[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 153 (2007), Part 25]
[Senate]
[Pages 33514-33516]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




          STATEMENTS ON INTRODUCED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS

      By Mr. FEINGOLD:
  S. 2434. A bill to clarify conditions for the interceptions of 
computer trespass communications under the USA-PATRIOT Act; to the 
Committee on the Judiciary.
  Mr. FEINGOLD. Mr. President, I am pleased to introduce the Computer 
Trespass Clarification Act of 2007, which would amend and clarify 
section 217 of the USA PATRIOT Act. This bill is virtually identical to 
a bill I introduced in the 109th Congress.
  Section 217 of the Patriot Act addresses the interception of computer 
trespass communications. This bill would modify existing law to more 
accurately reflect the intent of the provision, and also protect 
against invasions of privacy.
  Section 217 was designed to permit law enforcement to assist computer 
owners who are subject to denial of service attacks or other episodes 
of hacking. The original Department of Justice draft of the bill that 
later became the Patriot Act included this provision. A section by 
section analysis provided by the Department on September 19, 2001, 
stated the following:

       Current law may not allow victims of computer trespassing 
     to request law enforcement assistance in monitoring 
     unauthorized attacks as they occur. Because service providers 
     often lack the expertise, equipment, or financial resources 
     required to monitor attacks themselves as permitted under 
     current law, they often have no way to exercise their rights 
     to protect themselves from authorized attackers. Moreover, 
     such attackers can target critical infrastructures and engage 
     in cyberterrorism. To correct this problem, and help to 
     protect national security, the proposed amendments to the 
     wiretap statute would allow victims of computer attacks to 
     authorize persons ``acting under color of law'' to monitor 
     trespassers on their computer systems in a narrow class of 
     cases.

  I strongly supported the goal of giving computer system owners the 
ability to call in law enforcement to help defend themselves against 
hacking. Including such a provision in the Patriot Act made a lot of 
sense. Unfortunately, the drafters of the provision made it much 
broader than necessary, and refused to amend it at the time we debated 
the bill in 2001. As a result, the

[[Page 33515]]

law now gives the government the authority to intercept communications 
by people using computers owned by others as long as they have engaged 
in some unauthorized activity on the computer, and the owner gives 
permission for the computer to be monitored--all without judicial 
approval.
  Only people who have a ``contractual relationship'' with the owner 
allowing the use of a computer are exempt from the definition of a 
computer trespasser under section 217 of the Patriot Act. Many people--
for example, college students, patrons of libraries, Internet cafes or 
airport business lounges, and guests at hotels--use computers owned by 
others with permission, but without a contractual relationship. They 
could end up being the subject of Government snooping if the owner of 
the computer gives permission to law enforcement.
  My bill would clarify that a computer trespasser is not someone who 
has permission to use a computer by the owner or operator of that 
computer. It would bring the existing computer trespass provision in 
line with the purpose of section 217 as expressed in the Department of 
Justice's initial explanation of the provision. Section 217 was 
intended to target only a narrow class of people: unauthorized 
cyberhackers. It was not intended to give the government the 
opportunity to engage in widespread surveillance of computer users 
without a warrant.
  Another problem is that unless criminal charges are brought against 
someone as a result of such surveillance, there would never be any 
notice at all that the surveillance has taken place. The computer owner 
authorizes the surveillance, and the FBI carries it out.
  There is no warrant, no court proceeding, no opportunity even for the 
subject of the surveillance to challenge the assertion of the owner 
that some unauthorized use of the computer has occurred.
  My bill would modify the computer trespass provision in the following 
additional ways to protect against abuse, while still maintaining its 
usefulness in cases of denial of service attacks and other forms of 
hacking.
  First, it would require that the owner or operator of the protected 
computer authorizing the interception has been subject to ``an ongoing 
pattern of communications activity that threatens the integrity or 
operation of such computer.'' In other words, the owner has to be the 
target of some kind of hacking.
  Second, the bill limits the length of warrantless surveillance to 96 
hours. This is twice as long as is allowed for an emergency criminal 
wiretap. With four days of surveillance, it should not be difficult for 
the government to gather sufficient evidence of wrongdoing to obtain a 
warrant if continued surveillance is necessary.
  Finally, the bill would require the Attorney General to report 
annually on the use of Section 217 to the Senate and House Judiciary 
Committees. Section 217 was originally subject to the sunset provision 
in the Patriot Act and therefore would have expired at the end of 2005. 
However, the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act, which 
became law in March 2006, made this provision permanent. Congress needs 
to do more oversight of the use of this provision.
  The computer trespass provision now in the law as a result of section 
217 of the PATRIOT Act leaves open the potential for significant and 
unnecessary invasions of privacy. The reasonable and modest changes to 
the provision contained in this bill preserve the usefulness of the 
provision for investigations of cyberhacking, but reduce the 
possibility of government abuse. I urge my colleagues to support the 
Computer Trespass Clarification Act.
  Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the bill be 
printed in the Record.
  There being no objection, the text of the bill was ordered to be 
printed in the Record, as follows:

                                S. 2434

       Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
     the United States of America in Congress assembled,

     SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

       This Act may be cited as the ``Computer Trespass 
     Clarification Act of 2007''.

     SEC. 2. AMENDMENTS TO TITLE 18.

       (a) Definitions.--Section 2510(21)(B) of title 18, United 
     States Code, is amended by--
       (1) inserting ``or other'' after ``contractual''; and
       (2) striking ``for access'' and inserting ``permitting 
     access''.
       (b) Interception and Disclosure.--Section 2511(2)(i) of 
     title 18, United States Code, is amended--
       (1) in clause (I), by inserting ``is attempting to respond 
     to communications activity that threatens the integrity or 
     operation of such computer and requests assistance to protect 
     the rights and property of the owner or operator, and'' after 
     ``the owner or operator of the protected computer''; and
       (2) in clause (IV), by inserting ``ceases as soon as the 
     communications sought are obtained or after 96 hours, 
     whichever is earlier (unless an order authorizing or 
     approving the interception is obtained under this chapter) 
     and'' after ``interception''.
       (c) Report.--Not later than 60 days after the date of 
     enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Attorney 
     General shall submit a report to the Committee on the 
     Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary 
     the House of Representatives on the use of section 2511 of 
     title 18, United States Code, relating to computer trespass 
     provisions, as amended by subsection (b), during the year 
     before the year of that report.
                                 ______
                                 
      By Mr. FEINGOLD:
   S. 2435. A bill to limit authority to delay notice of search 
warrants; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
  Mr. FEINGOLD. Mr. President, today I will reintroduce in the Senate 
the Reasonable Notice and Search Act. This bill is nearly identical to 
a bill I introduced in the 109th Congress, S. 316. It addresses Section 
213 of the USA PATRIOT Act, a provision passed in the wake of the 9/11 
attacks that has caused serious concern among Members of Congress and 
the public. Section 213, sometimes referred to as the ``delayed notice 
search provision'' or the ``sneak and peek provision,'' authorizes the 
government in limited circumstances to conduct a search in a criminal 
investigation without immediately serving a search warrant on the owner 
or occupant of the premises that have been searched.
  Prior to the Patriot Act, secret searches for physical evidence were 
performed in some jurisdictions under the authority of Court of Appeals 
decisions, but the Supreme Court never definitively ruled whether they 
were constitutional. Section 213 of the Patriot Act authorized delayed 
notice warrants in any case in which an ``adverse result'' would occur 
if the warrant was served before the search was executed. ``Adverse 
result'' was defined as including: endangering the life or physical 
safety of an individual, flight from prosecution, destruction of or 
tampering with evidence, intimidation of potential witnesses, or 
otherwise seriously jeopardizing an investigation or unduly delaying a 
trial. This last catchall category could apply in virtually any 
criminal case. In addition, while some courts had required the service 
of the warrant within a specified period of time, the Patriot Act 
simply required that the warrant specify that it would be served within 
a ``reasonable'' period of time after the search.
  This provision of the Patriot Act was not limited to terrorism cases. 
In fact, before the Patriot Act passed, the FBI already had the 
authority to conduct secret searches of foreign terrorists and spies 
with no notice at all under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. 
Furthermore, the Patriot Act ``sneak and peek'' authority was not made 
subject to any sunset provision. So Section 213 was obviously a 
provision that the Department of Justice wanted regardless of the 
terrorism threat after 9/11.
  Perhaps that is why this provision has caused such controversy. In 
2003, by a wide bipartisan margin, the House passed an amendment to the 
Commerce-Justice-State appropriations bill offered by then-
Representative Butch Otter from Idaho, a Republican, to stop funding 
for delayed notice searches authorized under section 213.
  I first raised concerns about the sneak and peek provision when it 
was included in the Patriot Act in 2001. I raised concerns during the 
reauthorization process in 2005 and 2006, when changes were made that 
were, unfortunately, entirely inadequate. The reauthorization 
legislation did not change

[[Page 33516]]

the very broad standard for issuing a sneak and peak search warrant. It 
put in place a 30-day time limit for the delayed notice of these 
warrants and permitted 90-day extensions--time periods that are far too 
long.
  So even after the reauthorization process, adequate safeguards are 
still not in place for these types of searches. I have never argued, 
however, and I am not arguing now, that there should be no delayed 
notice searches at all and that the provision should be repealed. I 
simply believe that this provision should be modified to protect 
against abuse. My bill will do three things to accomplish this.
  First, my bill would narrow the circumstances in which a delayed 
notice warrant can be granted to the following: potential loss of life, 
flight from prosecution, destruction or tampering with evidence, or 
intimidation of potential witnesses. I do not include the ``catchall 
provision'' in section 213, allowing a secret search when serving the 
warrant would ``seriously jeopardize an investigation or unduly delay a 
trial,'' because it can too easily be turned into permission to do 
these searches whenever the government wants.
  Second, I believe that any delayed notice warrant should provide for 
a specific and limited time period within which notice must be given: 7 
days. This is consistent with some of the pre-Patriot Act court 
decisions and will help to bring this provision in closer accord with 
the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. Under my bill, prosecutors 
will be permitted to seek 21-day extensions if circumstances continue 
to warrant that the subject not be made aware of the search. But the 
default should be 1 week, unless a court is convinced that more time 
should be permitted.
  Finally, Section 213 should include a sunset provision so that it 
expires along with the other expanded surveillance provisions in Title 
II of the Patriot Act, at the end of 2009. This will allow Congress to 
reevaluate this authority and whether additional safeguards are needed.
  These are reasonable and moderate changes to the law. They do not gut 
the provision. Rather, they recognize the legitimate concern across the 
political spectrum that this provision presents the potential for 
abuse. They also send a message that Fourth Amendment rights have 
meaning, and potential violations of those rights should be minimized 
if at all possible. I urge my colleagues to support this bill.
  Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the bill be 
printed in the Record.
  There being no objection, the text of the bill was ordered to be 
printed in the Recrod, as follows:

                                S. 2435

       Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
     the United States of America in Congress assembled,

     SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

       This Act may be cited as the ``Reasonable Notice and Search 
     Act''.

     SEC. 2. LIMITATION ON AUTHORITY TO DELAY NOTICE OF SEARCH 
                   WARRANTS.

       Section 3103a of title 18, United States Code, is amended--
       (1) in subsection (b)--
       (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``may have an adverse 
     result (as defined in section 2705, except if the adverse 
     results consist only of unduly delaying a trial)'' and 
     inserting ``will endanger the life or physical safety of an 
     individual, result in flight from prosecution, result in the 
     destruction of or tampering with the evidence sought under 
     the warrant, or result in intimidation of potential 
     witnesses''; and
       (B) in paragraph (3), by striking ``30 days'' and all that 
     follows and inserting ``7 days after the date of its 
     execution.''; and
       (2) in subsection (c), by striking ``for good cause shown'' 
     and all that follows and inserting ``upon application of the 
     Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, or an 
     Associate Attorney General, for additional periods of not 
     more than 21 calendar days for each such application, if the 
     court finds, for each such application, reasonable cause to 
     believe that notice of the execution of the warrant will 
     endanger the life or physical safety of an individual, result 
     in flight from prosecution, result in the destruction of or 
     tampering with the evidence sought under the warrant, or 
     result in intimidation of potential witnesses.''.

     SEC. 3. SUNSET ON DELAYED NOTICE AUTHORITY.

       Section 102(b) of the USA PATRIOT Improvement and 
     Reauthorization Act of 2005 (50 U.S.C. 1805 note) is 
     amended--
       (1) in the subsection heading, by inserting ``, 213, '' 
     before ``and 215''; and
       (2) in paragraph (1), by inserting ``section 3103a of title 
     18, United States Code, is amended so that section reads as 
     it read on October 25, 2001, and'' before ``the Foreign 
     Intelligence''.

                          ____________________