire 8-year administration of President Obama, we never 
once had a single year where we reached even 3 percent. The 
Congressional Budget Office believes that we are now locked into the 
indefinite future of sub-2 percent economic growth, and that is what we 
just have to accept. We have to settle for the fact that we are no 
longer a booming economy. We are not capable of being a booming 
economy.
  There are a lot of problems with this. I think it is completely 
unacceptable to believe that, somehow, because a calendar year turned 
on a page or because Obama was elected President some years ago, it is 
not possible for America to have the robust economic growth that used 
to be ordinary. It is not true that we are somehow consigned to feeble 
growth, and it matters if our economy is growing at 2 percent. It takes 
36 years to double the standard of living for the average family. If we 
just managed to get the growth to 3 percent, and that is less than the 
historical average, then we can double our standard of living in just 
over 20 years.

[[Page 16041]]

It is a big difference in the standard of living of the people who I 
represent. That is what this is about.
  If we get this budget resolution passed this week, the tax reform 
that many of us are working very hard on has two big goals, certainly 
for me. I have had many discussions with my colleagues on the Finance 
Committee and outside the Finance Committee, and I think these goals 
are widely shared.
  The first is that it absolutely has to provide tax relief for hard-
working Americans--middle income, lower income, people of modest means, 
many of whom live paycheck to paycheck. There has to be a direct tax 
benefit for those Pennsylvanians, those Arkansans, and those people all 
across America.
  How are we going to do that? It is very clear. There is no question. 
There will be a reduction in the tax rates that are applied to income 
for hard-working Americans. There is going to be an increase in the 
standard deduction that they can take, which means a bigger chunk of 
their income that doesn't get taxed at all. That is absolutely going to 
be a feature of this tax reform. We are going to increase the child tax 
credit, so that people who have the cost of raising a family with kids 
are going to get a credit toward that cost.
  The combined effect of these things are absolutely going to lower the 
tax rates for hard-working Americans, for lower income and middle-
income families. If it didn't accomplish that, it wouldn't even get out 
of the Finance Committee, much less pass a vote on this floor. That is 
No. 1. There are still dials to be turned and rates to be set--exactly 
where the various brackets begin and end. These details are still a 
work in progress, but that goal is going to be achieved. That is item 
No. 1.
  But the other item is really important too, and that is the process 
by which all of these very same families get an indirect pay raise. 
They get a pay raise. It will happen over time, and it will happen in 
different ways. That happens by creating incentives to maximize 
economic growth and to get away from this sub-2 percent, barely growing 
economy we have been tolerating and to get back to something closer to 
what is normal for America--an economy that is growing at least 3 
percent.
  What happens if we have stronger economic growth? I mentioned before 
that we increase the standard of living much more quickly. People get 
to see their kids have a better life and a better standard of living 
than they had. They can see that trend is going to continue. It happens 
because new businesses start to get launched again. It happens because 
existing businesses expand. Both new businesses and expanding 
businesses hire more workers. When you hire more workers, especially at 
a time when most economists think we are at something close to what 
they consider full employment, it puts direct, immediate, and upward 
pressure on wages, which is what we have been waiting for.
  So not only will a working family discover they owe less money to 
Uncle Sam, but they are very likely to quickly be in a position where 
they are getting a pay raise because their employer has to pay them 
more to keep them because we are going to create more demand for 
workers. How do we do that? One of the ways we are going to do that, I 
hope--and this is, again, a work in progress; it is underway--is that 
we ought to make our business tax regime, our big business Tax Code 
competitive. Anyone who looks at this honestly knows that our Tax Code 
is not competitive today. American workers and businesses lose out to 
competition from overseas because other countries have much more 
competitive tax codes. It is entirely possible, and I think you could 
make the case, that the American Tax Code is the worst in the world. It 
is that bad, and when it is that bad, that means our workers and our 
businesses are much less able to compete. So we are going to try to fix 
that. That means lowering the rate on income tax for our businesses to 
something that is comparable to what the rest of the world pays, rather 
than the extremely high outlier rate that we have today.
  It also means that we ought to allow our businesses to expense 
capital when they put it to work. What does that mean? That means that 
when a company says we are going to buy a new piece of equipment, a new 
piece of machinery, a new vehicle, or a new backhoe--whatever it might 
be--you allow the company to recognize that expense when the expense 
occurs for tax purposes. That might just seems like common sense. Why 
wouldn't you do that? We don't do that today. For a large category of 
new equipment that businesses go out and purchase, even though they 
have to buy it in the year in which they put it into service and they 
have to come up with the cash, they don't get to reduce their income 
accordingly, except over many years. What that means is that it makes 
it effectively more expensive to buy that equipment. They have to pay 
tax on money they don't have. That means they buy less equipment.
  What difference does this make? It makes a lot of difference. Again, 
there is a direct effect and an indirect effect. A direct effect is 
that by allowing businesses to fully expense the capital they put to 
work, we are going to encourage them to buy more items. That means more 
work, more production for the kind of machinery and equipment that 
these businesses are likely to buy. But it gets better than that 
because when businesses deploy that capital--when they buy a new piece 
of equipment, a new piece of machinery, when they upgrade their 
software, or whatever they are doing with this capital expenditure--
they are making their workforce more productive. They are making their 
employees able to produce more in a given hour in a given day, and when 
workers are more productive, that is when a business can afford to pay 
them more, and in fact, has to pay them more. That is where pay raises 
come from. They come from productivity growth. Productivity growth 
comes when capital gets put to work. We are going to encourage more of 
that, and that is going to result in higher wages and higher income for 
the people we all represent.
  The third point I want to make about this tax reform is that it is 
very important that we fix a broken part of our code that deals with 
overseas subsidiaries of American firms and foreign firms that operate 
in the United States. That part of our Tax Code is a disaster. We have 
all read about the corporate inversions, for instance, where an 
American-based company seeks to be acquired by a foreign company for 
the sole purpose of lowering its tax burden. That happens. It happens 
because our Tax Code drives it.
  We have all heard about the $2 to $3 trillion of profits that 
American companies have earned in overseas subsidiaries. They will not 
bring the money home because if they were to do so, they would have to 
pay another huge tax on top of what they already paid in the 
jurisdiction of whatever country their subsidiary operates in. Why 
would we tolerate a system like that? We have an opportunity to fix 
that. If we fix that, then huge sums of money will come flooding back 
into the United States. That is going to get invested here. That is 
going to mean more businesses, new expansion, and more hiring. That is 
going to be tremendously constructive for our economy, and, going 
forward, we will eliminate this perverse incentive to have 
multinational companies headquartered anywhere but in the United 
States, which is the case today.
  In short, this is our opportunity to begin to achieve the growth we 
have been waiting for. Ever since the great recession, we have not had 
the kind of economic growth that used to be normal for America. A 
completely archaic, terribly unfair, ridiculously complicated Tax Code 
is part of the reason why.
  You might ask: How did we used to have such strong growth with this 
Tax Code? The fact is that most of the rest of the world has been about 
the business of improving their tax code while we have not. This is our 
moment and our opportunity to begin to catch up. We can do it in a big 
way, as long as we pass this budget and give ourselves the tools to do 
so.

[[Page 16042]]

  This budget resolution creates the opportunity to do tax reform. Some 
of my colleagues on the other side of the aisle have criticized the 
fact that we are setting up a process and using the budget resolution 
so that the subsequent tax reform can be passed with a simple majority 
vote in the Senate. They have criticized that. They suggested, in 
varying degrees, that somehow that leaves them out of the process. Let 
me be very clear. That is categorically untrue. As to the tax reform 
bill, we are working on the ideas for this now, and when we actually 
get to drafting the specifics, it is going to happen in the Finance 
Committee in the Senate. It is going to happen in the Ways and Means 
Committee in the House. It is going to be public. The documents are 
going to be disclosed before the markups begin, and it is going to be 
open to amendments.
  My Democratic colleagues on the Finance Committee are going to be 
able to offer whatever amendments they like. They can work with us on 
shaping this, and I hope they will join us in voting for it. It is much 
better if we could end up passing this with a big bipartisan vote. A 
tax bill that absolutely does lower the direct tax burden on lower 
income and middle-income families and encourages more economic growth 
ought to be something that could be broadly supported. They will have 
every opportunity to weigh in. They will have every opportunity to 
amend it. There is nothing about this procedure that in any way 
excludes Democratic participation.
  What it does do, though, is that it says that we will not be held 
hostage by a minority that wishes to thwart this. If we can persuade at 
least 50 Senators and a Vice President who is so inclined in the Chair, 
we will have the ability to pass tax reform. I think it would be 
malpractice for us not to create the opportunity to do tax reform with 
a simple majority since we have that vehicle available to us. I believe 
we are going to pass it today.
  Another point I would like to address is the discussion that somehow 
we are going to blow a hole in the deficit with this. It couldn't be 
further from the truth, in my view. The budget resolution allows the 
Finance Committee to report back a tax reform package that will, by a 
very particular and very precisely defined process, be deemed to forego 
$1.5 trillion in Federal revenue over the next 10 years. But when you 
start to unpack that, you realize that, in all likelihood, if we do 
this tax reform right, we are going to reduce the size of the deficit 
over this 10-year period. We are not going to increase it.
  Why do I say that? First of all, the $1.5 trillion in foregone 
revenue contemplated by the budget resolution is very misleading 
because it pretends that the current policy we have of a number of 
temporary tax relief measures is going to go away. It pretends we are 
not going to continue those or extend them. In all likelihood, Congress 
routinely extends them. They will probably be extended. That is worth 
about $500 billion of that $1.5 trillion. What we are really talking 
about is $1 trillion of less revenue over the next 10 years. You have 
to keep in mind, that is on a base of about $43 trillion. It is 
something on the order of recalling 2.5 percent of projected Federal 
revenue.
  I think the question to ask is, How much extra economic growth will 
it take to fully offset $1 trillion worth of forgone revenue? Well, 
that math is pretty easy because the joint tax plan and the 
Congressional Budget Office have quantified this many times. The answer 
is something like approximately four-tenths of 1 percent. Four-tenths 
of 1 percent of extra economic growth, in response to the tremendously 
pro-growth incentives that we want to put into this Tax Code, will 
fully offset that.
  The Congressional Budget Office is projecting, on average, for the 
next 10 years, our economy is going to continue at this feeble 1.9 
percent--1.9 percent is their number. If getting these reforms right, 
if lowering the tax burden on working families, if allowing business to 
expand, making our international and business Tax Codes competitive, if 
we do that right, I have absolutely no doubt we can generate much more 
than an additional four-tenths of 1 percent of growth.
  When we get the specifics, we will have an opportunity and we will 
have many analyses that we will be able to look at to address this 
question of just how much economic growth we will have. In my view, it 
is extremely likely that we will significantly surpass this very modest 
hurdle of four-tenths of 1 percent of growth.
  Finally, the minority leader made reference to this being a big tax 
cut for the wealthy. I will remind my colleagues, we can have 
differences of opinions. We can have a debate here, and we will, but 
let's remember, this tax reform bill is not written yet.
  The two big goals I mentioned I think are universally shared on our 
side of the aisle, tax relief for middle-income working families and 
pro-growth policies. We haven't written the details yet. We haven't 
established exactly what the brackets will be, exactly what the rates 
will be, where they will kick in, how the passthrough rates apply. 
There are a lot of important details that are going to be worked out in 
committee, which is exactly what my colleagues on the other side of the 
aisle insisted we should be doing, and that is what we should be doing. 
It also means, since that product is not yet finished, it is not 
possible for anyone to pull out a number and say X percent of this bill 
is going to go to this category of people. That is not knowable because 
the bill is not finished yet.
  I am thrilled about this opportunity that we are going to create this 
week to pass the tax reform later this year that will allow us to 
achieve the growth we have been waiting for, and that means allowing my 
constituents, Pennsylvanians, and people all across America to achieve 
the standard of living they deserve, that they are working hard to 
achieve, and that they will be able to enjoy.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Maine.
  Mr. KING. Mr. President, I listened with interest to the comments of 
the Senator from Pennsylvania, and as always he was articulate and 
thoughtful and made a strong case.
  I would like to speak to the issue we are going to be addressing over 
the next few days, the next few weeks, and probably the next few 
months, not necessarily to be unalterably opposed but to talk about how 
we can get where we all want to be, which is lower taxes, higher 
growth, and a stronger U.S. economy.
  I think it is important to emphasize at the beginning, just so we all 
know, what we are talking about the next couple days isn't the budget. 
As the Senator from Pennsylvania noted, it is really a vehicle for a 
massive tax cut.
  My problem with the tax cut is not necessarily that we are going to 
have one, but the question is, How is it structured? Who gets the 
benefits? How to pay for it?
  As the Senator pointed out, we still don't know what the plan is. We 
have an outline; we have principles; we have bullet points; we have 
lists, but we don't have a plan. Therefore, it is difficult to analyze.
  We do have some particulars that have been released. You don't need 
to be an economist to understand that if the rate for the lowest 
taxpayers is being increased and the rate for the highest taxpayers is 
being decreased, that the overall effect will be loaded toward those at 
the upper income level.
  The only analysis we have from the tax policy foundation, an outside 
nonpartisan group, is that under the plan, as it has been described by 
the White House and by Members of Congress, about 80 percent of the 
benefits of this proposal go to the top 1 percent of wage earners in 
this country. Eighty percent of the benefits go to the top 1 percent.
  It may be that as the details of the plan are more well known and 
more thoroughly described, we will find it is slightly different than 
that. One of the things that really bothers me about this budget 
resolution we are going to be voting on is, it explicitly waives a 
longtime budget rule that before you can vote on issues such as this, 
there must be a Congressional Budget Office

[[Page 16043]]

score 28 hours prior to the vote. It waives that provision. That is not 
a good sign. That doesn't reassure me that we are going to have a clear 
idea of what we are voting on.
  When you combine the cuts proposed to Medicare and Medicaid, which go 
into paying for these massive tax cuts, it looks to me like the biggest 
losers in this whole process will be seniors.
  When you look at what we know about the structure of the tax cuts and 
the fact that there is a one-half trillion-dollar cut in Medicare 
projected over 10 years and a $1.5 trillion cut in Medicaid, seniors 
are going to take the most serious hit. Why do I say that? Well, we all 
know Medicare specifically applies to seniors, so that is pretty easy. 
If you are cutting Medicare, you are hitting seniors.
  Secondly, though, what a lot of people don't realize about Medicaid 
is that 70 percent of the nursing home beds in America are paid for by 
Medicaid. By definition, who is in those beds? Seniors. When you cut 
Medicare and Medicaid, you are going to be impacting seniors.
  The provisions of the tax plan, as we know it--and I keep emphasizing 
``as we know it'' because we are voting on something today to clear the 
path for a major tax cut, and we don't know what it is, but it appears 
it will impact seniors disproportionately.
  I want to touch on a couple of other points. One is the argument that 
the cuts to Medicaid and Medicare aren't really cuts; they are just 
reductions in growth. Well, that argument applies if you are talking 
about the NASA budget, for example. If the NASA budget is projected to 
grow 5 percent a year, and we cut it to 4 percent a year, that is a 
reduction in growth; that we are going to do one less trip into space 
or whatever the policy outcome of that cut is.
  Medicare and Medicaid are different, however. They have to pay costs 
in the real world as they come up when necessary. The increased growth 
that is projected in those two programs is based upon two unalterable 
facts. One is demographics.
  We are getting older, and that means more work, more demands on the 
medical system. It also is based on medical inflation, which everyone 
knows in recent years has proven to be higher than the ordinary rate of 
inflation. This is the best projection we have, but if you project that 
the current level of medical costs today, 8 years from now or 10 years 
from now are going to cost what they cost today, plus medical 
inflation, plus the impact of demographics, people getting older, that 
is a real cost. If you cut that, fewer people are going to get 
services. Rural hospitals will close. There will be undeniable impacts 
on both the economy of our rural regions of the country and real 
people.
  This argument that cuts to Medicare and Medicaid are just a cut in 
growth--it is not really a cut--is just not true. That may be true in 
some areas, but it is not true here because these are real costs that 
are going to be incurred. If the costs go up and fewer dollars are 
there to meet them, somebody is going to get hurt. These are real cuts 
to real people.
  The other thing I want to touch on is the deficit and debt. I have to 
say, I am sort of puzzled by this whole process because as I have been 
here over the past 5 years and as I have lived my life over the past 25 
years, the majority party in the Senate has been focused on the debt 
and on the deficit and the dangers of the debt to our country, to our 
economy, and how bad it was that we were mortgaging our children's 
future, and all of a sudden it is no big deal. All of a sudden it is OK 
to knowingly, consciously, deliberately talk about a $1.5 trillion 
increase in the debt over the next 10 years. That assumes, by the way, 
that the cuts to Medicare and Medicaid take place and that other cuts 
that are in the budget, exemptions and deductions, take place. It could 
be that the effect on the debt and the deficit will be much greater.
  I remember 2 or 3 years ago, when we were in a recession and people 
were trying to get jobs and we had millions of people unemployed, there 
was a motion to extend unemployment benefits for 6 months. I can't 
remember the cost. I think it was $5 or $6 billion. Oh, no, point of 
order. We can't do that. It will increase the deficit. We are talking 
about $1.5 trillion that we know of, but that is OK. That is OK.
  I think we need to understand this. What this really is, if we pass 
unfunded tax cuts, they aren't really tax cuts. They are simply a 
deferral of the tax from us to our kids. We don't have to pay the tax, 
but the money to be spent is still going to be spent, so the hole gets 
deeper. We borrow that money, and our kids and our grandchildren are 
going to have to pay it back with interest. That is called shift and 
shaft. That is not a tax cut. We are just shifting the tax and shafting 
our kids. It is as if on your deathbed you call your children over and 
say: I have some final words for you. The kid leans over, and you say: 
Here is my credit card bill. I had a wonderful trip to Acapulco. I hope 
you don't mind paying for it. That is what we are doing. We are 
indulging ourselves and stealing from the next generation because we 
are not willing to pay the costs of the programs we all support and 
think are important.
  I think there is another fact that needs to be realized. As we build 
up this deficit and debt, eventually the bill is going to come due, and 
because we have used up all of our resources, the only place to go to 
cut them is going to be Social Security and Medicare because the 
discretionary budget is essentially going to be all gone.
  It is really simple to make the interest rate calculation. We now owe 
$20 trillion. Seventy-seven percent of our annual GDP we owe. The 
interest rate calculation is simple: 1 percent, $200 billion a year.
  I think it is more a question of when than if. When interest rates 
return to a more normal level of 5 percent, that is $1 trillion a year 
in interest, just interest. That happens to be very close to the entire 
discretionary budget of the U.S. Government--$1.1 trillion--this year, 
defense and nondefense. We will be paying almost as much in interest as 
the entire discretionary budget. How are we going to manage that 
situation? The only way it can be managed is to start talking about 
Social Security and Medicare.
  So this is a long-distance, slow-motion diminution of the value of 
those programs that are so important to so many Americans, particularly 
senior Americans.
  The final point I wish to touch on relates to the Senator from 
Pennsylvania basically predicting: Don't worry, these tax cuts will pay 
for themselves. I have been hearing that all my adult life; I have 
never seen it work. It didn't work in the middle of the last decade 
during the Bush tax cuts. All those tax cuts were going to pay for 
themselves: Don't worry, the stimulus of economic growth will be such 
that there will be more income, more revenues, and we will, in fact, as 
the Senator said, reduce the deficit.
  The problem is there is no evidence that it has ever worked in the 
history of mankind. The best economic research I have seen says that 
maybe the economic growth will offset about 20 percent of the cost of 
the tax cuts, but 80 percent is going to go straight to the debt. So to 
make the assumption that somehow this is all going to pay for itself, I 
believe, is irresponsible.
  I have a modest suggestion for those who are making that argument. 
Will my colleagues accept a friendly amendment which says that if the 
growth does not occur, then the taxes--or certain taxes--are 
automatically retriggered in order to fill the gap? If my colleagues 
are right, that will never need to happen, but if you are not right, 
that will protect our kids. I think that is a reasonable solution. I 
don't think it is going to happen. Why? Because it hasn't happened. It 
hasn't happened in Kansas. It hasn't happened here. I have never seen 
it happen.
  I have looked at the economic research and, as near as I can tell, 
there is no data that indicates an automatic correlation between tax 
cuts and economic growth. I suspect there are tax cuts that can 
stimulate economic growth; it depends on where they are and what they 
are. But there is no evidence that is the case regarding tax cuts in 
general.
  So those of our membership who believe this rosy scenario--the 
temptress,

[[Page 16044]]

rosy scenario--is going to occur, fine. But if it doesn't, let's put 
language in the whole tax program which says that insofar as the growth 
does not occur as projected, the deficit will be maintained at no worse 
than current levels by automatically triggering tax increases to fill 
the gap. Then we are being honest. Then we are being honest to the next 
generation.
  I believe there are important areas where tax cuts are necessary in 
order to make us more competitive, in order to help to grow our 
economy. However, I don't think what I have heard so far is the answer, 
and there are many problems with what has been described. I am willing 
to hold my fire and see what the Finance Committee comes up with and 
see whether, as the Senator from Pennsylvania said, it will be an open 
and bipartisan process, with amendments. If that is the case, we, I 
think, could come up with, on a bipartisan basis, a reasonable tax 
change--tax cuts, tax reform--that will strengthen our economy without 
adding to the deficit and without requiring massive cuts to programs 
such as Medicaid and Medicare that are so important to millions of 
Americans. It can be done right.
  In 1986, it was done right. That was true tax reform. That was the 
last time we did tax reform. And I think it is very interesting that 
over the last several months, the language that describes what we are 
about to do has migrated from ``tax reform'' to ``tax cuts.'' Tax 
reform means you change the Tax Code, get rid of the inefficiencies, 
simplify it, take away some exemptions and deductions, lower rates, but 
we end up revenue neutral and we have a stronger economic base from 
which to proceed. Tax cuts simply add to the deficit or are based upon 
unrealistic and, indeed, cruel cuts to people in the future.
  I think we have an opportunity to do this right. I think there is 
more consensus here than perhaps people realize on the question of 
doing tax reform in a way that will benefit the entire country. I don't 
think the Members on this side of the aisle are categorically opposed 
to tax cuts under any circumstances.
  When I was the Governor of Maine, we cut taxes--I can't remember, 10 
or 15 times--overall by about 15 percent. We cut the income tax. We cut 
the sales tax. We cut the property tax. So it can be done. That was 
done on a bipartisan basis with a legislature that went back and forth 
between Republican and Democratic control. They had this sort of 
strange Independent Governor, but we made it work. It can be done, and 
it can be done on a bipartisan basis.
  It certainly looks as though this is about to be railroaded. It is 
about to be shoved down our throats without adequate analysis and 
without fully understanding it. I deeply hope that is not the case. I 
hope we learned something from healthcare, that we can do good things 
when we work together. When we don't, it rarely ends well.
  So I understand that the votes are probably there to pass this 
budget, but the real question will come: What happens next? What does 
the plan look like? How responsible is it? What kind of assumptions is 
it based on? What kind of analysis do the Joint Taxation Committee and 
the Congressional Budget Office provide us on a nonpartisan basis as to 
what it will really do? Then we can have a real debate. Then we can 
talk about what is best for America. I think, between the group of us 
who work here and down the hall, we can find a good solution. But if 
the solution is thrust upon us, if it is ill-conceived, if it is skewed 
toward the wealthy, if it balances the budget on the backs of seniors, 
on Medicare, and Medicaid recipients, if it is based upon unrealistic 
assumptions about growth, then we are going to harm our country, not 
help it.
  Eventually, if we keep going down the road we are traveling in terms 
of the national debt, the piper will have to be paid. It may not have 
to be paid by our generation, but it is going to have to be paid by 
these young people and by their peers all across America. I don't think 
that is right. That is not the legacy I came here to leave to my 
children and grandchildren.
  Thank you, Mr. President. I look forward to working with my 
colleagues to find a path forward that is responsible and responsive to 
the needs of the American people.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Sullivan). The Senator from Mississippi.


                              Nominations

  Mr. WICKER. Mr. President, I will be brief, but I want to point out a 
matter of real concern, and it should be a matter of concern to all 
Americans.
  When new Presidents are elected, they have always been given the 
opportunity to put their team in place in short order. Regrettably, 
this has not been allowed to happen for this new President in this 
Congress. Here are the facts.
  Now 9 months in office, President Trump has had only 182 of his 
nominees confirmed. That is an unacceptable, unprecedented 39 percent. 
It is a grossly low statistic by historical standards.
  At this point in President Obama's administration, 65 percent of his 
nominees had been confirmed. At this point in George W. Bush's 
administration, 53 percent had been confirmed. Under Bill Clinton, 76 
percent had been confirmed. And under President George H.W. Bush, 70 
percent had been confirmed. Yet, because of delaying tactics by our 
colleagues across the aisle, this President, who needs a team in place, 
as does every President, has only 39 percent of his nominees in office.
  This has been done through an abuse of the process by our friends 
across the aisle--a distortion of the rules requiring cloture on 
noncontroversial nominees, requiring well-qualified nominees to be 
subjected to a 30-hour debating period for a motion to proceed and 
another 30-hour debating period, typically where there is only silence 
on the floor of the Senate, for the actual confirmation.
  This is inconvenient to the administration, but it is injurious to 
the American people. With more than 1,000 executive positions needing 
confirmation, we need these people in place. The American people need 
these people in place. These vacancies need to be filled to work for 
the American people, to provide hurricane relief, for instance. There 
are people who would have been part of the administration working on 
that, had we not had these delaying tactics. People in critical 
national security positions, people who are fighting against ISIS, are 
waiting for confirmation, and people who would be a key part of the 
counterterrorism efforts have been waiting for months to get to work.
  We had a spate of this in July, and I was one of several Senators who 
called on the leadership to just keep us in session in August to take 
care of some of these nominations. We demonstrated, by the action of 
the majority leader, that by canceling part of the August break, we 
could break logjams. As of the end of July, we had confirmed only 56 
Trump nominees. By keeping us in session for one extra week and 
shortening our work period back home, we confirmed 76 nominees in one 
week, as opposed to 56 the previous 6 months of this year. We can do 
that again.
  I would simply say to the Presiding Officer and to my colleagues on 
this side of the aisle and on the other side of the aisle: I am among 
those calling on the majority leader to once again adopt an aggressive 
schedule that includes working all night, that includes working 
weekends, that includes canceling some breaks. We need, once again, to 
break this logjam.
  The American people spoke in November and, through our democratic 
process, they elected Donald Trump as President of the United States. 
He deserves the same consideration from minority Members of the current 
Senate that previous Presidents, Democrat and Republican, got from 
minority Members of the Senate.
  Let's free the process up. Let's eliminate the distortion of the 
rules. Let's have a more aggressive schedule, and let's once again 
break this logjam.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Oregon.
  Mr. MERKLEY. Mr. President, our Nation was founded on a principle 
encapsulated in the first three and most important words of our 
Constitution:

[[Page 16045]]

``We the People.'' Our Founders wanted to have a nation that didn't 
work for the benefit of the powerful and the privileged, but for 
decisions of the people, by the people, and for the people, as 
President Lincoln so eloquently described our Nation. He did not 
describe a nation by and for the powerful, not a nation by and for the 
privileged, but by and for the people.
  Tomorrow, a bill is coming to the floor that couldn't be more of a 
``by and for the powerful'' bill than we have seen on the floor of the 
Senate before. It is a bill completely contrary to the fundamental 
values embedded in our Constitution.
  This bill is a budget bill, and at its heart, it says: We are going 
to do $5 trillion of tax cuts almost completely for the richest 
Americans, and we are going to do so by gutting programs that make 
America work for working Americans.
  The President said: When it comes to tax reform, I want to help the 
middle class; I am not going to do anything for the rich and powerful.
  Then why, I ask you, is this bill coming to the floor of the Senate 
completely for the rich and powerful?
  President Trump, come before the American people and explain how you 
can make a promise that you are going to do tax reform for the middle 
class and then put a bill on the floor of the Senate that is all about 
benefits--raiding the National Treasury--for the rich and powerful. How 
do you explain this complete opposite?
  What a complete pretense we have, to say this bill is about helping 
American workers when it is all about the rich and powerful.
  The Republican budget plan not only has $5-plus trillion, virtually 
all in tax giveaways, a raid on the National Treasury for the rich and 
powerful, but it proceeds to cut healthcare for older Americans, a cut 
of $1 trillion in Medicaid for working Americans. There will be a lot 
of damage done to ordinary Americans who just want peace of mind that 
when their loved one gets sick, when their loved one gets injured, they 
will get the care they need. Is peace of mind too much to ask of our 
national healthcare system? Are my colleagues so callous, so out of 
touch, so cruel that they want to fund tax cuts for the richest 
Americans by destroying healthcare and diminishing healthcare for our 
seniors?
  It is not just our seniors, it is our citizens on Medicaid. In 
Oregon, it is the Oregon Health Plan. It serves the poorest among us, 
many of them working part-time jobs that have no healthcare plan, many 
of them working shifts that are determined at the last second. Some of 
the most stressful jobs in America are at the very bottom, some of the 
most stressful work schedules are at the very bottom, and we are going 
to cut not just $1 trillion from Medicaid but half a trillion from 
Medicare. Wow.
  Let's look at the other programs that would be devastated by this 
Republican budget in order to fund that $5 trillion in tax cuts, almost 
all for the wealthiest Americans.
  The Senate Budget Committee Democratic staff said that if those cuts 
in the Republican budget are extended evenly, distributed reductions, 
it would have the following impact: It would eliminate housing 
assistance for more than 1 million families. It would eliminate heating 
assistance for nearly 700,000 seniors on fixed incomes. It would 
eliminate nutrition assistance by more than $100 billion--a 33-percent 
cut. In other words, to translate that, there would be a lot more 
hunger in an already hungry America. It would slash Pell grant funding 
by more than $100 million, eliminate Head Start services for 25,000 
children in an average year, cut mandatory transportation funding by 
$200 billion, cut funding for the National Institutes of Health by $37 
billion--all to give a massive tax giveaway to the richest Americans.
  If the President is proceeding to say that this is a plan for the 
middle class, then we would expect virtually all the benefit to go to 
the middle class, but what do we actually have? Four out of five 
dollars of benefits go to the top 1 percent, and 40 percent of that 
goes to the top one-tenth of 1 percent. Why should there be one single 
penny going to the very richest Americans in a nation in which we 
should be striving for a foundation for every family to thrive?
  We know that to thrive, our children have to have food to eat, we 
need to have healthcare programs that create peace of mind, and we need 
to make sure our seniors have a strong foundation in their retirement, 
but instead we see all those programs--including the opportunity for 
college and Pell grants--being raided for this massive giveaway to the 
top 1 percent.
  President Trump, come before the American people and explain how it 
is possible that you can claim you are doing a plan for middle-class 
America, and you are sending virtually the entire benefit to the top 1 
percent of Americans.
  This budget resolution's associated tax plan is one of the most 
egregious examples of rigging the system of America for the powerful 
and privileged rather than a government of, by, and for the people.
  I am here today to stand up and say: Not one penny to the top 1 
percent. If you want a fair plan for America, it would be not one penny 
to the top 1 percent. If you want a plan that strengthens the middle 
class, there would be not one penny to the top 1 percent. Not one penny 
for billionaires while we gut Medicare and Medicaid. Not one penny for 
billionaires when middle-class families' taxes will go up under this 
plan. Not one penny for our billionaires while we destroy programs, 
safety nets, and opportunities for education, from Head Start to Pell 
grants to attend college.
  We could do a great deal of good to invest in America. We could 
invest in transportation. We have an incredible number of bridges and 
roads that need repairs. We can put an incredible number of people to 
work building middle-class jobs and middle-class incomes through 
building infrastructure instead of a giveaway of the National Treasury 
to the top 1 percent. By investing more than $1 trillion, we can create 
millions of good-paying American jobs.
  There are more than 56,000 bridges in America. One out of eleven is 
structurally deficient. Engineers estimate that we could easily spend 
$123 billion on repairing bridges and $420 billion modernizing highways 
and that we would get a return back to our economy, with lower vehicle 
maintenance, decreased delays, lower fuel consumption, improved safety, 
lower long-term maintenance costs, lower emissions--all benefits of 
investing in transportation, in addition to the fact that it will 
strengthen our economy.
  We can think about the investment we need to make in our water 
infrastructure, the water supply systems and certainly wastewater 
treatment--a problem in virtually every town across America. What about 
all those lead pipes that need to be replaced? Two thousand years ago, 
the Romans were poisoned by their own water because they lined their 
aqueducts with lead, and here we are, 20 centuries later, poisoning our 
citizens with lead pipes. Why aren't we spending money to take care of 
that problem? It is not just a problem in Flint; it is a problem in 
hundreds of cities across this country.
  If we want America to thrive, why not invest in rural broadband? Why 
not create high-speed broadband in every rural town and village across 
this Nation, which would strengthen that economy, which would give 
people the ability to build their businesses in smalltown, rural 
America, instead of spending trillions of dollars in tax giveaways to 
the very richest Americans?
  How about an investment in our students--not decreasing Pell grants 
but strengthening Pell grants to make it possible for more people to 
attend college without ending up with a debt the size of a home 
mortgage? It is a real possibility to create debt-free college in our 
public universities. Why don't we do that? That will strengthen the 
foundation for every family to thrive.
  Good jobs, good education, good infrastructure, not a theft from the 
American Treasury of $4 trillion to $5 trillion for the very richest 
Americans--that is what is being proposed here. Has there ever been a 
train robbery as audacious as this theft of the

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National Treasury for the richest Americans? Has there ever been a bank 
robbery as audacious and outrageous as this theft of the American 
Treasury for the richest 1 percent of Americans?
  Here on the floor, we should be wrestling with how to create a 
foundation for every family in America to thrive, not considering a 
bill that wipes out healthcare, wipes out Pell grants, does damage to 
every conceivable thing that would make this Nation stronger in order 
to give the billionaires more zeroes in their bank accounts.
  This bill is destructive, it is shameful, and it is contrary to the 
very principle of our Constitution of government of, by, and for the 
people. This bill is government of, by, and for the 1 percent. It must 
not stand.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Florida.
  Mr. RUBIO. Mr. President, I am very happy the Senate is engaged in 
this debate on tax policy. It actually is long overdue. It has been 
some 30-odd years since this country has undertaken a massive reform of 
our Tax Code.
  It is interesting. If we go back and think what life was like back in 
1986, it was just a different planet, a different world, different 
economics. So, at a minimum, our code needs to be modernized. Everybody 
who has run for office--certainly every candidate for President from 
both parties for over two decades now--has run on the promise of tax 
reform and the need for it. So this is a very important debate.
  What we are debating now on the budget, so people who are watching at 
home understand--you and I at home think of a family budget as a plan 
on what you are going to spend money on, and that is what the Federal 
budget is. It is kind of an outline, a framework of how and the 
parameters under which the government would spend its money. Then you 
have to actually go out and spend it through a separate process called 
appropriations. So this budget creates a framework for how we are going 
to spend money in the year to come, and then it is going to be used as 
a vehicle to pass tax reform, which is obviously the way and the system 
under which we generate revenue for the government to pay for the 
things we need to pay for. That is the first debate. But obviously the 
debate on the budget has led us to this debate on tax reform, because 
that is the primary purpose this year it is being used as a vehicle 
for.
  Why does that matter? There are a lot of speeches going on already 
about tax reform and how bad the bill is and how this is a giveaway for 
this group of people or that group of people. That is hard to do since 
there is still not a bill, and the reason there is not a bill is that 
it is going to be worked through the normal process of the Senate.
  That was the criticism, for example, from my friends on the other 
side and many outside of this building in the press. The criticism was, 
you put together a healthcare plan, and you didn't even go through 
committee, no one had any input, and there were no public hearings. 
That is what they are going to do with tax reform, and that is what is 
going to produce a bill.
  The only thing that has been put out is called a framework, and the 
framework basically says: These are some of the ideas we have. This is 
our starting point that we want to operate from. But we are going to go 
through the committee process, there are going to be votes, there is 
going to be an opportunity to weigh in and make differences, and from 
that, we intend to produce a tax bill.
  So they can criticize the framework, I suppose, but to basically go 
out and start trying to convince people that there is a tax bill that 
will do this versus that when it is just not true and when you have a 
seat here in the Senate and potentially on the committee where you can 
actually weigh in about the specifics of what is going to be in the 
bill and what is not, I think it is unfair and disingenuous. In any 
event, that is kind of the way things go nowadays. So I look forward to 
that debate.
  The second thing that has been an interesting development is hearing 
people talk about how horrible this is going to be, that this is going 
to add to the debt, and then all of a sudden a bunch of people who have 
never had any problem spending as much money as they possibly could out 
of the Federal Treasury are suddenly becoming deficit hawks.
  Here is what is so interesting. If we were to turn around and say: 
Forget about tax reform. We are going to take $1.5 trillion over the 
next 10 years and we are going to use it for debt spending. We are 
going to borrow $1.5 trillion and use it to fund all these things the 
government is going to do--for example, one of our colleagues here has 
offered a plan to provide healthcare for everyone in America, paid for 
by the Federal Government. That would cost tens of trillions of 
dollars. Over a dozen Members of the Senate have signed on to it as a 
plan. There is no plan to pay for it. It is not $1.5 trillion over 10 
years; it is like tens of trillions of dollars over the next number of 
years. So there is a lot of concern there. It kind of boils down to we 
are prepared to borrow money and spend it so long as the government 
gets to spend it, but if this is money we are going take and give to 
you to spend, then that is a real problem, and that is irresponsible. 
That is the framework.
  The second point I would make on the debt is, I believe the debt is a 
significant threat to the future of the United States. The problem is, 
we can't tax our way out of it, and we can't simply grow our way out of 
it. We have to do a combination of things. The first is, we have to 
grow our economy. The second thing we have to do is bring some 
constraint to future spending--not slash Medicare, not get rid of 
Social Security.
  My mother is on Social Security and Medicare. This may surprise many 
people watching, but there are a significant number of people in my 
home State of Florida on Social Security and on Medicare. As I said, my 
mother is one of them. I am an enormous supporter of these programs. I 
also look at those programs and I look at the number of people going 
into them and how long they are going to live, and the math tells you 
these programs are going to have some big problems in the years to 
come, which threatens not just to take them down but threatens to 
trigger a debt crisis in America.
  We have to deal with the spending side and create a more disciplined 
way of spending in the future years to bring some certainty, but we 
also have to grow the economy. In essence, if you take a stagnant 
economy, no cuts in the world are going to get you there. You can't 
simply cut your way there, and you can't simply tax your way there. The 
only solution to our debt problem--and it happens to be good for 
America all around--is the combination of discipline in future spending 
combined with rapid, robust, and sustained economic growth.
  As much as anything else, this effort of tax reform is, among other 
things, an effort to generate sustained economic growth and to do so in 
a unique period in the history of the world. This is not 1986. Our 
economy is not the only show in town anymore. There are now dozens of 
developed economies around the world that are following our example 
from the eighties--reduce taxes, reduce regulations, and, frankly, make 
investments in infrastructure and the like--and today they are no 
longer recipients of our aid. They are no longer nations looking to 
work with the United States to get a little bit closer to the way we 
are. They are full-blown competitors in the global economy.
  Every 4 years--every 2 years, actually, once in the winter and the 
next 2 years in the summer, we send our best athletes in different 
events to the Olympics to compete. In our economy, it is the Olympics 
every single day. What makes it even more complicated is, sometimes our 
team isn't just made up of Americans. Our team is partnered with the 
Japanese team to create a company or the Mexican team to create a 
manufacturing chain. So that complicates it further.
  The fundamental thing to understand is, America today is in a 
competition--by the way, a competition that doesn't have to be one 
where they lose and we win or we lose and they win but a competition 
nonetheless. Every day, businesses, investors, people with ideas are

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making a decision: Where do I want to do this activity? Where do I want 
to create this new job? Where do I want to create this new company? 
Where do I want to innovate this new idea? Where do I want to hire 
people to do all of this? Do I want to do it in America or do I want to 
do it somewhere else?
  We are not performing well in that competition. It is not just 
because of taxes. We have infrastructure problems that we have to 
confront. We have a higher education system that is not built for the 
21st century. We are not teaching people, in sufficient numbers, the 
skills they need for some of the best jobs in the world. I have no 
problem with a 4-year degree from a liberal arts college. That should 
always be an option on the menu. We need a lot of plumbers, 
pipefitters, electricians, and welders. These are important jobs as 
well. In fact, oftentimes, they pay a lot more than a 4-year degree in 
political science will ever pay you. We need to do a better job of 
training those people in those fields as well.
  We need to have an immigration system that is pro-American but a pro-
American economy that allows us to compete for the best talent in the 
world. If you think about it, I don't see anybody complaining that 
their team just signed a guy who can throw 98-mile-an-hour fastballs, 
but he is from the Dominican Republic. If in sports we go out and find 
the best people, we should be able to do that in our economy as well. 
You can do that without hurting the American worker.
  We also have to have a tax code that is competitive. It cannot be 
substantially more complicated and expensive to start a business or 
operate one in America than it is somewhere else because if we do that, 
we will lose. That, as much as anything else in this global economy, is 
hurting the American people.
  You talk about putting America first. I think it is about allowing 
America to compete. I am not asking for an unfair advantage over other 
countries. We are just asking for a fair chance to compete because I 
believe the American people who have been given the chance to compete 
can outthink, outinnovate, and outwork anybody in the world, and our 
Tax Code is a key part of it.
  The goal here is, when you hear a lot of this talk about businesses 
getting this or that deduction, we want to make America an attractive 
place to invest. We don't want people taking that money and investing 
all of it in another country. We want them to invest it here, invest it 
here to allow a company to grow and hire more people. We want companies 
to decide that this is the place where we want to hire. This is the 
place where we want to innovate. We have to have a tax code that 
reflects that.
  We have to understand that the vast majority of American businesses 
don't pay taxes the way the big companies do. They pay the small 
businesses through passthroughs. A lot of them--you know them because I 
know them--are not sophisticated operations. They are successful, but 
they don't have an army of lawyers to deal with a complicated tax code 
and accountants who know every trick in the book. To them, the Tax Code 
hurts them, especially since they are paying on their personal rates.
  That is why the personal side is related to the business side. These 
are things we need to deal with so we can be competitive, so we can 
have more taxpayers--not more taxes, more taxpayers. More people making 
more money not just improves their quality of life, it generates more 
revenue to pay for the bridges, the roads, and the national security of 
the United States of America. So tax reform, as much as anything else, 
is the growth side of this endeavor, and it is not the only thing we 
need to do, but it is an important thing we need to do if we are going 
to let America compete and win in the 21st century global economy.
  There is another dynamic of the 21st century that is different from 
1986. From that, I rely heavily on my own personal experience, not just 
today but growing up. In 1986, I was in ninth grade. My mom worked at 
Kmart, and my father was a bartender in Miami. We owned a home. We 
didn't have everything we wanted, but we had everything we needed. They 
were able to sustain a family and allow us to go to school--public 
school--go on to college and do those sorts of things on the salary of 
a bartender and a stock clerk at Kmart.
  I don't need to tell anybody here that there isn't a community in the 
country at this point, in the 21st century, where my parents could 
achieve the standard of living they had in 1986, for two reasons: 
everything costs more, and those jobs either don't exist anymore or 
have not kept pace with the cost of living.
  Since the year 2000, up until today, my wife Jeanette and I have been 
raising four children in the 21st century. I enter it by telling you 
that while we certainly have been blessed to have more resources 
available to us than the vast majority of people who will be impacted 
by what we are about to do here, we certainly have enough people in our 
lives and certainly have had periods in our lives where we understand 
some of the challenges facing people today. Here is the bottom line. 
Raising children in the 21st century is more expensive than raising 
children at any point in the history of this country. The reason is, 
there are more things to pay for. I know people may tell you that Wi-Fi 
and access to the internet is a luxury. I am sorry, you can't do 
homework in the 21st century with your kids if you don't have access to 
the internet, and that costs money. Not only do you have to have access 
to the internet, you have to have access to it on a mobile device. 
Those mobile devices cost money. Those data plans cost money. If you 
are paying for a data plan, you know how much they cost. It is not just 
about watching movies on Netflix or talking to your friends on 
Snapchat, you literally cannot do homework in many of the schools in 
the country in the 21st century unless you have access to it. That is 
why I personally have witnessed people at McDonald's at 6:30 in the 
evening because they have free Wi-Fi, and the single mom or single dad 
is there helping their kids with homework.
  The cost of everything keeps going up, the cost of clothing, of food, 
of everything. You look at our Tax Code, and it has not kept pace with 
it. Let me give you an example. Accounting for inflation, from 1960 to 
2015, which is when the latest numbers were available, the average cost 
per child of raising that child, in a middle-income family, went up by 
over $11,000. It is over $11,000 more expensive, accounting for 
inflation.
  Here is a stunning figure. Again, this is different in different 
communities, but, by and large, for middle-income families--and by that 
we mean a firefighter and a teacher who are raising a child--they are 
going to spend approximately $230,000 to raise that child in the 21st 
century from 0 to 18. By the way, my oldest is now 17\1/2\. I have been 
told by plenty of my colleagues that it doesn't end at 18. In many 
cases, it begins to accelerate in some form or fashion--but, 
nevertheless, $230,000.
  Let me tell you something else. That does not even include college. 
That doesn't even include going to college, which is another thing we 
are going through right now, which, by the way, is completely and 
totally out of control in terms of what they are charging. It is more 
than that. There are people out there spending $10 or $15,000 on SAT 
prep courses. For the life of me, I don't understand how these schools 
can expect someone who comes from a single-parent home in a poor 
neighborhood to keep pace with people who are having these sorts of 
resources available to them, but that is another topic for another day. 
That is a cost that is involved in all of this.
  How about childcare? In 38 out of 50 States, childcare is more 
expensive than college. Think about it. Let's say you take home $900 a 
week, and childcare is $250 or $350 a week. That is one-third of your 
paycheck just for childcare. These expenses are reducing the ability of 
families to afford to have children and to raise them. These costs keep 
going up.
  One of the things we have offered as a partial solution--it is not 
going to solve every problem--is to increase the child tax credit and 
to do so in a way that actually helps people. What it

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would do is it would reduce families' tax bills on a per-child basis, 
increasing the flexibility that family has at a time, for example, when 
childcare costs have risen more than ever before and are already higher 
than they have ever been. We have to understand, the family is the most 
important unit in all of society. It is the most important institution 
in society. It is the first government. It is the first school. It is 
the core institution that underlies everything else we do as a nation. 
There is no more important job than any of us will ever do than the job 
of a parent.
  If you think about our Tax Code, it says: If you invest money in a 
piece of equipment or a business, the Tax Code will help you with that, 
but if you invest it in the future of an American taxpayer, if you 
invest it in someone whom we are going to need to build the sort of 
economy and future we want for our Nation, the Tax Code does not really 
take it into account. That makes no sense to me.
  I have two charts to outline how important this tax credit is to tax 
reform. Again, I am operating off the framework because there is no 
bill out yet, but based on the framework, the amount of tax relief a 
working- or middle-class family will get almost entirely depends--
almost entirely--on what we do with a child tax credit.
  Here is the first chart. This chart shows the average tax cut for 
American families if the child tax credit is doubled from its current 
size--not just doubled, but we make it refundable against payroll tax 
liability, which is the tax every American pays. For Social Security 
and Medicare, it is the first chunk that comes off your paycheck. No 
matter how little you make, everyone pays it. If we make the child tax 
credit double, and we apply it toward your liability on payroll tax, 
this chart--which is what I propose, and it is what Senator Lee and I 
have been working on, what Ivanka Trump has been advocating and we have 
been working with her office on--shows you what the impact of that 
would be. That is the blue line. You can see from the blue line that 
the chart begins with some cut, depending on how much money you make, 
and it begins to drop as the amount of--obviously, the more money you 
make, the larger the credit will be up to its limit because you can't 
get a credit if you are not making any money at all, even if it applies 
to payroll tax. You start to see that it also grows with the number of 
children because it is per child. It doesn't just phase off at two 
children. That is the blue chart.
  What is the red chart? The red chart is if we do nothing or basically 
just do a gimmicky thing about it. Then you start to see that without 
the child tax credit being made refundable and without the child tax 
credit applying toward the payroll refundable, and without the tax 
credit being per child and sufficiently increased, this framework would 
be a tax increase. People would actually pay more, and the more 
children you have, the bigger your tax increase will be.
  Suffice it to say, we have to do it. This red line cannot be what we 
wind up at. I don't think that is the intent of the people who drew up 
the framework, but that is where we wind up if we don't do it. I pulled 
that chart out to show you how important it is that we do it as part of 
this framework. It has to happen. It has to. It will not pass without 
it. It is the right thing to do. This is a pro-job, pro-family 
initiative. I actually think it is pro-growth. It is hard for 
economists to measure it that way, but it would be.
  There are a lot of people who can't start a business because they 
can't afford to leave the security of a certain type of employment. The 
tax credit frees that up for them to be able to do it.
  Let me get to the second chart. This shows you basically the same 
dynamic but now based on how much people are making, what kind of jobs 
they do. We arbitrarily picked out some of the jobs where many of us 
know people who are in these fields: a home health aide, a retail 
person working sales at Macy's, an office clerk--we all see office 
clerks every day--a truckdriver, an individual with a vocation to be a 
nurse, firefighters. Obviously, I have three firefighters in my own 
family. Again, of the $1,500 child tax credit, only the first $1,000 
was refundable, and you start to see that red line here and how 
pathetic it is for these folks in these professions. It does not really 
do much.
  Now look at the blue line. That is what we want to get to, which 
shows an at least $2,000 child tax credit being applied to their 
payroll taxes. Now you start to see the figures get better here. You 
start to see the home health aide getting about $1,000 in relief, the 
retail salesperson getting a little bit under $1,000, the truckdriver 
and the office clerk getting down to $1,400, the nurse getting down to 
about $1,200, the firefighter getting down to about $1,200.
  A lot of people will tell you that $1,200 or $1,400 is not going to 
change the world, but it will help. I didn't say this was the solution 
to every problem. Another solution is to get these salaries up higher. 
That is the other part of it. Another solution is to get the cost of 
some of these things lower, like get a grip on the cost of obtaining 
college credits. Another solution is to provide more childcare options 
for people. Yet there is no way that this does not help. It helps. It 
helps the people whom we need to help, and it helps us get closer to 
the goal that we all have for this Nation, which is being a place of 
equal opportunity. We pride ourselves on equal opportunity, but I am 
telling you that we are lacking equal opportunity if, of two children 
who grow up in two different homes, one has access to quality pre-K 
education, then to quality schooling, and then to the right support for 
that schooling, and one does not. It starts by the time you are a 
junior and senior. It hurts you. It absolutely hurts you in your way 
forward in life.
  This is not the solution to all of our problems--that would be 
misleading--but it is a big step in that direction. It would show in 
tax policy that we are supporting the most important institution in 
society, which is the family, and the most important function that any 
of us will ever have, which is being a parent. We are investing in 
America's future.
  The children being raised--the two, three, four children--do you know 
who those are? Those are the people who are going to fund Social 
Security and Medicare when I retire and when many of you retire. Those 
are the people who are going to be starting the businesses. Those are 
the people who are going to be the backbone of our economy not in 50 
years but in the next 10, 15, 20 years. This is the future of America--
literally and figuratively the future of our Nation--in which we would 
be investing. We would be allowing their parents to make that 
investment on their behalf, who are the right people to be making the 
investment.
  This has to be a part of whatever else happens. I think this has 
strong bipartisan support, and I know the White House supports it. I am 
optimistic that it will happen. The only thing that would keep it from 
happening is if tax reform itself goes down, but this has to happen. 
There is no choice but to do it. We have to, and it is the right thing 
to do.
  I am pleased that we have come this far on it, and I look forward to 
the work in getting it achieved, but it cannot just be a gimmick, it 
cannot just be that we increase the child tax credit by a little bit. 
If we do not do it right and sufficiently and structure it in an 
appropriate way, we will be raising taxes on working families. That 
cannot happen. I know no one here wants to see that happen.
  We will have a lot of debate about everything else, but this is the 
one that I hope will have strong bipartisan support as we move forward 
on tax reform, and I am excited to be able to work on it.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Washington.
  Mrs. MURRAY. Mr. President, I want to start by making it very clear 
that this is not the way our budget process should work. In fact, to 
even call this a budget process gives it more credit than it deserves. 
With Republicans in control of the White House and both Chambers of 
Congress, the budget process has now descended into chaos and

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dysfunction. I talked about this in the Budget Committee, but I am 
going to keep talking about it because it is important.
  First of all, look at the date. We are debating a budget for fiscal 
year 2018 months too late and more than 2 weeks into the fiscal year 
for which we are supposed to be budgeting.
  Secondly and far more importantly, we are not really here to talk 
about a budget. We are not really here to have a debate about our 
values and our priorities or where we should be directing our limited 
national resources. We are not here to talk about what or whom we 
should be investing in as a nation. We are certainly not really here to 
try to come together around a shared vision for where our country can 
head next year or 5 years from now or even 10 years from now. Yet 
Democrats do want to have this conversation. We believe this is a 
critical debate to have, and we would love to spend time on this floor 
debating a budget that opens up that conversation and puts us on a path 
toward working together to actually get that done.
  We all know why we are really here. It is that Republican leaders 
want to start another fast-track, partisan process to jam legislation 
through Congress and do everything possible not to have to work with 
Democrats. For what? It is to give more tax breaks to the rich, to 
raise taxes on the middle class, to circumvent any debate about a major 
environmental decision that would be unwise and potentially 
catastrophic, and to blast a hole in our budget that will increase the 
deficit, blow up the debt, and put Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, 
education investments, healthcare, and so many more priorities at risk.
  All of this is not just shameful and wrong--it is not going to work. 
We all have seen what has happened in the last few months. The 
Republicans have spent months trying to jam TrumpCare through Congress, 
and they have refused to work with Democrats. So here we are now, 
months later, with Democrats and Republicans finally working together 
to improve healthcare after there being months of delay.
  I say this to my Republican colleagues: Let's skip this first part. 
Let's skip this partisanship and dysfunction and acrimony and 
bitterness, and let's move, right now, to the bipartisan work and 
negotiations that we all know our constituents actually want and 
expect. I know it will not be easy, but I am confident that we can get 
it done.
  All we are asking is that President Trump keep the promises he made 
on the campaign trail to put workers and the middle class first. It 
should not be that difficult, and the choice could not be clearer. 
Should we give President Trump and his Cabinet of millionaires and 
billionaires more tax breaks, or should we cut taxes for the mom or dad 
who is working two jobs or struggling to pay his mortgage or help his 
kid go to college? Should we preserve and protect Medicare and 
Medicaid, or should we allow those critical programs to be cut to give 
tax breaks to the rich? That is really the crux of this debate.
  Democrats believe that workers and the middle class should get tax 
breaks, and from everything we are seeing about this Republican plan 
and everything we are seeing in this budget today, Republicans do not 
agree. I am hoping we can move away from this partisan process and 
really get to work for the people we represent, and I am hoping we can 
return to a budget process that will allow a true debate about our 
values and our priorities as a nation.
  We should be here talking about the path to another bipartisan budget 
deal that will restore the investments in domestic and defense 
priorities. We should be having conversations about ways to strengthen 
Medicare and Medicaid, not to cut them. We should be talking a lot 
about how we tackle our deficit and debt challenges fairly and 
responsibly.
  On that point, I note that I find it especially interesting that so 
many Republicans have spent years pretending to care about the deficit 
when it has come to making cuts to middle-class priorities, but the 
minute that it has come to handing tax breaks to the rich, all of that 
has gone out the window. One Republican even admitted to the New York 
Times that deficit concerns are nothing more than a ``great talking 
point'' when Democrats are in charge. With a budget that would add 
trillions of dollars to the debt--a budget that is on the floor today--
we will see where people actually stand on that issue.
  Finally, we should be talking about ways to help our workers. We 
should be talking about ways to grow our economy from the middle out, 
like making sure we have access to high-quality childcare and pre-K for 
every working family, making college more affordable, and investing in 
retirement security for our workers and our families. We should be 
talking about how we are going to support our veterans, protect women's 
health and rights, and make healthcare more affordable and accessible. 
There is a lot we should be talking about in this budget. Those are the 
conversations we should be having. Those are the people in whom we 
should be investing.
  I am going to be doing everything I can in this so-called budget 
debate to keep the focus on the people for whom I came here to fight. I 
am going to stand with Democrats and families across the country to 
fight back against Republican attempts to jam a massive, partisan tax 
break for the rich through Congress and force working families and the 
middle class to pay the price.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Rhode Island.
  Mr. REED. Mr. President, I rise in strong opposition to the budget 
resolution for fiscal year 2018.
  Let me say that consideration of this budget resolution seems 
surreal, not only because of the timing--coming, as it does, 3 weeks 
into the fiscal year--but also because of the real challenges the 
United States faces today.
  We have important work to do. At this moment, three States and two 
U.S. territories are struggling to recover after experiencing 
significant natural disasters. The resources we are providing are 
simply not sufficient.
  In addition, sadly and tragically, Las Vegas just experienced the 
worst mass shooting in American history, breaking the record that was 
set only last year in the tragic mass shooting in Orlando, but there is 
no serious bipartisan and comprehensive effort to address gun violence.
  After President Trump's reckless efforts to sabotage the Affordable 
Care Act, Congress needs to act to stabilize private insurance 
exchanges. I think that we were all pleased, as I was, to see Senator 
Alexander and Senator Murray take strong steps to do that over the last 
few days. It appears, however, that they are once again being 
undermined by the President.
  Next week, the President is officially going to declare the opioid 
crisis as a national emergency, which is what we all have recognized 
over several years, but declarations mean nothing without there being 
the resources to help. This is an emergency, and we need to provide 
those resources now, but given this budget resolution before us, those 
resources will not be available.
  States are already taking steps to reduce healthcare coverage for 
kids under the Children's Health Insurance Program and services through 
community health centers because we have not been able to act in time 
to reauthorize these critical initiatives.
  We face international crises in Iran, Iraq, and North Korea, which 
are inflamed, unfortunately, every time the President tweets or 
comments about these issues.
  Before December 8, the President and Congress need to come to an 
agreement to provide relief from sequester funding caps for defense and 
non-defense priorities.
  The President and Congress need to act immediately to undo the crisis 
that has been created by the President's Executive order on DACA, which 
will put thousands of Dreamers at risk of deportation and have an 
adverse impact on our economy.
  This budget addresses none of these challenges. In fact, it so 
weights tax cuts to the rich and deficits that we will not have the 
resources with which to deal with any one of these issues. Instead, a 
week after the President took

[[Page 16050]]

steps that will cause millions to lose their private health insurance, 
this budget will pave the way for trillions of dollars in cuts to 
healthcare offered under Medicare and Medicaid.
  Last week, the President basically tried to strangle the Affordable 
Care Act. Now the goal is to undo Medicare and Medicaid, and that is 
astounding. The real goal behind that is not just to undo these 
critical programs for every American; the real goal is to provide 
trillions more in tax cuts that will overwhelmingly benefit the 
wealthiest.
  The majority will say that the budget only lays out a broad fiscal 
plan and that none of the details have been set, but we have seen this 
play before. It starts with tax cuts for all, but it will end with 
nothing short of a historic transfer of wealth from low- and middle-
income Americans to those who are prospering the most in this country. 
It starts with the promise of a balanced budget, but it will end with 
greater deficits. It will start this time when, after a long and 
difficult recovery from the economic crash of the Bush administration, 
the economy is finally moving forward with stock market highs, low 
employment, and low interest rates.
  Nothing about our current economic situation demands massive, 
deficit-busting tax cuts, particularly to the wealthiest Americans. 
Indeed, it is instructive to look back to the 2001 and 2003 Bush tax 
cuts. These tax plans were also paid for with trillions of dollars of 
debt because the Nation was newly at war. These plans also 
overwhelmingly favored the top 1 percent of Americans. We were told 
then that the tax benefits would trickle down to the working class and 
pay for themselves. I opposed these tax plans because I didn't believe 
that would occur, and, in fact, it didn't occur. Despite the 
substantial benefits for those at the top, overall economic growth from 
2001 to 2007 was weaker than average. Median household income fell 2.7 
percent while prices and poverty continued to rise. With weak 
regulation and oversight, this fiscal policy ushered us into the great 
recession. Now the GOP is poised to do the same thing yet again.
  Just for contrast, in the early 1990s, under President Clinton, 
Democrats took tough votes to raise revenue and rein in spending. 
Despite predictions to the contrary, the economy took off in one of the 
biggest economic booms in history, and at the same time we turned 
budget deficits into the first surplus in a generation.
  There are lessons in that experience. There are no shortcuts to 
restoring fiscal order. Tax cuts do not pay for themselves, and you 
can't balance the budget while cutting revenue. So how does the 
majority promise to turn straw into gold this time? By pairing $5.8 
trillion in cuts from basic services, including Medicare and Medicaid, 
with massive deficits and rosy revenue assumptions. With these in 
place, the GOP says that it can balance the budget and cut taxes by 
$1.5 trillion. Never mind the fact that the Republican tax cuts to the 
wealthy will likely cost more than $1.5 trillion, and never mind that 
this budget assumes absurd cuts to nondefense programs and leaves 
spending for defense at sequester levels, which we all recognize are 
inadequate. But even if the numbers are phony and built on loose, 
unrealistic assumptions, won't most Americans be getting a substantial 
tax windfall under this plan? Sadly, no.
  According to the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center's analysis of the 
available information on the GOP tax plan, about 80 percent of the tax 
cuts will go to the top 1 percent, increasing their after-tax income by 
about 9 percent. Nearly half of that money will go to the top one-tenth 
of 1 percent. Meanwhile, the bottom 80 percent of American wage earners 
will get only 13 percent of the tax cuts, and many hard-working 
families with children could actually see their taxes go up.
  Based on the Tax Policy Center's analysis, most Rhode Islanders who 
get a tax cut will receive only $190 or less out of this deal. That is 
less than the cost of a week's worth of groceries for a family of four. 
Yet most Rhode Islanders and most Americans stand to lose much, much 
more due to the inevitable cuts in investments like Medicaid, Pell 
grants, Title I, health research, and public infrastructure. Most 
middle-class families in my State depend on programs like these. To 
send their children to school, they need Pell grants; to make sure that 
their elderly mother or father is well cared for, they need the 
assistance of Medicaid for nursing homes. So that $190 tax cut will be 
nothing compared to the losses they will incur in the cost of college 
for their children, the cost of healthcare for their parents who are 
just struggling to get by.
  On the other hand, people on the top end of the bracket will get a 
tax cut large enough to buy a new Mercedes. If the recent past is any 
indication, they will pocket that money, invest it, or send it 
overseas. That money doesn't trickle down, and working Americans at the 
losing end of the tax bill will not see it in their paychecks.
  The American people deserve a better deal than this budget resolution 
offers. I know President Trump and the leadership on the other side of 
the aisle are desperate for a legislative win. They have spent an 
entire year trying to ram through the partisan TrumpCare healthcare 
bill that would upend our entire healthcare system, kick over 30 
million Americans off of their insurance, and make massive cuts to 
Medicaid, harming our most vulnerable citizens, including seniors, 
children, and people with disabilities. The process, the tactics, and 
the product alienated even Members of their own party and Americans 
across the political spectrum.
  After having failed with TrumpCare and with all of the other 
challenges we face, the majority leadership has set in this budget 
blueprint a deadline of November 13 for committees to produce tax cut 
legislation. All the other business we need to do must wait until we 
cut taxes for the wealthy.
  I know there is room for compromise and that there are Members of 
good will on both sides who are actively working to address many of the 
real challenges I mentioned earlier, but tax cuts for the rich 
shouldn't be on our to-do list, let alone at the top of the list, as it 
is today.
  One of the things we should be standing up for is our men and women 
in uniform by providing the revenue we need to support them. But when 
it comes to providing that revenue, this resolution takes a knee and 
gives revenue away to millionaires and billionaires.
  This is a truly rigged process. Its only purpose is to fast-track tax 
cuts for the rich and cut funding to healthcare and other key 
initiatives that most Americans count on. For that reason, I will 
oppose this budget resolution, and I urge my colleagues to do the same.
  With that, I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mrs. Ernst). The Senator from Wyoming.


                           Energy Regulation

  Mr. BARRASSO. Madam President, last week, the Trump administration 
took a very important step, the step to end the war on coal and the war 
on American energy. The Environmental Protection Agency has said that 
it has begun the formal process to roll back the Obama administration's 
so-called Clean Power Plan. This plan was a cornerstone of the 
Democratic efforts to destroy the reliable forms of energy that the 
American public continues to use today.
  My goal is to make energy as clean as we can as fast as we can 
without raising costs on American families. The Trump administration 
wants exactly the same thing. The steps it announced last week will 
help provide greater energy security, more jobs, and a stronger 
economy. This is exactly what President Trump promised he would do. It 
is exactly what the American people voted for last November.
  Americans said that they were tired of Washington's out-of-control 
regulators. President Trump took action right away. He issued an 
Executive order in March, telling his administration to go back and 
review some of President Obama's worst energy regulations. One of those 
was the Clean Power Plan, which tried to regulate powerplants in a way 
that wasn't even allowed under the Clean Air Act.

[[Page 16051]]

  President Trump's Executive order was the first step in correcting 
this bureaucratic overreach. Last week's announcement by the 
Environmental Protection Agency was the next step. With this move, the 
Agency is saying that Washington will no longer trample on the law. It 
tells the rest of Washington that there are limits. So I applaud 
President Trump and Scott Pruitt, the Administrator of the EPA.
  The Agency was created because America needed to do a better job of 
making sure we had clean air, clean land, and clean water. There is a 
right way to do this job. For a long time, the Agency did its job well. 
We can strike and need to strike the right balance. We need to do that 
again so we can protect our environment while allowing our economy to 
grow. We can have reasonable regulations that protect Americans while 
also respecting the law.
  My home State of Wyoming is one of the most pristine, beautiful 
places in the world, and it is one of the most energy-rich places in 
the world. Wyoming has struck this balance successfully, and so have 
many other States. We are addressing threats to our environment through 
the cooperation of States, towns, Indian Tribes, and Washington.
  The Environmental Protection Agency did not get the balance right 
with its Clean Power Plan. It overstepped its bounds to fulfill a 
political agenda. In 2008, when Barack Obama was running for President, 
he said that under his policies, ``If somebody wants to build a coal-
fired power plant, they can.'' But he went on to say, ``It's just that 
it will bankrupt them.''
  Bankrupt them. Once he got into office, he did everything he could to 
keep that promise and to bankrupt as many coal companies as possible. 
The Obama administration pushed out unnecessary, unlawful regulations 
on coal producers, powerplants, and their customers.
  Look at the difference between the two Presidents. President Obama 
promised to bankrupt American energy producers, and then he misused his 
power in order to do it. President Trump promised to promote American 
energy security and economic growth, and he is following the law to do 
that.
  The law never gave the Environmental Protection Agency the authority 
to write its Clean Power Plan. The Agency went ahead and did it anyway. 
That is why States sued the Federal Government to block this 
destructive bureaucratic overreach. States knew--people knew that the 
Environmental Protection Agency had written a dangerous regulation that 
would shut down American powerplants and would raise energy costs for 
American families. Their rule would have thrown thousands of people out 
of work in Wyoming and in other States. It would have led to as much as 
$33 billion in compliance costs in the year 2030. That is what the 
Agency estimated--$33 billion in compliance costs.
  Last year, the Supreme Court decided that this rule could do so much 
damage that the Court stopped President Obama in his tracks. Last week, 
the Agency recognized that there is a better way. It is going through 
the process to set aside the old rule and take a fresh look at what it 
could or should do legally. It said that any regulation of these 
powerplants is going to be done the way every new regulation should be 
done. That means listening to the people who have the most at stake, 
like the States and communities affected by these regulations. It is 
especially true in places like Wyoming, where there are already 
partnerships in place that could accomplish many of the goals of the 
new rules. It means that Washington should consider the costs as well 
as the benefits of regulation, and it should use reasonable estimates 
about both the costs and the benefits.
  In 2015, the Supreme Court criticized the Obama administration for 
another rule that made this same mistake. The Court said that it is not 
``rational, never mind appropriate, to impose billions of dollars in 
economic costs in return for a few dollars in health or environmental 
benefits.''
  If Washington is going to write regulations the way they should be 
done, this means acting rationally, and it means following the law.
  The Clean Air Act didn't give the Environmental Protection Agency the 
authority to write its so-called Clean Power Plan. That should have 
stopped the regulators right there and then. It should not have been a 
sign for regulators to interpret the law in a brandnew way that 
Congress never intended. That is what the Obama administration did 
anyway.
  If Washington does regulations right, that means doing them in a way 
that provides clarity, not confusion, not more questions. It means 
doing what is best for America, not just what is the preference of the 
people writing the regulations.
  We are blessed in this country with enormous natural resources. Our 
goal should be to use these resources responsibly, in ways that protect 
our environment and help to make our economy grow. We need a strong 
economy. That is what the American people are looking for.
  Over the 8 years of the Obama administration, the leaders of the EPA 
created broad and legally questionable new regulations. They declared a 
war on coal, and a war on American energy. Under the Trump 
administration, the war is over, and America is back on the right 
track.
  Thank you.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Maryland.
  Mr. CARDIN. Madam President, we are now debating the budget 
resolution for fiscal year 2018. The main reason this budget resolution 
is before us is to allow for floor consideration of tax reform. So I 
want to talk a little bit about what I hope will be our guiding 
principles on the way we would proceed on tax reform, because tax 
reform is needed in this country.
  Our Tax Code is overly complex. There are significant problems, 
particularly as we harmonize with the international community. There 
are things we need to do in our Tax Code to make it a fairer tax code, 
to make it a simpler tax code, to raise the revenues we need to make 
sure we don't have deficits.
  There are things we need to do. I hope that we will have three 
guiding principles, and I will talk about these three and how the 
budget resolution that came out of committee would violate each of 
these principles and why I cannot support it as it has been presented 
by the committee.
  First, we should have an open process on tax reform. The last time we 
did comprehensive tax reform, in 1986, it took well over a year for us 
to be able to complete the work. We had numerous committee hearings. We 
had a lot of public input because, when you change the Tax Code, it has 
lots of different effects, some of which are not apparent. There are a 
lot of tradeoffs, and we need to do this in an open manner.
  It is also important that we have a bipartisan product because we 
want the Tax Code to remain intact so people can plan. We don't want to 
see a Tax Code pass in one Congress only to be radically changed in the 
next Congress. That only happens when you have a bipartisan agreement 
where Democrats and Republicans are working together in order to bring 
about a consensus change in our Tax Code. It doesn't work if it becomes 
a partisan process.
  The budget resolution that has been presented on the floor by the 
Budget Committee fails on this first guiding principle. It is not a 
process that will lead to a bipartisan result. It is one that is a 
partisan process. Reconciliation, by definition, becomes a partisan 
process when a budget resolution is passed along party-line votes.
  Secondly, under reconciliation and the rules of the Senate, you 
cannot enact permanent tax changes because it would create deficits 
outside of the budget window. For that reason, if we want permanency in 
our Tax Code, let's use regular order, where we bring the bills up in 
our committees, we bring them to the floor, we offer amendments without 
restriction, and, at the end of the day, we can pass permanent changes 
to our Tax Code that are in the best interest of the taxpayers of this 
country. Once again, on

[[Page 16052]]

the first principle of an open, fair process, the budget resolution 
presented by the committee fails.
  The second principle, which I would argue that all of us should agree 
upon, is that we don't want to finance the tax changes through debt, 
that it would be wrong for us to do debt financing of tax relief 
because that only adds to our national debt and deficit. It affects our 
economic growth. It really presents, I think, a moral issue: Do we 
really want our children and grandchildren to pay for what we spend 
today? The budget resolution presented by the committee fails on this 
second guiding principle.
  By its own instructions, it allows for a $1.5 trillion increase in 
the national debt by the tax changes that are presented. There is no 
pretense here. It says that we will allow for a $1.5 trillion increase 
in the deficit.
  To make matters worse, there is a provision that was put in the 
budget resolution that allows the budget chairman to bring the bill to 
the floor without getting the Congressional Budget Office and Joint 
Taxation Committee score. In other words, we will be allowed to vote on 
a bill that may increase the deficit well beyond $1.5 trillion without 
having the objective scoring by those who are responsible to let us 
know what impact it has on the deficit. Instead, we will get a partisan 
evaluation by the chairman of the committee rather than one that is 
produced by the professionals who are charged with reviewing what we 
do.
  Now, to make matters even more problematic on the deficit, the 
guiding principle we have here on what the committees are looking at is 
what was presented by the so-called Big 6; that is, the Republican 
fiscal leadership of the Senate, the Republican fiscal leadership of 
the House, along with the fiscal advisers to the President. They have 
come in with an outline that doesn't add up to $1.5 trillion. It adds 
up to a much greater deficit number than $1.5 trillion. So we are 
starting with deficits well in excess of $1.5 trillion with a process 
where we may be asked to vote without knowing the impact on the 
deficit, but we do know it will add to the deficit. That fails the test 
that we all felt that we shouldn't be taking action on the floor on tax 
reform to increase the deficit.
  The third guiding principle should be that we want to be fair. We 
want to be fair to the taxpayers of this country. The truth is that 
middle-income taxpayers are already overburdened. We know that. We know 
that it is tough. It is tough to make ends meet. So we certainly don't 
want to pass a tax bill that will increase the burdens to middle-income 
taxpayers. I would think that we all would agree on that particular 
point. When you look at the budget resolution that has been presented 
by the committee, it fails on that test.
  It eliminates the estate tax--hundreds of billions of dollars of 
costs financed by middle-income taxpayers to the 0.2 percent of the 
wealthiest individuals in this country. It fails in eliminating the 
alternative minimum tax, which is a way that we, at least, capture a 
minimum tax from very, very high-income taxpayers. That is eliminated 
both on the individual side and on the corporate side. There are tax 
cuts, breaks, and reduction of rates for the wealthiest taxpayers in 
this country. How is that all offset? Well, some of it is not offset, 
but to the extent that we know that it is offset, the budget resolution 
would allow for cuts in Medicare and Medicaid. Let me repeat that. We 
are going to cut Medicare by almost $500 billion in order to give tax 
cuts to the wealthiest people in this country and we call that a fair 
tax bill? We are going to cut the Medicaid Program by a trillion 
dollars? We just went through that debate on the floor of the Senate on 
the changes in the healthcare system where we had significant cuts to 
the Medicaid system, and we saw the public reaction and rightly so 
because, when you cut Medicaid, you are cutting the lifeline from many 
families in this country--hard-working families who may have a child 
who was born with a difficult medical condition but they know they at 
least have the protection under our system. Those are the families who 
are at risk. Why are we doing it? To give tax cuts to 0.2 percent of 
Americans by eliminating the estate tax? The budget resolution that has 
come out of the Budget Committee fails on the third test of fairness. 
So whether it is failing on process or increasing the deficit or not 
being fair to middle-income families, this budget resolution should be 
rejected.
  Now, I saw where, as to the Big 6--I referred to them before--we have 
their outline. It is a broad outline. I acknowledge that. It is heavy 
on promises on tax cuts, and it is very light on how they are going to 
finance it. So some of us can start filling in the blanks as to who are 
going to be targets for losing important provisions in our Tax Code, 
but in a couple of cases, we don't have to guess because the outline 
specifically calls for it. One is the loss of deduction on the State 
and local taxes that we pay. To me, this is a direct attack on 
federalism. It is the same taxpayer who pays State and local taxes who 
pays Federal taxes, and now we are going to tell those taxpayers that 
they are going to have to pay taxes on taxes. That makes absolutely no 
sense. It is a direct attack on federalism. The work that our States 
and local governments do to provide services to taxpayers in this 
country should have the exact same respect as what we do at the Federal 
level of government.
  We can only surmise that this might not be the last attack on 
federalism, that there could well be an attack on the way State and 
local governments finance their capital programs because that has been 
on lists before and there are big gaps as to how they are going to even 
reach a $1.5 trillion deficit target. That would concern us because 
State and local governments have already been hit by restrictions at 
the national level as to how they can borrow money.
  Another area that we don't really have to guess about is the impact 
it is going to have on the real estate market. We know that the trigger 
to the 2009 recession started in the housing markets. Yet in this 
proposal that is likely to be done, if you eliminate State and local 
taxes, you are eliminating the deductibility of the property taxes. If 
you eliminate the deductibility of property taxes, you are affecting 
the value of homes here in America. The largest, single asset for many 
families could be very well jeopardized.
  Then there is talk--the outline says we are going to take a look at 
all of the standard deductions; it doesn't give a lot of protection out 
there--of whether we will be looking at mortgage interest deductions 
and compromising that. Will these deductions be as valuable as they are 
under the current Tax Code? That is one of the reasons I said a process 
is important because, if you reduce the value of a deduction, you 
reduce its worth and you reduce the value of real estate.
  I have been working for many years to improve retirement security. I 
am very proud to have worked with Senator Portman on these issues. We 
have done a lot of good things to make it easier for people to save for 
their retirement. Yet we don't know exactly how the proposal under this 
budget resolution will affect retirement security, but we do know that 
there have been discussions about the ``Rothization'' of a 401(k). What 
does that mean? It means that today if you contribute to a 401(k) plan, 
you don't have to pay current taxes on your contributions. You pay the 
taxes when you take your money out after retirement. If ``Rothization'' 
is mandated, it would mean that you would no longer have the ability to 
defer taxes on the contributions you make, as you can today on a 
401(k). If that is mandated, it will affect people's ability to save 
for their retirement and very much affect retirement security in this 
country. Here is the rub. It doesn't raise any revenue. It is just the 
timing of revenue. By collecting the revenue today, we lose it 
tomorrow. It actually builds in a larger deficit in the out years. It 
is actually contrary to good budgeting from the point of view of 
preserving us from going further into debt.

[[Page 16053]]

  We don't know if that is going to come out of the committee, but it 
certainly could come out of the committee in order to meet the 
instructions that have been recommended by the Budget Committee.
  I could use the same arguments about how we could jeopardize the new 
market tax credits, which are very important for economic development; 
the historic tax credits, on which I have worked with many Members here 
and which affect economic growth; the work opportunity tax credit, 
which affects hiring people who have challenges in the workforce; and 
the low-income housing tax credit, which gives us affordable housing. 
All of those tax credits could lose value or could be eliminated under 
the outline we have before us.
  So I hope we adopt some amendments. I hope we take a different 
course, but there will be amendments, I hope, that will be offered to 
eliminate the use of reconciliation for a tax plan so we can truly have 
a bipartisan tax bill that can stand the test of time--that we demand 
that we have the scoring before we vote on it so we know what we are 
doing, that we will not deficit-finance tax changes, and that we don't 
jeopardize the State and local tax deduction or the mortgage interest 
deduction or the retirement security savings that we have today or the 
various tax credits. I hope we will all clarify that together. I hope 
that we can get some of that done during the amendment process.
  Let me make this clear. There is a better way. There is a better way. 
Let's give up use of this partisan process and start from the beginning 
on a bipartisan process that recognizes that we need tax reform, we 
need to do this, but let's do this in a bipartisan manner, let's know 
what we are doing, let's be fair to middle-income taxpayers, and let's 
do it in a way that will not increase the size of the deficit and will 
stand the test of time and where we can give permanent reform to our 
Tax Code. That is what we should be doing, and I regret that we are 
heading down a path that will make that impossible.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Colorado.
  Mr. GARDNER. Madam President, I have had a little bit of time to 
listen to some of the speeches that have been given on the floor today, 
and I just want to talk about a few of those today.
  My great colleague from Maryland, with whom I have enjoyed the 
privilege of serving on the Foreign Relations Committee, talked about 
an open process and at the same time talked about being able to offer 
amendments. The definition of an open process is being able to offer 
amendments and that is what we are going through. We are going through 
later this week something called a vote-arama, where we will be having 
amendments.
  We talked about the permanent tax changes.
  Mr. CARDIN. Will my colleague yield for a question?
  Mr. GARDNER. I am pleased to yield.
  Mr. CARDIN. Do you believe an open process is starting at maybe 2 
o'clock tomorrow morning when no one is listening and that having 1 
minute of time to debate an amendment is an open process?
  Mr. GARDNER. If the Senator would like to work with us on fixing the 
budget process, I hope he will. I hope we can change the budget 
process. It is fundamentally broken. We haven't changed it since 1974, 
the year I was born--maybe a few years after that. We ought to change 
this process so it works for the American people. We ought to do 
something to make this process more effective.
  We have heard people come and talk about Medicare and Medicaid. These 
are very critically important social safety nets for this country. 
People in my community, my parents, our families, and people we have 
lived with and known for our entire lives rely on Medicaid and 
Medicare, but there is this big myth out there that Washington has this 
ability to increase funds but yet rename it as a cut. You have a group 
of people in Washington, DC, who are trying that Washington, DC, Kabuki 
dance, where they say a decrease in the rate of increase is a cut. That 
is like saying that my son, who is 6 years old, is supposed to grow 4 
inches next year, and the doctor says: Your son is going to grow 4 
inches next year, based on the charts. If my son grows only 2 inches 
that year, did he shrink? No. He still grew. But in Washington, DC, 
they would say: No, he is shorter than he was. This is absurd.
  Let's be honest with the American people. Medicare increases in 
funding. We are trying to be more responsible with the dollars we have 
because the United States is in debt, and the way we are going to fix 
that is to be responsible with the dollars we have and to grow our 
economy.
  A couple of weeks ago, I saw a map of the United States. It showed 
distressed communities in this country. It showed that the haves have 
more and the have-nots have less. It is time we do something about that 
in this country. It is time we fix the fact there are counties in our 
country that are suffering. There are communities in our country that 
haven't seen a new net job for nearly two decades. We can do better 
than that.
  It has been 30 years since Congress last passed major tax reform. It 
was 1986. I was 12 years old. For those who are wondering what the No. 
1 movie was the last time we passed tax reform, it was ``Top Gun.'' The 
one thing I wanted that same year, the last time we did tax reform, was 
an Atari 7800. That is what I wanted the last time this body passed tax 
reform.
  Fast forward to today, 30 years later. The last time we did tax 
reform was 30 years ago. We now live in a world of Wi-Fi, self-driving 
cars, and Smartphones, but we still have an Atari-era tax code. It is 
clunky. It is outdated. It is bloated to more pages than any of us 
would care to read. I wish I had come up with this, but I didn't. I 
will repeat it: The Tax Code is longer than the Bible, and unlike the 
Bible, there is no good news in it. It feeds the suspicion that you can 
game the Tax Code if you are wealthy. If you are average, you will be 
stuck with the bill.
  We can do better. That is the opportunity we have now. We must seize 
it in a way that helps hard-working American families and businesses to 
create jobs on Main Street, to change this unfair system that we have.
  When I go across the State of Colorado, throughout the four corners 
of our great State, there are people I meet who have been very 
successful. If you go to Denver, CO, right now, you will think the new 
State bird is the construction crane. Dozens of construction cranes are 
on the horizon, showing the success we have had in that State. If you 
go to Southeastern Colorado, Western Colorado, Northeastern Colorado, 
there are pockets of poverty that remain as strong as ever because we 
haven't been able to find the tools necessary to grow the economy the 
way we should. That is what this debate allows us to do--to grow this 
economy, to get this Nation firing on all cylinders again. It is the 
opportunity we have. We should seize it right now, passing this budget 
leading to tax reform, to make sure that we can grow American 
opportunity and innovation because too many people haven't had a 
meaningful pay increase for far too long. They know they spend too much 
time working through a tangled mess of rules just to file their taxes 
that are too high to begin with.
  As a country, we spend 6 billion hours and $263 billion each year 
just to jump through all the hoops and tangles and check the boxes of 
our Atari-era Tax Code. That is $263 billion we are spending on a 1986-
era tax code, just to check the boxes, to fill the forms, to pay the 
accountants, and to find the lawyers. That is the entire GDP of the 
nation of New Zealand. That $263 billion is more than the GDP of New 
Zealand. We spend as much money preparing and filing our taxes in this 
country as the entire economic output of the nation of New Zealand.
  American people need relief. It starts by reducing the number of 
brackets, simplifying the Tax Code, and reducing our rates. For many 
American families, this will leave them with more money in their 
pockets at the end of

[[Page 16054]]

the day. It also would cut that 6 billion hours that are spent working, 
trying to file taxes, and leave families with more time to do things 
that matter to them--not trying to fill out a tax form, but letting 
them be with their family, be at work, and invest the way they want to 
with their time and their money. It is just a start.
  The end of the unfair death tax will bring relief to regular 
Americans. Let's start with the death tax. I have heard people 
criticize the death tax. It is unfair and at times cruel. That should 
be reason enough for this Congress to repeal it. We have a tax that 
causes families to have to confront breaking up businesses that have 
been in the family for generations or selling off the family farm just 
to keep what they have built and what they have already paid taxes on 
because somebody died. The government seems to think death is a taxable 
event.
  When I visit with Colorado's farmers and ranchers, one of their 
biggest concerns--in fact, I met with a group of farmers this past week 
in Colorado who said that the repeal of the estate tax is more 
important to them than passing a new farm bill because it is affecting 
their way of life. These aren't billionaires whom we hear so many 
complaints about on the Senate floor and in the political op-eds and by 
the pundits on TV. These are families and ranchers whose families have 
been working for generations. They have dirt under their fingernails. 
These are people who have sacrificed for generations to build up land 
and capital, not liquid assets. That apparently makes them into 
billionaires, and it is bad enough that they ought to be penalized when 
they die.
  If you are fortunate enough to have some incredible land in Colorado 
underneath your farm or ranch--maybe a homestead around Vail or Aspen. 
Are you going to be forced to break up that estate, forced to sell that 
land, that 36-acre parcel, so you can pay the estate tax when it was 
open space and we are able to conserve that open space and enjoy that 
great beauty? Washington, DC, is driving local development decisions, 
all because of the estate tax. It is suffocating our way of life in 
rural America, and it must end.
  Reforming business taxes will bring tax relief to American families, 
hard-working families. The corporate tax rate is the highest in the 
world, and employees are paying the price for uncompetitive corporate 
tax rates. We have the highest corporate tax rate in the industrialized 
world. President Obama said that in his 2011 State of the Union Speech.
  If you just look at what we can do by decreasing tax burdens on 
American businesses, we can actually increase the average American 
household income by between $4,000 and $9,000 a year. This is an 
average increase to American households across the country. This isn't 
to the millionaires or billionaires. This is to hard-working American 
families who are just trying to get ahead in life. So this puts $4,000, 
at a minimum, in their pockets as a result of lower tax rates. That is 
not just a one-time increase either. We are not talking about a one-
time hit. It is not just for the top earners. The Tax Foundation says 
that workers across the income distribution will feel the effects year 
after year.
  Go home and ask your constituents whether they would like to have 
more money in their own pockets or whether they would like to have that 
in the hands of Washington or Wall Street. Do you know what? I am 
pretty sure they are going to say: I can spend it better than any 
bureaucrat or Member of Congress ever could. If I keep it, I will make 
smart choices for my family. That is what we have to focus on.
  The Council of Economic Advisers put out a report explaining how 
reducing the corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 20 percent would 
result in the average American household income going up by $4,000 to 
$9,000. It is worth walking through what they said. Before 1990, when 
corporate profits went up by 1 percent, worker wages actually went up 
by more than 1 percent. Before 1990, profits went up by 1 percent and 
workers' wages went up by more than 1 percent. Since 1990, that 
relationship between corporate profits and workers has changed. Over 
the last 8 years, from 2008 to 2016, a 1-percent increase in corporate 
profits increased workers' wages only by 0.3 percent, a 0.7-percent 
decrease. Part of the reason for that is our uncompetitive corporate 
tax rates.
  We will go to our numbers to illustrate what has happened. During the 
same time, from 1990 until this decade, foreign countries, foreign 
nations figured out that lowering the corporate tax rate leads to more 
money in their workers' pockets. While our tax rate has stayed 
stubbornly high, the high tax rates in other countries have plummeted. 
The United States has decided that we are going to keep the highest tax 
rates while other economically developed countries are dropping theirs, 
resulting in higher wages for their workers. Today, U.S. corporate tax 
rates are far higher than those of any other country I have talked 
about today.
  Look at this. If you look at where the United States is right now, we 
are right here, top of the chart, 35 percent. That is the U.S. Federal 
tax rate, the 2017 average statutory corporate tax rate. Look at OECD 
countries: 10 percent lower than our statutory rate. Asia is at 20 
percent, which is 15 percent lower than our statutory rate. Europe is 
at 18 percent, and some countries in Europe are going lower because 
they have realized that when they lower their taxes, they have done a 
better job of attracting businesses, growing their economy, and 
creating more work.
  It would be tempting for some to assume that taxing corporations 
skims some of the cream off the top. You will hear plenty of rhetoric 
about lowering corporate tax rates being a giveaway. Here is the sad 
truth. I hope the people take the time to learn this lesson. It is the 
employees that bear the burden of corporate taxes. Studies show that 
workers pay between 45 percent and 75 percent of corporate taxes in the 
form of lower wages. How do you fix that? Lowering the corporate tax 
rate from 35 percent to 20 percent will alleviate that burden and 
result in higher income to that average American family, allowing them 
to keep as much as $9,000--a kind of wage increase of $9,000, an 
effective increase of $9,000, as much as that each and every year. It 
is an average increase, according to the Council of Economic Advisers. 
Once those effects are fully felt, those effects are going to continue 
year after year across all income distributions.
  We are going to another chart here. The family will be able to spend 
that $4,000 to $9,000 the way they want to. It could be the difference 
between having a rainy day fund and living paycheck to paycheck. It 
could be the downpayment on a new home or a route to a better education 
or a way they can do what they want to with their free time, if they 
have some or are able to get some because of innovations we are able to 
create and the jobs we are able to make better and wages people are 
able to see increased. It is about them putting more money into their 
families instead of their government.
  None of that is going to happen, though, with this current Atari Tax 
Code. None of that is going to happen unless we can give families and 
businesses the relief they need. That is what we have the opportunity 
to do here today.
  This week, when we approve the budget, we set the stage for the 
budget reform, the budget bill, to move forward on tax reform and tax 
relief, allowing the American people to keep more money in their own 
pockets. We can provide meaningful relief with a simpler code, less 
hassle, less squandering of money to avoid the unfair death tax, and 
more businesses hiring more workers and paying higher wages. That is 
why this budget is so important. That is why I hope it is approved this 
week and we set the stage for a brighter future in the coming months 
and years, as we fight for every chance for the American people to keep 
the dollars they work so hard to get.
  Thank you.
  Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that it be in order to call 
up the following amendments and that the Senate vote in relation to the 
amendments following disposition of the

[[Page 16055]]

Sanders amendment No. 1119, Nelson No. 1150, Heller No. 1146, Sanders 
No. 1120, and Collins No. 1151; further, that there be 2 minutes of 
debate, equally divided in the usual form, prior to all votes in the 
series at 3 p.m., with an exception of 10 minutes prior to the vote in 
relation to the Heller amendment, and that no second-degree amendments 
be in order prior to the votes.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The Senator from Massachusetts.
  Mr. MARKEY. Madam President, I would like to begin by quoting David 
Stockman. David Stockman was the head of the Office of Management and 
Budget in the Reagan administration. He wrote a famous book after his 
tenure running the Office of Management and Budget. It is called ``The 
Triumph of Politics: Why the Reagan Revolution Failed.'' Let me read 
you a quote from David Stockman's book. This is what he says:

       The hard part of the supply-side tax cut is dropping the 
     top rate--the rest of it is a secondary matter. . . . Then, 
     the general argument was that, in order to make this 
     palatable as a political matter, you had to bring down all of 
     the brackets. But, I mean, [the plan] was always a Trojan 
     horse to bring down the top rate.

  I quote from David Stockman in his book ``The Triumph of Politics.'' 
He wrote about how President Reagan sold massive, deficit-busting tax 
cuts for the wealthy by making knowingly erroneous arguments, by making 
faulty economic arguments.
  As we stand here on the Senate floor today, debating the Trump budget 
of 2017, we focus on what Mark Twain once said: History does not repeat 
itself, but it does tend to rhyme.
  This looks very much like what Reagan tried to pull off in the early 
1980s, to no avail, and his book is very clear as to why they were 
unsuccessful. The Reagan-era promises of economic growth and budget 
surpluses turned out to be massive debt and deficits. There is some 
kind of nostalgia, political nostalgia, for a Reagan era that never 
existed and, instead, a painting of a past that just has to be 
replicated today. Let's look at what David Stockman said he did and why 
it turned out so unsuccessful for President Reagan. The Republicans are 
back again with a new budget, but they are using the same old bag of 
tricks and gimmicks from more than 30 years ago.
  This is their plan, which is very simple, and it is identical: No. 1, 
claim unspecified funding cuts to many domestic programs many, many 
years in the future; No. 2, assume unrealistic growth from your 
policies that will magically balance the deficit; and finally, No. 3, 
use those questionable economic assumptions to provide massive tax 
breaks for the wealthy and big corporations in our country.
  The budget we are debating today hits all of these points. It claims 
to balance the deficit, while in reality it is a blatant attack on the 
middle class for the benefit of these super rich.
  First, let's start with the budgetary trick: unspecified cuts to 
domestic programs. Back in the 1980s, David Stockman called these 
``magic asterisks,'' meaning that the Reagan administration would count 
the savings from these future cuts, but in reality, they would be 
someone else's problem to figure out at a later time.
  Today, we are dealing with a budget containing more than $1 trillion 
in completely unspecified and unallocated funding cuts over the next 
decade--the magic asterisks, programs to be cut but not specified. 
Please vote for this budget, but do not take any responsibility, my 
Republican colleagues, for actually telling the American people what 
programs are going to get cut--the magic asterisks.
  Second, we have the same unrealistic economic growth assumptions that 
Stockman referred to in the 1980s as a rosy scenario. That is what he 
called it.
  Today, we are being told that tax cuts for the wealthy will magically 
grow the economy to the tune of an additional $1.2 trillion and will 
somehow pay for themselves. History taught us that tax cuts do not pay 
for themselves. It was not true under Reagan, and David Stockman, his 
budgetary expert, tells us this. It was not true under Bush, and it 
will certainly not be true under Donald Trump as well.
  The Republicans forget recent history and continue to use these fairy 
tale economic assumptions for the same reasons they did in the 1980s. 
The tax cuts for the wealthy do not look completely irresponsible to 
the rest of the American people. Can we sell the American people once 
again on magic asterisks, on rosy scenarios, on unspecified cuts, on a 
budget that is balanced sometime in the future but is not the 
responsibility of these Members of the Republican conference at this 
time out on the floor of the Senate? Can we pull it off again? Can we 
fool the American people again? Can we hide our real agenda, which is 
to give a huge tax break to the wealthiest people in America?
  In the same way that David Stockman called that the Trojan horse to 
get the tax break for the wealthy, so too have they built another 
budget as a Trojan horse to get the tax breaks without any of those 
specific cuts in programs that they know will be like touching 
political kryptonite. They are not going to lay out which programs are 
going to get cut at some point in the future.
  That is why these tax cuts are irresponsible. The framework that 
Republican leadership has presented is devoid of details for what it 
will do to families. It doesn't specify what it will do for small 
businesses, and it is completely silent on how it will assist workers, 
who have been struggling for years to keep up with the rising costs of 
living.
  What the Republican tax framework is crystal clear on is how it will 
benefit the wealthiest Americans and corporations. In fact, the tax 
framework released by the Republican leadership will send 80 percent of 
the benefits directly to the top 1 percent of the wealthiest 
individuals in this country--Ronald Reagan redux, David Stockman redux. 
And 80 percent of the benefits go to the upper 1 percentile. What did 
David Stockman say? ``But, I mean, [the plan] was always a Trojan horse 
to bring down the top rate.''
  What we have now is a Republican Party genetically hard-wired in 
order to do the same thing that failed as an economic policy in the 
early 1980s. It was such a catastrophe and it was so bad that 
Republicans actually had to get together with Democrats in order to fix 
it after it went into effect.
  This particular version of it will provide tax cuts for shareholders 
and CEOs. It allows the richest 1 percent of all Americans to 
concentrate wealth to an even greater degree than they already can, 
while many middle-class families will actually see their tax bill go 
up. They want to take away the State and local tax deduction. We are 
going to see millions of Americans with an actual tax increase. They 
are the middle class. There is almost nothing in this bill that helps 
the middle three quintiles. From 20 percent to 80 percent, there is 
almost nothing in this bill that helps them.
  They know it, by the way. They know what they are doing. They know 
that 80 percent of this is going to the upper 1 percentile. They know 
almost nothing goes to the middle three quintiles, and they also know 
they are going to take away the tax break for State and local 
deductions from those people as well. It is not a tax plan. It is a tax 
scam.
  Despite their talk about how these tax giveaways for the rich will 
pay for themselves, the Republican tax plan will create a $2.4 trillion 
hole in the deficit. We know what Republicans and the Trump 
administration will do with those deficits. They will be used to go 
where the 1980s plan did not ultimately go, and that is to gut 
Medicare, to gut Medicaid, and to gut Social Security.
  Let's give them credit. In this bill, at least on Medicare and 
Medicaid, they actually do talk about these specific cuts. They 
actually talk about it. There is a $470 billion cut in Medicare. You 
can hear that, grandma or grandpa. They are going to cut Medicare by 
$470 billion in this bill. I tell you one thing. Both grandma and 
grandpa may be old, but they are not stupid. They are not stupid. They 
know what you are doing. They are going to figure this out.

[[Page 16056]]

  They want to cut Medicaid by $1 trillion, as well, for those tax 
breaks for the upper 1-percenters. There is your plan. It is pretty 
simple to understand. Grandma and grandpa are going to understand it. 
The American people are going to understand it. It is all toward the 
Trojan horse to get the tax break for the upper 1 percentile.
  The recent report from the Democratic staff of the Senate Budget 
Committee found that the budget would also slash $5 trillion from 
critical programs like education and transportation. It is unspecified 
at this particular point in time because they know it would create a 
political nightmare for them. It would be ``nitro hits glycerin'' 
politically if they specify at this time where those cuts would come 
from.
  Over the last 8 years, our friends on the other side of the aisle 
explained to us that the Federal deficits were the greatest threats 
facing our country. We couldn't invest in clean energy. We couldn't 
finance infrastructure. We couldn't do anything about healthcare or the 
people who need it in our country because of the threat to our national 
debt. Before that, we were famously told in the 2000s that deficits 
don't matter. Of course, that was after President Clinton's budgets in 
the 1990s put us on a path to a budget surplus.
  Before that, David Stockman was convincing President Reagan that 
deficits were of no concern and should not get in the way of tax cuts 
for the wealthy. We have seen this movie before, and now, once again, 
it sounds like the present rhymes with the past.
  We come back to the central erroneous premise of the Republican 
Party, which they continue to try to sell to the American people--that 
it is possible, simultaneously, to have massive tax breaks for the 
wealthiest 1 percent, to increase defense spending simultaneously and 
massively, and to balance the budget at the same time. It is not 
possible. The American people know it. They have seen it in the past. 
They are trying to run the same old movie past the American people, but 
it is all--in the immortal words of David Stockman--toward the goal of 
creating a Trojan horse to bring down the rates for the wealthiest 
people in America. That is the choice the American people are going to 
have to make.
  This budget is a moral disgrace to be considered on the floor of the 
Congress--Medicare and Medicaid, a sacrifice for a tax break for the 
wealthiest people in our country. This is a shameful day in the history 
of this institution.
  I yield back the remainder of my time.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from New Mexico.
  Mr. UDALL. Thank you, Madam President, for the recognition.
  Madam President, today I wish to talk a little bit about something 
very obscure that is buried in this budget bill, but it is something 
that is very, very important to me. First, before I talk about the 
specific policy issues, I just want to talk about a personal 
exploration I had. This is with regard to the Arctic National Wildlife 
Refuge and this special area up here called the 1002 area.
  I had the opportunity in the 1980s to take a raft trip down across 
this Arctic Coastal Plain and down to the sea, and part of the reason 
was that many of the Alaska Senators at the time used to say: If you 
are going to make policy in Alaska, you ought to see that part of 
Alaska. So I took the opportunity to see it. I took a raft trip down a 
river called the Hula Hula River, which flows out of the Brooks Range, 
a large mountain range, into the Beaufort Sea.
  I can say that from my personal experience, this is one of the 
wildest, most magnificent places on the Earth.
  I would like to talk a little bit about the creatures and critters we 
saw there. We saw the beginning of the caribou migration, which occurs 
over in Canada to this area in Alaska, where they calf on the 1002 
area. It is one of the biggest migrations in the world of a mammal 
species. We saw grizzly bears. One grizzly bear actually came into our 
camp, and we had to retreat and watch whatever it was going to do until 
it moved along. We saw musk oxen. We saw polar bears. We saw what a 
marvelous and incredible area this was and what a rich, rich ecosystem 
it was.
  I was reminded of my Uncle Mo, Congressman Morris Udall, who was the 
author in 1980 of legislative protections for this area. He required 
congressional action to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 
and this 1002 area. He did that because he realized how significant and 
how magnificent it was.
  One of the things we have to realize is what we are protecting here. 
People travel all over the world to go to the Serengeti and see the 
migration of the animals on the Serengeti plains. This same caribou 
migration is very much like the Serengeti. In fact, it is our 
Serengeti, when you have animals migrate from Canada all the way into 
Alaska and back. This is our Serengeti. It is a special place. It is a 
real treasure, and I don't have any doubt in my mind that we should 
save it.
  The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge represents one of the world's 
wildest and more biodiverse places. Its Coastal Plain or the 1002 area 
is the biological heart of the refuge. There is no other place like it 
on the planet. Congress showed remarkable restraint and forethought 
when it put the Refuge under Federal protection, and I am proud my 
Uncle Mo Udall was instrumental in passing legislation that doubled the 
size of the Refuge. Under that law, only Congress can open up the 1002 
area for drilling.
  Today I rise in strong opposition to the Republican proposal to drill 
for oil in this remarkable place. I will fight their plan tooth and 
nail. The only reason they are doing this is to pay for tax cuts for 
big corporations and tax cuts for the richest Americans.
  The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge's coastal plain is an 
environmental time machine. It is a rare place on this Earth, where 
almost everything has been preserved as it was over 10,000 years ago. 
Oil and gas development would change its delicate ecosystem forever. We 
could never get it back.
  This Refuge is the largest Arctic conservation area on the globe. It 
is part of our national heritage. It is part of the world's heritage. 
That is why I compare it to the Serengeti, where people travel from all 
over the world to see that migration. The same thing is true here. It 
would be wrong to plunder this magnificent area for short-term gain, 
especially when that gain is speculative.
  The 1002 area is home to 37 species of land mammals, 8 species of 
marine mammals, 42 fish species, and over 200 species of birds. 
Migratory birds fly in and out of this area from every State and every 
continent. The coastal plain in the Refuge is only 20 to 30 miles wide. 
No other equivalent slice of Alaska's North Slope is as biologically 
diverse.
  Let me share a few examples of the wildlife that depend on this area. 
Here is a photograph of a caribou and its young during the spring 
calving time. The 1002 area hosts the largest and most concentrated 
herd of Porcupine caribou in the world: 197,000 caribou make the 
longest land migration of any animal--2,700 miles--to give birth there 
on the coastal plain in the 1002 area. Their numbers are strong now, 
but even a small change in reproductive rates could threaten the herd's 
existence.
  Here is a picture of a polar bear. Nine hundred Beaufort Sea polar 
bears den on- and offshore in this area. The magnificent polar bear is 
threatened under the Endangered Species Act, and with climate change 
causing sea ice to melt rapidly, more bears are expected to den on 
shore.
  Here is a photo of the musk oxen. About 250 musk oxen live there 
year-round. This impressive mammal survived the last ice age, but 
forcing them from their habitat now could threaten their survival.
  People also depend on the Refuge. The Gwich'in have lived there for 
thousands of years. They call themselves people of the caribou because 
their culture and way of life are intertwined with the Porcupine 
caribou herd. Caribou represents about 80 percent of the Gwich'in 
people's diet. They use caribou skins for clothing, bedding, and 
shelter. They make fish hooks, skin scrapers, and other tools from 
Caribou bones.

[[Page 16057]]

  Gwich'in are spiritually tied to the caribou as well. They have a 
saying: ``Every caribou has a bit of the human heart in them; and every 
human has a bit of caribou heart.'' The Gwich'in people depend on the 
caribou for their material and spiritual survival. Oil development in 
caribou calving grounds would threaten their very future.
  The Republicans' budget resolution instructs the Senate Energy 
Committee to identify at least $1 billion in deficit savings over the 
next 10 years. The Republicans have their sights on the 1002 area to 
produce that $10 billion. As I said, this estimate is highly 
speculative, but, for the sake of argument, let's assume the number of 
$1 billion is correct. It still doesn't even scratch the surface of the 
$1.5 trillion deficit the Republicans recklessly propose. It is not 
even one one-thousandth of the money the Republicans need to raise to 
pay for the megadeficit they will rack up to pay for a tax break for 
the superwealthy.
  Opening the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is not necessary for U.S. 
energy independence. We are now an oil exporter, and oil prices are 
low. Low prices are forcing companies to stop drilling in areas that 
are much more accessible and less sensitive to development. Opening the 
Refuge now makes even less sense as more and more people are demanding 
fuel-efficient and electric cars.
  The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is one of the last truly wild 
places in America. The decision to protect the Refuge from drilling was 
done carefully and thoughtfully. The decision to undo that protection 
should be given the same care and thought.
  We haven't held hearings. We haven't even been able to hear from and 
question experts. Directing the Energy and Natural Resources Committee 
to draft legislation to raise funds without a public process is 
premature. The American people will have to live with our decision. 
This rushed proposal shortchanges them and it shortchanges future 
generations.
  There are few places left in the world where the Arctic coastal 
plains, foothills and mountains and the wildlife they support are wild 
and free. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is one of those places. 
This unique, grand, and biologically rich place deserves full 
protection in perpetuity.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Tillis). The Senator from Maryland.
  Mr. VAN HOLLEN. Mr. President, I wish to start by commending the 
Senator from New Mexico for his leadership on many issues but today for 
being on the floor to protect this vital, beautiful American treasure, 
the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. I thank the Senator.
  I wish to speak about the budget as well. I hope everyone across the 
country will really pay attention to the debate we are having in the 
Senate over the next couple of days and over the coming weeks and 
months.
  There is no doubt that when we look at the budget that is going to 
come to the floor of this Senate, it is stacked overwhelmingly in favor 
of the wealthiest Americans and powerful special interests, and the 
benefits that will go to the folks at the very top are paid for, in one 
way or another, by everyone and everything else.
  I wish to be very clear. I think we need to reform our Tax Code. We 
need to simplify our Tax Code. We need to reduce the tax burden on 
middle-class families throughout the country. We should do that in a 
transparent, accountable, and bipartisan fashion, but make no mistake, 
unfortunately, what we have received so far from the Trump 
administration is something that has been cooked up behind closed 
doors, and the more we look at it, the worse it gets, from the 
perspective of making sure the American public is protected in this 
process. At the end of the day, it is just another warmed-over version 
of what we know of as trickle-down economics.
  What is trickle-down economics? It is the idea that if you give big 
tax breaks to the top 1 percent--the folks at the very top of the 
income scale, including big corporations--that somehow the benefits of 
that tax cut are going to trickle down through the economy and lift 
everybody up. The problem is, we already have a real-world example of 
how that whole theory failed, how it ran aground. We saw that in 2001 
and in 2002 when we cut taxes in the United States. What went up? What 
went soaring up were the incomes of the top 1 percent. The other thing 
that went up were our deficits and national debt. Everybody else was 
left behind. So, yes, the yachts went up, but all the other boats kind 
of ran aground.
  If we look at this chart, we will see it has been part of a pattern 
over a long period of time, where the incomes of the top 1 percent--
that is this red line--have risen steadily. They bounce up and down, 
usually with respect to some fluctuations in the financial markets, but 
right after the 2001-2002 tax cuts, we saw aftertax incomes of the top 
1 percent shoot up. Did it really help the economy? It didn't help the 
economy overcome the financial crisis. So we saw some of those incomes 
come down during the financial crisis.
  So when we look at the pattern, our tax policies and other policies 
have resulted in this huge and dramatic increase in the incomes of the 
top 1 percent, and everybody else has been kind of static. That is an 
average. Many of those American households are much worse off today 
than they were even 20 years ago, in terms of real income.
  So a lot of people are on a treadmill, with millions falling behind. 
Why in the world we would then adopt a tax plan that actually increases 
this inequity without improving the economy is just another windfall 
tax break to the top 1 percent.
  Let's just take a look first at the estate tax. It is a great example 
of how this Republican bill--this Trump bill--is stacked overwhelmingly 
in favor of the very wealthiest in the United States of America. Our 
Republican colleagues like to call this a death tax. There are 2.6 
million deaths in the United States every year. Only about 5,000 
American households pay the estate tax. This isn't a death tax; this is 
a tax to prevent the growth of dynasties in America. Teddy Roosevelt 
would be crawling in his grave as a Republican to hear about this 
Republican proposal because he thought America should be a place where 
we don't have an aristocracy, we don't have oligarchy. We don't just 
let people sit around and pass on billions of dollars--sure, we can 
pass on millions, but billions and billions of dollars--because, over 
time, what happens is that growing wealth inequality in the United 
States, instead of making sure people can sort of make it on their own 
in the country, which is what we thought America was all about.
  Just to illustrate the point, if you are a couple and you have an 
estate of lower than $11 million--if your estate as a couple is below 
$11 million--you don't pay a penny in Federal estate tax, not one 
penny. If you are an individual who has an estate below $5.6 million, 
you don't pay a penny in estate taxes. That is why only 5,000 
households--the very wealthiest households in the country--are the only 
ones that pay it. In fact, when we look at this chart, we can see these 
two little red dots out of all of these squares are the only households 
that are impacted.
  So this Republican plan would give a $240 billion tax cut over 10 
years to these wealthiest households in the United States of America. 
One day, Donald Trump's estate will benefit mightily from this, 
according to Bloomberg, and I think that is a trusted source around 
here. Yet we are going to give that $240 billion tax cut to the 
superwealthy and the rest of the country is going to have to pick up 
the bill.
  So who is going to pay for that bill and how? Well, it really happens 
in two ways. One way is tens of millions of middle-class taxpayers are 
going to get socked by this tax plan. The other way is, under this 
bill, it green-lights deep cuts to Medicare and Medicaid, so we are 
going to see increased burdens on folks who are on Medicare--seniors.
  I wish to talk for a minute about the increase in middle-class taxes 
under this Trump administration plan.
  First, under their plan, taxpayers will no longer be able to deduct 
their property taxes and their State and

[[Page 16058]]

local taxes. We hear a lot from our Republican colleagues about double 
taxation when it comes to corporations. Yet their plan proposes a 
double taxation on tens of millions of middle-class taxpayers around 
the country. On that dollar, they pay their State and local taxes, and 
then they will be taxed on what they pay to their State and local 
governments and what they pay on property taxes. That is why this plan 
is opposed by the National Governors Association. It is why it is 
opposed by the United States Conference of Mayors.
  If we look at IRS data, we will find that 40 percent of taxpayers 
making between $50,000 and $75,000 of annual income--just that small 
band--take the deduction for State and local taxes, and they are going 
to increase their taxes under this plan. That is almost 8 million 
Americans right there.
  There is another provision in this Republican plan which says that 
the bigger your family is, the bigger the tax you are going to pay. If 
you have three, four, five kids, you are going to be paying more taxes 
than you are today because what they give with one hand on the standard 
deduction, they take away on the personal exemptions.
  Low-income seniors are going to see their taxes go up because the 
bottom rate is increased from 10 percent to 12 percent, and the 
deductions many seniors get, especially if they are disabled, are 
eliminated. They are going to see their taxes go up.
  Finally, I really hope Members will begin to focus on this. The 
National Association of Realtors hired PricewaterhouseCoopers to do an 
analysis of the Republican plan. This is from the National Association 
of Realtors: ``Homeowners with adjusted gross incomes between $50,000 
and $200,000 will see an average tax increase of $815 a year.'' Because 
of the interaction of what you do with respect to the home mortgage 
deduction and the fact that it is not as big a benefit and the 
inability to deduct your local property taxes--and I want to read this 
very deliberately--``Home prices in the short run will fall by an 
overall average of 10.2 percent.'' Let me say that again: Home prices 
in the United States will fall by an average of 10.2 percent. That is 
by PricewaterhouseCoopers.
  They may recover at some point, they say, but if you are a senior and 
you have all of your savings in your house and the value of your house 
drops by 10 percent, you are in a world of hurt, and that is what the 
National Association of Realtors tells us this bill will do.
  That is on the tax side. That is not the only way seniors are going 
to be hit. Middle-income families are going to be hit on the tax side; 
their taxes are going to go up. But they will also be hit because, in 
order to pay for those estate tax breaks for the superwealthy--the 
5,000 households in the country that each year benefit from that--this 
budget also green-lights cutting Medicare by $473 billion, and it 
green-lights cutting Medicaid by over $1 trillion. So not only does the 
middle-class take it through increased tax burdens--tens of millions of 
them--but folks on Medicare are going to see that program cut and a $1 
trillion cut in Medicaid.
  We just went through a big debate here in the United States Senate, 
and a majority rejected the idea that we should cut Medicaid by $1 
trillion, especially in the middle of an opioid epidemic and all the 
other health challenges we face around the country. Yet that is what 
this Republican budget green-lights.
  The bottom line is that they have big tax cuts for the superwealthy 
paid for by increasing the tax burden on tens of millions of middle-
class Americans, paid for by cutting Medicare and Medicaid. Then, at 
the end of all of that, this budget is actually designed to increase 
the national debt by $1.5 trillion. It is written right into this 
budget bill.
  I served for many years on the House Budget Committee. I was the 
ranking Democrat. The chairman of that committee for many years was 
Paul Ryan, now Speaker of the House. Every year, Congressman Ryan--now 
Speaker Ryan--would come up with what he called the ``Path to 
Prosperity,'' a 59-page document, and it repeatedly referred to ``the 
crushing burden of debt.'' It was mentioned 12 times in that one budget 
document.
  I happen to believe that we need to be serious about reducing our 
long-term deficits and debt, and our Republican colleagues used to say 
they cared about that too. But this budget actually calls for a $1.5 
trillion increase in our national debt. What happened to the fiscal 
conservatives? What happened to the budget hawks on the other side of 
the aisle?
  It turns out that when it comes to cutting Medicare and Medicaid, a 
lot of our Republican colleagues have been all in for that. But when it 
comes to tax cuts--tax cuts for the very wealthy--somehow deficits and 
debt don't matter anymore because this budget actually calls for a $1.5 
trillion increase in the national debt.
  I really hope we will get to regular order. Let's have a full 
bipartisan discussion. The only time there has been successful tax 
reform is when it has been done in a bipartisan, transparent way. Yet 
what this bill is doing is setting up a vehicle to try and jam 
something through on a partisan basis, something that will help the 
most powerful and the most wealthy in this country at the expense of 
everyone else. Let's not go in that direction.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Vermont.
  Mr. SANDERS. Mr. President, let me thank Senator Van Hollen for his 
very perceptive and comprehensive analysis of this budget proposal, 
which is designed to give huge tax breaks to people who don't need it 
and make terrible cuts to millions of families in this country who are 
struggling to keep their heads above water. I thank him very much for 
his remarks.
  For the past 10 months, my Republican colleagues in the Senate have 
tried and failed to slash Medicaid by hundreds of billions of dollars. 
Even though the American people have stood up and said ``Don't do it; 
Medicaid is just too important,'' they keep coming back and back and 
back.
  What I want to tell the American people today is, despite the fact 
that we were able to prevent cuts to Medicaid in the so-called 
Republican healthcare proposals, they are back again in this budget 
proposition calling for a $1 trillion cut in Medicaid over the next 
decade. Meanwhile, as Senator Van Hollen just pointed out, these cuts 
are designed to provide a $1.9 trillion tax break to the top 1 percent.
  There may be some people who think it is a good idea to cut 
healthcare for working families and give tax breaks to billionaires. 
There may be some people, but I don't think there are a lot of people 
who think that makes any sense at all. So the amendment I am offering 
today, along with Senators Casey and Stabenow--which I believe will be 
voted on at 3 p.m.--is very simple and straightforward. It would simply 
prevent the Republicans from cutting Medicaid by $1 trillion, and it 
would be fully paid for by stopping the Republican effort to give the 
wealthiest people in America another tax break.
  Plain and simple, this budget resolution is nothing more than a 
massive transfer of wealth from working families to the very rich, with 
huge tax breaks for billionaires and terrible cutbacks on programs that 
working families desperately need.
  At a time when the middle class of this country continues to shrink, 
when families in the State of Vermont and all across this country are 
struggling to make ends meet, struggling to put food on the table, put 
gas in the car, pay their electric bill, pay their health insurance, 
maybe put away a few bucks to send their kids to college, it would be 
highly immoral and bad economic policy to take from these working 
families, to take from America's senior citizens, to give even more to 
the wealthiest people in this country--people, by the way, who are 
already doing phenomenally well.
  At a time when 28 million Americans have no health insurance and 
millions more are underinsured with high deductibles and high 
copayments, at a time when so many of our people cannot afford the 
prescription drugs they desperately need, cutting Medicaid by

[[Page 16059]]

over $1 trillion would throw at least 15 million Americans off of the 
health insurance they currently have.
  It is beyond my comprehension how anyone with a conscience could 
support legislation that throws 15 million people off of the health 
insurance they have. Think for a moment about people who are struggling 
with cancer, struggling with heart disease, struggling with diabetes, 
struggling with life-threatening illnesses, and they have Medicaid. 
Medicaid is their lifeline to the healthcare they need.
  I hope the Presiding Officer will get up here at some point and tell 
the American people what happens to those folks when they lose their 
Medicaid. Have you done any studies as to how many people will die? The 
truth is, there have been studies that have been done, and the answer 
is that thousands and thousands of people every single year will die if 
Medicaid is cut for 15 million people who lose their health insurance.
  Let me say what happens when you cut Medicaid by over $1 trillion 
nationwide over a 10-year period. What it means is that not only will 
thousands of our fellow Americans die, it also means that a child with 
a severe disability--perhaps with Down syndrome or some other serious 
problem--will no longer be able to get the healthcare they need to 
adequately function. An estimated 11 million children--or 15 percent of 
all kids in the United States--have special healthcare needs. They may 
have conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, autism, or 
one of a host of other serious problems. They may have mental health 
needs, such as depression, anxiety, or complications from a premature 
birth. Today, Medicaid covers 5 million--or 44 percent--of these 
children, providing them with coverage so that many of them can live at 
home with their families.
  In addition to standard healthcare services, Medicaid helps these 
children get special education at school, long-term care, personal 
assistance from nurses and attendants, and may cover technology that 
helps them thrive. Medicaid may also cover social workers to help 
parents of children with special health needs make sense of all the 
bureaucratic redtape and get the services they need for their kids.
  Medicaid provides these children with quality care. Ninety-two 
percent of children enrolled in Medicaid have had a primary care visit 
in the past year, which is higher than families with private insurance. 
If Medicaid is cut by $1 trillion over a 10-year period, children with 
special needs could be left to fend for themselves. What a terrible 
thing that is to do to families who are struggling today, to tell them 
that you are going to remove the support they get for their child who 
has a disability.
  It is not just the children who will suffer if this bill is passed. 
It is our parents. It is the senior citizens of this country. What 
every person should know--and I fear many do not know--is that Medicaid 
now pays for over two-thirds of all nursing home care. Let's think 
about this for a moment. What happens if there is a $1 trillion dollar 
cut over 10 years to Medicaid? What happens to our parents and our 
grandparents and people with disabilities in America who have their 
nursing home coverage paid for by Medicaid today?
  I may be wrong, but I don't recall that there has been one hearing to 
hear from groups like the AARP, to hear from senior citizen groups, to 
hear from doctors, to hear from nurses, to hear from nursing homes as 
to what the implications are of a $1 trillion cut in Medicaid and what 
it means to the families in this country who have loved ones in nursing 
homes. There may have been a hearing. I don't believe there has been. 
My Republican colleagues are going forward with this disastrous cut 
without even knowing what the implications are, not having heard from 
one expert about what this legislation would mean.
  Tragically, all of us know that our country is in the midst of an 
opioid epidemic, which has hit my State of Vermont very hard, and it is 
hitting virtually the entire country. This is quite unbelievable, but 
each and every day, more than 90 people die in our country from an 
opioid overdose, nearly 4,000 people every day begin abusing 
prescription painkillers, and--it is almost unthinkable but true--
almost 600 people start using heroin every single day. How horrible is 
that?
  Today, Medicaid covers one out of every three Americans who are 
addicted to opioids. Opioid treatment is difficult. It is expensive. It 
is not always successful, but I dare say there is virtually not one 
State in the country--I know my State is trying hard, we do better than 
most--that can say they now have the treatment capabilities available 
for people who are hooked on opioids or on heroin.
  If we cut Medicaid by $1 trillion, there is no question--none 
whatsoever--that there will be a massive reduction in the kind of care 
available to people who have opioid or heroin addiction.
  I find it hard to understand why my Republican colleagues would come 
up with legislation that would do so much harm to the working families 
of this country with a $1 trillion cut in Medicaid--and some of my 
colleagues in a few moments will talk about a proposed $470 billion cut 
to Medicare and what that would mean--all to give incredibly large tax 
breaks to billionaires like the Walton family, like the Koch brothers, 
like the Trump family. I would hope my Republican colleagues understand 
that what they are proposing is way out of touch with where the 
American people are.
  According to a recent Quinnipiac poll, 60 percent of Americans oppose 
cutting Medicaid. A recent Wall Street Journal/NBC poll finds that only 
12 percent of the American people believe the wealthy should receive a 
tax cut. Twelve percent believe the wealthy should receive a tax cut, 
while 62 percent believe the wealthy should pay more in taxes. In other 
words, what this legislation does is exactly the opposite of what the 
American people want.
  On the other hand, we must be honest about it and acknowledge that we 
have an extremely corrupt campaign finance system. As a result of 
Citizens United--that disastrous Supreme Court decision--our campaign 
finance system has become even worse than it used to be. You have an 
example of where the American people say overwhelmingly: Don't cut 
Medicaid. Don't cut Medicare. Don't give tax breaks to the rich. In 
fact, ask the wealthy to start paying their fair share of taxes. That 
is what the American people are saying in poll after poll.
  There is another group--and we have to be honest about that--who do 
believe that billionaires should get more tax breaks, and there is a 
group that believes we should cut Medicare and Medicaid. Unfortunately, 
those are the people who make hundreds of millions of dollars in 
campaign contributions to the Republican Party. Those are people like 
the Koch brothers and a few of their billionaire friends--a small of 
group people, half a dozen, 10 people--who will contribute $3 to $400 
million to elect candidates who represent the wealthy and the powerful, 
just in this 2-year election cycle--$3 to $400 million.
  What this debate is about is not what the American people want. The 
American people are pretty clear about it. It is really about what the 
billionaire class wants. The billionaire class, despite the fact that 
their wealth has increased phenomenally, despite the fact that the top 
one-tenth of 1 percent now owns almost as much wealth as the bottom 90 
percent, that is not good enough. The Koch brothers are only worth $90 
billion. How are you going to get by on $90 billion? How do you take 
care of the kids? How do you put gas in the car? Only $90 billion. They 
need more.
  If this legislation goes through and if the estate tax is passed--and 
I know people think I am not telling the truth because it is so 
unbelievable that anyone would propose this, but I am telling the 
truth--the Walton family, the wealthiest family in America, worth well 
over $100 billion, could get up to a $50 billion tax break. The Koch 
brothers, the second wealthiest family, worth over $90 billion, their 
family, their heirs will get over a $30 billion

[[Page 16060]]

tax break. So from their perspective, putting a few hundred million 
dollars to help elect some Republicans is pocket change if your family 
is going to get a $30 billion tax break.
  Let me just say, the legislation brought forth is really quite 
preposterous. It is based on a trickle-down economic theory of giving 
tax breaks to billionaires and corporations and seeing all kinds of new 
jobs being created. It is a theory that is fraudulent, doesn't work, 
hasn't worked, but it is legislation--legislation we are dealing with 
here--that does work very well for the billionaire class of America.
  I have the radical idea--I know it is a radical idea--that maybe, 
just maybe the U.S. Senate should pay attention to the needs of the 
middle class, the working class, and lower income people in this 
country, the vast majority people, and not just a handful of 
billionaires.
  Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that Senator Warren and 
Senator Bennet be added as cosponsors to my amendment to restore the $1 
trillion in cuts to Medicaid, amendment No. 1119.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. SANDERS. With that, I yield the floor to my colleague from 
Pennsylvania Senator Casey.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Pennsylvania.
  Mr. CASEY. Mr. President, I thank my colleague from Vermont for his 
leadership on this amendment and his words today. I will have more to 
say about the amendment in a moment.
  Mr. President, as Senator Sanders mentioned, his amendment that we 
are working together on, amendment No. 1119, will do the following, and 
it is right in the text of the purpose section of the amendment, to 
provide additional resources to restore the $1 trillion in cuts to 
Medicaid paid for by reducing the Republican tax breaks for the 
wealthy. That is the quick summary of what we are working on.
  I think it is also important to put this amendment in the context of 
discussions we are having in the Senate and, I am sure, throughout the 
country; that is, the tax proposal put forth by the administration as 
well as the Republican leadership, the so-called unified tax proposal. 
This is a Republican proposal that comes before the country. I think it 
is essential to read both the tax proposal along with the budget we are 
debating on the floor together.
  There are a lot of ways to describe what the tax proposal is all 
about. I will describe it very bluntly, in my own words. This tax 
proposal is, for sure, a giveaway to the wealthy. The superrich do 
quite well. Big corporations do very well. The middle class does not do 
well at all at the end of the day.
  Why do I say that? Because there have been a number of analyses done 
of the proposal. Even the proposal, as it stands now, will have more 
analyses done when the bill is actually introduced, but in terms of 
what is on paper now, you have, for example, the Center on Budget and 
Policy Priorities stating that by the year 2027--at the end of the 10 
years--80 percent of the tax cut goes to the top 1 percent.
  There is another analysis that is even more pointed in terms of the 
year. You don't have to wait until 2027 to figure out what is happening 
to the top 1 percent. Here is what the Tax Policy Center says with 
regard to the tax benefit that accrues to the top 1 percent and also 
what would accrue to the top 0.1 percent. The top 1 percent is roughly 
those making above $730,000. The top 0.1 percent, of course, is even 
higher. Here is what the Tax Policy Center said in September based upon 
the proposals so far. Table 2 in the report says the following: 
Starting in 2018--the assumption here is that the tax proposal as 
currently crafted would happen this year. If it were to pass this year, 
in 2018--the 2018 tax year--the top 1 percent would get a tax cut of 
$146,470. That is the first year of the tax cut for the top 1 percent, 
$146,000. How about the top 0.1 percent, a very small number of 
extraordinarily wealthy Americans? They get $747,580--roughly, $747,000 
in a tax cut. That is just in year one. We could provide more examples 
year after year, but you get the picture that a lot of the tax cuts, if 
there are any, will be shifted to the top 1 percent and the 0.1 
percent.
  When they do that, when they have a proposal that points in that 
direction in terms of the tax bill, what happens in the budget bill 
that is related to that?
  It is very simple. The budget bill will cut Medicaid, as Senator 
Sanders referred to, by over $1 trillion. The exact number is $1.056 
trillion over 10 years. Let's call it a $1 trillion cut to Medicaid 
over 10 years. That is, basically, what it is. With regard to Medicare, 
the cut is $473 billion in the budget. Now, the difference between the 
two bills--or the two proposals, really--is that the budget proposal is 
a bill. So we know the exact details there. The tax proposal has some 
specificity, and some areas are not as specific, but the benefits to 
the wealthy are rather specific.
  The Republican plan is to use the proposed $1.5 trillion in cuts to 
those two programs--when you add the $1 trillion cut to Medicaid to the 
$473 billion cut to Medicare--to pay for the $1.5 trillion tax cut to 
corporations. I think it is obscene to cut those programs and then use 
those dollars for a corporate tax cut. Notice that nothing about that 
is connected to the middle class and that nothing about that is focused 
on folks who are trying to get into the middle class. It is really a 
corporate tax cut that is paid for by cuts to Medicare and Medicaid.
  I will limit my remarks today to Medicaid because that is what this 
amendment is about. This amendment seeks to restore at least the 
Medicaid cut of $1 trillion. So that is what we are focused on.
  What is Medicaid? There are a lot of ways to describe it, but 
Medicaid covers 40 percent of all of the children in the country. If 
you are in Medicaid and you have the opportunity to take your child to 
the doctor and get checkups and all of the benefits that you get from 
Medicaid, you get to benefit from what is called early periodic 
screening, diagnosis, and testing. So a child who might be from a low-
income family--and is, in the case of Medicaid--not only gets coverage 
but benefits from the early screening, early diagnosis, and early 
testing. All of those benefits go to that child, and 40 percent of the 
Nation's children are covered by Medicaid.
  The other number to know, which is rather startling, is that 60 
percent of all of the children in the country who have disabilities are 
covered by Medicaid. Of course, that is not limited to children from 
families who have lower incomes. You could have a family who has a 
rather high income--a middle-class income or much higher than that--who 
might have healthcare through the family's employer, but if the child 
has a disability, especially a profound disability, the family relies 
on Medicaid. So that is the program that we are talking about.
  We know, as well, that Medicaid covers half of all of the births in 
the country. There are millions of births every year that are covered 
by Medicaid.
  How about nursing homes? Medicaid pays for nursing home care for our 
parents, our grandparents, and our family members. If that were not the 
case, on average, you would see something on the order of $75,000 in 
terms of annual expenses, which would force countless middle-class 
families out of their homes and deplete their hard-earned savings. That 
would be a big expense if it were not for the benefit of having 
Medicaid in the context of one's long-term care in a nursing home.
  In addition to paying for 45 percent of all of the births, the other 
45 percent is that of school districts in the country that use Medicaid 
funds to pay for medical and therapy services for kids in school who 
are receiving special education. We could go on and on.
  Let me make one other point.
  I mentioned that 60 percent of children with disabilities are 
covered. The Medicaid Program also makes it possible for millions of 
people with disabilities, including adults, to live in their own 
homes--to have the dignity, even having a disability, of staying in 
their own homes. Medicaid also makes it possible for those with 
disabilities to get to work and to be an active part of the workforce. 
The program also helps

[[Page 16061]]

to fund schools to be able to provide the physical, occupational, and 
speech therapy services to students with disabilities. For all of these 
reasons and more, what we seek to do with this amendment is to restore 
the more than $1 trillion cut to Medicaid.
  We all have the opportunity in the Senate to receive letters from 
constituents--sometimes handwritten, sometimes typewritten, sometimes 
by way of email, or otherwise--who communicate to us about the issues 
of the day. One of the most compelling letters that I have ever 
received in the context of healthcare and, particularly, in the context 
of Medicaid is from Pam Simpson. She is from Southeastern Pennsylvania. 
Pam wrote to me and described in rather specific detail about the 
challenges her son, Rowan, faces as a child with autism spectrum 
disorder and what his life was like before Medicaid and what his life 
was like after Medicaid. I will not dwell on the ``before.'' I will 
focus on how his life has changed with Medicaid.
  Pam tells me that in late January of 2016 she applied for medical 
assistance for her son Rowan. She goes on to write about the wraparound 
services that came from Medicaid after her son Rowan was enrolled, 
which included a behavioral specialist consultant and a therapeutic 
staff support worker to help her son Rowan. It reads that the 
behavioral specialist evaluated Rowan while he was at daycare and ``put 
a treatment plan together to help guide the therapeutic support, who 
was then able to provide support to Rowan while he was at daycare. The 
wrap-around services have been a Godsend.'' That is what we were told 
in the letter from Pam Simpson.
  I will conclude because I know that we are short on time.
  Pam Simpson described the before and after. Then, in the letter, she 
was pleading with me to make sure that I do not take any steps that 
will cut Medicaid. She wrote about the adverse impact on her family 
and, obviously, the adverse impact on her son Rowan, who is the 
recipient of Medicaid.
  In addition to reminding me about his circumstances and hers, she 
concluded the letter in this way:

       Please think of my 9 month old daughter, Luna, who smiles 
     and laughs at her brother daily; she will have to care for 
     Rowan later in her life after we are gone. Overall, we are 
     desperately in need of Rowan's Medicaid assistance and would 
     be devastated if we lost these benefits.

  She is one mother from one family who is talking about the adverse 
impact of there being cuts to Medicaid. I would urge my colleagues to 
support this amendment to make sure that the $1 trillion that has been 
taken away from the Medicaid Program is restored in this budget bill 
that we are debating today.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Texas.
  Mr. CORNYN. Mr. President, I assure our colleague from Pennsylvania 
that nothing in this budget resolution will deprive any person of the 
benefits they receive under Medicaid--no one. This budget resolution 
will not do that to anyone in the country. I can promise him that.
  It is ironic, though, to hear my colleagues talk about cuts in 
Medicaid when no one is proposing cuts in Medicaid--no one. All we are 
talking about is reducing the rate of increase in the growth of a very 
important and necessary entitlement program. Someday, when they grow 
up, these same children are going to have to pay back the money that we 
have borrowed in order to sustain these programs today. So we need to 
look at the whole picture here and learn and figure out how we can meet 
our current needs but also be responsible enough not to spend money 
today that our children and grandchildren are going to have to pay back 
tomorrow.
  Mr. President, I have come to the floor to talk primarily about tax 
reform because that is going to be the task that we undertake following 
the passage of the budget resolution.
  The President of the United States invited the members of the Senate 
Finance Committee over to the White House, and I have just returned 
from that meeting. It was a bipartisan meeting of the tax-writing 
committee in the Senate. That is what the Senate Finance Committee is. 
We heard during the discussions that the President's preference would 
be for this to be done on a bipartisan basis, and there was no one 
there present who said: We insist that this be done on a partisan 
basis. In other words, everybody there agreed with the President that 
it would be better for the country and that we would be able to come up 
with a better product--it would be durable, and it would be 
sustainable--if, in fact, we were able to do so on a bipartisan basis.
  In taking that to heart, Chairman Hatch, who is the chairman of the 
Senate Finance Committee, has previously stated his intention to have 
an open amendment process in the Senate Finance Committee. Typically, 
what happens is that there is some base bill--sometimes referred to as 
the chairman's mark--that is the starting place for legislation in our 
committees. What we do is to come up with what we think represents the 
closest thing to a consensus of those who are interested, actually, in 
pro-growth tax reform and what that would look like, and then open it 
up to Democrats and Republicans alike to offer their amendments to 
change it. If they have a majority vote in the committee, it will pass 
and change the bill. If they have a vote and it loses, then the bill 
will stay as it is.
  I am, frankly, a little bit surprised to hear from some of our 
colleagues that they actually want us to avoid the committee process 
and want us to come out here on the floor and come up with a bill that 
all 100 Senators can agree to. That is a terrible way to operate. It 
is, basically, a recipe for failure.
  What we need to do is to return to what we call regular order around 
here. All that means is this: Let's go through the traditional process 
of legislating, moving bills through the committee, and letting 
everybody participate. Then the majority leader can bring a bill to the 
floor with there being the same opportunity to offer amendments and to 
have votes. If you get a majority vote, you win, and your amendment is 
adopted. If you lose the vote, then it is not, and it does not change 
the content of the bill.
  I really wonder whether we ought to go back to that old cartoon that 
talks about how a bill becomes a law. I remember when I was growing up 
``I am just a bill on Capitol Hill'' or however the lingo goes. Some 
people have seen that on the internet. Even some of the pages here, who 
are much younger than I am, are shaking their heads, indicating they 
recall that. That is how a bill becomes a law. Our colleagues across 
the aisle act like this is a revelation, that this is somehow 
unprecedented and is a terrible way to do business.
  Consistent with what the President has requested and what we would 
like on a bipartisan basis, let's give that a try. That is what we 
talked about over at the White House, and I think we owe it to the 
American people. Honestly, I think that if we were able to come up with 
a bipartisan tax reform bill, the country would be astonished--it would 
be shocked--that we were actually working together in the best interest 
of the American people, rather than relying on the same old, tired 
talking points and being sort of ensconced in our own bunkers, lobbing 
shots across some demilitarized zone at each other, politically. I 
think the American people are tired of that. Frankly, some of us who 
have been here a while are frustrated by the lack of productivity and 
by resorting to those same old tired talking points, living in these 
bunkers and not getting as much done as we need to for the American 
people.
  There is a good reason why large-scale changes in our Tax Code 
haven't been made since 1986, and that is because it is hard. It is 
hard to get a consensus on a bipartisan basis, but it is long overdue, 
and the American people are demanding it.
  The first step in the process of passing pro-growth tax reform that 
will leave you with more of what you earn in your pocket and will 
actually raise the living standards of hard-working families is for us 
to pass a budget resolution this week to give the Congress

[[Page 16062]]

the tools we need to get the job done. Now, it may very well be--well, 
I can hope, anyway--that we won't need to resort to the technical tools 
we get from a budget resolution, the reconciliation instructions, and 
that we can actually do this on a bipartisan basis, but if we can't, 
then this budget resolution will provide a roadmap for tax reform and 
provide a pathway to get our Federal spending under control, not by 
cutting but by reducing the rate of growth in some of our programs.
  I don't know anybody who believes that the current Tax Code is 
working. One of the flaws in our Tax Code is that it favors production 
overseas as opposed to buying and building in America. It keeps 
overseas trillions of dollars that could be brought back here and used 
productively growing businesses, creating jobs, and increasing wages. 
Keeping your corporate headquarters in Dallas or Denton instead of 
Delhi or Dubai shouldn't be a disadvantage, although that is what 
happens under our current Tax Code.
  Of course, we know that for every provision in the Tax Code, there is 
some lobbyist, some entrenched special interest that is going to fight 
like the dickens to keep that provision in the Tax Code. We have 
already heard some of the lazy arguments and the scare-mongering that 
are always based on unjustifiable assumptions. In this case, there are 
some people who say: Well, if we let people actually keep more of what 
they earn, it won't change their behavior at all. They say: If we let 
businesses keep more of what a business earns, they won't invest it in 
their own business and create new jobs. I think that defies common 
sense, and it defies experience. That is why we see, on the business 
side, countries like Ireland, which used to have one of the highest tax 
rates in the world, or the United Kingdom, cutting their business tax 
rate--because they realize that brings businesses to their country, it 
creates jobs, and it helps grow the economy and make a lot of other 
important things possible.
  Two recent studies illustrate why the naysayers are off base. One is 
by the White House Council of Economic Advisers and shows a clear 
linkage between corporate tax rates and real wages. It shows that 
reducing the corporate rate--this may not seem obvious on its face, but 
this study says that reducing the business rate for corporations from 
35 percent to 20 percent will translate into a minimum of a $4,000 
increase in income for the average household. The second study comes 
from another expert at Boston University and concludes that lowering 
the corporate rate from 35 to 20 percent will mean a rise in income of 
$3,500 per household.
  This used to be a bipartisan acknowledgment. I remember that in 2011 
President Obama gave a speech to a joint session of Congress where he 
acknowledged that we needed to cut our business rates to bring that 
money back here onshore and to keep our businesses from moving to other 
countries.
  I mentioned several times on the floor recently that I was shocked 
when I read an article a couple weekends ago that said that IBM--one of 
the largest corporations in the world--has more employees in India than 
it does in the United States. I am sure that is caused by a number of 
factors--access to a workforce, a well-trained workforce, the cost of 
doing business--but it has to be influenced by our highest tax rate in 
the world.
  These authors say the new plan that has been proposed by Republicans 
will raise the growth of the economy between 3 percent and 5 percent 
and real wages between 4 percent and 7 percent. If you cut corporate 
rates from the highest in the world to 20 percent, it will raise the 
wages of workers from 4 percent to 7 percent. Both of these studies 
suggest that tax reform will benefit working Americans.
  I have to tell you that the President made this point over and over 
again at the meeting we had this morning. He said: I am not interested 
in giving tax breaks to the wealthy. I want more middle-class, hard-
working families to see the benefit of tax reform. He said: People who 
are wealthy are doing just fine. They don't need any help in the Tax 
Code.
  But the people who do need help are hard-working families who are 
seeing stagnant wages or seeing their standard of living decrease 
because of their high tax rates. So who in good faith could stand in 
the way of this happening? Who would stop us from giving workers a 
raise?
  Well, we are ready to hear all the preaching. I know it is coming, 
but that shouldn't deter us from doing our designated task. We 
shouldn't allow petty ignorance to go unchallenged, and the sort of 
deliberate class warfare that pits different taxpayers against each 
other--we should not tolerate that.
  Let me conclude because I know other colleagues want to speak. The 
American people are anxious, and they are frustrated. They are upset 
with what they see happening in Washington--or I should say not 
happening in Washington. The reason is because they want us to realize 
the two points I just mentioned. They are waiting for us to get it and 
to base our fiscal policy on what is honest and true.
  We can't ignore this issue any longer, and we will not--first by 
passing the budget resolution this week and then moving on a bipartisan 
basis through the Senate Finance Committee, the House Ways and Means 
Committee, to come up, hopefully, with a consensus tax reform plan that 
will get our economy growing again and allow hard-working American 
workers to keep more of what they earn and, in the process, help 
improve their standard of living.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from South Carolina.
  Mr. SCOTT. Thank you, Mr. President.
  Mr. President, so often when you hear folks speak in Washington, it 
sounds as if we are only speaking to ourselves because most people 
around the country simply cannot understand what we are talking about 
when it comes to tax reform. We talk about repatriation and going from 
a global system to a territorial system and preventing inversions and 
the number of cohorts on the individual side and passthroughs and 
corporate cuts. We talk about static scores versus dynamic scores. Too 
often, too many of us speak in a language that no one truly appreciates 
or understands.
  From my perspective, tax reform is really about two very simple 
pillars. The first pillar is, how do we increase the take-home pay of 
the average person in this country, and how do we make sure the jobs of 
the future are created here in the good old U.S. of A?
  Mr. President, I was privileged to grow up in a home with a strong, 
powerful, optimistic mother. She raised two boys on her own. I will 
tell you, when you think about the challenges of single moms today, I 
think about the one who raised me. I think back to the times when she 
was working 16 hours each day 3 days a week and 8 hours a day a couple 
days a week. She was a nurse's aide. She wasn't an LPN or an RN. She 
wasn't even a CNA. She was simply a nurse's aide, which means for 
several hours each day of her shift she changed bedpans, she rolled 
patients over.
  So when I think about the average single mom, with a couple of kids 
in the household, whose average income today is less than $36,000 a 
year, I think to myself, how are we going to make sure that single 
mother takes home more of her hard-earned money? Tax reform is the 
fastest way for us here in Washington to actually translate our 
activities to that household. See, if we take less out of her paycheck, 
she gets to take home more of her money.
  Some have joked about the fact that I said hashtag ``keep yo money.'' 
Why do I say that? Well, it is the way we speak at home, No. 1, and No. 
2, it simplifies and crystallizes whom we are talking about. We are 
simply talking about single moms like mine. We are talking about folks 
who work hard every day, who are strapped, challenged, with very little 
margin in their schedules and even less in their paychecks.
  The average American--I heard that somewhere around 50 percent of 
Americans do not have $500 in their savings

[[Page 16063]]

account. When we are talking about tax reform, we are talking about 
increasing the margin for a family.
  The second major pillar of tax reform is simply making sure that the 
jobs of the future are created here at home. Well, simple question: How 
do you do that? The answer is even simpler. When you look around the 
globe, you find very carefully and critically and simply that there are 
countries that have a tax rate on their business production of around 
12.5 percent. The competition for countries like ours--say, the OECD, 
high-income countries; there are about 39 of them--the average tax rate 
is 22 percent. Our corporate tax rate is 35 percent. It doesn't take a 
genius to figure out that the difference between 35 and 22 is 13 
percent, but more importantly, there are fewer jobs created here at 
home.
  That is a problem we should solve. We solve that problem by making 
sure our corporate tax rate is competitive with our global 
competitors--common sense, some would suggest. I would suggest they are 
right. But not only that--whether you are on the left or the right, 
economists on both sides and our current President Trump and our former 
President Obama agreed on one thing--and we should all stop and 
celebrate when we have agreement on both sides--they both say that the 
corporate tax must come down because a part of who pays the price of 
the corporate tax are the workers. Some have said that 25 percent of 
the corporate taxes are paid by corporate workers, and others have said 
it is 80 percent.
  Here is what we know: Our workers in this country take home less of 
their money because our corporate tax rate is too high. We can do 
something about that.
  So when we talk about tax reform, when we talk about the importance 
of inversions being eliminated, satisfying the need to grow our 
economy, let's keep it simple. Let's talk about moms and dads like my 
single mom, income under $36,000. Can we make sure she takes more of 
her money home so she can take care of her two kids? The answer is yes, 
and we should do that ASAP.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Cotton). The Senator from North Dakota.
  Mr. HOEVEN. Mr. President, I am pleased to follow the distinguished 
Senator from South Carolina and appreciate very much his remarks and 
how he does such a good job of really explaining why this tax relief is 
so very important.
  I rise today to talk about the need for tax relief and how our Tax 
Code is now both outdated, very complex, and again, as my esteemed 
colleague from South Carolina said, it is past time to provide tax 
relief for our Nation's families, farmers, ranchers, and small 
businesses. That is what passing this legislation is all about--
providing much needed tax relief for our hard-working citizens. As I 
said, it is past time to modernize our outdated American Tax Code and 
bring it into the 21st century. We need to do so to ensure that 
American businesses can compete on the global stage; it is a global 
economy, and we must compete. And it is very much focused on our 
efforts to bring tax relief to middle-class families, who have been 
struggling to get ahead and stay ahead over the last decade.
  As I said, the Senate this week is taking the first step--a very 
important step--toward enacting pro-growth tax reform by passing a 
budget resolution that provides the path toward improving our economic 
growth and putting more money back into the pockets of hard-working 
American people. Voting for this budget will enable us to move forward 
to enact that tax relief, again, not only for our families, but for 
farmers, ranchers, and small businesses across this country. Small 
business is the absolute backbone of our economy, and that is where the 
vast majority of jobs are created.
  It is very important to understand and realize that this is not just 
about tax relief--making sure that, after taxes, hard-working Americans 
keep more of their money in their pocket, again, as so eloquently 
detailed by the Senator from South Carolina--but it is also about 
growing our economy. This is also pro-growth. This is about stimulating 
economic growth, meaning more jobs and, as the businesses that create 
those jobs invest the capital, create those jobs as they compete for 
labor, that also moves wages and income higher. So think about it. For 
that hard-working American, it is not only about reducing his or her 
tax burden, it is about increasing their wages and income. That is the 
rising tide that lifts all boats, so it is both. It is both about 
improving wages and income, as well as reducing the tax burden.
  The recently released tax blueprint proposes sweeping tax reform, tax 
relief that will benefit working families and small businesses across 
the country while promoting job creation, economic growth, and global 
competitiveness.
  This country was built on hard work by individuals and families who 
strive each and every day to make ends meet, provide for their loved 
ones, and plan for retirement, but this past decade has seen too many 
families struggling to get by. The current Tax Code is complex; it is 
riddled with loopholes. That not only does nothing to help our hard-
working families keep more of their money, it makes it very difficult 
to even fill out their tax returns.
  Tax relief will help individuals and families in my State of North 
Dakota and across the country to get ahead by generating new jobs 
through economic growth, as I said, while also lowering their overall 
tax burden so that they keep more of their paycheck. For example, by 
doubling the standard deduction, we will eliminate taxes on the first 
$12,000 earned by an individual and $24,000 earned by a married couple, 
effectively establishing a 0-percent tax rate up to $24,000. This means 
that the nearly 81 percent of North Dakotans who claim the standard 
deduction--again, my State--will see a significant increase in their 
take-home pay, and that is true across the country.
  Our tax framework aims to generate greater opportunities for small 
business owners and farmers, helping them to become more competitive. 
Remember, we all compete in a global economy now, so how do we help our 
farmers, our ranchers, our small businesses become more competitive?
  Small business represents nearly 96 percent of all employers in my 
State, and while we have fostered a business-friendly environment in 
North Dakota, the Federal Tax Code continues to place undue burdens on 
our small businesses that operate across North Dakota and across the 
other 49 States. That includes our farmers and ranchers, who can pay a 
marginal tax rate as high as almost 45 percent, which is nearly twice 
the rate of the rest of the industrialized world.
  The tax framework follows an example that we have set, and the tax 
framework that we have proposed will restore economic opportunity and, 
as I said, enact a pro-growth tax code for our country.
  Last week, I hosted tax reform sessions and roundtables across North 
Dakota to hear directly from our small businesses and also from ag 
leaders, our farm leaders, on their priorities. I want to talk about 
some of those priorities in agriculture for just a minute. Agriculture 
is No. 1 in North Dakota. We are a huge energy State, as well, but 
agriculture is and always will be No. 1 in our State. So when we talk 
about tax relief, we need to talk about tax relief for our farmers and 
our ranchers.
  The right tax reform will help our farmers continue to provide the 
highest quality, lowest cost food supply in the world, which benefits 
every single American every single day. So that includes reducing the 
tax burden on these hard-working farmers and across the board for small 
businesses which, as I said, are the job creators in our economy, in 
our country. The biggest way we do that is to drop that rate for small 
business to 25 percent. That is a huge step forward. It not only makes 
our farms, ranches, and small businesses across the country more 
competitive, but it generates the economic growth that is so important 
for job creation and higher wages.
  Another important issue is, in this framework, we eliminate the death 
tax or the estate tax. The death tax can result in double and sometimes 
triple

[[Page 16064]]

taxation of income. For example, an individual's wages are taxed when 
they are earned, and interest, dividends, and capital gains from saved 
wages are taxed again. The death tax hits those earnings again when an 
individual dies.
  The average farmer today is 60 years old. The average farmer is 60 
years old, and we continually see fewer and fewer young people able to 
get into the business of farming. With a tax code that disincentivizes 
passing down the family farm to the next generation, how do we expect 
to feed our Nation and, in fact, the world, which is exactly what we 
do?
  The estate tax also stifles economic growth and reduces our Nation's 
competitiveness. A study by the Joint Economic Committee in 2012 found 
that the death tax had destroyed $1.1 trillion in capital stock in the 
economy, and, of course, less capital investment means fewer jobs. 
Eliminating the death tax will encourage individuals to save, grow our 
economy, and, according to the Tax Foundation, will increase the 
capital investment reinvested back into our economy.
  Additionally many of our producers, our farmers, and other small 
businesses do not have access to the equity they need to operate, so 
they rely heavily on debt financing to fund their businesses, and that 
is particularly true for new and beginning enterprises. Our Tax Code 
should incentivize our Nation's entrepreneurs to start their business 
or farm operation and allow them to grow and prosper. That is why it is 
a priority--certainly one of my priorities--that as we do tax reform, 
we maintain the ability of these businesses to deduct from their taxes 
the interest they pay on their debt in order to maintain a level 
playing field for small business.
  Think about a family farmer out there. When family farmers need 
capital, it is very hard for them to go out and get equity. So they 
have to borrow that money in order to buy equipment and invest in their 
enterprises, and that is why the interest deduction for farmers is so 
very, very important. They don't have access to that equity capital; 
they have to borrow their money, which is a huge cost to their 
operation, and that is why the interest deduction for our farmers and 
for our ranchers is so very important.
  Also, expensing is important for farmers and ranchers, and this is 
important for all small businesses. Being able to expense what they 
invest in their business makes a huge difference. Equipment, business 
supplies, and other capital expenditures can be very costly. For 
example, a new combine nowadays probably costs about one-half million 
dollars. For farmers to come up with one-half million dollars to buy a 
combine, which they obviously need, is hard to do unless they are able 
to expense that investment and deduct the interest on the debt that 
goes with it.
  The tax framework we have proposed would allow businesses to 
immediately write off or expense the cost of new investment and 
business assets, effectively reinvesting in our Nation's businesses and 
helping to drive economic growth. It will allow businesses to increase 
investment and, again, increase job creation and wages. I would propose 
that we have full expensing for the first 5 years--that is great--but 
we should also on a long-term basis keep the section 179 expensing 
provision, which we have worked very hard to make permanent and which 
should be retained in this new Tax Code for the long-term, as we get 
beyond the first 5 years, as part of tax reform and tax relief that 
really works for our ag sector.
  So these are some of the priorities we will be working on to include 
in our tax relief package to ensure that our farmers, our ranchers, and 
our ag industry continue to remain strong and really the leaders 
worldwide when it comes to, as I said, not only producing the highest 
quality but the lowest cost food supply in the world, which benefits 
every American every single day.
  Tax reform is about getting the American economy going and growing, 
it is about creating jobs, and it is about creating jobs here at home, 
not overseas. It is about bringing that capital that is stranded 
overseas and repatriating it back to America and creating jobs in this 
country.
  I urge my colleagues on both sides of the aisle to work together. We 
need to pass this budget, and we need to pass tax reform for the hard-
working people of North Dakota and for hard-working Americans across 
this great country.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from West Virginia.
  Mrs. CAPITO. Mr. President, I am very pleased to be here on the floor 
of the U.S. Senate with my colleague, the Senator from North Dakota, 
who just talked a lot about some of the details but also some of the 
results of the tax reform that we are talking about. Also, I was very 
inspired to hear Senator Scott from South Carolina talk about how he 
believes--and I believe--that tax reform for someone like his mother, 
who was a nursing assistant raising two boys as a single mom, will have 
great impact on her. We all have a story to tell, and that is why I 
think this tax reform bill that we are talking about will be, can be, 
and should be very impactful for everyone across this great land.
  My colleagues and I have talked a lot about this over the last 
several weeks because it really presents an incredible opportunity for 
us to make a difference for every American family, every American 
business, and individuals from all walks of life.
  Just last week, when I was home in West Virginia, I had a small 
business roundtable. I hosted about seven or eight owners of small 
businesses, and we sat down to talk about tax reform and what kinds of 
impacts this would have on them, their businesses, and the people they 
employ. It didn't take long because the first question I asked, right 
off the bat, was: What does tax reform mean to you? Well, they didn't 
say ``Tax breaks for the wealthy'' because that is not what they 
believe and that is not what I believe.
  We had a woman who has a family-owned business. She employs six 
people as a highly technical, small manufacturer. She said that what 
tax relief means to her and her small business is that after she trains 
people--it takes a year and a half to train--a lot of them will leave 
and go to a bigger company because they are searching for a higher 
wage. She said: What I am going to be able to do is reward the good 
workers in my business and raise their wages so they will stay.
  I almost closed my book and left. I said: Well, do I need to hear 
anything more? These are the impacts, I think, tax reform will have on 
small businesses.
  I had another person there who employs 36 people in a communications 
company. What does tax reform mean to you? She said: Well, I have two 
locations. I have 36 people evenly split between the two locations. But 
in communications you really have to modernize your IT for graphics and 
be able to do the best communications and advertising you can do. That 
is expensive. It is really expensive. She said: What tax reform means 
to me is, I am going to be able to modernize my infrastructure, my IT, 
my software, and still keep the 36 people who work for me. And she 
said: I am looking next year to hire another six, and this gives me the 
certainty to be able to do that.
  Well, I almost closed my book up and left then. What does that mean? 
That means more investments. Somebody is selling that software. 
Somebody is creating that software--hopefully, in this country--and 
somebody is going to be the beneficiary of that increased investment in 
a small business.
  I heard about raising wages. I heard about what economic growth will 
do to a small business in a small State. I heard Senator Hoeven say 96 
percent of business in North Dakota is small business, and 95 percent 
of business in West Virginia is small business.
  So these efforts will be about transforming our economy. For too 
long, we have been living with a stagnant economy, with too few 
opportunities, and with people feeling like they just can't get ahead. 
Rural America has really felt this, and many of the communities in my 
State and around the country have felt these effects of this 
stagnation, this lack of confidence, this feeling that you can't get 
ahead. You are not ready to spend the money.
  No. 1, you don't have it because you are paying too high taxes. No. 
2, you

[[Page 16065]]

don't want to spend it because you don't have the confidence that the 
economy is going to move. That is what this is about today. We have a 
chance to transform this and create opportunities, reform our Tax Code, 
and deliver pro-growth legislative solutions. We haven't done this for 
decades. It is way past time to make a real difference and make a 
system that is more transparent, a system that is simple.
  Something I don't think we talk about enough is tax simplification. 
How welcome that would be to probably everybody seated in the Gallery 
here today, and millions across the country, when they look at the time 
and effort and money they spend to prepare a complicated tax return, 
when tax simplification would free them from a lot of that burden.
  Most of all, we want a system that is fair and the kind of system 
that rewards hard-working families and puts more money in the pockets 
of those who earn it. You think, what would you do with it. I think 
everybody could come up with something they could do. They might want 
to save for retirement. They might want to go on vacation. They might 
need to do repairs for their home. They might want to buy a new pair of 
shoes for their child or a new car. There are all kinds of ways that 
people are holding back because they don't have the confidence. If they 
have that money in their pocket, then the confidence will be there in 
the future, and they are going to invest. They will invest in their 
lives, their families, their homes, their businesses.
  Before we can move forward, we must pass this budget. This budget 
resolution before us today reins in Federal spending and provides new 
prospects for our businesses and our families. It paves the way for a 
tax code overhaul and creates a pathway to greater prosperity. I heard 
the Senator from Texas saying we would love to have a bipartisan tax 
reform measure in front of us. When we all see what the results of this 
are going to be, we should be able to join together, but we need this 
budget resolution to make sure that what we have talked about for more 
than several months and a year is going to come to fruition.
  A vote for this budget is a vote to provide tax relief for hard-
working, middle-income Americans. It is a vote to lower taxes on 
families with children. It is a vote to incentivize companies to invest 
domestically and create jobs in this country. That is what they tell us 
they want to do. I believe they know an investment in this country with 
their capital and their people is a much more solid investment for 
their company's future than any investment outside of this country.
  It is very hard to think that any of my Senate colleagues, Republican 
or Democratic, would not want to support these goals. So passing this 
resolution creates a once-in-a-generation opportunity to reform our Tax 
Code in a way that will move our economy forward. Our country will move 
forward.
  I urge my colleagues to vote for the budget and to begin the process 
of delivering tax reform that will help so many people in my State of 
West Virginia and across this country. We cannot let this opportunity 
slip by. I am going to do my best to make sure it doesn't. Thank you.
  I yield back.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Wyoming.


Amendments Nos. 1144, 1119, 1150, 1146, 1120, and 1151 to Amendment No. 
                                  1116

  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I call up the following amendments en bloc 
and ask unanimous consent that they be reported by number and that the 
rollcall votes in relation to the amendments occur in the order listed: 
Hatch No. 1144, Sanders No. 1119, Nelson No. 1150, Heller No. 1146, 
Sanders No. 1120, and Collins No. 1151.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection?
  Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The clerk will report the amendments en bloc by number.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk read as follows:

       The Senator from Wyoming [Mr. Enzi], for others, proposes 
     amendments numbered 1144, 1119, 1150, 1146, 1120, and 1151 en 
     bloc to amendment No. 1116.

  The amendments are as follows:


                           Amendment No. 1144

   (Purpose: To establish a deficit-neutral reserve fund relating to 
                   protecting Medicare and Medicaid)

       At the end of title III, add the following:

     SEC. 3___. DEFICIT-NEUTRAL RESERVE FUND RELATING TO 
                   PROTECTING MEDICARE AND MEDICAID.

       The Chairman of the Committee on the Budget of the Senate 
     may revise the allocations of a committee or committees, 
     aggregates, and other appropriate levels in this resolution, 
     and make adjustments to the pay-as-you-go ledger, for one or 
     more bills, joint resolutions, amendments, amendments between 
     the Houses, motions, or conference reports relating to 
     protecting the Medicaid program under title XIX of the Social 
     Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.), which may include 
     strengthening and improving Medicaid for the most vulnerable 
     populations, and extending the life of the Federal Hospital 
     Insurance Trust Fund by the amounts provided in such 
     legislation for those purposes, provided that such 
     legislation would not increase the deficit over either the 
     period of the total of fiscal years 2018 through 2022 or the 
     period of the total of fiscal years 2018 through 2027.


                           Amendment No. 1119

       (Purpose: To provide additional resources to restore the 
  $1,000,000,000,000 in cuts to Medicaid paid for by reducing the tax 
                        breaks for the wealthy)

       On page 3, line 12, increase the amount by $20,557,000,000.
       On page 3, line 13, increase the amount by $36,830,000,000.
       On page 4, line 1, increase the amount by $55,406,000,000.
       On page 4, line 2, increase the amount by $77,864,000,000.
       On page 4, line 3, increase the amount by $95,078,000,000.
       On page 4, line 4, increase the amount by $109,914,000,000.
       On page 4, line 5, increase the amount by $135,221,000,000.
       On page 4, line 6, increase the amount by $156,504,000,000.
       On page 4, line 7, increase the amount by $175,071,000,000.
       On page 4, line 8, increase the amount by $193,849,000,000.
       On page 4, line 12 decrease the amount by $20,557,000,000.
       On page 4, line 13, decrease the amount by $36,830,000,000.
       On page 4, line 14, decrease the amount by $55,406,000,000.
       On page 4, line 15, decrease the amount by $77,864,000,000.
       On page 4, line 16, decrease the amount by $95,078,000,000.
       On page 4, line 17, decrease the amount by 
     $109,914,000,000.
       On page 4, line 18, decrease the amount by 
     $135,221,000,000.
       On page 4, line 19, decrease the amount by 
     $156,504,000,000.
       On page 4, line 20, decrease the amount by 
     $175,071,000,000.
       On page 4, line 21, decrease the amount by 
     $193,849,000,000.
       On page 4, line 25, increase the amount by $20,557,000,000.
       On page 5, line 1, increase the amount by $36,830,000,000.
       On page 5, line 2, increase the amount by $55,406,000,000.
       On page 5, line 3, increase the amount by $77,864,000,000.
       On page 5, line 4, increase the amount by $95,078,000,000.
       On page 5, line 5, increase the amount by $109,914,000,000.
       On page 5, line 6, increase the amount by $135,221,000,000.
       On page 5, line 7, increase the amount by $156,504,000,000.
       On page 5, line 8, increase the amount by $175,071,000,000.
       On page 5, line 9, increase the amount by $193,849,000,000.
       On page 5, line 13, increase the amount by $20,557,000,000.
       On page 5, line 14, increase the amount by $36,830,000,000.
       On page 5, line 15, increase the amount by $55,406,000,000.
       On page 5, line 16, increase the amount by $77,864,000,000.
       On page 5, line 17, increase the amount by $95,078,000,000.
       On page 5, line 18, increase the amount by 
     $109,914,000,000.
       On page 5, line 19, increase the amount by 
     $135,221,000,000.
       On page 5, line 20, increase the amount by 
     $156,504,000,000.
       On page 5, line 21, increase the amount by 
     $175,071,000,000.
       On page 5, line 22, increase the amount by 
     $193,849,000,000.
       On page 24, line 11, increase the amount by 
     $20,557,000,000.
       On page 24, line 12, increase the amount by 
     $20,557,000,000.
       On page 24, line 15, increase the amount by 
     $36,830,000,000.
       On page 24, line 16, increase the amount by 
     $36,830,000,000.
       On page 24, line 19, increase the amount by 
     $55,406,000,000.

[[Page 16066]]

       On page 24, line 20, increase the amount by 
     $55,406,000,000.
       On page 24, line 23, increase the amount by 
     $77,864,000,000.
       On page 24, line 24, increase the amount by 
     $77,864,000,000.
       On page 25, line 2, increase the amount by $95,078,000,000.
       On page 25, line 3 increase the amount by $95,078,000,000.
       On page 25, line 6, increase the amount by 
     $109,914,000,000.
       On page 25, line 7, increase the amount by 
     $109,914,000,000.
       On page 25, line 10, increase the amount by 
     $135,221,000,000.
       On page 25, line 11, increase the amount by 
     $135,221,000,000.
       On page 25, line 14, increase the amount by 
     $156,504,000,000.
       On page 25, line 15, increase the amount by 
     $156,504,000,000.
       On page 25, line 18, increase the amount by 
     $175,071,000,000.
       On page 25, line 19, increase the amount by 
     $175,071,000,000.
       On page 25, line 22, increase the amount by 
     $193,849,000,000.
       On page 25, line 23, increase the amount by 
     $193,849,000,000.


                           Amendment No. 1150

       (Purpose: To provide additional resources to restore the 
   $473,000,000,000 in cuts to Medicare paid for by closing special 
                        interest tax loopholes)

       On page 3, line 12, increase the amount by $5,850,000,000.
       On page 3, line 13, increase the amount by $12,300,000,000.
       On page 4, line 1, increase the amount by $19,550,000,000.
       On page 4, line 2, increase the amount by $27,900,000,000.
       On page 4, line 3, increase the amount by $37,150,000,000.
       On page 4, line 4, increase the amount by $47,600,000,000.
       On page 4, line 5, increase the amount by $59,500,000,000.
       On page 4, line 6, increase the amount by $71,850,000,000.
       On page 4, line 7, increase the amount by $87,250,000,000.
       On page 4, line 8, increase the amount by $103,950,000,000.
       On page 4, line 12, decrease the amount by $5,850,000,000.
       On page 4, line 13, decrease the amount by $12,300,000,000.
       On page 4, line 14, decrease the amount by $19,550,000,000.
       On page 4, line 15, decrease the amount by $27,900,000,000.
       On page 4, line 16, decrease the amount by $37,150,000,000.
       On page 4, line 17, decrease the amount by $47,600,000,000.
       On page 4, line 18, decrease the amount by $59,500,000,000.
       On page 4, line 19, decrease the amount by $71,850,000,000.
       On page 4, line 20, decrease the amount by $87,250,000,000.
       On page 4, line 21, decrease the amount by 
     $103,950,000,000.
       On page 4, line 25, increase the amount by $5,850,000,000.
       On page 5, line 1, increase the amount by $12,300,000,000.
       On page 5, line 2, increase the amount by $19,550,000,000.
       On page 5, line 3, increase the amount by $27,900,000,000.
       On page 5, line 4, increase the amount by $37,150,000,000.
       On page 5, line 5, increase the amount by $47,600,000,000.
       On page 5, line 6, increase the amount by $59,500,000,000.
       On page 5, line 7, increase the amount by $71,850,000,000.
       On page 5, line 8, increase the amount by $87,250,000,000.
       On page 5, line 9, increase the amount by $103,950,000,000.
       On page 5, line 13, increase the amount by $5,850,000,000.
       On page 5, line 14, increase the amount by $12,300,000,000.
       On page 5, line 15, increase the amount by $19,550,000,000.
       On page 5, line 16, increase the amount by $27,900,000,000.
       On page 5, line 17, increase the amount by $37,150,000,000.
       On page 5, line 18, increase the amount by $47,600,000,000.
       On page 5, line 19, increase the amount by $59,500,000,000.
       On page 5, line 20, increase the amount by $71,850,000,000.
       On page 5, line 21, increase the amount by $87,250,000,000.
       On page 5, line 22, increase the amount by 
     $103,950,000,000.
       On page 26, line 2, increase the amount by $5,850,000,000.
       On page 26, line 3, increase the amount by $5,850,000,000.
       On page 26, line 6, increase the amount by $12,300,000,000.
       On page 26, line 7, increase the amount by $12,300,000,000.
       On page 26, line 10, increase the amount by 
     $19,550,000,000.
       On page 26, line 11, increase the amount by 
     $19,550,000,000.
       On page 26, line 14, increase the amount by 
     $27,900,000,000.
       On page 26, line 15, increase the amount by 
     $27,900,000,000.
       On page 26, line 18, increase the amount by 
     $37,150,000,000.
       On page 26, line 19, increase the amount by 
     $37,150,000,000.
       On page 26, line 22, increase the amount by 
     $47,600,000,000.
       On page 26, line 23, increase the amount by 
     $47,600,000,000.
       On page 27, line 2, increase the amount by $59,500,000,000.
       On page 27, line 3, increase the amount by $59,500,000,000.
       On page 27, line 6, increase the amount by $71,850,000,000.
       On page 27, line 7, increase the amount by $71,850,000,000.
       On page 27, line 10, increase the amount by 
     $87,250,000,000.
       On page 27, line 11, increase the amount by 
     $87,250,000,000.
       On page 27, line 14, increase the amount by 
     $103,950,000,000.
       On page 27, line 15, increase the amount by 
     $103,950,000,000.


                           AMENDMENT NO. 1146

 (Purpose: To provide tax relief to American families with children to 
   provide them with more money in their paychecks to make ends meet)

       At the end of title III, add the following:

     SEC. 3___DEFICIT-NEUTRAL RESERVE FUND RELATING TO THE 
                   PROVISION OF TAX RELIEF FOR FAMILIES WITH 
                   CHILDREN.

       The Chairman of the Committee on the Budget of the Senate 
     may revise the allocations of a committee or committees, 
     aggregates, and other appropriate levels in this resolution, 
     and make adjustments to the pay-as-you-go ledger, for one or 
     more bills, joint resolutions, amendments, amendments between 
     the Houses, motions, or conference reports relating to 
     changes in Federal tax laws, which may include lowering taxes 
     on families with children, by the amounts provided in such 
     legislation for those purposes, provided that such 
     legislation would not increase the deficit over the period of 
     the total of fiscal years 2018 through 2027.


                           Amendment No. 1120

(Purpose: To ensure that there are no tax cuts for the top 1 percent of 
                               Americans)

       At the end of title IV, add the following:

     SEC. 4__. POINT OF ORDER AGAINST ANY LEGISLATION THAT 
                   PROVIDES A TAX CUT FOR THE TOP 1 PERCENT OF THE 
                   WEALTHIEST INDIVIDUALS.

       (a) Point of Order.--It shall not be in order in the Senate 
     to consider any bill, joint resolution, motion, amendment, 
     amendment between the Houses, or conference report that 
     provides a tax cut to the top 1 percent of individuals.
       (b) Waiver and Appeal.--Subsection (a) may be waived or 
     suspended in the Senate only by an affirmative vote of three-
     fifths of the Members, duly chosen and sworn. An affirmative 
     vote of three-fifths of the Members of the Senate, duly 
     chosen and sworn, shall be required to sustain an appeal of 
     the ruling of the Chair on a point of order raised under 
     subsection (a).


                           amendment no. 1151

  (Purpose: To provide tax relief to small businesses and to include 
  provisions to prevent upper-income taxpayers from sheltering income 
                 from taxation at the appropriate rate)

       At the end of title III, add the following:

     SEC. 3___. DEFICIT-NEUTRAL RESERVE FUND RELATING TO THE 
                   PROVISION OF TAX RELIEF FOR SMALL BUSINESSES.

       The Chairman of the Committee on the Budget of the Senate 
     may revise the allocations of a committee or committees, 
     aggregates, and other appropriate levels in this resolution, 
     and make adjustments to the pay-as-you-go ledger, for one or 
     more bills, joint resolutions, amendments, amendments between 
     the Houses, motions, or conference reports relating to 
     changes in Federal tax laws, which may include the provision 
     of tax relief for small businesses, along with provisions to 
     prevent upper-income taxpayers from sheltering income from 
     taxation at the appropriate rate, by the amounts provided in 
     such legislation for those purposes, provided that such 
     legislation would not increase the deficit over the period of 
     the total of fiscal years 2018 through 2027.

  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from North Carolina.
  Mr. TILLIS. Mr. President, while Senator Enzi is on the floor, I want 
to thank him for his leadership in the Budget Committee and taking us 
through this very important vote today.
  I want to talk a little bit in terms that maybe people can understand 
what is going on here and what will be going on over the next few days.
  What we are doing right now is passing a budget. Our budget is no 
different than your household budget, when you sit down and you figure 
out, over some

[[Page 16067]]

period of time, how much money you have and how much money you need to 
spend, where maybe you need to spend more and maybe you need to spend 
less. That is all we are doing with this budget.
  This budget is not the tax reform bill. That will come after we pass 
a budget, but if we don't pass this budget, there is no possible way we 
can actually pass tax reform. That is why I support this budget. That 
is why I will work to defeat any amendments that will prevent this 
budget from being passed. Then we can start having an honest discussion 
about what we need to do around tax reform.
  I know the Senator from South Carolina did a great job, as he always 
does on the floor, talking about why he supports tax reform. He is 
somebody we should really listen to. He is somebody who came up through 
truly humble means. You have people come on this floor and they talk 
about how the people who are supporting tax reform are just doing this 
for the billionaires and the rich.
  I would encourage you to go out to the internet and take a look at 
Senator Scott's story and tell me if that is somebody predisposed to 
helping the rich. He is here to help the little guy. He is here to get 
the economy going so people can get back to work. He is here to 
actually create opportunities for wages to go up. He is here to 
actually do what we have been promising for 20 years and haven't done--
almost 30 years.
  Over that span of time, America has lost traction as the greatest 
economy that has ever existed. This tax reform measure, after we pass 
the budget, is to really get to a point to where States like West 
Virginia--you heard Senator Capito talk about 95 percent of the jobs 
created in West Virginia are small businesses. How could anybody 
sincerely come to this floor and say Senator Capito is only supporting 
this for the wealthy corporations? They just don't exist in any large 
number in West Virginia.
  In my State, 80 percent of the jobs that are created are small 
businesses as well. So how anybody could suggest that there are those 
of us coming to the floor just talking about tax breaks for the rich 
and for corporations really need to go back and look at our States. 
Look at who is struggling and whom we are here trying to help. We get 
to the tax reform bill after we pass the budget. That is why I am going 
to support the budget.
  Now, to some of my colleagues on this side of the aisle, the Founding 
Fathers did strive to create a more perfect Union, but they created an 
imperfect democratic process. This is the sausage factory we call 
democracy. It is not intended to be perfect, nor does it ever produce 
anything that is perfect legislation--something that is done and you 
never come back to it.
  Those who come to this floor and say: Unless I can have that perfect, 
I am not willing to support the good, they really need to go back and 
rethink why they are here. We are here to start fulfilling promises. 
You don't do it by coming onto this floor and saying: I really want to 
do tax reform but only if it is my perfect solution. You start by 
making progress. Then you build on that progress. You start getting the 
economy to grow, and you use those resources to better fund the most 
challenged people we have in this Nation, use those resources to grow 
the economy and give younger people an opportunity to realize the 
American dream the way I did back in the 1980s.
  That is why we have to pass this budget. That is why we have to set 
aside our personal preferences for something far better than probably 
will ever come out of this Chamber but something good that begins to 
fulfill the promises we made to the American people.
  When we get past the budget, we are going to do something called 
vote-arama tomorrow. Vote-arama is an interesting process, mainly 
because it is a bunch of votes that don't mean anything. There are 
going to be people who come up here, and they will file a bill. It will 
go up or down. Even if it goes up, it doesn't have the force of law.
  Tomorrow, if you are here, it is a lot like going to good theater. At 
the end of the day, the only thing that matters is the final vote, and 
that is the vote on the budget. That is something every single person 
in this Chamber should support. Then we need to move on to tax reform 
that has a meaningful, lasting impact for the poorest, most challenged 
people in this country. It is not about tax breaks for the rich. It is 
not about tax breaks for corporations. It is about small businesses in 
West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina or across this Nation 
that need help. It is about those employees that, if we do this right, 
will be making more money. They will have more money to pay their 
bills. It is about making a conscious decision about how much money we 
can spend on Medicaid and to be absolutely certain we can fulfill the 
promise to people challenged by it. It is about fulfilling the promise 
to people on Social Security and Medicare, to make sure those programs 
can fulfill the promises we made.
  This isn't about absolute cuts to Medicaid. This is about how much it 
should grow every single year to be absolutely certain those programs 
are going to be there 10, 15, and 20 years from now. If you have an 
opportunity to sit up in the Gallery and pay attention to these words, 
go back and really fact check some of what is being said. Go back and 
look at the backgrounds of some of the Members on this side of the 
aisle who support tax reform. They grew up as the little guy. They grew 
up in challenged situations. They represent States where the vast 
majority of the people in those States are, themselves, challenged. 
Anybody who can sincerely come down here and say this is about the 
rich, this is about the corporations, come spend time in North 
Carolina, South Carolina, West Virginia, Georgia, Alabama, and 
Tennessee, States across this Nation. I come from the Southeast, but 
they are the ones that come out of my mouth.
  I worry about all those little businesses. I worry about all those 
challenged people. This budget lays the groundwork for us to actually 
put meaningful policy in place for the first time in about 30 years 
that is sincerely attempting to fulfill the promises the politicians 
make in this Chamber every single day.
  I hope all of our Members will come down here and accept the fact 
that perfect doesn't happen, but some good can happen. Good begins by 
passing this budget, and it continues by passing tax reform that will 
help the most challenged among us.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Oregon.


                           Amendment No. 1120

  Mr. WYDEN. Mr. President, some of our Republican colleagues said in 
the past days, the budget debate is all about getting the tax reform. 
The fact is, this is a fast lane to a partisan process for dealing with 
taxes. When it comes to the Republican plan, you get a lot of rhetoric 
and a lot of happy talk. You hear it is the biggest tax cut ever. You 
hear it is about the middle class.
  Just this morning, the President tweeted the Democrats will only vote 
for tax increases, but that rhetoric is just out of touch with reality. 
For example, our 2015 bill, of which I was the lead Democratic sponsor, 
cut taxes $650 billion. It went to the heart of the needs of young 
people in this country with the American opportunity tax credit, the 
earned-income tax credit, but it also helped farmers--farmers who are 
concerned about expensing the research and development credit for our 
innovators.
  That is the kind of approach we ought to take that is bipartisan, 
that helps people in this country. Everybody has a chance to get ahead. 
The fact is, the Tax Code on the books is now a tale of two systems. 
There is a strict mandatory system for a cop or a nurse. Their taxes 
come right out of every paycheck. It is mandatory. There are no special 
Cayman Island deals for them.
  Then there is another set of rules for the highfliers, the most 
fortunate. They can, with good lawyers and good accountants, decide 
what they want to pay and when they want to pay it. That is the rotting 
source of unfairness that is at the heart of the American Tax

[[Page 16068]]

Code. That is why so many hard-working Americans think they are getting 
a rotten deal every April 15. That is the brand of unfairness Ronald 
Reagan was interested in going after, but somehow we can't get that 
same kind of spirit from Republicans at this point on this tax bill.
  The Trump tax cut doubles down on the rotten unfairness in the Tax 
Code. It is a multitrillion-dollar handout to those who are the most 
powerful, and it is very generous to those at the top of the top, which 
is why this amendment with Senator Sanders is so important. The Trump 
tax plan, at this point, doesn't just fail to close the most egregious 
loopholes, but it enshrines them for good.
  The amendment that Senator Sanders and I are putting forward is 
pretty simple. It says that in this tax bill we are going to put the 
focus on the middle class. We are not just going to focus on people at 
the top. That is why the amendment creates a point of order against the 
plan that gives a tax handout to the top of the top of the income 
spectrum in our country.
  If you are a middle-class family, according to what is offered now, 
the Republican plan giveth with one hand and taketh away with another. 
The standard deduction might be doubled, but you are going to lose 
personal exemptions, and if you come from a State with a significant 
State and local tax structure, you are going to find it very hard to 
get ahead.
  That is what we want to change. We will not want a scheme that hides 
the true multitrillion-dollar cost of the tax giveaways to those at the 
top. We want relief to go to those at the middle.
  I close by saying that the Sanders-Wyden amendment is based on a 
simple principle, and that is that we want to expand the winners' 
circle for working Americans--those without lobbyists, those without 
clout--to have a chance to get ahead. They have been left out of the 
economic winners' circle for too long. We want to put a focus on those 
people who have felt the panic of seeing the costs of rent, college, 
and medicine go up and up and up. Tax reform should be about helping 
them. That is what the Sanders-Wyden amendment proposes.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Utah.


                           Amendment No. 1144

  Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I rise to speak in support of my amendment 
No. 1144. This legislation is designed to do two things. It is 
important for us to consider this. First, it would protect Medicaid for 
our Nation's most vulnerable citizens, namely, low-income children, 
pregnant women, the elderly, and those with disabilities. Those are 
important vulnerable citizens, as far as I am concerned. In addition, 
it would strengthen Medicare in order to help protect health benefits 
for current and future beneficiaries. Make no mistake. Our Nation faces 
a growing entitlement crisis, and Medicare and Medicaid are at the 
heart of it.
  Under ObamaCare, Medicaid enrollment has increased by about 28 
percent due to the expansion of the program in 32 States.
  Between 2014 and 2015 alone, expansion States received about $79 
billion in Federal funds. The problem is that even before ObamaCare, 
Medicaid was plagued by quality issues, and States' hands were tied 
whenever they tried to advance innovative solutions to improve patient 
care.
  Of course, even before ObamaCare, Medicaid spending on both the 
Federal and State levels was growing at an astronomical rate. Contrary 
to popular myth, ObamaCare did not fix this. It made things worse.
  As chairman of the committee with jurisdiction over Medicaid, I have 
been working with a number of my Republican colleagues as well as State 
officials, stakeholders, and the American public to find solutions that 
will improve the quality and ensure the longevity of the Medicaid 
Program. That work will continue into the future.
  Medicare is a separate problem entirely. Everyone knows that when it 
comes to Medicare, we are on a collision course with fiscal economic 
catastrophe facing us.
  Over the long term, Medicaid faces more than $33 trillion--that is 
with a ``t''--in unfunded liabilities according to the independent 
actuaries at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
  In the nearer term, the Medicare trustees project that Medicare Part 
A, which deals with inpatient hospital payments, will be officially 
bankrupt in 2029, resulting in steep benefit cuts for seniors relying 
on the program.
  Even a number of prominent Democrats who recently served as Medicare 
trustees have recommended swift legislative action to ``minimize the 
impact on beneficiaries, providers, and taxpayers.''
  To put it simply, we need to address the fiscal challenges facing 
these programs if we are going to preserve them for future generations.
  Despite the claims of a number of my Democratic colleagues on the 
other side of the aisle, we can't even make a dent in these problems by 
focusing solely on the tax side of the equation.
  I know many like to claim that every wrong would be righted and every 
problem would be solved if we simply raised taxes on rich people. 
Anyone who has spent more than 5 minutes looking at the fiscal 
condition of our Federal health programs will tell you that is 
preposterous. The money just simply isn't there. The Republican budget 
acknowledges this reality.
  My colleagues have argued that the budget would cut Medicare 
spending, but that isn't true. In fact, under the budget, Medicare 
spending would increase every year, though at a slightly slower rate, 
in order to introduce some level of fiscal sanity into the process.
  All told, the budget would slow Medicare's rate of growth by about 1 
percent compared to the CBO baseline.
  Furthermore, the budget resolution does not propose any specific 
programmatic changes to either Medicare or Medicaid, even though my 
friends on the other side of the aisle like to argue otherwise.
  Let me be clear on another point. Despite a number of claims to the 
contrary, the budget resolution does not rely on savings from Medicaid 
in order to provide tax relief.
  My colleagues, the ranking member of the Budget Committee and the 
senior Senator from Florida, have proposed amendments to dramatically 
increase taxes to the tune of about $1 trillion for Medicaid and half a 
trillion dollars for Medicare over the next decade in order to double 
and triple down on this particular set of problems, the failed policies 
that have made these programs unsustainable in the first place.
  These are not serious proposals. They are poison pills designed only 
to give the other side a round of partisan talking points that are 
really ridiculous.
  A vote for my amendment is a vote for a stronger, more fiscally sound 
safety net that preserves Medicaid for our most vulnerable citizens, 
keeps our promises to Medicare's current beneficiaries, and strengthens 
the program for those who will need it in the future.
  I urge all of my colleagues to vote in favor of my amendment. It is a 
good amendment. It is the right thing to do. It makes us better 
prepared for the future. It seems to me that every one of us would be 
proud to vote for it and to solve these problems that the amendment 
will solve.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Michigan.
  Ms. STABENOW. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent for two minutes 
to speak, please.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Ms. STABENOW. Mr. President, first, let me say that the people of 
Michigan and our country deserve a better deal than what is in this 
budget. There are a number of concerns I have, but I want to mention 
three big ones, and I am proud to join with colleagues on amendments 
that would address them in votes that will be coming up.
  The first is the fact that this budget would take $473 billion out of 
Medicare. I offered an amendment in committee to make sure that would 
include privatizing Medicare, but that was voted down. That is 
certainly something that could happen.
  There is $1 trillion in Medicaid cuts as well. In Michigan, three out 
of five

[[Page 16069]]

seniors in nursing homes are there with the help of Medicaid health 
insurance. This is children, families, and senior citizens. There will 
be an amendment offered that Senator Nelson, Senator Sanders, and I 
offered to take out this cut from Medicare. There will be one offered 
for Medicaid, with Senator Sanders, Senator Casey, and me, to strike 
that.
  Second, 80 percent of the tax cuts built into the assumptions of the 
budget go to the top 1 percent. What does that mean? Well, it is $1.5 
trillion that goes to folks making $700,000 or more. That is at least a 
$200,000 tax cut per person. We commonly call this trickle-down 
economics. So far it has never worked. People in my State are still 
waiting for it to trickle down.
  We have an amendment, as well, to remove this provision and to put 
the tax cuts into the pockets of middle-class taxpayers.
  Finally, this plan overall increases the deficit. Even though it cuts 
Medicare and Medicaid, it also increases and explodes the deficit by 
$2.4 trillion. We also will be addressing that as well.
  Overall, unfortunately, in terms of the big tax cuts, this budget 
proposal is paid for by our senior citizens and single parents who are 
affected and middle-class families. I urge a ``no'' vote.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Maine.


                           Amendment No. 1151

  Ms. COLLINS. Mr. President, there has been a great deal of discussion 
about what the appropriate tax rate should be for large corporations. 
That is important because we want them to create jobs right here in 
America and not overseas.
  Let us not forget the true engine of our economy, and that is our 
small businesses. We need to provide true tax relief to our small 
businesses, the job creators in our economy.
  I rise to discuss my amendment, which is No. 1151, which would create 
a deficit neutral reserve fund to support small business tax relief 
while preventing wealthy taxpayers from sheltering income from taxation 
at the appropriate rate.
  It would send the message that through tax reform, we can help our 
small businesses thrive and be the engine of job creation and economic 
growth in communities all across our great country.
  Small businesses make an out-sized contribution to our economy. 
According to the Small Business Administration, small businesses employ 
nearly half of all workers and generate two out of three net new jobs 
each year. Nationwide, they generate nearly half of our private, 
nonfarm GDP and one-third of our Nation's export value.
  The State of Maine is truly a small business State, with nearly 
300,000 of our residents employed by our more than 141,000 small 
businesses. That is nearly 60 percent of our workforce.
  Most small businesses are organized as so-called passthrough 
entities, which means that their profits are passed on to their owners 
and reported on individual income tax returns.
  Under current law, this income is taxed at individual rates, which 
can reach nearly 40 percent at the Federal level and can be 
significantly higher than the corporate tax rates that larger firms 
face.
  Given the administrative costs and these high tax rates, small 
businesses are forced to devote more resources to compliance and tax 
payments and fewer resources to creating good jobs and investing in 
their local communities.
  It is no wonder that a recent survey by the National Federation of 
Independent Business found that concerns about Federal taxes on small 
businesses ranked third on the list of the top 10 concerns.
  With tax reform, we have the opportunity to fix this problem. Of 
course, we should aim to do so in a way that prevents people from 
abusing rates intended for small business passthrough income.
  My amendment would allow for changes to Federal tax laws and to 
provide relief to small businesses, while not allowing wealthy 
individuals to shelter their income from taxation at the appropriate 
rate.
  I urge my colleagues to support it.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. All time has expired.


                           Amendment No. 1144

  Under the previous order, there will now be 2 minutes of debate, 
equally divided, prior to a vote on amendment No. 1144, offered by the 
Senator from Wyoming, Mr. Enzi, for the Senator from Utah, Mr. Hatch.
  The Senator from Utah.
  Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I yield back our time.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The majority time is yielded back.
  The Senator from Vermont.
  Mr. SANDERS. Mr. President, the amendment from the Senator from Utah 
speaks about ``strengthening and improving'' Medicaid and Medicare. We 
don't strengthen and improve Medicaid by cutting it by $1 trillion, and 
we don't strengthen and improve Medicare by cutting it by $469 billion. 
That is Orwellian language.
  We should vote down this amendment and adopt the Sanders amendment 
which says: Let us give no tax breaks to billionaires while we cut 
Medicaid.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Toomey). The question is on agreeing to 
the amendment.
  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I ask for the yeas and nays.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a sufficient second?
  There appears to be a sufficient second.
  The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk called the roll.
  Mr. CORNYN. The following Senator is necessarily absent: the Senator 
from Missouri (Mr. Blunt).
  Mr. DURBIN. I announce that the Senator from New Jersey (Mr. 
Menendez) is necessarily absent.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Are there any other Senators in the Chamber 
desiring to vote?
  The result was announced--yeas 89, nays 9, as follows:

                      [Rollcall Vote No. 220 Leg.]

                                YEAS--89

     Alexander
     Baldwin
     Barrasso
     Bennet
     Blumenthal
     Boozman
     Brown
     Burr
     Cantwell
     Capito
     Cardin
     Carper
     Casey
     Cassidy
     Cochran
     Collins
     Coons
     Corker
     Cornyn
     Cortez Masto
     Cotton
     Crapo
     Cruz
     Daines
     Donnelly
     Duckworth
     Durbin
     Enzi
     Ernst
     Feinstein
     Fischer
     Flake
     Franken
     Gardner
     Graham
     Grassley
     Hassan
     Hatch
     Heinrich
     Heitkamp
     Heller
     Hoeven
     Inhofe
     Isakson
     Johnson
     Kaine
     Kennedy
     King
     Klobuchar
     Lankford
     Leahy
     Manchin
     McCain
     McCaskill
     McConnell
     Moran
     Murkowski
     Murphy
     Murray
     Nelson
     Paul
     Perdue
     Peters
     Portman
     Reed
     Risch
     Roberts
     Rounds
     Rubio
     Sasse
     Schatz
     Schumer
     Scott
     Shaheen
     Shelby
     Stabenow
     Strange
     Sullivan
     Tester
     Thune
     Tillis
     Toomey
     Udall
     Van Hollen
     Warner
     Whitehouse
     Wicker
     Wyden
     Young

                                NAYS--9

     Booker
     Gillibrand
     Harris
     Hirono
     Lee
     Markey
     Merkley
     Sanders
     Warren

                             NOT VOTING--2

     Blunt
     Menendez
       
  The amendment (No. 1144) was agreed to.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Wyoming.
  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the votes 
following this first vote--the one we just finished--be 10 minutes in 
length, all of the rest of them. Actually, there is a request for 5 
minutes in length. We doubt that we can do it in 10, but the unanimous 
consent request is for 10 minutes in length.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection?
  Without objection, it is so ordered.


                           Amendment No. 1119

  Under the previous order, there will be 2 minutes of debate equally 
divided prior to a vote in relation to amendment No. 1119, offered by 
the Senator from Wyoming, Mr. Enzi, for the Senator from Vermont, Mr. 
Sanders.
  The Senator from Vermont.
  Mr. SANDERS. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that Senator 
Cantwell be added as a cosponsor to amendment No. 1119 and that Senator 
Stabenow be added as a cosponsor to amendment No. 1120.

[[Page 16070]]

  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. SANDERS. Mr. President, this amendment says no to the cutting of 
$1 trillion from Medicaid and forcing 15 million Americans off the 
health insurance they currently have, while at the same time providing 
a $1.9 trillion tax break to the top 1 percent. This is not what the 
American people want; it is what the billionaire class wants. I make 
the radical suggestion that maybe we listen to ordinary Americans and 
not just wealthy campaign contributors.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Wyoming.
  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I urge my colleagues to oppose this 
amendment. This amendment would increase mandatory spending and taxes 
each by more than $1 trillion. I understand my colleagues are concerned 
about Medicaid. I want to assure them that this budget is focused on 
preserving Medicaid for those who need it most, but in order to 
preserve Medicaid, we must also be honest about its fiscal trajectory. 
The status quo for Medicaid is simply unsustainable. Not only are 
Medicaid outcomes lackluster, the program is on a path toward 
bankrupting our States. The budget before us puts Medicaid on a more 
sustainable path.
  Critics argue that this budget pays for tax relief through cuts to 
Medicaid. I want to clarify that. This budget does not rely on savings 
from Medicaid to achieve tax reform. In fact, the economic growth 
attributed to reforming the Tax Code will help improve Medicaid's 
fiscal health.
  I urge my colleagues to oppose this amendment, and I ask for the yeas 
and nays.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a sufficient second?
  There appears to be a sufficient second.
  The question is on agreeing to the amendment.
  The clerk will call the roll.
  The assistant bill clerk called the roll.
  Mr. CORNYN. The following Senator is necessarily absent: the Senator 
from Missouri (Mr. Blunt).
  Mr. DURBIN. I announce that the Senator from New Jersey (Mr. 
Menendez) is necessarily absent.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Are there any other Senators in the Chamber 
desiring to vote?
  The result was announced--yeas 47, nays 51, as follows:

                      [Rollcall Vote No. 221 Leg.]

                                YEAS--47

     Baldwin
     Bennet
     Blumenthal
     Booker
     Brown
     Cantwell
     Cardin
     Carper
     Casey
     Coons
     Cortez Masto
     Donnelly
     Duckworth
     Durbin
     Feinstein
     Franken
     Gillibrand
     Harris
     Hassan
     Heinrich
     Heitkamp
     Hirono
     Kaine
     King
     Klobuchar
     Leahy
     Manchin
     Markey
     McCaskill
     Merkley
     Murphy
     Murray
     Nelson
     Peters
     Reed
     Sanders
     Schatz
     Schumer
     Shaheen
     Stabenow
     Tester
     Udall
     Van Hollen
     Warner
     Warren
     Whitehouse
     Wyden

                                NAYS--51

     Alexander
     Barrasso
     Boozman
     Burr
     Capito
     Cassidy
     Cochran
     Collins
     Corker
     Cornyn
     Cotton
     Crapo
     Cruz
     Daines
     Enzi
     Ernst
     Fischer
     Flake
     Gardner
     Graham
     Grassley
     Hatch
     Heller
     Hoeven
     Inhofe
     Isakson
     Johnson
     Kennedy
     Lankford
     Lee
     McCain
     McConnell
     Moran
     Murkowski
     Paul
     Perdue
     Portman
     Risch
     Roberts
     Rounds
     Rubio
     Sasse
     Scott
     Shelby
     Strange
     Sullivan
     Thune
     Tillis
     Toomey
     Wicker
     Young

                             NOT VOTING--2

     Blunt
     Menendez
       
  The amendment (No. 1119) was rejected.


                           Amendment No. 1150

  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under the previous order, there will now be 2 
minutes of debate equally divided prior to a vote in relation to 
amendment No. 1150, offered by the Senator from Wyoming, Mr. Enzi, for 
the Senator from Florida, Mr. Nelson.
  The Senator from Florida.
  Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, before Medicare, one-half of senior 
citizens in this country did not have any healthcare, health insurance. 
Medicare changed that. So why in the world would we want to cut $473 
billion from Medicare? It does not make sense.
  My amendment simply restores that cut and replaces it with 
eliminating a number of tax loopholes. It is a simple amendment. Save 
Medicare.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Wyoming.
  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I urge my colleagues to oppose this 
amendment. It sounds like something simple. It is aimed at ending the 
budget resolution. This budget does not cut Medicare, and it does not 
provide tax breaks for the wealthy. It does not protect special 
interest tax loopholes. Also, anything that we do here has to be 
completed in other committees in order to ever happen.
  This budget does slow Medicare's projected annual rate of growth by 
approximately 1 percent in comparison to the CBO's baseline. The CBO 
estimates that Medicare's hospital insurance trust fund will become 
exhausted prior to the end of the budget window of 2025, at which point 
it will no longer be able to pay full benefits to seniors. This budget 
resolution protects Medicare by extending the life of the trust fund. 
It also establishes a path toward pro-growth tax reform, which will 
generate additional economic growth in Medicare.
  I urge my colleagues to oppose this amendment, and I ask for the yeas 
and nays.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a sufficient second?
  There appears to be a sufficient second.
  The question is on agreeing to the amendment.
  The clerk will call the roll.
  The assistant bill clerk called the roll.
  Mr. CORNYN. The following Senator is necessarily absent: the Senator 
from Missouri (Mr. Blunt).
  Mr. DURBIN. I announce that the Senator from New Jersey (Mr. 
Menendez) is necessarily absent.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Gardner). Are there any other Senators in 
the Chamber desiring to vote?
  The result was announced--yeas 47, nays 51, as follows:

                      [Rollcall Vote No. 222 Leg.]

                                YEAS--47

     Baldwin
     Bennet
     Blumenthal
     Booker
     Brown
     Cantwell
     Cardin
     Carper
     Casey
     Coons
     Cortez Masto
     Donnelly
     Duckworth
     Durbin
     Feinstein
     Franken
     Gillibrand
     Harris
     Hassan
     Heinrich
     Heitkamp
     Hirono
     Kaine
     King
     Klobuchar
     Leahy
     Manchin
     Markey
     McCaskill
     Merkley
     Murphy
     Murray
     Nelson
     Peters
     Reed
     Sanders
     Schatz
     Schumer
     Shaheen
     Stabenow
     Tester
     Udall
     Van Hollen
     Warner
     Warren
     Whitehouse
     Wyden

                                NAYS--51

     Alexander
     Barrasso
     Boozman
     Burr
     Capito
     Cassidy
     Cochran
     Collins
     Corker
     Cornyn
     Cotton
     Crapo
     Cruz
     Daines
     Enzi
     Ernst
     Fischer
     Flake
     Gardner
     Graham
     Grassley
     Hatch
     Heller
     Hoeven
     Inhofe
     Isakson
     Johnson
     Kennedy
     Lankford
     Lee
     McCain
     McConnell
     Moran
     Murkowski
     Paul
     Perdue
     Portman
     Risch
     Roberts
     Rounds
     Rubio
     Sasse
     Scott
     Shelby
     Strange
     Sullivan
     Thune
     Tillis
     Toomey
     Wicker
     Young

                             NOT VOTING--2

     Blunt
     Menendez
       
  The amendment (No. 1150) was rejected.


                           Amendment No. 1146

  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under the previous order, there will now be 10 
minutes of debate, equally divided, prior to a vote in relation to 
amendment No. 1146, offered by the Senator from Wyoming, Mr. Enzi, for 
the Senator from Nevada, Mr. Heller.
  The Senator from Nevada.
  Mr. HELLER. Mr. President, I rise to speak in support of Heller 
amendment No. 1146. Amendment No. 1146 provides tax relief for families 
with children. This week we are setting in motion one of my top 
legislative priorities in the Senate; that is, to bring tax relief to 
American families.
  For decades, Nevadans have been waiting for an affordable and fair 
tax code that they can understand, and I

[[Page 16071]]

have long said that the Tax Code is too costly and too complex. We need 
to simplify our code in a way that creates jobs and allows Nevadans to 
keep more of their hard-earned tax dollars. With this budget, we are 
taking an enormous first step in providing meaningful relief to 
Nevadans and middle-class families across the Nation.
  Under our leadership and thanks to the work of the chairman of the 
Budget Committee, we are finally in a place where we can provide real, 
meaningful tax relief for all of America. As a member of the Senate 
Finance Committee, I have been working with my colleagues to craft a 
tax bill that accomplishes three major goals. The first is to create 
more jobs; No. 2 is to increase wages; and, finally, No. 3 is to boost 
American competitiveness.
  So the question is, What does tax reform mean to an average Nevadan 
who works hard and is trying to provide a better life for themselves 
and for their children? It means you can keep more of your hard-earned 
paycheck, and it will be easier for you to file your taxes, less 
paperwork, more money. Lower rates for businesses mean more jobs, they 
mean higher wages, and they mean growth in our communities, all of 
which will benefit you.
  As the son of a school cook and an auto mechanic, I understand 
discipline and hard work--all of it--that goes into every dollar and 
every paycheck, and I am working to see that we have more of it in your 
back pocket. That is why my amendment is absolutely critical, because 
it delivers this desperately needed relief and lets the middle-class 
families keep more of their hard-earned paychecks, helping them make 
ends meet and invest in their families.
  For too long, American families have been struggling with stagnant 
wages and incomes, as well as slow economic growth made worse by the 
policies of the Obama administration. In inflation-adjusted terms, 
nationwide median household incomes stayed below what it was in 2007 
all the way up to 2015. Last year, it was only $890 more than it was in 
2007. In my home State of Nevada, the situation is even worse. Median 
household income still hasn't fully recovered and is $7,000 lower today 
than it was in 2007.
  Tax relief for families with children, through an enhanced child tax 
credit, for example, will help begin to address the financial 
insecurities facing American families and will help families confront 
the rising cost of raising children. Expansion of the child tax credit 
will help hard-working, middle-class families in many ways, allowing 
them to keep more of their hard-earned income to use for the needs of 
their families and for their children.
  I urge everyone in this Chamber to support children, I urge them to 
support middle-class families, and I urge them to support my amendment.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Vermont.
  Mr. SANDERS. Mr. President, if we support children and we have the 
highest rate of childhood poverty of any major country on Earth, we 
will vote against this budget resolution, but I have no problems with 
Senator Heller's amendment.
  What I do want to do is spend a moment on the amendment that will 
come up next, and that is that it would establish a 60-vote budget 
point of order to prevent the top 1 percent of Americans--people who 
are doing phenomenally well--from receiving any future tax cuts. It is 
not a radical idea to suggest that at a time of massive income and 
wealth inequality, when the people on top are doing unbelievably well, 
at a time when the middle class is shrinking, now is not the time to 
provide hundreds of billions of dollars in tax breaks to the very 
wealthiest families in this country.
  Under the Republican proposal with the repeal of the estate tax, the 
Walton family--wealthiest family in America--would get up to a $50 
billion tax break. Does anybody think that is vaguely sane? The Koch 
brothers, who have enough money to spend hundreds of millions of 
dollars electing rightwing candidates, will get a $30 billion tax 
break.
  I think the American people have been very clear, in poll after poll, 
saying not only do they not want to give tax breaks to billionaires but 
they correctly believe the wealthiest people in this country should 
start paying their fair share of taxes.
  Today the United States has more income and wealth inequality than at 
any time since the 1920s. Today the top one-tenth of 1 percent owns 
almost as much wealth as the bottom 90 percent. Twenty people in 
America own as much wealth as the bottom half of our country.
  According to a recent study by the Federal Reserve, the top 1 percent 
now own 39 percent of the Nation's wealth while the bottom 60 percent 
own just 3 percent. Since the Wall Street crash a decade ago, 52 
percent of all new income has gone to the top 1 percent. If there was 
ever a time in American history not to be cutting Medicaid and Medicare 
and giving huge tax breaks to the 1 percent, this is that moment.
  I ask support for this amendment.
  I think Senator Wyden wanted to say a word.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Oregon.
  Mr. WYDEN. Mr. President, very briefly, I strongly support this 
amendment, colleagues.
  The point of this is, this is an amendment that does what the 
President says he wants to do, which is not give relief to the people 
at the top, but the reality is, when you look at their proposal, it 
really does drive much of the wealth in America to those at the very 
top.
  The Sanders amendment is to ensure that people at the top of the top 
don't get relief. We get it to working families and the vulnerable. I 
urge colleagues to strongly support this amendment.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Wyoming.
  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I ask for the yeas and nays.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a sufficient second?
  There appears to be a sufficient second.
  The question is on agreeing to the amendment.
  The clerk will call the roll.
  The assistant bill clerk called the roll.
  Mr. CORNYN. The following Senator is necessarily absent: the Senator 
from Missouri (Mr. Blunt).
  Mr. DURBIN. I announce that the Senator from New Jersey (Mr. 
Menendez) is necessarily absent.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Are there any other Senators in the Chamber 
desiring to vote?
  The result was announced--yeas 98, nays 0, as follows:

                      [Rollcall Vote No. 223 Leg.]

                                YEAS--98

     Alexander
     Baldwin
     Barrasso
     Bennet
     Blumenthal
     Booker
     Boozman
     Brown
     Burr
     Cantwell
     Capito
     Cardin
     Carper
     Casey
     Cassidy
     Cochran
     Collins
     Coons
     Corker
     Cornyn
     Cortez Masto
     Cotton
     Crapo
     Cruz
     Daines
     Donnelly
     Duckworth
     Durbin
     Enzi
     Ernst
     Feinstein
     Fischer
     Flake
     Franken
     Gardner
     Gillibrand
     Graham
     Grassley
     Harris
     Hassan
     Hatch
     Heinrich
     Heitkamp
     Heller
     Hirono
     Hoeven
     Inhofe
     Isakson
     Johnson
     Kaine
     Kennedy
     King
     Klobuchar
     Lankford
     Leahy
     Lee
     Manchin
     Markey
     McCain
     McCaskill
     McConnell
     Merkley
     Moran
     Murkowski
     Murphy
     Murray
     Nelson
     Paul
     Perdue
     Peters
     Portman
     Reed
     Risch
     Roberts
     Rounds
     Rubio
     Sanders
     Sasse
     Schatz
     Schumer
     Scott
     Shaheen
     Shelby
     Stabenow
     Strange
     Sullivan
     Tester
     Thune
     Tillis
     Toomey
     Udall
     Van Hollen
     Warner
     Warren
     Whitehouse
     Wicker
     Wyden
     Young

                             NOT VOTING--2

     Blunt
     Menendez
       
  The amendment (No. 1146) was agreed to.


                           Amendment No. 1120

  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under the previous order, there will now be 2 
minutes of debate, equally divided, prior to a vote in relation to 
amendment No. 1120, offered by the Senator from Wyoming, Mr. Enzi, for 
the Senator from Vermont, Mr. Sanders.
  The Senator from Vermont.

[[Page 16072]]


  Mr. SANDERS. Mr. President, this is a very simple and straightforward 
amendment. It would establish a 60-vote budget point of order to 
prevent the top 1 percent of Americans, people who are doing 
phenomenally well, from receiving any future tax cuts.
  At a time of massive income and wealth inequality in this country, 
when the very rich are becoming richer while most Americans are seeing 
a decline in their standard of living, this is not the time to give tax 
breaks to people who don't need them.
  I urge a ``yes'' vote on the Sanders-Wyden amendment.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Wyoming.
  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, for the benefit of my colleagues, this next 
vote will be the last roll call vote of the day. Senator Collins has 
graciously agreed to do a voice vote on her amendment.
  On this amendment, though, I am going to urge my colleagues to oppose 
the amendment. We should not prejudge the Finance Committee's 
consideration of tax reform but allow the bill to go through regular 
order, where it will be open to amendment.
  This amendment is corrosive to the budget resolution privilege. It 
falls outside the scope of what is appropriate for inclusion.
  Adoption of corrosive amendments could be fatal to the resolution's 
privilege, and loss of privilege could compromise our ability to pass 
tax reform and enforce the budget spending limits.
  Further, this amendment is also nongermane. The Congressional Budget 
Act requires that amendments to a budget resolution be germane. It is a 
statutory requirement we can't ignore. So I raise a point of order 
against this amendment under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, 
section 305(b)(2).
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Vermont.
  Mr. SANDERS. Pursuant to section 904 of the Congressional Budget Act 
of 1974, I move to waive section 305(b)(2) of that act for purposes of 
the pending amendment, and I ask for the yeas and nays.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there a sufficient second?
  There appears to be a sufficient second.
  The question is on agreeing to the motion.
  The clerk will call the roll.
  The senior assistant legislative clerk called the roll.
  Mr. CORNYN. The following Senator is necessarily absent: the Senator 
from Missouri (Mr. Blunt).
  Mr. DURBIN. I announce that the Senator from New Jersey (Mr. 
Menendez) is necessarily absent.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Lee). Are there any other Senators in the 
Chamber desiring to vote?
  The yeas and nays resulted--yeas 46, nays 52, as follows:

                      [Rollcall Vote No. 224 Leg.]

                                YEAS--46

     Baldwin
     Bennet
     Blumenthal
     Booker
     Brown
     Cantwell
     Cardin
     Carper
     Casey
     Coons
     Cortez Masto
     Donnelly
     Duckworth
     Durbin
     Feinstein
     Franken
     Gillibrand
     Harris
     Hassan
     Heinrich
     Hirono
     Kaine
     King
     Klobuchar
     Leahy
     Manchin
     Markey
     McCaskill
     Merkley
     Murphy
     Murray
     Nelson
     Peters
     Reed
     Sanders
     Schatz
     Schumer
     Shaheen
     Stabenow
     Tester
     Udall
     Van Hollen
     Warner
     Warren
     Whitehouse
     Wyden

                                NAYS--52

     Alexander
     Barrasso
     Boozman
     Burr
     Capito
     Cassidy
     Cochran
     Collins
     Corker
     Cornyn
     Cotton
     Crapo
     Cruz
     Daines
     Enzi
     Ernst
     Fischer
     Flake
     Gardner
     Graham
     Grassley
     Hatch
     Heitkamp
     Heller
     Hoeven
     Inhofe
     Isakson
     Johnson
     Kennedy
     Lankford
     Lee
     McCain
     McConnell
     Moran
     Murkowski
     Paul
     Perdue
     Portman
     Risch
     Roberts
     Rounds
     Rubio
     Sasse
     Scott
     Shelby
     Strange
     Sullivan
     Thune
     Tillis
     Toomey
     Wicker
     Young

                             NOT VOTING--2

     Blunt
     Menendez
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. On this vote, the yeas are 46, the nays are 
52.
  Three-fifths of the Senators duly chosen and sworn not having voted 
in the affirmative, the motion is rejected.
  The point of order is sustained and the amendment falls.


                           Amendment No. 1151

  Under the previous order, there will now be 2 minutes of debate 
equally divided prior to a vote on amendment No. 1151, offered by the 
Senator from Wyoming, Mr. Enzi, for the Senator from Maine, Ms. 
Collins.
  The Senator from Maine.
  Ms. COLLINS. Mr. President, there has been a great deal of discussion 
about what the appropriate tax rate should be for large corporations--
so-called C corps. That certainly is important because we want to make 
sure that those large businesses are creating jobs here in the United 
States and not overseas in order to take advantage of lower tax rates.
  But let us not forget the importance of providing tax relief for our 
small businesses. It is our small businesses that create the majority 
of new jobs in this country and that are really the economic engines 
for so many of our communities.
  Small businesses make an outsized contribution to our Nation's 
economy. According to the Small Business Administration, they employ 
nearly half of all workers and generate two out of three net new jobs 
each year. Nationwide, small businesses generate nearly half of our 
private nonfarm GDP and one-third of our Nation's export value. My 
State of Maine is truly a State of small businesses. Sixty percent of 
our workforce--that is, nearly 300,000 of our residents--are employed 
by more than 141,000 small businesses.
  I spoke at length earlier about the amendment, and I know that the 
chairman of the Budget Committee has a lot of work to do tonight. So I 
won't repeat the comments I made earlier. Let me just say that my 
amendment would create a deficit-neutral reserve fund to support small 
business tax relief while preventing wealthy taxpayers from sheltering 
income from taxation at the appropriate rate. We want to have some 
guide rails. But it is important that we recognize that it is the small 
businesses of America that are the true job creators in so many of our 
communities.
  I urge our colleagues to support the amendment.
  Mr. President, I request a voice vote.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there further debate on the amendment?
  If not, the question is on agreeing to the amendment.
  The amendment (No. 1151) was agreed to.
  Ms. COLLINS. Thank you, Mr. President.
  I thank the chairman of the Budget Committee for his cooperation and 
support as well.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from South Dakota.
  Mr. THUNE. Mr. President, it is probably not surprising but, 
unfortunately, so far Democrats have shown little disposition to work 
with Republicans on tax reform legislation, despite the fact that parts 
of our plan, like lowering corporate tax rates and switching to a 
territorial tax system, have been supported by Democrats as well as 
Republicans.
  One particular aspect of the Republican plan that Democrats have been 
taking aim at lately is our plan to repeal the death tax. They complain 
that it is not something to really worry about, since, they claim, 
relatively few estates actually have to pay the tax.
  One of my Democratic colleagues released a report detailing some of 
the ways people try to avoid the death tax. From the tone of the press 
release and report, one would think that anyone trying to avoid the 
estate tax was a multibillionaire and a tax cheat--and greedy, to boot. 
But I can tell you, the actual situation is very different.
  Of course there are wealthy individuals who try to reduce or 
eliminate their death tax liability. After all, who wants to be taxed a 
second or third time on money they have earned during their lifetime 
that they could be passing down to their children or grandchildren?
  There are also a lot of small business owners and owners of family 
farms and ranches who have to spend tens of thousands of dollars a year 
trying to avoid the death tax in order to preserve

[[Page 16073]]

their family business for another generation. Many of the farmers and 
ranchers in my State know that without careful and costly planning, the 
Federal Government will come around after their death demanding a 
staggering 40 percent of their estate and that their children won't 
have the money to pay without risking the farm or ranch.
  How does that work? Well, farming and ranching is a cash-poor 
business. Farmers and ranchers may own valuable land, but they are only 
earning cash on the crops they grow or the livestock they raise on that 
land. Thus, while their overall farm or ranch may have a substantial 
value, the amount of money they have coming in is relatively small and 
subject to the swings in the market from year to year.
  Frequently, when farmers and ranchers die, the vast portion of their 
estate is made up of their land, while actual cash or liquid assets are 
a very small part of it. If they don't take measures to avoid having 
their family hit by the death tax, the family will have no choice but 
to sell off the land to pay the government, which means losing income-
generating property or the family's farm or ranch overall.
  Family-owned businesses across the country face the same situation, 
where the value of the estate is tied up in the business.
  The threat of the death tax is a constant burden hanging over the 
heads of farmers and ranchers in my State who want nothing more than to 
be able to pass on the family farm or ranch to the next generation.
  That brings me to a larger point--the need to simplify our current 
Tax Code, which is one of the five principles guiding Republicans' tax 
reform efforts.
  Our Tax Code is long, and it is complicated. It is almost twice as 
long as it was in 1985 and nearly six times as long as it was in 1955. 
The instructions for the basic 1040 form alone are more than 100 pages 
long, and it is no surprise. The Tax Code is full of deductions, 
exemptions, and special rules, all of which amount to unnecessary 
complication and, too often, confusion.
  Take education tax benefits, an area of concern for middle-class 
families. Currently, there are more than a dozen separate tax 
provisions relating to education, from the American opportunity tax 
credit to 529 savings accounts. Of course, these provisions come with 
approximately 100 pages of IRS instructions, special forms, and 
schedules, not to mention the professional tax preparer whom too many 
families have to hire to figure it all out.
  Then there are small businesses, which have to navigate a bewildering 
mass of tax provisions and regulations but often don't have the money 
to hire the professional help they need. I think it is fair to say that 
a big reason some small businesses fail to get off the ground is 
because they lack the resources that would enable them to deal with the 
Tax Code,
  Then, of course, as I mentioned before, there is that other bane of 
small businesses and family farms and ranches; that is, again, the 
death tax. The death tax forces farmers and ranchers to invest a 
significant amount of time and money in complex estate plans, 
insurance, and expensive tax professionals so they can preserve their 
farm or ranch for their children.
  According to a recent survey by Family Enterprise USA, of those 
indicating that they undertook estate-planning efforts, the average 
planning cost in 2016 was more than $170,000, and that doesn't include 
the average cost of insurance to pay for the death tax, which was 
$75,000 a year. Those are simply wasted resources that could be used to 
reinvest back into the business, create new jobs, and increase wages--
all of which would help us achieve the kind of economic growth we have 
been lacking for the past 8 years.
  Republicans don't think farmers and ranchers should have to spend 
tens of thousands of dollars a year to preserve their farm or ranch for 
their children. We don't think families should have to hire a tax 
preparer to file a basic income tax form. We don't think it should cost 
small businesses between $15 billion and $16 billion each year to 
comply with the Tax Code. We don't think you should have to be an 
accountant to figure out what tax deductions, exemptions, or credits 
you qualify for. We don't think the Tax Code should prevent Americans 
from starting a small business or expanding an existing business to 
provide more jobs or higher wages for their employees. So the 
comprehensive tax reform bill we are currently drafting will simplify 
the Tax Code. It will eliminate loopholes and special rules and 
dedicate those savings to easing the tax burden on hard-working 
families and small businesses. It will drastically ease the tax return 
process, with the hope of making it as easy for Americans to file their 
taxes as it is to fill out a postcard. It will eliminate the death tax 
so that family-owned businesses, farms, and ranches in my home State of 
South Dakota and around the country can focus their dollars on growing 
their businesses, not paying for tax professionals to preserve it.
  Our bill will simplify and streamline tax benefits so that you don't 
need to hire a tax professional to figure out which education or home 
ownership or other tax benefits you qualify for. So it is disappointing 
that our Democratic colleagues are so hostile to the idea of working 
with Republicans that they are passing on the chance to join us to 
provide the American people with unprecedented relief from our 
antiquated and overgrown Tax Code.
  The single most important thing we can do for Americans struggling 
with stagnant wages and a dearth of opportunities is to pass 
comprehensive tax reform. By reforming our Tax Code, we can provide the 
American people with more and better paying jobs, fairer taxes, and 
bigger paychecks. Most importantly, we can do this for the long term.
  I hope Democrats will rethink their opposition and join us as we work 
to provide the American people with the relief that they have been 
waiting for and that they deserve.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. HELLER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for 
the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.


                            Las Vegas Strong

  Mr. HELLER. Mr. President, I rise today still in shock, still in 
mourning over the events of October 1, when 58 people--some of them 
Nevadans, many of them visitors to our State--were brutally gunned down 
by a madman on the Las Vegas Strip.
  In addition to those horrible deaths, almost 500 people were injured. 
Many of them face long roads to physical recovery and an even longer 
and more painful road to emotional recovery. I know I speak for all of 
my Senate colleagues in praying for them and wishing them the quickest 
recovery possible.
  This madman's actions devastated our city, but I rise today to tell 
you that the sense of devastation is being replaced by a renewed sense 
of community, a renewed sense of family, of unity, of faith, and a 
renewed sense of strength. I have had the honor of experiencing it 
firsthand in the eyes and the voices of those who survived and those 
who chose to stay in harm's way to help each other when they could have 
fled to safety. I have heard and seen this renewed sense of community 
and strength in the faces of our first responders, none of whom have 
ever encountered anything as horrific as the carnage of October 1 but 
who plunged into danger to save lives. Because? Because that is what 
they do.
  I had the privilege of meeting a Las Vegas police officer, Sergeant 
Jonathan Riddle, who was stationed a block from the shooting scene 
doing traffic work. When he first heard the popping noises, like most 
of the concertgoers, he thought it was fireworks, but the second volley 
told him otherwise, and his training kicked in. He grabbed his rifle 
and he sprinted toward the chaos. Keep in mind, this police officer 
knew, through his training, that heavy-caliber bullets were being fired 
and that his protective vest would not stop them. He also knew his 
rifle was useless because the shots were coming

[[Page 16074]]

from the Mandalay Bay, and he couldn't shoot at the hotel for fear of 
hitting an innocent bystander. So he was, for all intents and purposes, 
defenseless. He knew it, but he ran anyway. He ran toward the violence. 
He ran toward it with one purpose, to help in any way he could.
  It is almost not fair to single him out because dozens of metro 
police officers did the same thing, and firefighters, paramedics, and 
ambulance drivers also. It was not just professional first responders 
who emerged as true heroes on October 1. Taylor Winston, a marine, was 
just trying to enjoy the concert that night, but when the bullets 
started raining down, he was driven by his training, his instincts, his 
compassion for his fellow human beings. He helped several people over a 
fence where they took cover, but he realized the danger wasn't over. 
Looking around, he spotted a pickup truck with a long bed. He borrowed 
the truck. I use the term ``borrowed'' loosely. He loaded the back of 
it with injured people and rushed them to the hospital, but he wasn't 
done. He made a return trip, loaded the pickup again with wounded 
individuals and got them to the hospital.
  Jack Beaton's last act on Earth was one of sacrifice and heroism. He 
draped himself over his wife, protecting her from the deadly bullets. 
He told her he loved her, then was hit and died in her arms.
  Jonathan Smith shouted warnings when he realized what was happening, 
but when some people were too stunned to move toward safety, Jonathan 
moved toward them, getting them out of the line of fire. That is when 
Jonathan himself was hit. He survived but will likely always have a 
bullet lodged in his neck. It is a painful reminder of his heroics, but 
I hope it will also remind him of the people he saved.
  John, a cab driver, accelerated toward the screams and the chaos and 
shouted for a frightened group of girls to jump into his cab, and he 
drove them to safety. Then John turned around and drove back to the 
shooting scene and transported another group to safety. In all, John 
possibly saved 11 lives.
  There was a woman at the concert, a respiratory therapist, who had 
her cell phone shattered by a bullet while the cell phone was still in 
her hand. Shards of hard plastic tore through her hand and embedded in 
her skin. What did she do? She pulled the shards out of her hand, 
bandaged herself up, and rushed to the hospital where she worked to try 
to help other people more badly injured.
  At our local hospitals, doctors and nurses worked miracles around the 
clock. When operating rooms were not available, they treated the 
wounded in hallways. Surrounded by shouting, crying, chaos, and blood, 
they saved one life after another after another. Their skill, their 
composure, their dedication to saving lives was stronger that night 
than the evil intentions of the madman with a rifle.
  I was walking the hallway of one of our hospitals with the hospital's 
CEO when a woman rushed toward him, grabbed him by the arm, and through 
tears and sobs, thanked him for the work his staff had done. Her niece 
had been wounded, but she was heading home. She said she could never 
thank the hospital staff enough.
  In the aftermath, the community banded together to provide every 
resource possible to the victims and their families. The Las Vegas 
Convention Center's South Hall was dedicated to family reunification 
and support services. Airlines answered the call to provide free 
flights to the families of victims. Hotels and casinos across Las Vegas 
offered free rooms. The American Red Cross partnered with the Mirage to 
host a blood drive. Millions of dollars have been raised by local 
businesses and people across the country to support the victims.
  The employees of Mandalay Bay and other MGM resort properties were 
understandably stricken and horrified by the shooting, but they too 
asked how they could help. Instead of being frozen by their shock and 
grief, they mobilized--donating blood, offering help to the families of 
the victims, organizing memorials, and otherwise coming together as a 
team, motivated by compassion and selflessness and providing comfort 
and solace.
  True leaders have emerged in the wake of this tragedy. My friend 
Sheriff Joe Lombardo, head of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police 
Department, has been steadfast in this crisis. He will always be 
remembered as a rock-solid presence when our city most needed one.
  Let me say this for the world to hear. Our great city will not cower 
in fear because of this horrible act. We will mourn, we will heal, we 
will comfort each other, and we will pray, but make no mistake about 
it, Las Vegas is open for business. Las Vegas will not simply go on, 
but we will thrive. So come to Las Vegas, and maybe come away with a 
greater appreciation of what our city, our people are all about. From 
the blood and the horror, the terror, the carnage of October 1, Las 
Vegas has risen.
  We have never shied away from our image as a city of entertainment. 
Our hospitality defines us, but the world has now seen a side much more 
profound--something we have always seen--and that is a home, a family, 
a community of people who will stand by each other during the darkest 
moments, a community of people bound by faith who will stand in the 
face of danger to protect a neighbor, a friend, a family member, or 
someone they have never met.
  Everyone around the world has heard of Las Vegas. The very name 
conjures images almost immediately. Its skyline cannot be mistaken for 
any other. Yet prior to October 1, almost no one knew the true Las 
Vegas, the Las Vegas we are seeing now, a city that responds to 
cowardly violence with love and compassion for each other, a city that 
responds to hatred with faith and strength. ``Las Vegas Strong'' is a 
slogan we are now seeing on billboards, marquees, and T-shirts, but 
behind that slogan is a true story of true strength. It is a story of a 
city growing, emerging, and becoming closer and more united.
  A deranged man with a rifle brought death and carnage and terror to 
Las Vegas, but today Las Vegas stands stronger. Las Vegas stands 
unafraid. Las Vegas's true identity has been revealed, and it is one of 
compassion and one of heroism. It is my hope that we will honor the 
memory of those lost by holding on to the sense of unity and family 
that has emerged since October 1 and that we will, all of us, continue 
to be Las Vegas Strong.
  May God bless the city of Las Vegas, the State of Nevada, and may God 
bless the United States of America.
  I yield back.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Nevada.


                        Las Vegas mass Shooting

  Ms. CORTEZ MASTO. Mr. President, as the newest Senator from the 
Silver State, I am humbled to serve and represent my fellow Nevadans. 
We Nevadans are very proud of our State, its people, and the spirit of 
self-reliance and community that guides us every single day. We are 
proud of the vastness and beauty of our rural counties and the energy 
and diversity of our cities, such as Reno and my hometown, Las Vegas.
  When I was preparing to deliver my maiden speech before this body, my 
intention was to honor the Silver State's history and people, as well 
as share the issues I had planned to fight for while I am here in 
Congress--issues that matter to hard-working Nevadans. That speech was 
meant to celebrate Nevada's founding and values, to declare the basic 
right of every individual to education and affordable healthcare, to 
remind my colleagues of the dignity of equality and the right to marry 
whomever you love. That speech was meant to proclaim the dignity of 
women and their right to make their own health choices, to defend the 
right of immigrants and Dreamers to live in our country without fear, 
and to call on this body to fight for American values, including 
diversity and inclusion. That speech was meant to demand that our 
country's leaders respect every American, regardless of the color of 
their skin or how they choose to worship.
  Unfortunately, my maiden speech on the floor of this body will 
instead talk

[[Page 16075]]

about mass murder. Today I want to recognize the courage of heroes and 
first responders and honor the wounded and those murdered. I want to 
recognize the fundamental dignity of every American in this age of 
violence, rancor, and ignorance, the dignity of Americans not to be 
slaughtered by other Americans just for walking outside and attending a 
conference.
  With over 43 million visitors per year, Las Vegas prides itself on 
warmly welcoming people from all around the world to revel in what we 
have to offer. Hospitality, in every sense of the word, defines who we 
are. When travelers come to Las Vegas, they plan to enjoy themselves in 
the company of loved ones and friends and become a part of our Nevada 
family.
  On October 1, a man attacked that family by smashing two windows in 
his 32nd floor hotel suite and unleashing a barrage of bullets onto 
22,000 people attending the Route 91 Harvest music festival. In 10 
minutes, 58 innocent people were massacred, and more than 500 people 
were injured.
  At first, concertgoers confused the rapid gunfire for fireworks. The 
grim realization that repetitive bursts were not fireworks but bullets, 
came as those in the crowd began to collapse, one after another, and 
blood began to stain the ground. This was a concert on the Las Vegas 
Strip, but it looked more like a battlefield. These were innocent 
people.
  The human cost of this atrocious act of terrorism is incalculable. 
Children lost parents. Parents lost children. Friends lost friends. 
Those who survived the ordeal must not only heal from physical wounds 
but cope with the mental scars that will haunt them forever.
  I will never forget the stories I heard walking through our hospitals 
and meeting with our first responders and those recovering from their 
wounds. Entire emergency room and hallway floors were stained with 
blood. A recovery room in one of our hospitals was turned into a 
makeshift morgue. A victim's phone rang continuously with calls from 
her father, who would soon learn that she would never be coming home.
  There is one life story cut short for each of the 58 people killed 
that night. We have come to learn their stories--stories of sacrifice, 
of courage, and of love.
  A young man died after taking the bullets that would have ended his 
girlfriend's life. A security guard was killed on the job. As bullets 
ripped through the night sky and bodies began falling to the ground, he 
took responsibility for keeping the public safe by directing the 
panicked crowd. He made the ultimate sacrifice--protecting others.
  With approximately 2 million residents, the Las Vegas area is not a 
small town, but this tragedy has shown just how strong and connected 
our community is. It goes beyond Las Vegas. There are so many 
communities across this country that were injured by this tragedy in 
some way. Many of those killed and injured were visitors to Las Vegas. 
All Nevadans grieve for those dead and are doing what they can to help 
the survivors.
  Mr. Rogers has a timeless quote:

       Look for the helpers. You will always find people who are 
     helping.

  As we embrace others and the families of those wounded and those 
murdered, we also recognize so many in the community who helped. Even 
in the middle of the attack, there were helpers who shielded strangers 
from bullets and helpers who led people out of the concert venue. There 
were helpers who plugged strangers' bullet wounds with their fingers.
  There were helpers like Jonathan. Despite receiving a gunshot wound 
to the neck, Jonathan saved the lives of 30 people by leading them out 
of the venue and aiding them in taking cover. He did this even after 
losing sight of his own family.
  Jonathan later said: ``I decided I'm not going to leave anybody 
behind.''
  There were helpers like Taylor, an Iraq war veteran, who turned a 
parked utility van into an ambulance. After climbing a fence as he fled 
the gunfire, he came across the vehicle, and he knew what he had to do. 
Before first responders arrived, Taylor drove roughly 30 people to area 
hospitals.
  There were other helpers, like Tami, also an Iraq war veteran, who 
stayed behind to help victims on the ground. Tami used her ER nursing 
experience to triage those who were immobile because of their injuries. 
Despite her best efforts, Tami couldn't save one young woman and had 
the heartbreaking task of telling a mother that her daughter was dead.
  Tami said:

       I'll never forget that girl's face. I had to tell the mom 
     that her daughter had gone.

  In the toughest of circumstances, the promptness, efficiency, and 
professionalism of Southern Nevada's first responders and medical 
community saved many lives and ensured that this tragedy did not 
escalate into a further loss of life.
  Andrew, an ambulance dispatcher, calmly and purposefully directed his 
team despite it being his first day in his new role.
  There were doctors across our valley who did not need a call to rush 
to our hospitals to help. There were nurses who stayed long past their 
shifts to help care for and comfort the wounded, and our police 
officers and firefighters ran toward the bullets to help. These first 
responders, doctors, and nurses knew some of the people they were 
helping.
  The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, Clark County Fire 
Department, American Medical Response, MedicWest Ambulance, Community 
Ambulance, University Medical Center, Sunrise Hospital and Medical 
Center, The Valley Health System, and Dignity Health deserve our 
deepest thanks for their valor and their unmatched bravery.
  I also honor and thank the Red Cross and the Department of Veterans 
Affairs, which brought mobile units to our hospitals, and the volunteer 
mental health counselors who came from all over the country to help 
provide comfort and support. I will never forget their dedication as 
our community grappled with this senseless tragedy.
  In the days that followed, our community's compassionate response 
showed the world who we are as Las Vegans. So many unnamed heroes in 
our community stood for hours in line to donate blood. They came to the 
family reunification center and gave food and water and clothing--
whatever they could--to help families and those who were wounded. 
Artists and volunteers created beautiful memorials and prayerful spaces 
for honor and grief. Local businesses, as well as airlines like 
Allegiant and Southwest and medical providers like The Valley Health 
System, MedicWest, and American Medical Response, made sure that the 
families of the slain as well as the wounded were provided help, 
support, and relief from medical bills and travel costs. In less than a 
week, dedicated volunteers built a beautiful remembrance wall and 
planted a healing garden for all of us to express our grief, reflect, 
and to remember.
  Our city also received an outpouring of support and solidarity from 
countless fellow Americans, State governments, and foreign embassies. I 
was personally touched by the outpouring of support from my colleagues 
in this Chamber, and I thank them for it.
  The people of Las Vegas came together to heal and protect their 
community, but they cannot do it all on their own. It has been 
difficult for all of us to understand the events of the past 2 weeks, 
but one thing is clear: We cannot stand by and do nothing.
  As a lifelong Las Vegan, I have never seen such a profound community 
response. In the midst of such horror, I am so proud of my community, 
and I continue to be amazed at the strength and spirit that will help 
move us forward. But they need our help. The time has come for the 
people in this room--all of us--to do our part to keep our communities 
safe.
  Over the past few weeks, I have heard my colleagues saying things 
like ``no law could have stopped that'' or ``you can't legislate away 
evil.'' While that may be true, we are not helpless. When something bad 
happens, we can always take steps to understand what happened and work 
together to find a way to stop a future tragedy. Listen, we

[[Page 16076]]

cannot stop every shooting, but we can do something to prevent these 
senseless mass murders.
  Just over a year ago, 49 people were murdered at a nightclub in 
Orlando--then, the deadliest shooting in modern history. My hometown of 
Las Vegas has now broken that record with 58 men and women being 
murdered by 1 man with multiple guns that were rigged for combat. This 
is a horrific distinction to bear.
  Will we stand by and wait for the next community to break that 
record?
  In our communities every day, Americans make commonsense decisions to 
protect their health and safety. They lock their doors. They set their 
alarms. They go to their doctors for annual check-ups. They wear 
seatbelts. After the worst attack on American soil on September 11, 
2001, we reshaped the way we protect our country and our way of life.
  Now, in the wake of the worst mass shooting in modern American 
history, I am calling on my colleagues to work with me to take 
reasonable, concrete steps to reduce the likelihood of another 
senseless shooting massacre on American soil.
  Do not get me wrong. The people of Las Vegas are grateful to have the 
thoughts and prayers of nearly every Member of Congress, but thoughts 
and prayers alone are not enough. Now it is time for action--meaningful 
action--to prevent mass murders.
  Let me be very clear. This is not about taking away guns. I grew up 
in a family of gun owners and hunters. My father was a member of Ducks 
Unlimited. I have family members who are avid sportsmen, including an 
uncle who was a member of the Nevada Bighorns Unlimited. My husband is 
a retired Secret Service agent. We are proud gun owners. I believe that 
Americans have the right to own guns.
  But with the right to own a gun comes a shared responsibility to 
ensure that weapons do not fall into the hands of dangerous people. The 
right to own a gun must be balanced by the right of every American to 
be able to go out in public without having the fear that he will be 
shot and killed at a church, in a movie theater, in a classroom, in a 
nightclub, on a baseball field, or at a concert. The right to own a gun 
is important, and equally important is the right not to be killed by 
someone who has no business owning a gun.
  The Second Amendment calls for gun ownership in defense of the 
security of America, not to terrorize its citizens. Congress has the 
responsibility to keep weapons that are designed for our military out 
of the hands of mass murderers. When we took office, each of us swore 
an oath to protect and defend the U.S. Constitution. That means that we 
are sworn to protect the lives and liberty of the American people.
  Are we keeping that promise?
  If there are commonsense, reasonable, proven steps that we can take 
to keep innocent people from dying at the hands of mass murderers, why 
wouldn't we take them? Why wouldn't we pass legislation that the 
majority of Americans supports? Why wouldn't we ban the tools used to 
kill and injure almost 600 people in the space of 10 minutes?
  Many place blame with the strength of organizations like the National 
Rifle Association and other allied interest groups. Yet a recent poll 
finds that 93 percent of voters in gun households support universal 
background checks. Count me as part of that 93 percent. Congress is not 
going to repeal the Second Amendment, but its Members need to find the 
courage to be honest that there is a problem.
  I echo my colleague Senator Chris Murphy of Connecticut, who gave his 
maiden speech on this very same topic in 2013, right after the horrific 
massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School. He said that he never 
expected to find himself talking about guns in his maiden speech, but 
the issue of gun violence found him. I am devastated to say that the 
issue of gun violence found me too. It found the city of Las Vegas 
along with finding everyone else in the State of Nevada. It has already 
found other Members of this body and their neighbors across the 
country.
  Like Senator Murphy, I am making it my mission to prevent another 
tragedy like this one from ever happening again. We should return to 
commonsense principles as we determine how to move forward.
  One, guns should not be available to people who are mentally ill, 
have a history of violence, or are suspected terrorists.
  Two, everyone who buys a firearm should undergo a background check--
no exceptions for people who buy from online retailers, gun shows, or 
private dealers. We cannot enforce our laws if we are not running 
background checks to determine who is trying to buy a firearm.
  Three, certain military-style accessories that are necessary for war 
zones simply do not need to be in our communities.
  As Members of this body are aware, the mass shooting in my hometown 
was made all the more lethal because of what is referred to as a bump 
stock--a tool that is designed to turn a semiautomatic rifle into an 
even deadlier weapon in order to kill as many people as possible and 
rain gunfire down on 22,000 concertgoers. This Chamber should speak in 
a unified voice that these tools do not belong in our country. This has 
nothing to do with infringing on the Second Amendment rights of law-
abiding gun owners. You do not need a bump stock to hunt unless you are 
hunting people. If we do nothing now, there will be more massacres. We 
will see more fathers without daughters, more mothers without sons, and 
more sisters without brothers.
  The time has come to ask ourselves: Who will really be at fault the 
next time something like this happens? Will it be the deranged killer 
who used a loophole to get his hands on a deadly weapon or the people 
who failed to close that loophole when they had the chance?
  My colleagues are right in that we cannot legislate away mental 
illness, and we cannot legislate away evil, but we can legislate to 
prevent murder. We can take smart, sensible steps to keep Americans 
safe. We can work together with gun owners and citizens against gun 
violence to make Americans safer.
  To my colleagues who are undecided, I invite you to come to the 
hospitals with me in Las Vegas. Hear from the people who came to Las 
Vegas for a night of fun and country music and who will have to live 
with emotional and physical scars for the rest of their lives.
  Hear from Dana, who will never see her fiance again. Hear from 
Lindsey, who will never see her sister again. Hear from Hannah's three 
children, who will never see their mother again.
  I spent much of the last 2 weeks talking with families of those who 
were wounded or killed. That Monday night after the massacre, I 
remember hugging a mother and father who were looking for their 26-
year-old daughter at the family reunification center. They had gone to 
all of the area hospitals with the hope that they might find their 
daughter alive. Their final hope that night, if you want to call it 
that, was waiting in the reunification center for the call from the 
coroner's office to see if their daughter's body had been identified.
  It so easily could have been my family, frantically searching, 
waiting, and grieving in that center. My niece was at that concert.
  The people of Las Vegas responded to the worst tragedy our city has 
ever seen with unprecedented bravery, selflessness, and compassion. We 
are Vegas Strong.
  It is long past time for Congress to follow their example and the 
example of so many other communities in our country touched by this 
violence and, finally, to summon the strength to get something done and 
reduce gun violence in America.
  Let's not ignore the lives of those murdered or those wounded. Let's 
actually come together and agree that we must do something to honor all 
of the daughters, mothers, sons, fathers, sisters, brothers, and 
friends we have already lost to senseless gun violence.
  It is time for us to move beyond resolutions. We must now have a new 
resolve to protect the basic freedom and safety of all Americans.
  Work with me. Reach out to my office so that we can find common

[[Page 16077]]

ground and finally offer the American people something more than just 
our thoughts and prayers. Let's get something done in honor of the 
loved ones who are still with us, the family members and friends we 
would do anything to protect, the people in our lives we could not bear 
to lose.
  I ask my colleagues to work with me. Work with me to prevent this 
from ever happening again.
  Mr. President, thank you for listening.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Tillis). The Senator from Oregon.
  Mr. MERKLEY. Mr. President, I want to recognize the articulate, 
thoughtful, and passionate comments that have just been delivered by 
the Senator from Nevada. She has already served so effectively on 
committees and effectively on legislation, and now she brings her voice 
here to this Senate Chamber, where, over the history of our country, so 
many important conversations and dialogues have taken place, wrestling 
with the challenges we have and looking for the path to build the 
future we desire. So I welcome her. Of course, she has been here for 
some time now, but I welcome her now, being a part of the dialogue in 
this Chamber, which is an honor and something that is granted to only a 
few people in our Nation to come and to voice the concerns of our 
fellow Americans, of our home State constituents, striving to persuade 
colleagues to join in the effort to make our Nation and this world a 
better place.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Michigan.


                  Children's Health Insurance Program

  Ms. STABENOW. Mr. President, I know we are in the middle of a 
discussion and certainly a debate right now about a budget resolution, 
and, obviously, I participated in discussions of how concerned I am 
about the priorities in the budget resolution. I think the people of 
Michigan and the country deserve a better deal.
  But while we are doing that, the clock is ticking on some very, very 
important programs where we actually have bipartisan support in 
committee. I want to thank Chairman Hatch and the Finance Committee, 
working with me and working with our ranking member, Senator Wyden, for 
moving forward last week on a 5-year reauthorization of the Children's 
Health Insurance Program, or what we call CHIP. The problem is this. 
Even though we passed it with only one negative vote and we had a 
strong bipartisan vote coming to the floor, my concern is that we have 
gone on to tax cuts. We are going on to a bill that includes Medicaid 
cuts and Medicare cuts and other debates. Yet we have this bipartisan 
effort that needs to get done because the funding ended September 30. 
It has been 18 days and counting. We will be counting these days 
because it has been 18 days since the Children's Health Insurance 
Program was stopped being funded.
  I am very concerned about this. I assumed that once we had agreement, 
we would be able to move something very quickly. It is deeply 
concerning to me that we are now in a situation where it is 18 days. 
Tomorrow it will be 19 days, and then we go into the weekend, and yet 
we are not seeing the Children's Health Insurance Program funded.
  There are 9 million children in our country. These are low-income 
working families who are not able to have the confidence of knowing 
that health insurance will be there for them. CHIP has been an 
extremely successful program. In Michigan we call it MIChild, and we 
have about 100,000 children who are able to get health services because 
of MIChild. This means moms and dads go to bed at night and don't have 
to say a little prayer--please, God, don't let the kids get sick--
because they know they are going to be able to take them to the doctor.
  This has traditionally been a bipartisan bill. As I have said, we 
have had great support on both sides of the aisle, but it is now out of 
committee, and we need to move it, and we need to make space on the 
calendar to be able to get this done.
  We also have something else that ended on September 30, and that is 
funding for our community health centers. This is something else that 
has bipartisan support. I want to thank my friend Senator Roy Blunt. He 
and I joined together. We have 70 Members of this body who have signed 
a letter to continue the funding for community health centers. The 
problem is, the funding ran out on September 30. The Federal funding 
ended on September 30. We are talking about 25 million families, 
children, 300,000 veterans, 7.5 million children all across the 
country. In many parts of rural Michigan, that is the primary way 
people are getting their healthcare, as well as in urban settings.
  Again, we have an agreement. We have talked about, now that the 
children's health insurance bill is out of committee, having it on the 
floor and then having an amendment for health centers, moving that 
together, which is something we have done in the past. We have strong 
bipartisan support to do it, but it has been put to the side in favor 
of what is a very divisive process on a budget resolution and tax cuts 
and other issues.
  So I am imploring the leadership in the Senate to focus on something 
on which we all agree--at least the majority of us agree, the 
overwhelming majority of us agree--and that is making sure the 
Children's Health Insurance Program and community health centers get 
funded as quickly as possible. This is something done through the 
States, this is locally driven, it meets all the tests that people talk 
about, and both of these programs are extremely effective.
  In 2016 alone, Michigan's community health centers diagnosed coronary 
heart disease in more than 21,000 people. There were 21,000 people who, 
if they hadn't gotten that diagnosis, probably would have ended up in 
the emergency room--if they had been able to get to an emergency room 
before something fatal happened. Because we have community health 
centers from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to our urban areas, people 
were able to get the diagnosis and the help they needed. Nearly 34,000 
Michigan residents learned that they had asthma and could treat that 
asthma, and children could get the treatment they need. Nearly 140,000 
people were diagnosed with diabetes and could begin to manage that so 
it didn't become something incredibly serious and life-threatening.
  Health centers play a very important role. If we aren't treating 
these kinds of things, they can be deadly if undiagnosed or untreated, 
so it is very important.
  I am worried that there is not the sense of urgency there needs to be 
here to continue the Children's Health Insurance Program and the 
community health centers. I know that my Democratic colleagues feel 
that we are ready and willing to, at any moment, stop the debate on a 
divisive budget resolution, focus on something that has bipartisan 
leadership and bipartisan support, and let's get that done.
  In Michigan, our 100,000 children who are able to see the doctor 
through MIChild get the medical care and dental and vision care that 
they need to be successful--to be successful in school, to be able to 
see the blackboard, to be able to read, to be able to hear, because 
they are getting the basic healthcare they need.
  Children shouldn't have to strain to see the blackboard and get bad 
grades because they can't get a simple eye exam, and that is what 
MIChild helps make happen. Children shouldn't have to struggle to 
ignore a painful tooth because the family can't afford to see a 
dentist. We have heard of horrible situations where, because of 
abscesses, children have actually lost their lives. It is not 
necessary. This is something that is preventible, and we have a 
bipartisan program, the Children's Health Insurance Program, created 
with bipartisan leadership years ago, that can be continued and needs 
to be continued.
  Mr. President, I understand the debate on the floor about the budget. 
I understand the debate on tax reform. I want to see tax reform that 
simplifies the code and puts money in the pockets of hard-working 
families and small businesses and creates jobs. I mean, that is what I 
want to see happen. I

[[Page 16078]]

also want to make sure, as we are debating right now how to do that and 
the differences in doing that--I would argue that what is in this 
budget bill does not do that, and I want to work on something that 
does.
  We have the clock ticking on 9 million children and their families 
whose health insurance funding stopped 18 days ago and community health 
centers from small towns in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to the city 
of Detroit whose health center funding stopped 18 days ago.
  So I am going to keep counting. I hope I don't have to count too high 
before we can get this done because I know there is support here. I 
know there is support to do it, but it has to be a priority. There has 
to be a sense of urgency. Just like a parent who is up at 3 o'clock in 
the morning with a sick child has a sense of urgency about what they 
need to care for their child, we need to have that same sense of 
urgency here and do what I know we can do if we would just take the 
time, just take a few minutes to get it done.
  Mr. President, I hope that will happen very soon. Thank you very 
much.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Washington.
  Ms. CANTWELL. Mr. President, I come to the floor this evening to talk 
about amendment No. 1141, which would raise a point of order against 
any provision that would strike State and local tax deductions.
  As we talk tonight about how our country moves forward economically 
and as we talk about what are the best ways to have tax fairness in 
America, I guarantee you, my constituents want to make sure they 
continue to be able to deduct their sales tax, their mortgage 
deductions, and there are important policies that other States have for 
tax deductions.
  The State of Washington has been a leader--and I would match our 
State, as it relates to our tax code and efficiency, with just about 
any other State. For a long time, Washington and Oregon have had the 
most unique tax codes in the United States of America. Yet our 
economies have grown faster than the national average every year since 
World War II. So we are doing something right. So the fact that we 
don't have an income tax in Washington State and the fact that 
Washingtonians, for many years, have been able to deduct our sales tax 
from our Federal tax obligations for income is something we are not 
interested in losing. What we are interested in is a fair debate about 
our Tax Code, an open process, and important discussion points of order 
if anybody tries to strip from us these very important tools.
  State and local tax deductions have been an important way in which 
our taxpayers make sure they are treated fairly. For us in Washington, 
as I said, many of our citizens use these itemized deductions because 
of the fact that we don't have an income tax and we are able to deduct 
our sales tax from our Federal tax obligations. In fact, 30 percent of 
Washington resident taxpayers--1.1 million--itemize their taxes and 
claim an average State and local tax deduction of $7,402. These 
deductions put an average of $600 back into the pockets of 
Washingtonians each year. So any attempt by legislation to try to erode 
that--particularly at a time when we also get a deduction on our 
property taxes as well--is something critically important to our State.
  If legislation continues to move forward that repeals these 
deductions--I know our colleagues think they are doing good work by 
trying to simplify the Tax Code. In fact, they are saying: We are going 
to increase the standard deduction as a way to simplify the Tax Code. 
But for my Washington residents--and, my guess is, for many other 
States that are in the same boat that don't have an income tax--you 
literally are going to penalize them and the efficiency of their tax 
code, which is so important.
  For example, 40 percent of tax filers who make between $50,000 and 
$75,000 claim this deduction, and 53 percent of taxpayers who make 
between $75,000 and $100,000 claim this deduction. So when my 
colleagues talk about doubling the deduction from $6,000 to $12,000 or 
from $12,000 to $24,000 for families, I am sure they would like us to 
believe that somehow is going to make the residents of Washington State 
and our taxpayers whole. That is not the case. On average, 
Washingtonians in those brackets could actually end up paying more. 
Why? Well, first of all, we should realize that there are over 250,000 
Washingtonians--that is the estimate--who make more, in a joint filing, 
than $150,000. So right there, these Washingtonians would be in a 
situation where, under this tax proposal, they would be paying more 
than they are currently paying because they are not allowed to itemize 
and they are not allowed to deduct. I don't want to raise taxes on 
Washingtonians. In tight economic times, I don't want to see them 
continue to see these deductions eliminated and have their tax bills go 
up.
  Washingtonians work very hard at trying to make and keep the 
efficiency. I know there are other States--such as Texas, Alaska, and 
Florida--that also don't have an income tax. I know those States are 
probably struggling with the same policies and want to make sure they 
are making the same kinds of efficiencies. What we don't want is the 
current Republican proposal to raise taxes on working families in 
Washington State. We want to make sure these families continue to see 
the deductions they have had in the past.
  So how would this work exactly in Washington? Well, one of the things 
we are concerned about is the impact on the housing market. Without the 
deduction for property--we do not want to see an increase in the price 
of housing and fewer people being able to afford home ownership because 
they are no longer able to take this deduction. That would be something 
of grave concern to Washington residents.
  Also, we want to make sure that we continue to have these deductions 
for both singles and families of four, who would be impacted by this.
  For example, an average individual taxpayer making between $50,000 
and $100,000 has an average total deduction of about $22,000. So this 
taxpayer would not benefit from increasing the standard deduction to 
$12,000. The difference is that they now get $22,000 in their itemized 
deductions, and under this proposal, they would only be able to deduct 
$12,000 of that. Take a family who is making over $100,000. As I said, 
we have 250,000 filers in our State who make between $150,000 and 
$200,000. This income bracket on average claims a deduction of $30,000 
from various State, local, mortgage interest, charitable contributions, 
and medical expenses. This family also would not benefit from 
increasing the standard deduction to $24,000. As I said, they are 
already deducting about $30,000.
  Literally, we are raising taxes on thousands and I would say probably 
hundreds of thousands of Washington residents. That is why I am 
offering this amendment. I want us to have a point of order and true 
discussion about any policy that would raise taxes on my residents in 
Washington State. We have to have a tax discussion that is about a fair 
and open process, a continued dialogue about how to make sure that 
working families get a fair deal in a tax policy. But one policy that 
is jammed into a budget proposal and that then comes back to us for 51 
votes, that literally eliminates our ability to itemize and deduct and 
gets rid of our sales deductions that we have fought so hard for, that 
we are so proud of as it relates to the individuality of how our State 
operates--we should not, with just 51 votes, cast a vote increasing the 
taxes on thousands and thousands of Washingtonians and, I would say, on 
many other States in our Nation.
  I hope our colleagues will take a close look at this. I hope they 
will help us in trying to make a point. Let's not rush through a policy 
when we don't know what the impacts are. Let's get specific about what 
the impacts are and recognize that some of our States are the most 
ingenious as it relates to delivering great services at lower costs.
  I know some of my colleagues would like to say: There are these big 
States in the East, and here is how they operate. Here is what they do 
in collecting various forms of revenue. Well, this Western State 
operates with a great

[[Page 16079]]

deal of efficiency. Our residents have come to expect these sales tax 
deductions and these mortgage deductions, and they want to keep them. 
They do not want to hear that there is a sleight of hand at the 
eleventh hour, not by a broad debate but a tactic that would jam them 
into a reconciliation bill because of instructions and thereby have 
these thousands of dollars of tax increases foisted on them.
  I hope my colleagues will join me in this very important point of 
order that we will be offering in this amendment. Let's have this 
discussion in broad daylight and not penalize innovative States that 
have different tax codes but have grown faster than the national 
average and continue to do so. Let's make sure that we have tax 
fairness for all residents of our country.
  I thank the Presiding Officer.
  I yield the floor.
  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, for more than 30 years, we have seen 
political battles over the Arctic Refuge--with some wanting to open the 
area for oil and gas leasing and many others believing that this 
pristine and ecologically important area should be given the highest 
protections available under the law. This week the fate of the Arctic 
Wildlife Refuge is again being taken up by the Senate, this time as 
part of the budget process.
  There is no question that this is a divisive issue, one that deserves 
to be debated in the Senate, not taken up as part of the budget process 
with little to no debate, but Republicans are insisting on ramming an 
attempt to open the Arctic Refuge to drilling through using a partisan 
process because they know they lack the bipartisan support needed to 
properly debate the issue.
  The President's budget estimated that leasing in the Arctic Refuge 
will generate $3.6 billion in revenues, but the President's budget 
estimates just don't add up. In order to meet that number, oil 
companies would need to bid an average of $2,400 per acre on every 
single acre of the 1.5 million acre coastal plain, more than 10 times 
the average lease sale bid on Alaska's North Slope.
  We know this number is significantly inflated. If we look at other 
lease sales between 2010 and 2015, the industry bid on less than 5 
percent of the leases in Alaska's National Petroleum Reserve. On top of 
that, oil supplies are currently at historic highs, so high that we 
lifted a 40-year ban on oil exports last year, and gas prices remained 
at long-term lows.
  Today the United States is the world's largest producer of oil and 
natural gas. We are importing less oil than we have at any point in 
almost three decades. In addition to the high oil supplies, industry 
has shown little interest in drilling in the Arctic Refuge. In 
September 2015, after spending approximately $7 billion to drill and 
explore the region, Shell gave up on drilling in the Arctic region's 
Chukchi Sea due to the poor results and the high costs. Energy analysts 
predict very little interest in drilling in the Refuge for the 
foreseeable future.
  So before we move ahead with leasing this area for oil and mineral 
exploration, we need to take a careful look at what we would be losing. 
The Arctic Refuge is one of America's last pristine, untouched 
wilderness places, and I think we should preserve it for future 
generations.
  The Refuge is home to more than 200 wildlife species, including polar 
bears, musk ox, and caribou. The porcupine caribou herd travels to the 
coastal plain each summer to give birth to their young. The Refuge is 
the most important land denning site for a significant population of 
polar bears. Birds from all 50 States and 6 continents migrate to the 
Refuge for nesting and staging. Alaskan Native people still rely on the 
wildlife for basic sustenance and as a basis of their cultures.
  In 2003, I had the opportunity to travel to the Arctic Wildlife 
Refuge and see firsthand the pristine wilderness. While I was there, I 
also had an opportunity to view areas that had been drilled for oil and 
gas. As you looked to the west, you could see a stark difference in the 
State lands that had been drilled for oil and gas and the Arctic 
National Wildlife Refuge that had not been drilled. It was easy to tell 
the two apart because the scars that were left on that State land that 
had been drilled were still there many years later. They didn't 
gingerly step in and drill and leave. They cut scars across that land 
that will be there forever.
  There is no question that the impact drilling would have on the 
Arctic would be devastating and irreversible, and although oil and gas 
resources can be develop safely, we all know that leaks and spills 
happen. The resulting environmental damage can change the landscape 
forever.
  The Arctic Refuge represents our Nation's finest example of intact, 
naturally functioning Arctic and subarctic ecosystems. Nowhere else in 
North America do we see such a broad spectrum of diverse habitats 
occurring within one area. We must protect it for future generations. 
We have a responsibility to protect this area for our children and 
grandchildren. Any attempt to move forward a budget reconciliation 
containing leases in the Arctic is a move in the wrong direction.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Perdue). The Senator from Colorado.
  Mr. GARDNER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that following 
leader remarks on October 19, it be in order to call up the following 
amendments; that the time until 11:45 a.m. be for debate on the 
amendments, equally divided between the managers or their designees; 
that at 11:45 a.m., the Senate vote in relation to the amendments in 
the order listed, with no second-degree amendments in order prior to 
the votes: Wyden No. 1302, Capito No. 1393, and Cantwell No. 1141; 
further, that following the disposition of the Cantwell amendment, 
Senator Warner's amendment No. 1138 be called up and the time until 2 
p.m. be equally divided between the managers or their designees; and 
that at 2 p.m., the Senate vote in relation to the Warner amendment, 
with no second-degree amendments in order prior to the vote.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

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