[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 158 (2012), Part 2]
[House]
[Pages 2067-2070]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                                PEAK OIL

  The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the Speaker's announced policy of 
January 5, 2011, the gentleman from Maryland (Mr. Bartlett) is 
recognized for 30 minutes.
  Mr. BARTLETT. Mr. Speaker, when I looked at the television this 
morning and at that little crawler across the top of one of our 
stations, I noticed that oil was $103 a barrel--$103 a barrel and we're 
in a recession. What's happening here?
  So I've got a chart here that goes back a few years--in fact, it ends 
in, what, 2008. There we have oil at something less than $100 a barrel. 
But if you extended this chart out just a little bit, you would see 
that it had jumped up to $147 a barrel, and that's of course aided by 
the housing bubble collapse. The economy came tumbling down and the 
price of oil dropped down to something under about here, $140 a barrel. 
Now it has crept back up slowly, slowly, as supply was not able to keep 
up with demand, until we now have oil at $103 a barrel and we're in a 
recession.
  This is an interesting chart because it was maybe predicting 
something that we were sure was going to happen at some time or other, 
but we weren't sure when it was going to happen, and that's a 
phenomenon called peak oil. Peak oil is that highest production that 
you can achieve for a country--it occurs in a country, it occurs in a 
region, it occurs in the world. That peak for us occurred in 1970.
  Today, in spite of all that we have done in the most creative, 
innovative society in the world, the United States, today we produce 
half the oil that we did in 1970, and we've drilled more oil wells in 
our country than all the rest of the world put together. Well, here we 
see that the two entities which do a really good job of tracking the 
production and consumption--which are the same; we don't have any big 
stores anywhere of oil, so the consumption is the same thing as the 
production of oil--and they looked like they had plateaued. They had 
been going up and up and up. Every time we needed more oil, we could 
produce more oil. But we ran out of our ability to do that. And as the 
production stagnated and the demand kept going up, wow, look what 
happened to the price. It really spiked in the price, and it went up to 
$147 a barrel.
  We weren't sure then that this might not have been just a little 
ripple in the upswing of production of oil, but we now know that it 
wasn't, that the caption up there is right, ``Peak Oil, Are We There 
Yet?'' Apparently so, as you will see subsequently.
  This is an interesting chart and a very new one. This was produced by 
Deutsche Bank and their economist there. It is looking now not at the 
production of oil, but at the rate of increase. The little left-hand 
bar here I think is quite optimistic--I hope that that happens. I doubt 
that that will happen as we will see in a few moments. But they're 
looking at an increase in production of about 5 billion barrels a day. 
The world has been stuck now for 5 years at 84 million barrels of oil a 
day, and this looks at increasing that production by 5. This is 
capacity by the way, this is capacity at any price. This is how much 
more you could produce no matter what the price was. Obviously you 
could produce more oil if it's $200 a barrel because you could develop 
fields that you can't develop at $100 a barrel, and you'll produce more 
oil if people are willing to pay $7 a gallon for their gas rather than 
$3.80 a gallon for their gas.
  So this is their optimistic projection of what capacity increase 
could be, and

[[Page 2068]]

this is a reality of what demand will be. This is the increase in 
demand--not total demand, because we still are the biggest consumers of 
energy in the world. But our demand rate is not going up. As a matter 
of fact it's fallen off a bit. We used to import 21 million barrels a 
day, that's one-fourth of the world's oil. Now we're importing I think 
about 18.5 million barrels a day. That's nice that we became more 
efficient, because the Chinese, in their economic growth, needed more 
oil. And the fact that we're using less has made more available to them 
because they're increasing about 6 percent a year in their use of oil.
  Well, what this shows is that there is a 20 percent deficit here. 
This is capacity at any price. If we went full bore--just producing oil 
everywhere we could produce it--their prognostication is that by 2015 
we're going to have a 20 percent shortfall in supply, even if we 
maximize capacity by having very high prices for oil.
  Now the next chart will show you why I think this is an optimistic 
assumption of what will happen. Let me show you this chart.
  There are two charts here. The first one of these, the top one, 
appeared in 2008, the bottom one appeared in 2010. This is the 
International Energy Agency, it's the world energy outlook. This is a 
creature of the OECD in Europe. We have a kindred organization, the 
EIA, the Energy Information Administration, which is a part of our 
Department of Energy. And I don't have them with me, but they have very 
similar charts that are saying essentially the same thing.
  The top chart they had on their Web site in 2008, let's take a look 
at that. It's really a very interesting chart. This bottom dark blue 
here--if the chart was very long and it went way over to the far wall 
over there back 100 years ago when we started using oil, it would have 
started at zero. And every time we needed more oil, we could pump more 
oil, and so it just kept rising and rising and rising.

                              {time}  1310

  And now here we are at a total liquid fuels of 84 million barrels a 
day. Not all of that is usable in your gas tank. The top one here is 
natural gas liquids that will increase. We found a lot more natural 
gas. The price has dropped now to about $3.
  The green one here, which is small now and projected to grow, and 
that will grow, that's unconventional oil. That's oil that you get from 
things like the tar sands in Alberta, Canada.
  But, as you notice here, they're predicting a fairly precipitous 
drop-off in production from the fields that we're now pumping. This is 
crude oil currently producing fields. Up until now, every time we've 
needed more oil from those fields, all we had to do was to suck a 
little harder in the wells and the oil came up. What they're predicting 
here is that that won't be true for the future, that the world is now 
going to experience the situation the United States has been in since 
1970, that is, no matter what you do, production of oil will drop off 
from the fields that you're now pumping.
  The dark red here is enhanced oil recovery. That really should be a 
part of the bottom one here because it's just squeezing a little bit 
more oil out of the fields you're presently pumping by putting live 
steam down there, or CO2 down there or seawater. Saudi 
Arabia uses a lot of seawater to force their oil out. It's easily 
separated after you've gotten it to the surface.
  Now, they're predicting that by 2030, on this chart, that we'll be 
producing 106 million barrels of oil a day, up from the 84 million 
barrels of oil that we are producing today. In order to do that, with 
the production dropping off from the fields that we are pumping now, 
we're going to have to get oil somewhere else, and there are two 
somewhere elses that they're talking about.
  One of those is this light blue, and that's developing fields which 
we have now discovered which are too difficult and expensive to 
develop, even with oil at $100 a barrel, like a big find in the Gulf of 
Mexico that was under 7,000 feet of water and 30,000 feet of rock. But 
at some price--and I heard $111 a barrel, that sounds pretty precise--
that at $111 a barrel, they could begin developing that field.
  Then the red here, the bright red is fields yet to be discovered. 
These are fields we haven't discovered yet, but we will discover them, 
and they're projecting that we'll be able to develop those fields.
  So we have these two big wedges in here that will keep the production 
of oil going up from the 84 million barrels a day now for liquid fuels 
to 106 million barrels a day in 2030.
  Now, 2 years later, the same organization did another 
prognostication, and that's the one on the bottom here. This time they 
go out to 2035 instead of 2030. They go out 5 years further, and now 
they have reduced their expectations from 106 million barrels of oil a 
day to just 96 million barrels of oil a day. As they look at the 
prospects out there, they are persuaded that we're not going to be able 
to reach that 106 million barrels a day, so now they're 
prognosticating, 5 years later, only 96 million barrels a day.
  The top two curves here are exactly the same thing. They've flipped 
them, and they've changed the colors. The top one here now is 
unconventional oil, and the second one is natural gas liquids. Notice 
here that, even taking the enhanced oil recovery and putting that 
little wedge down here with the production from the fields currently 
producing, they have a really precipitous fall-off. They're looking at 
those 2 years later and say, Look at them. Wow, they are really 
decreasing in production faster than we thought they were, so we're 
going to have even less oil than we thought we would have. So now they 
have two huge wedges.
  If you look at this line, this heavy dark line here, that's the 
liquid fuels that can go in your gas tank, and that's barely moving up, 
isn't it? It's just about flat there, and they keep it flat by having 
these two wedges that are really, really large. By 2035, what, three-
fourths of all the liquid fuels that we're producing are going to come 
from fields that we're producing nothing from now.
  Now, I want to go back to the previous chart where they had this 
prognostication about the growth of 5 billion barrels a day by '15. 
This goes clear out to '35 and they're only up to 96. But we need to 
note that that was capacity no matter what the cost, and that may be 
true. That may be true that could you get there, but, you know, we'd 
not like to see oil at $200 a barrel, would we? Our economy would not 
respond very well to that.
  By the way, if you go on their Web site, you may have difficulty 
finding the lower chart. Some have told me it's not there at all, and 
you won't find the upper chart. It's a little embarrassing to have 
these two charts side by side showing how much your predictions changed 
in just 2 years, from '08 to '10.
  The next chart kind of puts this in perspective of the world, and 
this is a very interesting chart, and it's one--you know the old 
saying, a picture's worth a thousand words. Boy, this says it, doesn't 
it?
  This is the world according to oil, and this is what the world would 
look like if the square miles of terrain on a country were equal to the 
amount of oil they had; what would the world look like?
  You see here that Saudi Arabia is dominating the world. They have 22 
percent of all the reserves in the world. We're not really sure that's 
what they have; that's what they tell us they have. But, you know, they 
won't open their books. None of these OPEC countries--and you see they 
have the lion's share of all the oil reserves. None of them will open 
their books, and we don't really know for sure how much oil is there, 
but we do know that they're still pumping large amounts of oil. And 
that's what they say they have, and so that's what the chart here 
depicts.
  I want to take just a moment to commend our military. They're taking 
some flak recently for what they're doing. I think that they're doing 
exactly the right thing for several different reasons.
  They're moving as quickly as they can from fossil fuels, from oil to 
alternatives, and they're doing that for a

[[Page 2069]]

couple of very good reasons. One is, if you can avoid transporting that 
oil, if you can use the--create the alternatives nearer to where you 
are using them, you will avoid a huge cost in both treasure and lives, 
because a significant number of the people killed in these wars are 
killed in the convoys that are bringing fuel.
  I understand that the weight of the fuel that they bring is--about 70 
percent of everything they haul to the warfront is fuel. It reminds a 
little--I understand that in the canal boats on the C&O Canal that 
about 70 percent of what they carried was food for the mules. And so it 
hasn't changed a lot, has it? We still--this energy source is about 70 
percent of all the weight that we carry.
  So I want to take just a moment to commend our military for doing 
exactly the right thing. They are really forward-looking. For the 
moment, you know, you may pay a little more for the alternatives, but, 
you know, since the liquid fuels from conventional sources just aren't 
going to be there in the future without something happening that almost 
nobody who's knowledgeable in this field thinks will happen, they're 
doing exactly the right thing, and I want to commend them for what they 
are doing.
  They are recognizing that the world will inevitably--inevitably--
transition from fossil fuels to renewables. The first person that 
articulated that--although it would seem that anybody would understand, 
since the Moon isn't made of green cheese and the Earth isn't made of 
oil, that the fossil fuels are finite and one day they will be gone.
  But the first person that I know of who really recognized that, a 
prominent person, was Hyman Rickover, who made the statement, in the 
8,000-year recorded history of man, the age of oil would be but a blip. 
He had no idea how long it would last, but he said how long it lasted 
was important in only one regard: The longer it lasted, the more time 
we would have to find an orderly transition to alternative sources of 
energy.
  Our military is doing exactly that, and they are not totally 
understood by everybody. And I just wanted to commend them for their 
foresight and their tenacity in pursuing these programs.
  Let's just spend a couple more moments with this chart because it is 
so meaningful.
  Here we are, the United States. We're this yellow color because we 
use a lot of oil per capita, and we're that size because that's all the 
oil we have. We represent reserves of about 2 percent of the reserves 
in the world and we use 25 percent, maybe a whisker less than that now, 
of oil in the world, and we import about two-thirds of what we use.
  Our number one importer, by the way, is Canada, and they have less 
oil than we, but they don't have very many people, so they can export. 
The number two importer was Mexico, but now they have fallen to number 
three and Saudi Arabia is now our number two importer.
  A very interesting experience in Mexico, a fisherman by the name of 
Cantoral kept bringing his nets into the national oil company saying, 
Your spilled oil messed up my fishing net; you need to give me a new 
one. PIMEX is the national company, and so they would give him a new 
net. He kept bringing them in. They said, Gee, we didn't think we 
spilled that much oil. Where are you finding this oil? He said, Come, I 
will show you. And it was kind of bubbling up out of the ocean, and 
they drilled there, and for a number of years they had the second 
largest field in the world in terms of production, second only to 
Garwar, which is the granddaddy of all fields. It's been pumping now 
for half a century in Saudi Arabia, and I still think it pumps 
something like 5 million barrels a day, which is about what we pump 
from our country, and that's from a single field in Saudi Arabia.
  The European Union, Europe, is a bit bigger than we are in terms of 
economy, and let's see if we can find them on the map. Well, there's 
Norway. It looks pretty big compared to some of the other countries, 
and here they are with essentially no oil production, totally dependent 
on liquid fuels from this part of the world.

                              {time}  1320

  But even more alarming is looking over there at India and China; 1.3 
million people in China and a billion people in India, and look at the 
little bit of oil that they have. Here is India; here is China. While 
collectively they have about as much oil as--less than the United 
States because we have a big chunk of our oil coming from Alaska up 
here.
  Recognizing this reality, the Chinese are now buying oil all over the 
world. Not only do they buy oil; they also buy goodwill. What do you 
need? A hospital? Roads? A soccer stadium? I asked the State 
Department, you know, we have only 2 percent of the oil in the world, 
and we are using 25 percent of the oil in the world. How come we aren't 
buying oil all over the world?
  Well, you don't really need to own the oil. It really makes very 
little difference who owns the oil because the person who comes with 
the money--and its dollars now, and let's hope it stays dollars or we 
have a big problem--they go to the global oil auction and they buy oil 
at the going price. Today it was $103 a barrel.
  So I asked the State Department why is China buying oil and we're not 
buying any oil. They said, We don't think China understands the 
marketplace. Well, at that time I think China was growing at 16 or 18 
percent. There was some, I think, some presumptive indication that a 
country that's growing at 16 or 18 percent kind of understands the 
marketplace.
  So why would China be buying oil?
  Let me suggest something--I hope I'm wrong: China has 900 million 
people in rural areas that through the miracle of communications know 
the benefits of an industrialized society; and they're saying, Hey, 
guys, what about us, because they are not sharing in the benefits of an 
industrialized society. If China can't bring some modicum of the 
benefits that accrue to a citizen in an industrialized society, they 
see perhaps their empire unraveling, much as the Soviet empire 
unraveled, and so they are bending every effort to make sure that they 
have adequate resources for these 900 million people and the other 600 
million people who are in urban areas.
  At the same time that China is buying up oil all over the world, 
they're very aggressively building a blue water navy. A brown water 
navy is what they're concerned about as protecting their coastal area, 
and it serves them quite well, by the way; and it is cheaper and more 
quickly developed. But they're very aggressively building a blue water 
navy and access-denial technologies that will keep us away if they wish 
to.
  I hope the time doesn't come when the Chinese say, Gee, I'm sorry but 
it's our oil. And it will be their oil, and they bought it, and we 
can't share it because right now it doesn't matter who has the oil. 
It's shared in the global oil auction.
  Well, so this map indicates that the future is fraught with some 
possibilities of some pretty meaningful geopolitical tensions; and, 
again, I want to commend our military for their foresight recognizing 
this reality and the reality that oil is $103 a barrel. By the way, 
when oil goes up just a dollar a barrel, it makes a big dent in what 
they can do. They can provide less health care, they can have less 
people, have less R&D, buy less of platforms when oil goes up because 
energy is a huge part of the cost of the military. So, again, applaud 
the military for their foresight and what they're doing.
  This is a chart that was predicted in 1956. Here we were in 1956 in 
the United States. At that time we were the king of oil. We were 
pumping more oil. We were using more oil. We were exporting more oil 
than anybody else in the world. Texas had a bigger chunk in that oil, 
you see, than the rest of the United States here.
  On the sixth day of March, 1956, an oil geologist by the name of M. 
King Hubbert, and I've got his actual curve here in the next chart in 
just the next moment, made a prediction in 1956--here we are. Get the 
picture. The United States, king of oil, biggest producer, biggest 
consumer, and biggest

[[Page 2070]]

exporter. He is saying in 14 years, by about 1970, we're going to reach 
our maximum oil production, and no matter what we do after that, oil 
production is going to go down. How could he predict that?
  What he had done was to notice the production and exhaustion of 
individual oil fields. By 1956 we had enough of those that he could see 
there was kind of a bell curve kind of up and then down as you were 
developing, exploiting, and pumping those fields out.
  So he rationalized, gee, if I could add up all the little oil fields 
that we will have in our country, then I will get one big bell curve 
and I can predict when it's going to peak. He did that and said it's 
going to peak about 1970. Sure enough, right on target, it peaked in 
about 1970.
  Now, we shortly found a huge amount of oil in Alaska. Oh, by the way, 
the top one here is natural gas, liquids again, and we were just 
learning how to use those, and so they were a meaningful part of our 
energy availability.
  There was a little blip in the slide down the other side of Hubbert's 
peak with this enormous supply of oil from Alaska for awhile. I don't 
know what exactly it is today, but a fourth of all of the oil 
production in our country came from Alaska. Then the fabled discoveries 
in the Gulf of Mexico; and we see them down here, and they hardly made 
a ripple in the slide down the other side of what's called Hubbert's 
peak.
  Now, here's a curve. This is kind of a chart that a statistician, I 
guess, would use. Here we are 1970, and Hubbert said we're going to be 
sliding down the other side, and Hubbert's peak is the little triangles 
with the yellow in them. The actual lower 48 production is the green, 
and the total production adding in Alaska and the Gulf of Mexico is the 
red. Of course, he didn't include Alaska and the Gulf of Mexico. It was 
only the lower 48.
  A statistician might argue that these two curves are different. I 
think the average citizen looking at it would say, gee, I think M. King 
Hubbert got it about right, didn't he.
  The next chart is a very good prediction of where we are and the 
challenge, which is recognized by our military.
  This is where we get our energy from today. And this is 2004. It 
hasn't changed a whole lot since 2004. But coal, this much. Natural 
gas--natural gas is going up a little more. That's getting bigger 
because it's now really cheap, and it's pushing some of coal out, and 
some people are afraid of nuclear, may squeeze a bit of that out. 
Here's petroleum, about 40 percent of all of our energy.
  Here are renewables.
  Now, as Hyman Rickover indicated, one day these two things, 
renewables and nuclear, are going to fill this whole circle. It is 
inevitable. It's not tomorrow, by the way, and we are not running out 
of oil. We have more oil to pump than all the oil that's been pumped in 
all the history of the world. What we're running out of is our ability 
to pump this oil as fast as we would like to use it.
  Here is a gross breakdown of the renewables. Solar, wow. Look at how 
small it is there. Wind is growing now, and these two things might be a 
bit bigger now if we updated this chart. But the important thing here 
to note is hydroelectric; that's been there for a while. Biomass, and 
that's primarily burning waste and paper mills and things like that and 
much of that is not new technology.
  Geothermal, that's true geothermal, tapping into the molten core of 
the Earth. That could be bigger. It should be bigger. Whenever we can 
do that, we really need to take advantage of that. That's essentially 
an inexhaustible source of energy.
  But this shows us the challenge that we face. We really are up to 
this challenge, and a part of this, this is green. Now, people who are 
green-focused, they say we need to be doing more. This is for a couple 
of reasons. Some because of the carbon footprint, and others because 
they say, gee, the fossil fuels just aren't going to be there. No 
matter what your premise is, the solution is exactly the same thing.
  So rather than criticizing each other's premise, I would hope we 
would lock arms and march forward to go to more renewables.
  Here is our last chart, because our time is about up today. Five 
years ago, I led a codel to China. Nine of us went to China, and we 
spent about a week there, and we went there to talk about energy.

                              {time}  1330

  I was stunned--we all were stunned--because China began its 
discussion of energy by talking about post-oil. Wow. Of course, it 
would be a post-oil world. I mean, Rickover predicted it. Gee, 
everything is not oil out there. One day, it will come to an end. Yet 
this is not tomorrow. This is probably 100, 150 years from now. So this 
is a really long-term policy. Everybody we talked to--and it wasn't 
just the energy people--everybody we talked to talked about this post-
oil strategy, and here are the five points:
  One, conservation: the cheapest oil you will get is the oil you don't 
use.
  Two, domestic sources of energy.
  Three, diversify those sources as much as you can.
  Number four will surprise you.
  Four, be kind to the environment.
  They know they aren't, but they have these 900 billion people who are 
requiring the benefits of an industrialized society, so they're choking 
on coal-fired power plants that they build one of each week. They're 
building, I understand, 100 nuclear power plants, and I'm sure they 
will retire the coal-fired plants when they get them.
  I will close with the fifth point.
  Five, they are pleading for international cooperation.
  If you think about it for just a moment, we have a real problem here. 
If the United States really gets serious about conservation and 
efficiency and about saving energy--and we'd better--some will argue, 
wow, that will just empower the Chinese more because then they're going 
to use that energy that we make more available and cheaper, and they're 
going to compete with us economically, and that's not a good thing.
  So from a selfish perspective, unless everybody does it, nobody is 
going to do it, which is why the Chinese are pleading for international 
cooperation, because they know that it's not going to have as happy an 
ending if we don't have international cooperation. Yet while they plead 
for international cooperation, they have plan B: What if it doesn't 
happen? We buy up oil in the world, and then we have a navy big enough 
to make sure that we have access to that oil in the world.
  We are the most innovative, creative society in the history of the 
world, and I can see America once again an exporting country, and it 
should be green technology. Much of what we're now importing from China 
and from other places in the world we created here, and then it 
migrated over there for production. That's why every 15 hours we have 
another billion-dollar increase in the trade deficit. I want that thing 
reversed, and I think we can reverse that by recognizing that we have a 
huge challenge--following the lead of our military and going to 
renewables as efficiently and as quickly as we can.
  Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.

                          ____________________