[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 160 (2014), Part 10]
[House]
[Pages 14521-14524]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                 STATEHOOD FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

  The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the Speaker's announced policy of 
January 3, 2013, the gentlewoman from the District of Columbia (Ms. 
Norton) is recognized for 60 minutes as the designee of the minority 
leader.
  Ms. NORTON. Mr. Speaker, I come to the floor today, because on Monday 
a very important hearing, the first of its kind in two decades, a 
hearing on statehood for the District of Columbia will take place in 
the Senate of the United States.
  The hearing is called by Senator Carper, the Chair of the 
Jurisdictional Committee. This hearing takes place at a time and in a 
season when we have seen unusual progress for statehood for the 
District of Columbia.

                              {time}  1445

  In the Senate, the majority leader himself became a cosponsor of the 
bill and indeed announced it with great energy, which is very unusual 
because the majority leader of the Senate cosponsors very few bills. 
The top Democratic leaders are sponsors of the bill. The bill has more 
House and Senate sponsors than is has ever had. Together this is 
normally seen as momentum, Mr. Speaker.
  Now, when I say we are having the first Senate hearing in two 
decades, it is not because we haven't tried to get a Senate hearing or 
because a Senate or House hearing on statehood was what was on the 
agenda for each immediate period. The District of Columbia residents 
have tried many ways to get their equal rights to other American 
citizens. There has been a House Voting Rights Act. I would have the 
vote on the House floor as I speak had an amendment not passed that 
sought to wipe away all the gun laws of the District of Columbia. There 
have been bills for House and Senate votes. There have been bills for 
budget autonomy, and we are still seeking budget autonomy.
  Through all of this, we have always sought statehood for the District 
of Columbia because, Mr. Speaker, there is no way for the District to 
get the same rights that every other American has without statehood. I 
will go into that a little later.
  The Senate hearing is entitled: ``Equality for the District of 
Columbia: Discussing the Implications of S. 132, the New Columbia 
Admissions Act.'' That is the companion bill to my bill here in the 
House, H.R. 292.
  I want to take a moment to thank Senator Tom Carper, who is the new 
chair of the committee of jurisdiction, the Senate Homeland Security 
and Governmental Affairs Committee. As you might expect, that committee 
has a lot on its plate, and, yet, in only his first term as chair, 
Senator Carper has made many strides forward and always has been very 
helpful to the District of Columbia, and now culminates the work that 
he and I have done in the Senate with a hearing. It is a hearing that 
we, of course, requested, but it is a hearing that he had to be willing 
to do and find time for on a very busy agenda. I cannot thank Senator 
Carper enough in the name of the people of the District of Columbia for 
affording us the opportunity to be heard.
  We do not pretend that statehood is around the corner. We do know 
this: that if we do not continue to use vehicles like hearings to put 
the matter before the House and the Senate, and before the people of 
the United States, we cannot build to the point where we can achieve 
what we will achieve, statehood for the 650,000 people who live in the 
Nation's Capital.
  When I say this is the first hearing, I do want to say that Senator 
Joe Lieberman, who was the prior chairman of the Senate Homeland and 
Governmental Affairs Committee, was also a great champion for 
statehood. And while he didn't have a hearing, he introduced a bill for 
statehood that achieved the majority of committee votes. And indeed 
there was a hearing for statehood when my first bill, the bill when I 
first came to Congress in the early 1990s, came to the floor and we got 
the first and only vote for statehood for the District of Columbia. 
There was a Senate hearing. It was not a jurisdictional hearing. And 
that is what this hearing is, and therefore it is a landmark hearing. 
It is a historic hearing. And that is why I felt it merited my coming 
to the House floor today.
  On top of the momentum that we have now seen in the Senate, I 
shouldn't leave the subject without mentioning the momentum that has 
been here in the House. We have Republican and Democratic support for 
budget autonomy for the District of Columbia, for example. That is a 
very essential element of statehood, that is, your own budget, your own 
local funds, and nobody gets to look at it but you, your own 
jurisdiction. That is not what the District has now. That is what some 
Republicans and most Democrats believe we should, indeed have.
  There is not yet the kind of support for statehood that I expect to 
see in the House of Representatives, but we will be glad to work with 
the Senate and the House when it lives up to its own principles that 
every American is

[[Page 14522]]

entitled to be treated equally in the Congress and in our country.
  Quite aside from the progress we have seen in the House and the 
Senate on statehood and on the particular elements of statehood, we now 
have the formal endorsement of the President of the United States for 
statehood.
  I would like to quote what he said when he endorsed the bill:

       I have long believed that folks in D.C. pay taxes like 
     everybody else, they contribute to the overall well-being of 
     the country like everybody else, they should be represented 
     like everybody else. It is not as if Washington is not big 
     enough compared with other States. It is absolutely the right 
     thing to do.

  I will have something to say about the population of the District of 
Columbia as compared with other States in a few minutes.
  Now, of course, I wasn't surprised that the President of the United 
States supported statehood. The reason I wasn't surprised is because he 
has long supported and been on record as supporting all of the elements 
of statehood: budget autonomy, the right of the people of the District 
of Columbia, who raise $7 billion, to spend their own money without 
coming to this Chamber, which has raised not one penny of it. He has 
long supported that and has put budget autonomy in his own budget. 
Legislative autonomy so that the Congress doesn't have some say over 
the District of Columbia's laws, the President has put that in his own 
budget. And the President, going back to the time that he was in the 
Senate of the United States, supported voting rights for the District 
of Columbia.
  So there you have it, voting rights, legislative autonomy, and budget 
autonomy, the elements of statehood. We have Members of this House and 
of the Senate who have long supported all of them. We want to bring it 
all together with support of statehood for the District of Columbia. So 
there will be then a historic hearing at, I believe it is 3 o'clock on 
Monday afternoon with witnesses who are particularly able to speak to 
the issues.
  Professor Viet Dinh of Georgetown Law School, a professor of 
constitutional law, a former U.S. assistant attorney for legal policy 
in the Bush administration. That made him the highest legal policy 
official in the Bush Justice Department. He has previously testified 
here in the House about the constitutionality of the D.C. House Voting 
Rights Act. He will testify as to the constitutionality of our 
statehood bill.
  Alice Rivlin, who, of course, was the Vice Chair of the Federal 
Reserve Board and Director of the White House Office of Management and 
Budget, and, finally, as a D.C. resident, was called upon by the 
President to chair the Financial Control Board of the District of 
Columbia, will testify at that hearing. Now, of course, Dr. Rivlin is 
an expert on the Nation's economy and on the finances of the District 
of Columbia. We are very pleased that Wade Henderson of the Leadership 
Conference on Civil and Human Rights will also testify, a longtime 
champion of statehood and equal rights for the District of Columbia.
  The elected officials of the District of Columbia will testify, of 
course, the mayor, the chair of the City Council and I, and also the 
statehood delegation.
  At the same time that we have been pressing on what amounts to two 
tracks for statehood, we have been making the progress I have indicated 
on the elements of statehood, such as budget and legislative autonomy.
  In this House, we have got to work on what we need to work on all at 
the same time. There is no sequential matter when it comes to the many 
rights that the residents of the District of Columbia are denied. 
However, with the many issues on which we have struggled for equality 
one at a time, sometimes two or three at a time, statehood has always 
been what the residents--the American citizens who live in the District 
of Columbia--have needed and wanted. And it is during this Congress 
that statehood has gotten great footing.
  I do want to thank the growing statehood movement and coalition, the 
many residents who struggle for statehood and have helped us in so many 
ways, including many in the statehood coalition who went around asking 
for cosponsors.
  I think among the reasons that statehood has gotten so much momentum 
this year is that the residents of the District of Columbia are fed up 
with paying such high Federal taxes without equal representation in the 
Congress of the United States. They have simply had it on second-class 
citizenship.
  As if to dramatize what it means to be a second-class citizen, there 
were several violations of the rights of the people who live in the 
District of Columbia as American citizens this year which highlighted 
the need for statehood. The House actually passed two provisions that 
would overturn laws passed by the Council of the District of Columbia, 
laws that were entirely local in their nature. Imagine what would 
happen if the Congress tried to pass a law to overturn some law in 
Maryland, Virginia, Oklahoma, Utah, California, or New Hampshire. 
People would think the Congress had lost its mind.
  Because of the anomaly of the status of the District of Columbia as a 
district and not a State, the Congress can meddle in--if you will 
forgive me--the local business of the District of Columbia. Two Members 
decided to and, in fact, got passed in this House bills that overturned 
our local laws. I am pleased to say that as of now those bills have and 
will not be passed in the continuing resolution that is pending in the 
House or the Senate.
  Thus far, we have been successful despite the passage of these two 
bills. One of them was passed by Representative Thomas Massie, a 
Republican who lives in Kentucky. He lives in a county of 11,000 
people, but has sought and absolutely got passed in the House--a bill 
that would keep the District of Columbia--which has 650,000 people--
from having any local gun laws. None. All the local gun laws would be 
gone. This is a big city, people. The reason big cities have gun laws 
of the kind that you will not find in Kentucky is because of the 
difference--the differences we all respect in our country. Moreover, 
public safety--think about it--is the quintessential local concern. You 
depend upon your own local officials who know you best, and whom you 
have elected to deal first and foremost with public safety. Nobody 
would try to tell somebody what to do about public safety in her own 
district.

                              {time}  1500

  Yet that is what Representative Massie tried to do. This is in spite 
of the fact that in 1973, though not yet for statehood, the Congress of 
the United States, recognizing how un-American it was to try to pass 
laws or to interfere with the laws of a local jurisdiction, devolved 
local lawmaking authority to the residents of the District of Columbia.
  Until this year, most Members on both sides of the aisle had 
respected that. To be sure, we have had to fight them off in prior 
years, but we had a long run where nobody tried to interfere with the 
local laws of the District of Columbia.
  Thus, it was surprising to us that Representative Massie, who is a 
Tea Party Republican, who stands first and foremost for localism, would 
leave those principles when it came to the District of Columbia and try 
to interfere with local matters in this city.
  We had the same thing happen to another colleague, a Republican from 
Maryland, who should have known better, who has a particular distaste 
for the decriminalization of marijuana laws that is happening all over 
the United States--18 States so far, plus legalization in two States--
so he tried to get a law and passed a bill, that we now have kept from 
getting through the Senate, that would block the District's recently 
passed marijuana decriminalization law. Our law would require that it 
be a fine rather than a conviction for possessing marijuana.
  The District didn't do this for the reason that some States, the 18 
States, perhaps some of them did--although some of them may have done 
it for the same reason we did it. Blacks and Whites use marijuana at 
the same rate in the United States and in D.C.
  Yet in the District, 90 percent of those who had criminal convictions 
for

[[Page 14523]]

possessing small amounts of marijuana were Black. Half the population 
is Black; half is White. These laws have had an obvious racial effect.
  I am not for smoking anything, but I must tell you I also don't 
believe that people ought to have a criminal conviction because they 
possessed marijuana any more than they ought to have a criminal 
conviction for possessing alcohol. In any case, whatever you think, 
that is not your business, it is a local matter, and the District ought 
to have the same right when it comes to local matters as they have.
  This was Representative Andy Harris. What was ironic about his trying 
to block the District's marijuana decriminalization laws is that he 
couldn't block it in his own State of Maryland, which has 
decriminalized marijuana.
  Perhaps what pointed most to the need for statehood this year was 
what the District went through this past appropriation period when it 
almost got shut down, not because of anything the city had done, but 
because this House and this Senate shut down.
  The District was an innocent bystander, but because the Congress 
still requires that the District's local budget pass through this House 
and Senate--the budget was here a budget of $7 billion, raised by the 
people and the businesses I represent, not one dime of it Federal 
money, a balanced budget, the likes of which the Federal Government has 
not seen since the Clinton administration, $1.5 billion in reserves, 
and there is virtually no State in the Union that has that kind of 
reserves--and yet when the Federal Government shut down, the District 
of Columbia was in jeopardy of shutting down--this despite the fact 
that I have a shutdown avoidance bill, that shutdown avoidance was in 
the President's budget, but not passed.
  The mayor did the right thing, for the first time in American 
history. He refused to shut down. What are you going to do to him?
  What he did instead was to keep the District open, but pay for our 
employees and our services out of contingency funds. Those funds were 
almost exhausted before the Federal Government finally opened up, and 
the District finally didn't have to worry about spending its 
contingency funds and got its local budget.
  If you face our citizens with that kind of challenge over time, 
obviously, they begin to feel that they have to find a remedy. Yes, 
residents have been trying to find a remedy for more than 200 years, 
and there are interesting historical reasons why it hasn't happened, 
but whatever those reasons are, the time is at hand when it is 
impossible to call yourself the United States of America, which stands 
for equality for citizens throughout the world, and not begin to apply 
that same principle to the people who live in your own Nation's 
Capital.
  We have been preparing for this hearing for some time. We took 
particular pains on what is called D.C. Emancipation Day. D.C. 
celebrates this day, April 16, every year because it is the day that 
Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves in the District of Columbia before the 
slaves were freed in other parts of the country.
  DC Emancipation Day, the District's way of saying there is an absence 
of freedom that still exists in your own Nation's Capital.
  As Emancipation Day came--by chance, the U.N. Human Rights Committee 
issued a report indicating that the denial of voting rights in the 
House and Senate to the residents of the District of Columbia was a 
violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 
a treaty which the United States signed in 1992.
  So let's be clear: by not granting equal citizenship rights to the 
people who live in the Nation's Capital, the United States, this 
Congress, is in violation of international law.
  On Emancipation Day, I did not come to the floor to speak about the 
slaves. That was then; this is now. It has always been interesting to 
me because my great-grandfather was a runaway slave from Virginia and 
was in the District of Columbia on Emancipation Day, but Emancipation 
Day cannot be about nostalgia.
  The residents of the District of Columbia put it to good use. I 
thought what I ought to do was, in preparation for what I knew Senator 
Carper wanted to do, to come to the floor to speak about why we should 
have statehood--what is it about the residents of the District of 
Columbia that merited statehood?
  Well, first, let's start with the most elementary of qualifications, 
and that is the population. Yes, this is a city. Yes, it is called a 
district. It is the District of Columbia. Yes, we have a population 
equal to, but in this case, larger than the population of two States 
that have two Senators and, by the way, a Member, one Member, to 
represent the entire State, just like I represent the residents of the 
District of Columbia--the states are Vermont and Wyoming, one in the 
West and one in the East.
  What does that say to you? It says the Framers believed in equality. 
They wanted everybody to have representation in the House and the 
Senate. When there was a dispute between the large and the small 
States, they made a compromise and gave the small States equal 
representation in the Senate and what amounts to per capita 
representation here.
  There is no question that there are enough people here for statehood. 
I mention Vermont and Wyoming because we are larger than those States, 
but there are half a dozen States which have a population about equal 
to that of the District of Columbia. That is the first qualification.
  Let's take a look at the one that will probably get the attention of 
more Americans than any others, and that is taxes paid. On our license 
plate, you will see the words ``taxation without representation.'' 
Let's put that in dollars and cents.
  We are not just talking about paying taxes without representation. I 
am talking about paying more taxes per capita than any other 
jurisdiction without representation, almost $12,000 per resident of the 
District of Columbia in taxes paid to support the Federal Government, 
which does not reciprocate with voting representation in the House and 
the Senate.
  I have the vote in committee. As the representative of the District 
of Columbia, I have the same rights to come to this floor and to do 
everything else that other Members do, except that which is emblematic 
of my citizenship and the citizenship of the people I represent, and 
that, of course, is the final vote on the House floor.
  This poster is simply a graph to show you the vast differences in 
taxes per capita paid throughout the United States. It goes from 
$12,000 down to Mississippi, which pays--Mississippi citizens pay 
$4,000 per capita to the Federal Government, with the same rights that 
those who pay more, as should be the case, and it should also be the 
case that those of us who live in the Nation's Capital, who pay more 
and more than all others, should have the same rights as all others.
  Just to dig down further into what this means, Vermont, which I 
indicated is a State somewhat smaller than the District, pays about 
half the taxes, $6,000 per resident. Wyoming pays $8,000 per resident. 
These are both compared to our $12,000.
  California, if you look at the large States of the Union, pays $8,000 
per person compared to the District of Columbia's $12,000 per person.
  Perhaps of all of the qualifications for statehood, none is more 
worthy of mention than the sacrifices District of Columbia residents 
have made throughout the more than 200 years of our existence as the 
Nation's Capital for our country in the wars of the United States, 
often suffering casualties above and beyond those of States that are 
considerably larger in population than the District of Columbia.

                              {time}  1515

  So let's look at some of the major wars of the 20th century.
  In World War I, there were more D.C. casualties than in three States 
of the Union. In World War II, there were more D.C. casualties than in 
four States of the Union. In the Korean war, there were more D.C. 
casualties than eight States of the Union. In the Vietnam war, there 
were more casualties than 10 States of the Union. There is a memorial 
for the 635 D.C. residents who died in World War I on The Mall.

[[Page 14524]]

  It is in that sacrifice that we feel most dishonored as a 
jurisdiction. How could our country continue to send our residents to 
war without granting those who go to war, often to get rights for 
others, the same rights that we afford every citizen of our own 
country?
  All of the essential elements, even the one that is hardest to endure 
without full equality, all of the elements of citizenship have long 
been made by the residents of the District of Columbia, as well as all 
of the elements of statehood.
  So why not statehood? That is a fair question.
  What was wrong with the Framers? Why didn't they make the District of 
Columbia a State in the first place?
  Well, nothing was wrong with the Framers. The District of Columbia is 
a historic anomaly. It is a figment of history and an incident in 
history that could not happen today.
  The reason the District of Columbia is not a State is an accident 
that must be corrected. The accident came out of the meeting of the 
Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1783. There were some angry 
Revolutionary War soldiers. They did what citizens do. I must say, 
though, that they went not only to petition the Continental Congress, 
but they took their guns with them. And while it is not said that a 
shot was fired, they did point their guns at the windows where the 
Continental Congress was meeting.
  Well, the Pennsylvania and Philadelphia authorities didn't know what 
to do. They didn't want to go out after the Revolutionary War heroes, 
so the Continental Congress said: We better get out of here. So they 
fled Philadelphia.
  Well, that stuck in the Framers' minds. They said: My goodness, 
States are not going to protect us, so I guess we must have a District 
that is controlled entirely by the Federal Government.
  Well, when I say that it is an accident of history, do understand 
that that history is long gone. The way in which we protect the 
Nation's Capital today is the same way it would be protected in the 
event of statehood. The Federal Government, and the District of 
Columbia government--after all, it is the same area of land--get 
together to protect the District, whether it is from 9/11 or from any 
other threat.
  You can't rest, then, on any notion that the Framers intended to have 
any residents who did not have equal rights. The existence of a 
jurisdiction that did not have full and equal rights was not in the 
capacity of the Framers to envision. Those who fought the Revolutionary 
War lived in the Nation's Capital, those parts of Maryland and Virginia 
which became the Nation's Capital.
  The brilliant Framers realized that they did not have all the 
answers. They had every reason to think that this would be fixed. And 
one reason we know that they understood that things could get fixed--
shame on us that for over 200 years we haven't fixed this moral 
outrage--one reason we know that they understood it could be fixed is 
what they did to make the residents of the Nation's Capital equal in 
the first place.
  During the 10-year transition from the territory in Maryland and 
Virginia to form the Nation's Capital, the Framers did not want those 
residents to be left without their equal rights for even one second. So 
while they had jurisdiction, they saw to it that during that transition 
period when they weren't really a part of Maryland and Virginia and 
weren't really a part of the new Capital, they would retain their 
rights.
  Those people who lived in Maryland and Virginia who were on their way 
to becoming the Nation's Capital still voted in those two States and 
had every single right preserved until jurisdiction passed to the 
United States Congress. And that is when tyranny set in--the tyranny of 
not having that representation carried over under the jurisdiction of 
the Congress.
  In 1801, when we became the Nation's Capital, the people of the 
District of Columbia went into the streets to demand their rights. They 
have been in the streets demanding their full rights ever since, as any 
red-blooded Americans would be.
  Mr. Speaker, we have tried every route, some of it more gradual than 
others, to pursue and to obtain our full rights as American citizens. 
We have tried voting rights for the House, voting rights for the House 
and Senate, all other ways--budget autonomy, legislative autonomy. Even 
if we had gotten those, they would have been insufficient, but it says 
everything about the shortcomings of the Congress that even those 
insufficient routes to statehood are not yet a part of our law.
  On September 15, there will be a full jurisdictional Senate hearing. 
That hearing will take place next Monday. That hearing will set an 
important guidepost. It will educate many in the Senate and House and 
many in our country about what the people of the District of Columbia, 
the Nation's Capital, do not now have and what they are entitled to.
  There can be no doubt that no American would believe that those who 
pay taxes as they do should not have the same representation in the 
House and Senate that they do. There isn't any American who would say 
that the funds that are locally raised in your local jurisdiction 
should come to the Congress of the United States for any reason.
  I do not believe that our problem lies with the people of our 
country. I do believe that many of them are not fully aware that their 
own Capital is less free than any part of our country.
  So what we will hear on next Monday is not all about the moral 
reasons; some of them, of course, but also the reasons that go to our 
creed as Americans and go to practical matters such as whether the 
Federal government should be able to close down the District of 
Columbia when they have a disagreement among themselves at the Federal 
level. We will hear not only the moral reasons, but the practical 
reasons for statehood.
  So, Mr. Speaker, we seek statehood in the name of the people I 
represent, perhaps even more so in the name of the thousands of 
American citizens who happened to live in the District of Columbia and 
went to war for their country in Germany, Vietnam, Afghanistan, and 
Iraq but never came home, and in the name of those who will once again 
protect our country now that the President has indicated that we 
ourselves must take on the fight against ISIS.
  On this 9/11, as we remember those innocent people who died simply 
because they happened to be in New York and Pennsylvania, I ask, Mr. 
Speaker, that the Congress remember the 650,000 people who live in the 
Nation's Capital, who are proud of their residency in the District of 
Columbia, many of whom, like me, a third-generation Washingtonian, are 
proud of their lineage in the Nation's Capital.
  In the name of all those I represent, I ask for statehood for the 
District of Columbia so that our residents may have equal citizenship, 
those same rights which led the Founders of our country to create the 
United States of America.
  Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.

                          ____________________