[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 158 (2012), Part 5]
[Senate]
[Pages 6516-6519]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




 AWARDING A CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL TO MEMBERS OF THE CIVIL AIR PATROL

  Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the Banking 
Committee be discharged from further consideration of S. 418 and the 
Senate proceed to its consideration.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The clerk will report the bill by title.
  The assistant legislative clerk read as follows:

       A bill (S. 418) to award a Congressional Gold Medal to the 
     World War II members of the Civil Air Patrol.

  There being no objection, the Senate proceeded to consider the bill.
  Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the bill be 
read the third time and passed; that the motion to reconsider be laid 
upon the table, with no intervening action or debate; and that any 
statements related to the bill be printed in the Record.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The bill (S. 418) was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, 
was read the third time, and passed, as follows:

                                 S. 418

       Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
     the United States of America in Congress assembled,

     SECTION 1. FINDINGS.

       Congress makes the following findings:
       (1) The volunteer members of the Civil Air Patrol 
     (hereafter in this Act referred to as the ``CAP'') during 
     World War II, civilian men and women ranging in age from 18 
     to 81, provided extraordinary public and combat services 
     during a critical time of need for the Nation.
       (2) During the war, CAP members used their own aircraft to 
     perform a myriad of essential tasks for the military and the 
     Nation

[[Page 6517]]

     within the United States, including attacks on enemy 
     submarines off the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the 
     United States.
       (3) This extraordinary service set the stage for the post-
     war CAP to become a valuable nonprofit, public service 
     organization chartered by Congress and the Auxiliary of the 
     United States Air Force that provides essential emergency, 
     operational, and public services to communities, States, the 
     Federal Government, and the military.
       (4) The CAP was established, initially as a part of the 
     Office of Civil Defense, by air-minded citizens one week 
     before the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 
     December 1, 1941, ``out of the desire of civil airmen of the 
     country to be mobilized with their equipment in the common 
     defense'' of the Nation.
       (5) Within days of the start of the war, the German Navy 
     started a massive submarine offensive, known as Operation 
     Drumbeat, off the east coast of the United States against oil 
     tankers and other critical shipping that threatened the 
     overall war effort.
       (6) Neither the Navy nor the Army had enough aircraft, 
     ships, or other resources to adequately patrol and protect 
     the shipping along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of 
     the United States, and many ships were torpedoed within sight 
     of civilians on shore, including 52 tankers sunk between 
     January and March 1942.
       (7) At that time General George Marshall remarked that 
     ``[t]he losses by submarines off our Atlantic seaboard and in 
     the Caribbean now threaten our entire war effort''.
       (8) From the beginning CAP leaders urged the military to 
     use its services to patrol coastal waters but met with great 
     resistance because of the nonmilitary training and status of 
     CAP pilots.
       (9) Finally, in response to the ever-increasing submarine 
     attacks, the Tanker Committee of the Petroleum Industry War 
     Council urged the Navy Department and the War Department to 
     consider the use of the CAP to help patrol the sea lanes off 
     the coasts of the United States.
       (10) While the Navy initially rejected this suggestion, the 
     Army decided it had merit, and the Civil Air Patrol Coastal 
     Patrol began in March 1942.
       (11) Oil companies and other organizations provided funds 
     to help pay for some CAP operations, including vitally needed 
     shore radios that were used to monitor patrol missions.
       (12) By late March 1942, the Navy also began to use the 
     services of the CAP.
       (13) Starting with three bases located in Delaware, 
     Florida, and New Jersey, CAP aircrews immediately started to 
     spot enemy submarines as well as lifeboats, bodies, and 
     wreckage.
       (14) Within 15 minutes of the first Coast Patrol flight, 
     the pilot had sighted a torpedoed tanker and was coordinating 
     rescue operations.
       (15) Eventually 21 bases, ranging from Bar Harbor, Maine, 
     to Brownsville, Texas, were set up for the CAP to patrol the 
     Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States, with 
     40,000 volunteers participating.
       (16) The CAP used a wide range of civilian-owned aircraft, 
     mainly light-weight, single engine aircraft--manufactured by 
     Cessna, Beech, Waco, Fairchild, Stinson, Piper, Taylorcraft, 
     and Sikorsky, among others--as well as some twin engine 
     aircraft such as the Grumman Widgeon.
       (17) These aircraft were painted in their civilian prewar 
     colors (red, yellow, blue, etc.) and carried special markings 
     (a blue circle with a white triangle) to identify them as CAP 
     aircraft.
       (18) Patrols were conducted up to 100 miles off shore, 
     generally with 2 aircraft flying together, in aircraft often 
     equipped with only a compass for navigation and a single 
     radio for communication.
       (19) Due to the critical nature of the situation, CAP 
     operations were conducted in bad weather as well as good, 
     often when the military was unable to fly, and in all seasons 
     (including the winter) when ditching an aircraft in cold 
     water would likely mean certain death to the aircrew.
       (20) Personal emergency equipment was often lacking, 
     particularly during early patrols where inner tubes and kapok 
     duck hunter vests were carried as flotation devices since 
     ocean worthy wet suits, life vests, and life rafts were 
     unavailable.
       (21) The initial purpose of the CAP was to spot submarines, 
     report their position to the military, and force them to dive 
     below the surface, which limited their operating speed and 
     maneuverability and reduced their ability to detect and 
     attack shipping.
       (22) It soon became apparent that there were opportunities 
     for CAP pilots to attack submarines, such as when a Florida 
     CAP aircrew came across a surfaced submarine that quickly 
     stranded itself on a sand bar. However, the aircrew could not 
     get any assistance from armed military aircraft before the 
     submarine freed itself.
       (23) Finally, after a number of these instances, a decision 
     was made by the military to arm CAP aircraft with 50 and 100 
     pound bombs, and to arm some larger twin engine aircraft with 
     325 pound depth charges.
       (24) The arming of CAP aircraft dramatically changed the 
     mission for these civilian aircrews and resulted in more than 
     57 attacks on enemy submarines.
       (25) While CAP volunteers received $8 a day flight 
     reimbursement, their patrols were accomplished at a great 
     economic cost to many of the members of the CAP who--
       (A) used their own aircraft and other equipment in defense 
     of the Nation;
       (B) paid for much of their own aircraft maintenance and 
     hangar use; and
       (C) often lived in primitive conditions along the coast, 
     including old barns and chicken coops converted for sleeping.
       (26) More importantly, the CAP Coastal Patrol service came 
     at the high cost of 26 fatalities, 7 serious injuries, and 90 
     aircraft lost.
       (27) At the conclusion of the 18-month Coastal Patrol, the 
     heroic CAP aircrews would be credited with the following:
       (A) 2 submarines destroyed or damaged.
       (B) 57 submarines attacked.
       (C) 82 bombs dropped against submarines.
       (D) 173 radio reports of submarine positions (with a number 
     of credited assists for kills made by military units).
       (E) 17 floating mines reported.
       (F) 36 dead bodies reported.
       (G) 91 vessels in distress reported.
       (H) 363 survivors in distress reported.
       (I) 836 irregularities noted.
       (J) 1,036 special investigations at sea or along the coast.
       (K) 5,684 convoy missions for the Navy.
       (L) 86,685 missions flown.
       (M) 244,600 total flight hours logged.
       (N) More than 24,000,000 miles flown.
       (28) At least one high-level German Navy Officer credited 
     the CAP with being the primary reason that submarine attacks 
     were withdrawn from the Atlantic coast of the United States 
     in 1943, when he said that ``[i]t was because of those damned 
     little red and yellow planes!''.
       (29) The CAP was dismissed from coastal missions with 
     little thanks in August 1943 when the Navy took over the 
     mission completely and ordered the CAP to stand down.
       (30) While the Coastal Patrol was ongoing, the CAP was also 
     establishing itself as a vital wartime service to the 
     military, States, and communities nationwide by performing a 
     wide range of missions including--
       (A) border patrol;
       (B) forest fire patrol;
       (C) courier flights for mail, repair and replacement parts, 
     and urgent deliveries;
       (D) emergency transportation of personnel;
       (E) target towing (with live ammunition being fired at the 
     targets and seven lives being lost) and searchlight tracking 
     training missions;
       (F) missing aircraft and personnel searches;
       (G) rescue of aircraft crash survivors;
       (H) radar training flights;
       (I) aerial inspections of camouflaged military and civilian 
     facilities;
       (J) aerial inspections of city and town blackout 
     conditions;
       (K) mock bombing attacks on cities and facilities to test 
     air defenses;
       (L) aerial searches for scrap metal materials;
       (M) support of war bond drives;
       (N) airport guard duties;
       (O) support for State and local emergencies such as natural 
     disasters;
       (P) recruiting for the Army Air Force; and
       (Q) a cadet youth program which provided aviation and 
     military training.
       (31) The CAP flew more than 500,000 hours on these 
     additional missions, including--
       (A) 20,500 missions involving target towing (with live 
     ammunition) and gun/searchlight tracking which resulted in 7 
     deaths, 5 serious injuries, and the loss of 25 aircraft;
       (B) a courier service involving 3 major Air Force Commands 
     over a 2-year period carrying more than 3,500,000 pounds of 
     vital cargo and 543 passengers;
       (C) southern border operations flying more than 30,000 
     hours, with 7,000 reports of unusual sightings including a 
     vehicle (that was apprehended) with 2 enemy agents attempting 
     to enter the country;
       (D) a week in February 1945 during which CAP units found 
     seven missing Army and Navy pilots; and
       (E) a State in which the CAP flew 790 hours on forest fire 
     patrol missions and reported 576 fires to authorities during 
     a single year.
       (32) On April 29, 1943, the CAP was transferred to the Army 
     Air Forces, thus beginning its long association with the 
     United States Air Force.
       (33) Hundreds of CAP-trained women joined military women's 
     units including the Women's Air Force Service Pilots (WASP) 
     program.
       (34) Many members of the Women's Air Force Service Pilots 
     program joined or rejoined the CAP during the post-war period 
     because it provided women opportunities to fly and continue 
     to serve the Nation that were severely lacking elsewhere.
       (35) Due to the exceptional emphasis on safety, unit 
     discipline, and pilot discipline, and the organization of the 
     CAP, by the end of the war only 64 members of the CAP had 
     died in service and only 150 aircraft had been lost 
     (including its Coastal Patrol losses from early in the war).
       (36) There were more than 60,000 adult civilian members of 
     the CAP in wide range of positions, and CAP aircrews flew a 
     total of approximately 750,000 hours during the war, most of 
     which were in their personal aircraft and often at real risk 
     to their lives.

[[Page 6518]]

       (37) After the war, at a CAP dinner for Congress, a quorum 
     of both Houses attended with the Speaker of the House of 
     Representatives and the President thanking the CAP for its 
     service.
       (38) While air medals were issued for those participating 
     in the Coastal Patrol, little other recognition was 
     forthcoming for those efforts or for the other services the 
     CAP volunteers provided during the war.
       (39) Despite efforts to end the organization at the end of 
     the war, the CAP had proved its capabilities and strengthened 
     its ties with the Air Force and Congress.
       (40) In 1946, Congress chartered the CAP as a nonprofit, 
     public service organization and in 1948 as the Auxiliary of 
     the United States Air Force.
       (41) Today the CAP conducts many of the same missions it 
     performed during World War II, including a vital role in 
     homeland security.

     SEC. 2. CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL.

       (a) Award.--
       (1) Authorized.--The President pro tempore of the Senate 
     and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall make 
     appropriate arrangements for the award, on behalf of 
     Congress, of a single gold medal of appropriate design in 
     honor of the World War II members of the Civil Air Patrol 
     collectively, in recognition of the military service and 
     exemplary record of the Civil Air Patrol during World War II.
       (2) Design and striking.--For the purposes of the award 
     referred to in paragraph (1), the Secretary of the Treasury 
     shall strike the gold medal with suitable emblems, devices, 
     and inscriptions, to be determined by the Secretary.
       (3) Smithsonian institution.--
       (A) In general.--Following the award of the gold medal 
     referred to in paragraph (1) in honor of the World War II 
     members of the Civil Air Patrol, the gold medal shall be 
     given to the Smithsonian Institution, where it shall be 
     displayed as appropriate and made available for research.
       (B) Sense of congress.--It is the sense of Congress that 
     the Smithsonian Institution should make the gold medal 
     received under this paragraph available for display 
     elsewhere, particularly at other locations associated with 
     the Civil Air Patrol.
       (b) Duplicate Medals.--Under such regulations as the 
     Secretary may prescribe, the Secretary may strike and sell 
     duplicates in bronze of the gold medal struck under this Act, 
     at a price sufficient to cover the costs of the medals, 
     including labor, materials, dyes, use of machinery, and 
     overhead expenses.
       (c) National Medals.--Medals struck pursuant to this Act 
     are national medals for purposes of chapter 51 of title 31, 
     United States Code.

     SEC. 3. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS; PROCEEDS OF SALE.

       (a) Authorization of Appropriations.--There is authorized 
     to be charged against the United States Mint Public 
     Enterprise Fund, an amount not to exceed $30,000 to pay for 
     the cost of the medal authorized under section 2.
       (b) Proceeds of Sale.--Amounts received from the sale of 
     duplicate bronze medals under section 2(b) shall be deposited 
     in the United States Mint Public Enterprise Fund.

  Mr. HARKIN. Mr. President, I will speak about S. 418, which we just 
passed. I thank all my colleagues for allowing it to go through on a 
unanimous consent basis.
  This bill awards a Congressional Gold Medal to the World War II 
members of the Civil Air Patrol. I introduced this legislation last 
year, and it currently has 85 cosponsors.
  This legislation will offer long overdue recognition to a small group 
of people who answered the call to duty at our Nation's time of maximum 
danger.
  Seventy years ago, during the height of World War II, Civil Air 
Patrol members in small aircraft began searching for German U-boats off 
the Atlantic Coast. This was a time of great peril for the Nation when 
over 400 ships were sunk in U.S. waters, many in view of Americans on 
shore, and the military didn't have enough aircraft and ships to stop 
this carnage. That is why the Civil Air Patrol answered the call.
  Their mission was highly unusual because these pilots were civilian 
volunteers flying their own airplanes in combat operations, often at 
their own expense. The mission was for Civil Air Patrol aircraft to 
force the U-boats below the surface of the water, making their attacks 
on shipping much more difficult and time consuming. As soon as the 
Civil Air Patrol pilots took to the air, they spotted so many U-boats 
that the military quickly armed their aircraft with small bombs and 
depth charges. From Maine to Texas, Civil Air Patrol aircraft flew 
these missions in pairs up to 100 miles offshore, in all seasons, often 
in bad weather. These CAP, as they are known, put themselves at great 
risk, flying over water at low levels with only a compass, one radio, 
and minimal survival gear to help if they got into trouble. Many pilots 
had to ditch in the water. Twenty-six pilots lost their lives and 90 
aircraft were lost.
  During an 18-month period, the Civil Air Patrol flew over 24 million 
miles on its antisubmarine coastal patrols. It spotted 173 U-boats, 
attacked 57, and sank or damaged 2. It also escorted over 5,600 convoys 
and reported 17 floating mines, 36 bodies, 91 ships in distress, and 
363 survivors in the water. Most importantly, CAP's constant presence 
over the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico was a major factor in pushing 
enemy operations away from the coast and protecting vital shipping and 
cargo up and down our coastlines.
  In 1943 German U-boat attacks ceased off the Atlantic coast of the 
United States. One high-level German officer credited the Civil Air 
Patrol with being the primary reason for withdrawal, saying, ``It was 
because of those damned little red and yellow airplanes.''
  As the U-boat threat ended, Civil Air Patrol expanded its homeland 
security and emergency operations to include search and rescue, border 
patrol, forest fire patrol, and disaster relief in every State in the 
Nation.
  By war's end, nearly 60,000 members had participated in the Civil Air 
Patrol and flew 75 million miles over 750,000 hours in support of 
critical homefront missions. Its volunteers ranged in age from 18 to 
over 80. Many served for the entire war, while others, most of whom 
later joined the military, served for shorter periods. A substantial 
number received ``belligerent'' certificates indicating they had 
participated in combat-related duty with the Civil Air Patrol.
  The individual accounts of Civil Air Patrol pilots' performance and 
heroism are too numerous to recount, but just a few examples can 
illustrate the valor with which they served.
  For instance, Maj. Hugh Sharp and Lt. Eddie Edwards from Rehoboth, 
DE, landed their Sikorsky amphibian in high seas to rescue two other 
CAP airmen who had to ditch their plane. They found one crew member who 
was badly hurt, but they were unable to take off due to a pontoon 
damaged during a rough landing in 10-foot seas. They made a decision to 
taxi the aircraft back to land, but they quickly discovered that the 
damaged amphibian listed too far to the left and it didn't make much 
progress. It just sort of went around in circles. So Eddie volunteered 
to climb to the end of the right wing to keep the plane in balance. The 
next day, when a Coast Guard ship met the aircraft, Eddie had to be 
carried from the wing after holding on tightly for 11 hours in freezing 
and wet conditions. Both pilots were awarded the first Air Medals of 
the war by President Roosevelt.
  Capt. Francis ``Mac'' McLaughlin flew coastal patrol missions from 
Daytona Beach, FL, for 17 months. During that time, he, along with 
Albert Crabtree, ditched a Fairchild 24 aircraft in the Atlantic and 
floated in a life raft for several hours until the Coast Guard picked 
them up. They quickly became members of the ``Duck Club,'' an exclusive 
organization that recognized those who survived a CAP ditching. There 
would soon be many in that club, as I mentioned. When the coastal 
patrol ended, Mac went to Massachusetts to tow aerial targets, the 
CAP's second most dangerous duty after the coastal patrol. Seven CAP 
pilots and observers would be shot down and killed during gunnery 
practice. Mac, who served the entire war on Active Duty with the Civil 
Air Patrol, passed away at the end of 2011.
  Another CAP veteran was Lt. Charles Compton, who flew from Coastal 
Patrol Base 1 at Atlantic City, NJ, on antisubmarine and convoy escort 
missions. He recently noted:

       Convoys could be attacked at any time. We had a war going 
     on and the threat of German submarines off the east coast. 
     Our job was to make it less easy for the German submarines to 
     surface without being detected.

  Charles, who lives near Chicago and turned 95 last summer, remembers 
that during these dangerous missions, pilots often used sunken ships as 
points of

[[Page 6519]]

reference to help them navigate when over water. He added that, 
unfortunately, sunken ships were plentiful at that time. Recently 
recognized for his service with Civil Air Patrol's Distinguished 
Service Award, he credits the exceptional efforts of his fellow 
Atlantic City squadron members for the honor he received.
  These are just three stories, but they are illustrative of Civil Air 
Patrol's many World War II heroes. More importantly, these stories 
serve as a powerful reminder of the dedication and service that all 
gave to our Nation.
  When the war ended, Civil Air Patrol members received the recognition 
they deserved. Over time, however, their story was lost to much of the 
Nation. This Congressional Gold Medal will ensure that this story is 
told over and over to future generations and recognizes the Civil Air 
Patrol and its World War II members for their critically important 
service to our Nation.
  Mr. President, I yield the floor, and I suggest the absence of a 
quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for the quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

                          ____________________