[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 154 (2008), Part 7]
[House]
[Pages 10092-10101]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                  INTERNATIONAL FOOD CRISIS AND HAITI

  The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the Speaker's announced policy of 
January 18, 2007, the gentlewoman from New York (Ms. Clarke) is 
recognized for 60 minutes.


                             General Leave

  Ms. CLARKE. Madam Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that all Members 
may have 5 legislative days in which to revise and extend their remarks 
and include extraneous materials on the subject of this Special Order.
  The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the request of the 
gentlewoman from New York?
  There was no objection.
  Ms. CLARKE. Madam Speaker, moving from food for fuel to food for 
food, we come to the floor tonight to talk about the international food 
crisis. We're going to look at the causes and effects and possible 
solutions. We're also going to take a closer look at the situation in 
Haiti, a country that is only approximately 400 miles off our coast, 
our neighbor in the Western hemisphere, a country that is arguably one 
of the worst off in this global food crisis.
  There are many causes of the food crisis that we face now. Some of 
the causes are recent developments and others have been developing for 
years.
  This year we saw lower crop yields because of weather and global 
climate change. There is increased demand for processed foods from 
countries with growing middle classes like China and India. There's an 
increased demand for biofuels like ethanol, which is primarily made 
from corn. And in response to high commodity prices, a number of 
countries introduced export bans to preserve food for their own 
populations, while decreasing the world's supply.
  This graph illustrates the record-high food prices that brought on 
this crisis: Wheat prices up 81 percent in 2007; soybean prices up 71 
percent in 2007. Rice, which feeds almost one-half of the world's 
population, its price increased 144 percent since January of this year. 
Corn prices shot up 24 percent since January of 2008, and the rise came 
right after this Congress passed a landmark energy bill requiring 
increased use of ethanol.
  The effects of this food crisis. We know that in the industrialized 
countries, food purchases accounts for 10 to 20 percent of consumer 
spending. However, in developing countries, that figure is more like 60 
to 80 percent of consumer spending.
  People in poor countries already spend a much greater percentage of 
their incomes on food, and now they are forced to spend even more on 
food.
  This food crisis is pushing people into poverty and worsening the 
situation of those already living in poverty. The World Bank estimates 
that more than 100 million people will be pushed into poverty because 
of rising food prices.
  Rising food prices have led to food riots around the world, across 
Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. In Pakistan and 
Thailand, troops are guarding farmers' crops. In Egypt, troops are 
baking bread for the thousands of people waiting in bread lines.
  The situation in Haiti. Haiti has the lowest, poorest standard of 
living in the Western hemisphere. About 80 percent of the Haitian 
population currently survives on less than $2 a day and survives on one 
meal a day. Most of Haiti's basic food commodities are imported, 
leaving the country especially vulnerable to fluctuating world 
commodity prices.
  Late last month, the perfect storm of high energy and oil costs and 
commodity expenses erupted in what has been described as food riots.
  Haiti's poorest have resorted to selling mud cakes, a mixture of mud, 
oil and sugar that quiets rumbling, hungry stomachs.
  Rising food prices threaten security in Haiti. Protests over the 
rising costs of food last month turned violent with six people killed, 
including a U.N. peacekeeper.
  High food costs in Haiti in part also led to political unrest, with 
the dismissal of Prime Minister Jacques Edouard-Alexis just recently.
  As we look at what is happening in Haiti today, it's a reminder to us 
that the economic climate of the United States, our ability and 
capacity to influence and impact commodities around the world have a 
ripple effect, and that what we do in the U.S. to secure ourselves, we 
must keep an eye to our neighbors in more vulnerable circumstances, 
such as the Nation of Haiti.
  We here in the U.S. Congress recently had a codel sponsored in part 
by the CBC to Haiti, and while there, we had an opportunity to talk 
about what we need to do to be supportive of our neighbor in the 
Western hemisphere.
  And one of the major concerns for me in this trip was just some of 
the issues and concerns that we as Americans have not been as educated 
about. For instance, were you aware that the average age in Haiti is 
under 50 years old; that the mortality rate is extremely high; that the 
age for mortality for most women is 56 years of age and for men, 52 
years of age; that the average Haitian eats only one meal a day? These 
are issues that need to be of concern to us.
  Why is that? It needs to be of concern to us because certainly, as 
one of our closest neighbors, one of the democratic allies of the 
Western hemisphere, these conditions, if sustained over a long period 
of time, speak to a humanitarian crisis, speak to destabilization, not 
only of Haiti but of the entire region, which includes a border that is 
400 miles away from the U.S. border.
  And so we here are looking at congressional action that will address 
this food crisis. One of the things that we have quickly moved to do in 
the Democratic Caucus is an emergency supplemental appropriation which 
was passed just last week which included $1.86 billion in funding for 
food aid in PL 480 programs, administered by the U.S.D.A. and USAID; 
$200 million in development assistance; $400 million for disaster 
assistance; and $20 million for the World Food Programme.
  The farm bill passed just last week also included provisions allowing 
the USAID to preposition more food overseas to respond to disaster 
faster; in addition, more money for non-emergency food aid, like 
development projects; increased discretionary funding for emergency 
food aid programs like Food for Peace and U.S. Agency for International 
Development to the

[[Page 10093]]

tune of about $2.5 billion have also been expended; extension and 
expansion of Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership 
Encouragement Act, or the HOPE Act, which provides for duty-free 
preferences for imports from Haiti.
  And then the Jubilee Act passed last month which would assist Haiti 
in its international debt load and recommends the immediate 
cancellation of Haiti's outstanding debts.
  Solutions for the food crisis. With respect to Haiti, we need to 
extend temporary protected status to Haitians in our country, allowing 
them to work legally here, enabling them to send remittances home. This 
is the most inexpensive form of aid we can grant to Haiti. When 
remittances are sent home, it forms about a quarter of Haiti's GDP at 
this point, and so we would be doing not only ourselves a service but a 
service to the people of Haiti and Haitian Americans here in our 
hemisphere.
  On the global level, we need to meet the immediate need including 
funding shortfalls of $755 million at the World Food Programme and $240 
million at USAID, which this Congress has already begun to do.
  We need to strengthen our social safety nets like nutrition programs 
and school feeding sites to prevent future food security issues from 
reaching the crisis level.
  I've spoken to you already about the youth of Haiti and the fact that 
the population there is so very young. We need to be clear that 
malnutrition is running rampant, and if we really want to help Haiti to 
change course, we must start with their young, and we must be able to 
improve the opportunities for children to have access to nutritious 
meals.
  We need to increase agriculture development aid to assist developing 
countries in establishing their own agriculture infrastructure, so 
countries won't be so dependent on foreign supplies in the future. And 
that's a pretty complex scenario, because when we look at the way that 
our farm system has been set up in the United States, it has really 
created a paradigm where, due to the subsidies that we make to our 
farmers, it is actually less expensive for Nations abroad to purchase 
our rice than to grow and compete against the subsidized market. So we 
will have to find a balance there to enable farmers in Haiti to expand 
and to be prepared to export to other Nations and be able to compete at 
real prices with the production of rice in our country and other 
countries around the world.
  And finally, we need to significantly increase investments in 
agricultural research so our scientists can develop better crops that 
can withstand disease, drought and produce higher yields, and then 
deliver those crops to farmers around the world.
  I am just so honored to be joined this evening by a number of my 
colleagues who also attended the codel, some of whom are members of the 
CBC, some of whom are members of the Hunger Caucus here in Washington 
in the U.S. House of Representatives, and it is my pleasure at this 
time to yield to the gentlewoman from California, the Honorable Barbara 
Lee.

                              {time}  2200

  Ms. LEE. First, let me thank my colleague from New York, a great 
American and a proud daughter of the Caribbean, for your leadership and 
for putting together this Special Order tonight.
  And as I listen to you, I'm thinking, I hope everyone in the country 
is listening tonight because I get so many questions about the world 
food crisis, the whys, what is going on? Why, even in some of our 
communities, stores are stockpiling rice? And I think what you are 
doing tonight is allowing us to give the big picture, the explanation, 
talk about what is really talking place. And so thank you, 
Congresswoman Clarke, for your leadership and your vision and for 
putting this all together tonight.
  Let me just say a couple of things. First of all, Congresswoman 
Clarke mentioned the congressional delegation. Congresswoman Kilpatrick 
and myself co-led it to Haiti to examine the current conditions on the 
ground.
  Now, during our visit, we were joined by 10 members of the 
Congressional Black Caucus and one member of the Congressional Hispanic 
Caucus. I'd like to mention who these Members are because they reflect 
the broad concern, regionally, and just in terms of their deep 
commitment to address some of the humanitarian issues that we must 
address in the world. Congressman Andre Carson, Congresswoman, of 
course, Yvette Clarke, Congressman Keith Ellison, Congressman Al Green, 
Congresswoman Sheila Jackson-Lee, Congresswoman Eddie Bernice Johnson, 
Congressman Hank Johnson, Congressman Gregory Meeks, Congresswoman 
Eleanor Holmes Norton, Congresswoman Diane Watson, and Congresswoman 
Lucille Roybal-Allard. We all have a longstanding interest and 
commitment to strengthen our ties with Haiti and the Haitian people.
  Now, during this codel we met with Haitian President Rene Preval, our 
United States Ambassador Janet Sanderson, and representatives from 
humanitarian and development organizations in Haiti. Our goals were to 
examine the United States strategy to help alleviate the effects of the 
recent rise in food prices in Haiti. We were there to ensure that there 
is infrastructure, which we discussed with President Preval, to make 
sure there is adequate infrastructure in place to help distribute aid 
to the Haitian people, and that there is a long-term plan in place to 
expand that infrastructure. Also, to take steps to ensure a safe and 
stable and promising future for Haiti and all Haitians by providing 
immediate relief to help the Haitian people.
  So we want many, many short-term goals to be met, but also, we want 
these short-term goals and initiatives to lead to a more sustainable 
effort to make sure that the Haitian people begin to receive our 
assistance with regard to the infrastructure, health care, clean water, 
and all of the systems that people just deserve so that they can live 
decent lives.
  Haiti is the poorest country in the western hemisphere. And Haitians 
are particularly affected by soaring food prices, which have risen over 
40 percent globally since mid 2007. Haiti produces 50 percent of the 
food it needs and imports the rest.
  The rising cost of living has keenly affected the people of Haiti. 
Forty percent of Haiti's population is only able to eat one meal a day. 
Eighty percent of the population lives on less than $2 a day. And the 
cost of staples, such as rice, beans, fruit, and condensed milk, have 
gone up 50 percent in the last year.
  In terms of health aid organizations, they fear that the nutritional 
crisis will get worse in Haiti. Haiti has the highest rates in the 
Caribbean of HIV and AIDS. And in order to make sure that the anti-
retroviral drugs are effective, good nutrition must be available. Food 
must be available for people to eat so that they can just take their 
medications, otherwise, it just won't work.
  According to the World Food Program, malnutrition is particularly 
acute in Haiti, where the average Haitian diet contains just 1,640 
calories, 460 calories short of the typical 2,100 daily requirement. 
Particularly, one in five children is chronically malnourished.
  Now, anti-government protests and public looting in reaction to 
soaring food prices have really jeopardized Haiti's capacity to sustain 
and administer its government institutions effectively. Currently, 
Haiti's government is in a very precarious caretaker position, where 
they are unable to create and enforce new laws.
  On April 12 of this year, Haitian Prime Minister Jacques-Edouard 
Alexis was forced out of office for failure to boost food production 
and lower food prices. In addition, the Haitian Parliament vetoed 
President Preval's recent replacement appointee for the Prime Minister 
position. With no head of government, Haiti is left in a very fragile 
state, and it's up to us to help fill the void in terms of just helping 
to feed the people of Haiti.
  As a witness to these dire conditions in Haiti, we must take urgent 
steps to implement an effective strategy to

[[Page 10094]]

help the Haitian people. Congresswoman Clarke reviewed some of the 
initiatives that have taken place here in terms of what we have done in 
the farm bill, what we are urging the President to do. Actually, he did 
announce we would release 200 million in emergency food aid, some of 
which would go to Haiti. He also called on Congress to approve the 770 
million in food aid to help fight the food crisis. But we've learned 
now that there is $1 million that has not been released yet, which 
would help reduce the cost of rice for the Haitian people. And so one 
of the initiatives that we talked about is how we could help facilitate 
this $1 million so that the Haitian people will at least be able to 
afford to buy rice. We're working on that very diligently as I speak.
  This crisis, though, let me just say, has opened the door to much 
needed innovation for long-term development solutions in Haiti. So as I 
said earlier, this crisis should be addressed with an immediate 
response, and it should be a strong and very aggressive and very robust 
response because this is a very dire situation. But we also need to 
make sure that we don't go backwards and that the crisis is contained, 
and that we move forward and look at how to help Haiti find some 
sustainable solutions in terms of agricultural development, the 
development of their infrastructure, and all of the other initiatives, 
debt relief, that are so desperately needed.
  And so members of our delegation are working on a variety of bills 
which will be announced very shortly, and we're working on a variety of 
actions. And so I just hope that President Bush will make sure that 
everything is done on behalf of the people of the United States to just 
help Haiti live, help Haiti thrive, and help the Haitian people move on 
with their lives.
  Thank you, Congresswoman Clarke.
  Ms. CLARKE. Let me thank you, Congresswoman Barbara Lee, for your 
leadership, along with Chairwoman Kilpatrick, for seeing how important 
it was for us to be on the ground in Haiti as a delegation with a 
presence to bring some comfort and some hope to the nation that our 
eyes are not shut to the crisis that is taking place there, and that 
they do have friends, allies, and supporters here in the United States 
that will not forsake them, that that nation can know now that the 
United States' eyes are wide open. And as we see their fate go down, we 
know that it is our responsibility not to let it happen, and that we 
will be vigilant around the resource and support that is required to 
help Haiti to stand up and to go forward in the 21st century boldly and 
stronger than ever before.
  So I want to thank you again, Barbara Lee from California, for your 
ongoing commitment. I've come to this Congress to meet you and to see 
the work that you have been doing and just to join my voice in 
synchronization with you so that we can sing a louder song for the 
causes that you have championed even before I arrived here. Thank you.
  The gentleman from Texas, Al Green, you, too, were a part of our 
delegation. Thank you for joining us in this Special Order to talk 
about international hunger and the crises in Haiti.
  Mr. AL GREEN of Texas. Let me start by saying that the constituents 
that you have, Congresswoman Clarke, can be exceedingly proud of you 
because you've been here a short time, but you've made a very 
significant difference. And I trust that they will understand the 
totality of the impact that you're making on the lives of people in 
this country, people who need help.
  I was honored to go to Haiti with you and with my colleagues, and I 
will tell you that I was thunderstruck by what I saw. Probably the 
thing that stands out most in my mind is the notion that in the United 
States we have four seasons. In Haiti, there are five. There is a 
hunger season in Haiti, a time when it is prognosticated, it is 
predicted that people will go hungry, and they will need help that they 
probably will not receive.
  Haiti is a country in crisis and needs help immediately, if not 
sooner. Haiti has an unemployment rate of 70 percent. Eighty percent of 
the people live in poverty. Seventy-six percent of the people live off 
of $2 per day; 55 percent off of $1 per day. The highest HIV/AIDS rate 
in the western hemisphere; infant mortality rate 10 times higher than 
that of the United States of America: Haiti is a country in crisis. 
When you go there and you see the density of population, people living 
in structures that in this country we would not house our animals in. 
Haiti needs help.
  I'm not sure what the ultimate solution is, but I do know that if we 
do not act immediately, there will be a crisis right off of the coast 
of Florida comparable to what we have in Darfur.
  And we talk consistently and continually about the things that are 
happening in Africa, and there are things there that necessitate our 
attention. We must do more to help in Darfur. But we have, right off 
the coast of Florida, some few hundred miles, a country that can 
benefit from much of what we have to offer.
  It has been said that if you have the ability to do something and you 
cannot do enough, you have a duty to do all that you can do. The United 
States of America has a duty to do more in Haiti. I know that we have 
needs in this country, and we have to meet our needs. But we are the 
richest country in the world. And Haiti is a country that is our 
neighbor. It is an island. And people are trapped, they cannot leave. 
If they do leave and try to come here, we will return them.
  There must be a way for us to have an infusion of capital, an 
infusion of help such that the people who are trapped on this island 
can extricate themselves from this most saddening circumstance.
  There will be some who will say they should pull themselves up by 
their boot straps. They don't have any. There will be some who will say 
rising tides will lift all boats, and if we can find a way to do better 
here, they will do better there. This is not true. They don't have any 
boats to be a part of the rising tide. TPS is a part of the solution 
because if we allow those who are here to stay and to prosper, they 
will send money back to their relatives at home.
  We have not been able to pass TPS. I would invite any Member of the 
House to go to Haiti and come back and say you won't vote for TPS. I 
challenge any Member of the House to go there. I don't believe you will 
come back and say you won't vote for TPS.
  So probably one of the great things that any of us can do, if we want 
to adjust our hearts and become a part of the solution, is just go to 
Haiti and see the circumstances under which human beings are not 
living, but existing. It is an existence that we can change.
  So I challenge my colleagues and I beg my colleagues to please, if 
you can, go to Haiti and see for yourself. It will tug at your heart, 
it will cause you to understand that we have an obligation to our 
fellow human beings to help them out of this circumstance. That is my 
appeal.
  I thank you for the time. And I thank Congresswoman Lee for all that 
she has done through the years on this question of Haiti. This is not 
something new to her. For me, it is new in that this was my first 
visit, I'm a neophyte. But she has been doing this year in and year out 
and she knows of what we speak and she understands the challenges that 
are before us.
  So I thank you, Congresswoman Clarke, for the time. I thank you, 
Madam Speaker. And I beg that my colleagues will see for themselves the 
human crisis that exists right off the coast of Florida.
  Ms. CLARKE. Thank you very much, Congressman Al Green. Thank you for 
your impassioned comments this evening.
  I think it's important that when we speak of the need to build out 
our relationships around the world, that as we've travel to many 
regions around the globe, that we not neglect our own hemisphere, that 
we recognize that there are nations of people. And I think what's 
important to point out is that Haiti is a nation about the size of 
Maryland in terms of geographic size. It has 9.3 million people there. 
So when you hear the statistics quoted about the number of people in 
poverty, when you hear about the number of children in poverty, the 
percentage of people

[[Page 10095]]

making $1 or $2 a day, put that in the context of a population of 9.3 
million people, and then you get the sense of what we're talking about 
in terms of a humanitarian crisis.

                              {time}  2015

  Let me now turn to the gentlewoman from Illinois, who has joined us 
and has been a fighter and one who has stood up and has produced on 
behalf of the Hunger Caucus and the people of Haiti, Ms. Jan 
Schakowsky.
  Ms. SCHAKOWSKY. Thank you so much, Congresswoman Clarke, for 
convening us tonight for this Special Order dealing with our close 
friend and a great friend of the United States, and that's our neighbor 
Haiti.
  I first went to Haiti in January of 2003. And I went with the RFK 
Foundation, Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Foundation, and Ethel Kennedy 
was on that trip, to give an award to Partners in Health Clinic on the 
Central Plateau of Haiti. It's actually the one that was featured 
recently on ``60 Minutes'' where you saw Dr. David Walton, who actually 
comes from my district; Dr. Paul Farmer; Loune Viaud, who is the 
director of that clinic, serving people on the very poor Central 
Plateau of Haiti. And I have to tell you I think it was Representative 
Green who said his first trip he was thunderstruck. That's a good word 
for it. You get on the plane in Miami and you start reading the 
newspaper, and before you've even finished reading it, you're landing 
in the poorest country in our hemisphere.
  But let's be clear. This is a country with beautiful and brave and 
hard-working people. This is a country where some of our colleagues of 
a certain age may have even gone for their honeymoon. This is a 
tropical island in the Caribbean with so much potential and such 
beautiful people and such incredible poverty.
  I went again to Haiti in 2006 with Wyclef Jean, a son of Haiti and a 
musical artist who has created a foundation called Yele Haiti, who's 
hard at work right now in providing food for the people of Haiti.
  So we can talk about the crisis first. There is a horrible hunger 
crisis in Haiti. They started out poor. They started out malnourished 
when these food prices went up so high. And in fact, the average daily 
requirement for calories is about 2,100 calories per day. In Haiti it's 
460 calories below that as the average. So you know some people are 
eating more than their 2,100 and lots of people are eating less.
  I implore parents who may be listening to us tonight to think about 
what kind of desperation it might take to feed your child to quench the 
hunger in their belly a mud cake, a mud cake, a cake literally made out 
of mud with a little flour in it, because you can't stand to leave that 
tiny stomach hungry. It's just more than one can even bear to think how 
one gets to that point.
  And so the high price of food and the hunger crisis has begun riots 
in Haiti. There have been some political ramifications, and the United 
States has to some important extent responded. We're sending money. 
We're sending food. And all of this is really, really important.
  But the other thing I found out in Haiti is that it's not just oh, 
poor, Haiti, we need to do more. The fact of the matter is, and I am 
embarrassed to say, is that the United States of America has had its 
heel on the neck of the country of Haiti and has actually been part of 
the problem that we are facing today.
  Over the past 7 years, the Bush administration has absolutely turned 
a blind eye and has, in fact, actively stopped the Inter-American 
Development Bank from releasing loans to Haiti for projects on water 
and health and education and rural roads, the kinds of things that 
would actually make Haiti self-sustainable. Through the U.S. Treasury, 
the Bush administration officials, and this is all about ideology and 
politics, have repeatedly held back vital loans for Haiti in an attempt 
to force political change in Haiti, actions in direct violation of the 
Inter-American Development Bank charter, IDB.
  In e-mails released in response to a Freedom of Information request, 
Treasury Department employees repeatedly discuss how to ``slow'' the 
release of loans to Haiti. In a Treasury Department e-mail in 2001, 
this employee stated that the loans would be released based on ``our 
assessment of progress on reaching a comprehensive political 
settlement.'' That is, a settlement to the liking of the United States 
of America.
  In another shocking e-mail, a Treasury lawyer reveals just how 
deliberately they were working to stop the loans from being released to 
Haiti, despite the great need. Bruce Juba, Special Counsel, wrote: 
``While this is not a 'bullet-proof' way to stop IDB disbursements, it 
certainly will put a few more large rocks in the road.''
  It is astounding and unacceptable that the entire time that the Bush 
administration has talked about helping poor Haiti, they have been 
working behind the scenes to put ``rocks in the road'' to Haiti's 
development. By 2002 the Bush administration's plan to block the loans 
to Haiti by slowing them down has succeeded. Haiti fell into arrears 
long enough to trigger an Inter-American Development Bank policy that 
prevents the bank from releasing the loans when arrears have 
accumulated for too long. Success.
  Instead of receiving the vital loans for public projects, loans that 
could have helped bring thousands out of poverty, reduced water-borne 
diseases, and aided in long-term development, the Bush administration 
successfully cut off Haiti's IDB funding in an effort to push Aristide 
out of power.
  The United States has been directly involved in Haiti's food crisis 
in another way. The U.S. has forced Haiti to open its market to our 
subsidized crops, decimating the ability of Haitian farmers to compete. 
Thirty years ago Haiti raised nearly all of the rice it needed. It was 
exporting sugar. But because of U.S. intervention, Haiti is now reliant 
on food imports for survival. The International Monetary Fund forced 
Haiti to open its market to U.S. rice first in 1986 as a condition for 
loans, making it impossible for Haitian farmers to compete with 
subsidized U.S. rice. Then in 1994, as a condition for U.S. assistance 
in returning to Haiti to resume his elected presidency, Jean-Bertrand 
Aristide was forced by the U.S., the IMF, and the World Bank to open up 
the markets in Haiti even more.
  So, look, if we want to do more than put a temporary Band-Aid on the 
developing food crisis in Haiti, we're going to have to do more than 
allocate money for emergency food relief. We're going to need to 
recognize how forcing poor countries to open their markets to our 
heavily subsidized crops cripples their ability to sustain themselves.
  As President Lula of Brazil said when he was visiting Haiti recently, 
``Rich countries need to reduce farm subsidies and trade barriers to 
allow poor countries to generate income with food exports. Either the 
world solves the unfair trade system or every time there's unrest in 
Haiti, we adopt emergency measures and send a little bit of food to 
temporarily ease hunger.''
  You talked about the level of unemployment in Haiti. Well, a number 
of these people are rural people who are at least sustaining 
themselves. Even if they weren't exporting food, the country was able 
to provide the rice and the beans that it needed to sustain itself.
  So we need to have a sane and rational policy when it comes to Haiti, 
a policy of friendship to this country in our hemisphere, not a policy 
that cripples Haiti's ability to actually flourish. We have a huge 
responsibility here for the hunger that's going on here now, and we 
should understand that and not just feel so good about our ourselves 
when we send food aid to Haiti, which, of course, we should do and we 
should do even more of.
  So I appreciate the opportunity to join you tonight, Congresswoman 
Clarke. I appreciate your leadership as a new Member of Congress. I so 
welcome your leadership on this issue and just want to offer my support 
in absolutely any way that I can so that we can be a good neighbor to 
Haiti and to the rest of the developing world.
  Thank you for allowing me to speak tonight.

[[Page 10096]]


  Ms. CLARKE. I want to thank the gentlewoman from Illinois (Ms. 
Schakowsky) for her breadth and depth of knowledge of the relationship 
that the United States has had with the Nation of Haiti and what we 
need to do to turn the tide around. It's a critical piece, and 
certainly as we look at our hemisphere going forward in the 21st 
century, what our expectations are for the development of not only the 
United States of America but our neighbors in the region, your words, 
your knowledge is going to be a critical part of what we are going to 
need going forward. And I thank you for taking the time to be a part of 
this Special Order. The people of the United States thank you for your 
commitment and certainly the people of my district who are really 
concerned about their family and their relations in Haiti. Thank you 
for your commitment, and we look forward to further conversation and 
collaboration on the issue of hunger internationally and specifically 
the rebirth and the regrooming of Haiti.
  And I would like to just point out life expectancy, again, for women 
in Haiti is 56 years old. Life expectancy for men in Haiti, 53 years 
old. It's amazing in the 21st century that less than 400 miles away 
from the United States of America, we have people dying in the prime of 
their life due to a lack of food, due to lack of opportunity. They can 
stand on the edge of their shores and see the bright lights of Florida 
shining across the seas, but they can't reach for that level of 
potential within their own boundaries and their own nation. And when we 
look at the relationships that we establish with other nations around 
the globe, one has to wonder why, with a nation the size of Maryland 
and the population of 9.3 million people, we haven't seen fit yet to 
establish the type of relationship that creates a symbiotic 
relationship, fertile land on a fertile island; yet people are 
starving.
  At this time I would like to acknowledge my cohost for this evening's 
Special Order. She is no stranger to most of us, to all of us. She has 
been an outstanding leader in this Congress and has been an outspoken 
leader, the most knowledgeable person that I have had an opportunity to 
interact with on international affairs, on homeland security, and has 
been a true mentor to me, and that's none other than the Congresswoman 
and the gentlewoman from Texas, the Honorable Sheila Jackson-Lee.
  Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. It is a special privilege to be on the 
floor tonight with a very distinguished Member of Congress and my 
coleader and cosponsor of this Special Order tonight, Congresswoman 
Yvette Clarke.
  Might I note the special presence, if you will, of a number of 
Members from the Congress who have already spoken and pay tribute to 
their presence here, Congresswoman Barbara Lee, Congressman Al Green, 
Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky, for their passion and commitment and take 
note and pay special tribute to our speaker tonight, who rounds out the 
circle. And we appreciate her for her attentiveness to this very 
important discussion and debate. And, likewise, let me add an 
appreciation for the chairwoman of the Congressional Black Caucus, the 
officers and members, who have seen fit to be the conscience of this 
Congress.

                              {time}  2230

  We have been particularly blessed by Congresswoman Clarke's presence 
because I think she represents really a particularly unique 
congressional district. It has a history of Shirley Chisolm, and of 
course her predecessor, Mr. Owens. But as the district has grown, I 
guess because of the initial history of Congresswoman Chisolm from the 
Caribbean. As the district has grown, it really exemplifies the 
tentacles of America. It is really, I guess, the cornerstone of what 
North and South America are about in the Caribbean because your 
district has this array of constituencies who represent South and 
Central America, the Caribbean, and other parts. It shows this unique 
place called America because when I say America, I am talking about 
South America, Central America, the Caribbean, this whole part of the 
world. For that reason, your insight is crucial.
  We have seen the neglect of the Caribbean over the last 8 years, 
frankly. And I don't think there would be any debate on that question. 
I do know that there are concerned persons in the administration. But, 
Congresswoman Clarke, I have sat in meetings at the White House, I have 
sat in meetings, frankly, with representatives or Assistant Secretary 
of the State Department that sit in hearings and, frankly, you had to 
argue with them about the circumstances.
  I guess one comes to mind, and I am going to focus on this food 
crisis, but I think I relayed to you one meeting in the White House 
that really required members of our caucus, the Congressional Black 
Caucus, frankly, that song, I shall not be moved. It required persons 
not to be moved until we had an opportunity to speak to the President 
of the United States. Of course, that was the time of crisis in the 
removal of then-President Aristide. Of course, President Preval worked 
with him as a prime minister. Then we had an Assistant Secretary for 
Western Affairs who was in fact, how shall I call it, an outright 
argument about the rightness of what we were doing for Haiti.
  Frankly, I think as Americans representing such a diverse Nation, we 
should have a better attitude about allies, and Haiti is an ally. As 
you know your history, Haitians fought alongside of us. It is the 
oldest Democratic Nation in the Caribbean. Its independence was quick, 
was immediate almost, because of their great and wonderful founder, 
revolutionary that, of course, we saw many of his pictures, Toussaint 
Louverture, that we saw many of his pictures in Haiti.
  So I say all this to say why do we come to this? Why are we at this 
point? Why do we need to be on the floor of the House? Although these 
are not exactly pictures taken recently in Haiti, the children 
symbolize what we left in Haiti, because we had an urgent mission. We 
had to meet with President Preval. Certainly the rural areas were 
there, but because it was an urgent mission, we had to focus our trip 
on that.
  I can imagine when the President told us that 40 percent of the 
people in Haiti are eating one meal, and the word people, that means 
children, and everyone knows the results that occur when children go 
hungry. They are stunted in growth. They are certainly victims of 
malnutrition. They are stunted mentally. Who can go to school on a 
hungry stomach? One of the reasons we had the breakfast program and the 
lunch program here in the United States of America is the fact that we 
have studies that show the distinction between children who eat, 
nourished, and how they learn, versus a hungry child. See a quiet 
child, inattentive in a classroom, you can go to the source most 
likely. Can you imagine a country of children who are hungry?
  Of course, these faces, for all we know, represent children in Haiti, 
of which on this particular trip we were not able to see who may be 
huddled in the various mountains and hills looking for food. And so if 
I might just share with you that right now we know that there are 850 
million people who are chronically or acutely malnourished. That 
includes the people of Haiti. Over 300 million of these individuals are 
children.
  Malnutrition caused by chronic hunger leads to the death of an 
estimated 5,600,000 children under 5 years old. According to UNICEF, an 
estimated 146 million children, roughly one in four children under 5 
years old are underweight. According to a study conducted by the United 
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 45 percent of children who 
died after contracting measles were malnourished, as were 60 percent of 
children who died after contracting severe diarrhea. An estimate 168 
million children under age 5 in developing countries face potential 
growth retardation, also known as stunting, as a result of chronic 
hunger and malnutrition. Approximately 42 percent of children under 5 
years old are stunted in the world's least developed countries.
  So I lay the framework out for what we are facing in the country of 
Haiti

[[Page 10097]]

and what President Preval has to deal with. You have a wonderful poster 
that indicates how high food is going. And so even now, where we used 
to be a high food donor country, but look what countries are having to 
pay for corn now, for soybeans, for wheat, and for rice. What a 
dilemma. And then, add insult to injure, if you would, as President 
Preval has indicated, infrastructure is needed and work is needed.
  All of us were moved by the mother who stood up, and didn't look 48 
years old, and according to your numbers, she has only 8 more years to 
live. She had 10 children. In cultures like that, they are very 
dependent on families. Children then go out to work and give back to 
families, and parents, because they age quickly, I guess, can retire 
back or can sit back with the hope of their children supporting them. 
What did she say? She managed to send her children to school, and the 
two that are now out and ready, no work. No work.
  The food fight, the food riot, as the President indicated, or as we 
saw in the news, was really because people had no money and no work to 
buy food. And so people were rioting because of that. President Preval 
wants us to help. What is this administration doing? Not releasing 
money the way it should; fighting against TPS, which really makes a 
difference. Temporary protective status allows people to stay and work, 
Haitians who have suffered this unequal wet foot-dry foot scenario 
between our friends from Cuba, and they are our friends. It wasn't a 
law that they wrote. But it was written, and I must say this, all of 
our Cuban representatives that are here in the United States Congress 
have supported equalizing the Haitian disparity issue. We just can't 
get it passed; which is to say I have an immigration bill that would 
create parity. If you were Haiti, because of the political crisis, you 
get your foot on our soil, you too can say.
  But putting that aside, we don't have that. But TPS, the President 
begged us, President Preval. That would help the food crisis. Why? 
Because it would allow people who are here, sending back remittances, 
what, a fourth of their economy, to at least be able to send back to 
momma, grandma, somebody, so they can eke out a survival.
  So to the Congresswoman, so he asked us for infrastructure, clean-
running water that helps you be able to at least cook decent food, 
creation of jobs, and if you were to put money in for infrastructure, 
people could work. Even though these prices are outrageous, they could 
at least minimally begin to bring food in.
  One of our colleagues said something that we heard, and that was the 
dumbing down of the rice industry, or dumbing down the traditional 
foods. President Preval said he would like to get Haitians back to 
traditional food, not because he wants to keep them from buying from us 
but because what we did is when rice was cheap, we dumbed them down 
from raising rice, meaning, Oh, I don't have to worry about raising 
rice. Let me raise something else. I don't know what the decision was 
because I am going to get what he called ``Miami rice.'' Look what 
happened. They stopped growing. I assume Miami rice has gotten way, 
way, way expensive. They are not growing the traditional foods. And 
look where we are.
  So, Congresswoman, I want to thank you for raising or giving us the 
opportunity. I am delighted to be your coleader and cosponsor because 
out of these discussions I hope it comes the finger on the phone, the 
finger on the e-mail, Haitians around the country pressing their phone 
buttons and calling Members of Congress on both sides of the aisle to 
join us in our fight for the TPS.
  We know a number of our colleagues have been working on this issue, 
from Congressman Hastings, myself, you, Congressman Kendrick Meek from 
Florida, Congresswoman Corrine Brown. I may have left off someone. 
There's a number of people that understand the realities of that. So 
press your button wherever you are, get your e-mail out. We have to get 
relief with a temporary reprieve on TPS.
  The second thing is that the administration needs to make an 
immediate commitment for food relief and the releasing of dollars for 
Haiti, a country whose singular--who could have only one reason for us 
helping them is the blood they shed from our Freedom Fight, for our 
Revolution, the blood they shed when they stood alongside of us in the 
Revolutionary War. No one can take that away from them in terms of 
relationship with the United States.
  So I want to join you, and as I close yield to the gentlelady, just 
engage her in a question, because I would like to ask a question. I 
would commit our colleagues as well to H. Con. Res. 344. You are an 
original cosponsor. It is to say in any food aid, we need to prioritize 
children. Certainly I believe we can add pregnant women and mothers, 
nursing mothers, a vulnerable population. I think that would be an 
excellent addition. But I do think what happens to our children 
dictates what happens to the future of the country because if you have 
stunted children with inability to learn, what do you have in the 
future.
  I would ask the gentlelady, and so I hope people will come on the 
bill H. Con. Res. 344. I hope we can mark it up soon, get it to the 
floor of the House, and maybe expand on some aspects of it.
  I rise tonight, together with my colleagues Congresswoman Yvette 
Clarke, as well as the House Hunger Caucus, to address a grave and 
growing humanitarian crisis. With rising food prices threatening the 
health of millions of people throughout the world, it is vital that we 
look for both short-term responses to the crisis and long-term 
solutions to ongoing food instability.
  As my colleagues are aware, according to the United Nations, over 
850,000,000 people in the world are chronically or acutely 
malnourished, and over 300,000,000 of these are children. The 
statistics are both shocking and tragic: Malnutrition caused by chronic 
hunger leads to the death of an estimated 5,600,000 children under 5 
years old; according to UNICEF, an estimated 146,000,000 children, or 
roughly one in every four children under 5 years old, are underweight; 
according to a study conducted by the United Nations Food and 
Agriculture Organization, 45 percent of children who died after 
contracting measles were malnourished, as were 60 percent of children 
who died after contracting severe diarrhea; an estimated 168,000,000 
children under age five in developing countries face potential growth 
retardation, also known as stunting, as a result of chronic hunger and 
undernutrition; approximately 42 percent of children under 5 years old 
are stunted in the world's least developed countries.
  Rising food prices have precipitated a crisis situation. On March 
20th of this year, the U.N. World Food Program made an urgent appeal to 
the United States and other food aid donors for an additional $500 
million to fill a funding gap caused by rising food and fuel prices. 
Since then, this gap has expanded, and is now an estimated $755 
million. As food prices rise, children are the first to suffer.
  Earlier this month, with the support of 46 of my colleagues, I 
introduced H. Con. Res. 344. This resolution recognizes that we face a 
global food crisis, and that children will be disproportionately 
affected by rising food prices. The bill states that:

       (1) it is the sense of Congress that--
       (A) in emergency situations, children have different needs 
     than those of adults, and nutritional deficiencies 
     disproportionately affect children; and
       (B) in the context of the current global food crisis, the 
     nutritional needs of children must be a humanitarian 
     priority; and
       (2) Congress--
       (A) recognizes that we are facing a global food crisis 
     caused by, among other things, rising fuel prices, increased 
     diversion of land to biofuel production, drought, and 
     increases in population;
       (B) recognizes that lack of adequate nutrition is 
     particularly damaging to children, as it stunts their growth, 
     leaves them more vulnerable to numerous diseases, and hunger 
     affects children's ability to learn; and
       (C) calls for a world forum to be held, on the issue of 
     rising food prices and international response, and for the 
     United States to play an active role in alleviating the 
     crisis.

  I urge all my colleagues to join me in cosponsoring this important 
legislation.
  This issue has drawn the attention of the Congressional Children's 
Caucus, which I chair, because hunger and malnutrition have a 
particularly devastating effect on children. On May 8th together with 
Global Health Caucus Co-Chair Betty McCollum and Donald Payne, Chairman 
of the Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health, I

[[Page 10098]]

hosted a briefing on the global food crisis and its impact on the 
world's children. Members, staff, and the public heard from expert 
panelists from UNICEF, WFP, World Vision, Save the Children, Christian 
Children's Fund, and the Congressional Hunger Center, as well as Danny 
Glover, actor, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, and Chairman of the Board of 
Directors of the TransAfrica Forum.
  Lack of adequate nutrition stunts children's growth, leaves them more 
vulnerable to numerous diseases, and affects their ability to learn. 
Even temporary deprivation of essential nutrients can have a lasting 
impact on children's physical growth and intellectual potential, and, 
under current conditions, more and more children face the prospect of 
growing up malnourished.
  As a result of rising food prices, families throughout the world, 
particularly in developing nations but also here, in the United States, 
are increasingly facing a decision between quantity and quality when 
buying food. With incomes stretched thinner by the day, many families 
must either buy significantly smaller quantities of food, or purchase 
less nutritious food. In times of food crisis, families face cuts in 
expensive foods, such as meat, fruit, and vegetables. The loss of these 
nutritious foods, in favor of cheaper staples such as rice and maize, 
is extremely detrimental to children's development, putting them at 
greater risk of disease or stunted growth. The full extent of the 
consequences of deprivation of vital nutrients during essential stages 
of growth is not known. However, it is clear that once children's 
growth is stunted by malnutrition, they do not catch up to their peers. 
The effects will be lifelong.
  We now are facing a crisis of epic proportions. The World Food 
Programme, which fed over 19 million children in schools last year, 
finds its budget stretched to the limit, and now needs an estimated 
$755 million to cover the increased cost of food and fuel. To cite one 
example, WFP's Kenya programme faces having to cut food to 550,000 
children in schools this year. And this is just one example, in one 
country.
  Rising food prices have caused riots in nations including Haiti, 
Bangladesh, Egypt, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Mozambique, and Senegal. 
In April, a week of unrest in Haiti began with violence in Les Cayes 
and spread to Port-au-Prince and other cities, in which at least six 
people were killed. Though the violence has ended, slum leaders in a 
nation where many people live on less than $2 a day have expressed 
their willingness to take to the streets if the crisis is not 
alleviated. Families are particularly affected. One woman, Jacqueline 
Emile, stated, ``I have 10 children. I cannot send them to school and I 
cannot feed them because I am not working. I would like the government 
to help me.'' A school in Port-au-Prince, the Saint Vincent de Paul 
primary school, which provides lunches of beans and rice supplemented 
with vitamins, reports that it can now can only feed 1,300 of its 2,100 
students.
  The crisis is also deeply felt across much of Africa. According to 
the NGO Action Against Hunger, nearly 20 percent of children tested in 
Monrovia, Liberia were suffering from acute malnutrition. Brenda 
Kerubo, a housewife in Kisumu, Kenya, spoke of the need to cut back 
family meals, stating, ``the best thing to do for my family is to 
reduce meals taken in a day. I may give them a cup of tea with a piece 
of pancake for breakfast and two cups of porridge for lunch and then I 
cook beans and maize for supper. We hope prices will soon come down.'' 
Her family, like so many others, is substituting cheap starches for 
more nutritious (and more expensive) meat, fruits, and vegetables.
  The scope of this crisis spans the globe. In the wake of the 
devastating cyclone in Myanmar, children face risks from lack of clean 
water and poor sanitation, as well as inadequate nutrition. Under these 
conditions, children are increasingly susceptible to diarrhea, as well 
as mosquito borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Women and 
children, who make up more than 60 per cent of Myanmar's population, 
and are likely to be gravely affected. Food aid to the children caught 
up in the midst of this terrifying situation must be a priority.
  According to the United Nations, the cyclone in Myanmar has damaged 
that nation's fragile ecosystem, with far-reaching effects on food 
production. Myanmar is currently a rice exporting nation, and farmers 
in the devastated Irrawaddy Delta region produce two-thirds of the 
nation's rice supply. The U.N. has warned that if farmers in the 
cyclone-affected areas do not receive rice seed by June, Burma's rice 
harvest will fail.
  Another nation suffering is Cambodia. In the Sun Sun primary school, 
for example, teacher Taoch Champa says that ``Most students come to 
school for the breakfast,'' and principle Yim Soeurn adds that 
``Students brought their brothers and sisters, 2, 3, and 4 years old'' 
for the WFP-provided free breakfast. Teachers also note that providing 
this free meal has vastly increased attendance, particularly by girls, 
and they fear that if the program ended, ``poor students would not come 
to school.'' However, 1,343 schools across Cambodia are within 1 month 
of running out of rice stocks, and soaring food prices have placed 
WFP's future activity in the country in severe doubt.
  According to comments made by Pakistani officials in recent days, 
that nation's production of wheat is expected to fall short of needs by 
a million tons. Authorities have issued warnings that people hoarding 
wheat will have their stocks confiscated if they refuse to sell it to 
government agencies.
  The United Nations has made ending global poverty a long term goal, 
included in the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, the U.N. has 
recognized the scope of the current food crisis, and U.N. Secretary 
General Ban Ki-Moon has proposed a task force, to be composed of the 
heads of United Nations agencies and the World Bank, to address the 
problem caused by soaring food prices. Ban Ki-Moon has also made 
closing the WFP funding gap a priority.
  Likewise, we are gathered here today in recognition of the looming 
crisis. Tackling worldwide hunger is a moral imperative which threatens 
the political and economic stability of a multitude of developing 
nations. The dramatic increase in food prices will continue to have a 
destabilizing affect in already unstable regions of the world where so 
many young lives are already vulnerable to ongoing conflicts and 
political turmoil.
  But I want to yield to the gentlelady and ask her and pose this 
question to her, and that is what have you seen, living in your great 
congressional district, listening to Haitians firsthand, have been the 
results of the unequal treatment of Haitians and Haiti? What are the 
results that are here in the United States, what do you see in your own 
constituents, what kind of questions are they asking the United States 
Congress on why we have not acted, and what does that say about 
America?
  Ms. CLARKE. I want to thank the gentlewoman from Texas for yielding 
and for posing that question because certainly Haitian Americans are 
very aware of the history, the role that they played in helping the 
United States acquire what was then called the Louisiana Territory that 
completed our United States and the side-by-side battle in the 
Revolutionary War. And they wonder why the relationship has not been a 
much more prosperous one between the two nations, why they have been 
forsaken over so long.
  Haiti has been an independent Nation for over 200 years, 205 years, 
to be exact, and certainly have been worthy of being a partner in the 
development in this hemisphere. And they are concerned. They are 
concerned that perhaps there is some bias involved, there's some 
discrimination because they're a Nation 95 percent of African descent, 
and they have been used during different times in our history to halt 
the spread of Communism. But they have never reaped any real reward or 
collaboration.
  I think we are all open now, understanding that we are connected. We 
are in a global economy, we are in a global world. As our prices spike, 
the impact has a ripple effect around the world, as we talk about food 
for fuel versus food for food, what the impact has been around the 
world. I think that is most demonstrably shown with the Nation of 
Haiti. And none of us can turn a blind eye to that.
  So I want to thank the gentlelady for raising that question. We are 
winding down now. To my cohost, thank you very much for, again, being a 
mentor and someone who provides guidance and understanding around some 
very complex issues with regard to why we do or do not do the things 
that we need to do, that are imperative for us to do in terms of our 
international relations, in terms of our hemisphere, in terms of just 
getting information permeated throughout the body to get a consensus on 
a way to go.

                              {time}  2245

  I think we are well on the way. We have got some commitments so far. 
We want to be vigilant in our oversight and seeing them go through. But 
we do

[[Page 10099]]

want to press for TPS. We know that that can be a real part of the 
economic sustainability of the Nation, which is critical, and while we 
come in with other strategies for immediate relief for the hunger that 
takes place.
  Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. If the gentlewoman would yield for just a 
moment, on that very note, this is the People's House, and what I would 
like to encourage right now on the floor of the House is let us call 
for Haitian-Americans who are here in the United States to come to 
Washington. Some are as close as your congressional district.
  Let us collectively merge our bills, or maybe reintroduce all of our 
bills or portions of our bills that we have and make that push, I would 
never use the term ultimatum, but make the urgent push that we need to 
move forward on hearings dealing with TPS.
  That is the first step of moving toward a markup of some component 
thereof of a TPS. Temporary. It could be a TPS for a year. That is what 
we did with El Salvador, and then it was renewed. We did it with 
Liberia, that was deferred, DED, I believe. So we have had these 
moments when there is a crisis. There is clearly a crisis in Haiti. And 
I would like to join with the gentlewoman to organize that and call 
that session in and make the point that we need to move on that issue 
as quickly as possible.
  Ms. CLARKE. Our time has expired, my colleague. I just wanted to 
thank the Speaker for this Special Order on the international food 
crisis, subject Haiti.
  I would just acknowledge that we have received statements to this 
Special Order from Congressman James McGovern of Massachusetts to be 
entered into the Record, as well as Representative Pomeroy to be 
entered into the Record.
  Mr. POMEROY. Madam Speaker, we are in the midst of a global food 
crisis. Rising food prices are negatively affecting the world's poorest 
people, who frequently spend 80 percent of their income on food. As a 
result, the world's most vulnerable populations, including an entire 
generation of children, are fighting malnutrition every day. Riots and 
social unrest all over the world over food prices are indicative of the 
acute nature of this problem. The time to act is now.
  Over the last 50 years, the United States has been the leader in 
international food aid. We have been able to sustain this role even 
during eras that were extremely tough on foreign aid. This doesn't mean 
that the structure can't be improved, but I do believe it is a strong 
testament to the current structure.
  Through the Food, Conservation and Security Act of 2008, also known 
as the farm bill, we look to address this global crisis by helping to 
fight hunger and provide food assistance around the world. The farm 
bill does this by increasing oversight and monitoring of food aid 
programs. It requires the United States Agency for International 
Development (USAID) to increase the use of program monitors, conduct 
more evaluations of food aid impact, and implement best practices for 
food aid delivery. The farm bill will also allow USAID to pre-position 
more food overseas to respond to disasters more quickly. With greater 
attention toward identifying food shortages earlier, the food aid 
programs can reach people in need and respond before crises worsen.
  I am also very proud to say that the farm bill establishes a $60 
million pilot program for local or regional purchases of food aid. This 
pilot program provides the opportunity for local purchases of food aid 
commodities while ensuring that the purchases do not cause dramatic 
price increases or exacerbate shortages overseas.
  While I am extremely proud of what we have been able to accomplish 
through the farm bill, this is a serious situation that we must 
continue to address. As a member of the House Hunger Caucus, I look 
forward to working with my colleagues to address the issue of world 
hunger.
  Mr. McGOVERN. Madam Speaker, every five seconds, a child dies from 
hunger-related causes. That's the equivalent of 21 school busses full 
of children being killed every day. With the current food crisis, even 
more people are being put at risk of starvation as the prices of daily 
food staples move out of reach. This is not just tragic; it is 
shameful. We have the resources necessary to end hunger. What we need 
is the political will to do so.
  Madam Speaker, I've never heard any Member of Congress declare that 
he or she is pro-hunger. But regrettably, too few are actively working 
to rid our Nation and the world of this terrible scourge. I am very 
proud of the members of the bipartisan House Hunger Caucus who have 
taken up the task of raising the profile of this domestic and global 
issue and helping to educate their colleagues about how we can address 
and end not just the crisis caused by rising food costs, but hunger 
itself.
  As the world faces a crisis of hunger, it is increasingly more 
important that Members of Congress speak out against hunger and take 
action to ensure that action is taken to truly address the crisis. 
Thank you to Yvette Clarke and Sheila Jackson-Lee for their leadership 
in organizing this Special Order Hour and for all those participating 
tonight. The time to end hunger is now. We cannot wait while more 
children and families go without food, or even starve to death.
  Tonight, in the aftermath of the earthquake in China and the cyclone 
in Burma, we hold the victims of these disasters in our thoughts. We 
see, once again, the generosity of the world in reaching out to these 
victims of natural catastrophe.
  But the children of Haiti, the urban poor of Manila, the refugees in 
Darfur--and, literally, the hundreds of millions of people around the 
world and in our own country who do not know whether there will be food 
on the table tonight or tomorrow--our thoughts and our prayers are with 
them, too. But more importantly, we send to them our commitment to take 
action on their behalf, and to take action in support of their own 
efforts to help themselves. Together we can overcome this current 
crisis, and together we can end hunger in our lifetime.
  Mrs. CHRISTENSEN. Madam Speaker, I could not travel to Haiti with my 
colleagues last week, but I have been there several times over the past 
12 years, and it breaks my heart to see a country which ought to have 
had so much promise in the critical state it now is. I have to agree 
with what I have heard from many Haitians, that the day to day 
existence of the people is worse than it ever was during the Duvalier 
period.
  The people of Haiti welcomed the democracy our country helped to 
bring. They participated enthusiastically in the electoral process. 
They were patient as they waited for the assistance that never came in 
full.
  Today they are in the middle of a terrible food crisis--one that we 
can and must do what we can--and we can do a lot--to abate.
  The food crisis in Haiti is responsible for recent riots, killings, 
and the ousting of the country's prime minister. In just the past few 
weeks, five Haitians and one United Nations worker were killed in the 
violent protests stemming from the overwhelming food shortage. The 
situation, which has been labeled a ``silent tsunami'' by the U.N. 
World Food Programme, has not received the attention and action it 
warrants.
  Haiti is our neighbor. In my estimation, we have not done all that we 
could and should have to avert this and every other crisis it has faced 
in recent years. The instability that is increasing every day, not only 
threatens the life of every Haitian but can destabilize the region and 
send adverse ripples here.
  Madam Speaker, I applaud the current administration's commitment to 
provide $200 million in emergency food aid. I implore my colleagues to 
join me in urging the President to commit no less than $60 million of 
the $200 million for Haiti.
  We need to pass the HERO Act to provide investment and create jobs.
  I am also calling on this Congress to pass Temporary Protected Status 
for the people of Haiti in this time of great peril. In the face of the 
inequity in treatment of Haiti under immigration, it is the least we 
can do.
  It is time for the United States to take seriously our obligation as 
the lead Nation in this hemisphere and assist our neighbor in this time 
of extreme need.
  Mr. McNULTY. Madam Speaker, millions are being swept away in a 
``silent tsunami.'' Drought and ever-climbing prices coupled with the 
mounting demand of nations unable to sustain themselves have wrought 
devastating food shortages from the Philippines, to Egypt, to our 
neighbor Haiti. Starving families turn to cakes baked of sugar, oil, 
and mud. Parents avoid eye contact with the children they cannot feed. 
Rioters, unable to afford even a loaf of bread, fill the streets. And 
this Congress is not deaf to their cries.
  Not the product of a disaster or war, this crisis of unprecedented 
price increases will linger and spread without action. So far, an 
additional 100 million people are estimated to have been pushed into 
poverty. Hardest hit by its inability to provide enough food for its 
growing population, Haiti, in our own backyard, Madam Speaker, where 
over half the population lives on less than $1 a day, is left to the 
mercy of the global community; and right now, USAID is delivering over 
6,820 tons of food aid.

[[Page 10100]]

  But more needs to be done. The dread, uncertainty, cruelty, and 
suffering of hunger have become a reality for too many for too long and 
I am proud of the work being done in this Congress to stem that tide. 
In just the past 2 weeks, we have added to and enhanced the tools in 
America's toolbox for fighting starvation.
  The Farm Bill we just sent to the President's desk reauthorizes many 
of our most important programs for fighting hunger, addressing both the 
immediate demands of the crisis and recognizing the work needed for the 
long-term goal of prevention. In the face of this epidemic, it is all 
the more vital that President Bush sign these essential programs into 
law.
  This bill extends until 2012 the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust, 
allowing us to continue to respond to the unanticipated and unexpected 
crises that may emerge. I was happy to hear last month that President 
Bush ordered the release of $200 million in emergency food aid from the 
Trust, but without replenishment, the benefit of this stockpile of cash 
and commodities will be unavailable to us in the future.
  Hoping to create a bulwark against this spread of hunger and rising 
prices at home, many governments have been pushed by the fear of 
impending food shortages to the false hope of halting or restricting 
food exports. This beggar thy neighbor strategy will only make the 
situation worse and shows our need to promote long-term food production 
and security.
  To this end, the just-passed Farm Bill has reauthorized $2.5 billion 
for our vital Title 11 spending, with an additional $850 million for 
this year in last week's supplemental. Our most powerful instrument, 
these dollars are administered by USAID every year to address global 
food needs. Yet in 2007, only 20 percent of this went to non-emergency 
development projects. The emergencies in countries like Haiti deserve 
an immediate response, but without longer-term diversified food 
production, conservation, and infrastructure projects, this crisis will 
only deepen, which is why this Congress mandated that no less than $375 
million a year be spent on these production, development, and security 
goals. The Farm Bill has implemented newer approaches, as well, 
including an authorization for a $60 million pilot program for local 
and regional food purchases, avoiding deadly time lags in delivery and 
eliminating high transportation costs.
  This crisis will not go away on its own, Madam Speaker, as every day 
more people are born into this world unable to eat. Let these programs 
in last week's Farm Bill be the launching-off point for our continued 
and deepened commitment to battling this crisis.
  Mr. RANGEL. Madam Speaker, rising food prices are fueling the global 
hunger crisis. The World Bank estimates that food prices have gone up 
by 83 percent globally over the last three years. This reality has hit 
home in Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and oldest 
black sovereign state. It is sad to think of Haitians demonstrating and 
taking to the streets in order to call the world's attention to the 
fact ordinary people can not afford to buy food. As Haiti struggles to 
maintain its stability, rising food prices threaten the progress that 
has been made.
  The recent removal of Prime Minister Jacques Edouard Alexis is 
evident that Haiti's political stability is in jeopardy. Also this 
month, 10 Senate seats in Haiti will be up for election. Originally 
scheduled for last fall, these elections had to be postponed after 
members of the country's electoral commission accused their leaders of 
embezzlement. In a country where political turnover has become the 
norm, President Preval's stability offers hope for Haiti. I urge the 
United States not to allow the current humanitarian crisis to become a 
political one as well.
  Poverty is one of the greatest ills to plague mankind. Those who 
survive in poverty are under the constant threat of death. The debt 
forgiveness offered by the Jubilee Act will enable Haiti to address the 
issues of poverty, create opportunities for economic growth and 
establish sound governing practices. The Jubilee Act also promotes 
responsible development assistance by prioritizing grants over loans, 
which is an important measure to prevent poor nations from falling back 
into debt. Releasing Haiti from its onerous debt will allow the country 
to feed its own people and rebuild its struggling economy without the 
burden of diverting its scarce resources to fill the coffers of 
wealthy, multi-lateral financial institutions. The U.S. House of 
Representatives has gone on record supporting the immediate 
cancellation of Haiti's debt, it is now time for the President to make 
sure that this struggling nation is no longer held captive to its past 
and is put on a sustained path to development.
  Haiti serves a wake up call to the potential looming global food 
crisis. It is taking an immense toll on the world's poorest people, who 
typically spend up to 80 percent of their income on food. After many 
years of working to end hunger and poverty, the United States and other 
developed nations must put forth bolder efforts to ensure progress is 
not lost in resolving global hunger.
  Mr. CONYERS. Madam Speaker, I rise today to bring to the attention of 
the Congress and to the American people the plight of the western 
hemisphere's second oldest republic, Haiti. The Haitian people are 
being negatively affected by market forces out of their control that 
have driven food prices up drastically. Haiti, where about 4 out of 5 
people live at or below poverty, is an island nation that consists of 
approximately 8.7 million people. To put this in perspective, imagine 
the City of New York; now imagine that same city with 80 percent of its 
citizens in poverty.
  The American people and Congress have already assisted Haiti with the 
HOPE and HOPE II (Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership 
Encouragement) Acts. HOPE was the tip of the iceberg. It provided jobs 
to allow Haitians to overcome poverty. HOPE II will create even more 
gainful employment and more sustainable jobs for Haitians and create a 
self-sustaining infrastructure. These acts will provide jobs needed to 
help more Haitian citizens emerge from poverty and gain employment 
which will lead to a more prosperous Haiti.
  However, there is much more work to be done, Madam Speaker. Right now 
the World Food Programme is in need of $755 million to meet immediate 
demands and USAID also needs an additional $240 million. Increases in 
these programs will ensure that school food programs in the developing 
world are not eliminated due to current food price inflation. The food 
price escalation is also affecting the region as a whole.
  Due to escalating market prices, in rural El Salvador, with the same 
amount of money today, people can purchase 50 percent less food than 
they did 18 months ago. This means that, in principle, their 
nutritional intake, on an already poor diet, is being cut by half.
  In Nicaragua the price of tortillas went up 54 percent between 
January 2007 and January 2008.
  We cannot let our neighbors suffer due to circumstances out of their 
control. We have taken small steps but now the government of the United 
States must be an active agent in the development of the third world. 
We must follow the lead of our philanthropic and non-profit sectors.
  Too often those in government see aid to developing nations as a 
waste of money, throwing taxpayers' dollars down a well. India is a 
great example of the benefits of foreign aid. In the 1960s American 
dollars funded fertilizer subsidies and high-yield seed varieties led 
India out of poverty and famine into self-subsistence. India is now 
entering the developing world, so much so that their demand for 
processed foods is now decreasing the supply of food aid available to 
countries such as Haiti.
  This can happen in Haiti if the United States focuses on delivering 
basic goods to the hemisphere's poorest people. By increasing vaccines, 
textbooks, water pipes, and medical care we will not make countries 
dependent, we will be giving Haitians the basic inputs they need to 
improve their lives. We must invest in high-yield, proven, and scalable 
strategies to empower the Haitian people and those suffering throughout 
the world.
  I have submitted for the Record an article from the New York Review 
of Books authored by Jeffrey D. Sachs.

           [From the New York Review of Books, Dec. 21, 2006]

                            How Aid Can Work

                         (By Jeffrey D. Sachs)

       In a very different era, President John Kennedy declared 
     ``to those peoples in the huts and villages across the globe 
     struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our 
     best efforts to help them help themselves, for Whatever 
     period is required--not because the Communists may be doing 
     it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. 
     If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it 
     cannot save the few who are rich.''
       It is difficult to imagine President Bush making a similar 
     pledge today, but he is far from alone in Washington. The 
     idea that the US should commit its best efforts to help the 
     world's poor is an idea shared by Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, 
     and Jimmy Carter, but it has been almost nowhere to be found 
     in our capital. American philanthropists and nonprofit groups 
     have stepped forward while our government has largely 
     disappeared from the scene.
       There are various reasons for this retreat. Most 
     importantly, our policymakers in both parties simply have not 
     attached much importance to this ``soft'' stuff, although 
     their ``hard'' stuff is surely not working and the lack of 
     aid is contributing to a cascade of instability and security 
     threats in impoverished countries such as Somalia. We are

[[Page 10101]]

     spending $550 billion per year on the military, against just 
     $4 billion for Africa. Our African aid, incredibly, is less 
     than three days of Pentagon spending, a mere $13 per American 
     per year, and the equivalent of just 3 cents per $100 of US 
     national income! The neglect has been bipartisan. The Clinton 
     administration allowed aid to Africa to languish at less than 
     $2 billion per year throughout the 1990s.
       A second reason for the retreat is the Widespread belief 
     that aid is simply wasted, money down the rat hole. That has 
     surely been true of some aid, such as the ``reconstruction'' 
     funding for Iraq and the cold war-era payouts to thugs such 
     as Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire. But these notorious cases 
     obscure the critical fact that development assistance based 
     on proven technologies and directed at measurable and 
     practical needs-- increased food production, disease control, 
     safe water and sanitation, schoolrooms and clinics, roads, 
     power grids, Internet connectivity, and the like--has a 
     distinguished record of success.
       The successful record of well-targeted aid is grudgingly 
     acknowledged even by a prominent academic critic of aid, 
     Professor Bill Easterly. Buried in his ``Bah, Humbug'' attack 
     on foreign aid. The White Man's Burden, Mr. Easterly allows 
     on page 176 that ``foreign aid likely contributed to some 
     notable successes on a global scale, such as dramatic 
     improvement in health and education indicators in poor 
     countries. Life expectancy in the typical poor country has 
     risen from forty-eight years to sixty-eight years over the 
     past four decades. Forty years ago, 131 out of every 1,000 
     babies born in poor countries died before reaching their 
     first birthday. Today, 36 out of every 1,000 babies die 
     before their first birthday.
       Two hundred pages later Mr. Easterly writes that we should 
     ``put the focus back where it belongs: get the poorest people 
     in the world such obvious goods as the vaccines, the 
     antibiotics, the food supplements, the improved seeds, the 
     fertilizer, the roads, the boreholes, the water pipes, the 
     textbooks, and the nurses. This is not making the poor 
     dependent on handouts; it is giving the poorest people the 
     health, nutrition, education, and other inputs that raise the 
     payoff to their own efforts to better their lives.
       These things could indeed be done, if American officials 
     weren't so consistently neglectful of development issues and 
     with many too cynical to learn about the constructive uses of 
     development assistance. They would learn that just as 
     American subsidies of fertilizers and high-yield seed 
     varieties for India in the late 1960s helped create a ``Green 
     Revolution'' that set that vast country on a path out of 
     famine and on to long-term development, similar support for 
     high-yield seeds, fertilizer, and small-scale water 
     technologies for Africa could lift that continent out of its 
     current hunger-disease-poverty trap. They would discover that 
     the Gates and Rockefeller Foundations have put up $150 
     million in the new Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa 
     to support the development and uptake of high-yield seed 
     varieties there, an effort that the US government should now 
     join and help carry out throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
       They would also discover that the American Red Cross has 
     learned--and successfully demonstrated--how to mass-
     distribute antimalaria bed nets to impoverished rural 
     populations in Africa, with such success and at such low cost 
     that the prospect of protecting all of Africa's children from 
     that mass killer is now actually within reach. Yet they'd 
     also learn that the Red Cross lacks the requisite funding to 
     provide bed nets to all who need them. They would learn that 
     a significant number of other crippling and killing diseases, 
     including African river blindness, schistosomiasis, 
     trauchoma, lymphatic filariasis, hookworm, ascariasis, and 
     trichuriasis, could be brought under control for well under 
     $2 per American citizen per year, and perhaps just $1 per 
     American citizen!
       They would note, moreover, that the number of HIV-infected 
     Africans on donor-supported antiretroviral therapy has 
     climbed from zero in 2000 to 800,000 at the end of 2005, and 
     likely to well over one million today. They would learn that 
     small amounts of funding to help countries send children to 
     school have proved successful in a number of African 
     countries, so much so that the continent-wide goal of 
     universal attendance in primary education is utterly within 
     reach if financial support is provided.
       As chairman of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health 
     of the World Health Organization (2000-2001) and director of 
     the UN Millennium Project (2002-2006), I have led efforts 
     that have canvassed the world's leading practitioners in 
     disease control, food production, infrastructure development, 
     water and sanitation, Internet connectivity, and the like, to 
     identify practical, proven, low-cost, and scalable strategies 
     for the world's poorest people such as those mentioned above.
       Such life-saving and poverty-reducing measures raise the 
     productivity of the poor so that they can earn and ingest 
     their way out of extreme poverty, and these measures do so at 
     an amazingly low cost. To extend these proven technologies 
     throughout the poorest parts of Africa would require around 
     $75 billion per year from all donors, of which the US share 
     would be around $30 billion per year, or roughly 25 cents per 
     every $100 of US national income.
       When we overlook the success that is possible, we become 
     our own worst enemies. We stand by as millions die each year 
     because they are too poor to stay alive. The inattention and 
     neglect of our policy leaders lull us to believe casually 
     that nothing more can be done. Meanwhile we spend hundreds of 
     billions of dollars per year on military interventions doomed 
     to fail, overlooking the fact that a small fraction of that 
     money, if it were directed at development approaches, could 
     save millions of lives and set entire regions on a path of 
     economic growth. It is no wonder that global attitudes toward 
     America have reached the lowest ebb in history. It is time 
     for a new approach.

                          ____________________