[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 153 (2007), Part 12]
[Senate]
[Pages 17022-17023]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                        EMPLOYEE FREE CHOICE ACT

  Mr. BROWN. Madam President, as we debated energy and immigration 
issues in this body for the last 3 weeks, there has been palpable 
anxiety that we all see in our States, we all see in our homes, about 
our economy and about the future of the middle class--the squeeze on 
the middle class, the declining or stagnant wages of way too many 
middle-class households. In 2005 the real median household income in 
America actually went down 3 percent, from the year 2000. In Ohio it 
was down almost 10 percent. The average CEO makes 411 times the wage of 
the average worker; in 1990 the average CEO made 107 times as much. We 
know what has happened.
  More important, we need to look at what has happened to wages in this 
country in a historical sense in the last 60 years. From 1947 to 1973, 
when our country, after World War II, was growing, you can see how 
wages grew among different people in our economy. The bar on the left 
is the lowest 20-percent wage earners, up to the highest 20-percent 
wage earners.
  So those are the lowest wages. The lowest incomes in our country saw 
their wages grow the fastest of any one of those groups.
  From 1973 until 2000, you can see the increase. Every group still 
increased, but growth changed sharply. The lowest 20 had the lowest 
economic growth; the highest 20 percent had the highest. I would add, 
1973 was the year we went from a trade surplus in our country to a 
trade deficit. In other words, before 1973, we exported more goods in 
terms of dollars, in terms of value, than we imported.
  Since 1973, that number has gone the other way. It has gone 
dramatically the other way in the last 10 or 15 years. Now, since 
President Bush took office in 2000, we have seen an even greater change 
in income for all Americans. The lowest 20 percent had an annual 
decrease, as I mentioned earlier, but so did the second quintile, the 
middle, the slightly upper middle, and the top 20 percent all had 
income decline. The only group that had an income increase in this 5-
year period or so was the top 1 percent.
  We have seen clearly that our economy is not working the way it 
should for middle-class Americans. That is why there is such anxiety 
among middle-class Americans. That is why so many of us who were 
elected for the first time, including the Presiding Officer, to the 
Senate in the year 2006, we knew of that anxiety and talked about 
middle-class issues: about health care, education, about jobs, about 
trade, about income.
  Here is the real story. Since around the time of the trade deficit, 
the trade surplus prior to 1973 turning into the trade deficit, we have 
seen wages and productivity go like this. For many years, from World 
War II, for about 25 years, if you were a productive worker, your wages 
reflected your productivity. In other words, the more money you created 
for your employer, the more you shared in the wealth you created.
  That was the American way. That is how you build a middle class. You 
are more productive and you share in the wealth you create. But 
something happened in the early 1970s. Again, in 1973 we went from a 
trade deficit to a trade surplus. We can see from about that time on, 
that productivity in this country kept rising, but wages in our country 
have been relatively flat.
  One other thing happened, in addition to in 1973 going from a trade 
surplus to trade deficit, that was the time with the most pronounced 
decline in unionization. As Senator Kennedy pointed out earlier today, 
as we have seen fewer people who are organized into unions, we have 
seen more stagnation of wages, even with productive workers
  With the decline in unionization and with the trade deficit, wages 
have stayed relatively flat. That is why we need a very different trade 
policy. That is why we need the Employee Free Choice Act.
  I might point out the Employee Free Choice Act does not abolish the 
secret election process. That would still be

[[Page 17023]]

available. The bill simply enables workers to form a union through 
majority signup, if they prefer that method. So workers under current 
law may use the majority signup process only if their employers say 
yes. We think workers should make that determination, that we either 
want an election or we would like to do the simple card check. That 
will, in fact, increase unionization. We will also see that it will 
mean more mirroring of productivity in wages.
  I would like to shift for a moment to some of my earlier comments 
about how in 1973, as we went from trade surplus to trade deficit, some 
of the things that happened in our economy. We know, going back not 
quite as far as 1973, only 15 years ago, the trade deficit in this 
country was $38 billion the year I first ran for the House of 
Representatives down the hall.
  Today, the trade deficit in our country exceeds $700 billion. It has 
gone from $38 billion to $700-plus billion. President Bush, the first, 
said $1 billion in trade deficit translates into 13,000 jobs--$1 
billion in trade deficit translates into 13,000 jobs. So do the math. 
We now have a $700 billion-plus trade deficit. We know what kind of 
havoc that wreaks on Steubenville, Toledo, and Portsmouth, Marion and 
Mansfield and Springfield and Xenia and Zanesville and all of these 
communities that were industrial towns that have had such damage done 
to their communities. They have had plant closings, they have had 
layoffs. Every time a plant closes, it means fewer firefighters, fewer 
police officers, fewer teachers in the public schools. We know what 
that does to our quality of life.
  So the answer from the Bush administration, as we passed NAFTA and 
PNTR with China and CAFTA and every other trade agreement, as this 
trade policy has clearly failed, is: Let's do more of it. Let's do more 
trade agreements.
  So now the President is likely going to bring in front of this body a 
trade agreement with Peru and a trade agreement with Panama. The 
President's U.S. Trade Representative, Susan Schwab, an honorable 
woman, straightforward, candid when you talk to her about this, she 
says: Yes, but now we have environmental and labor standards in these 
trade agreements.
  But there are a couple of problems with that. First of all, we do not 
yet. We have not seen the text of the agreements. We have not seen, in 
fact, nor are we at all certain, that the labor and environmental 
standards will be inside the agreements; they may be side agreements. 
We tried that once with the North American Free Trade Agreements. The 
labor and environmental standards were outside the agreements. They 
were in a special side agreement, and they had virtually no impact. 
Where we had a trade surplus with Mexico when NAFTA was signed a decade 
and a half ago, now our trade deficit with Mexico is some $70 billion.
  That same trade situation has exploded to a huge trade deficit with 
Canada also. So clearly we know in our communities how many plants have 
closed and companies have and jobs have moved to Mexico.
  So the second thing we know about Jordan, about the trade agreements 
with Peru and Panama, the proposed agreements, is that the Secretary 
says they will enforce these labor and environmental standards as they 
unveil them, again not specific, not in writing yet.
  The lesson again from this administration is when Congress, in the 
year 2000, passed the Jordan trade agreement, there were strong labor 
and environmental standards in that agreement. But when his U.S. Trade 
Representative, Mr. Zoelleck, assumed his position at USTR, Mr. 
Zoelleck sent a letter soon after to the Government of Jordan saying he 
was not going to, because of the dispute resolution, he was not going 
to enforce the labor and environmental standards.
  Jordan has since pretty much become a country of sweatshops, where 
Bangladeshi workers, many workers imported from Bangladesh work at 
substandard wages and terrible conditions in sweatshop-like atmospheres 
and use Jordan as an export platform.
  All of that tells me our trade policy simply is not working. If we 
are going to get serious about building the middle class--we spent a 
lot of time yesterday in Senator Enzi's committee, and Senator 
Kennedy's committee, we passed legislation on higher education, the 
reauthorization of the Higher Education Act, passed bipartisanly. 
Senator Enzi showed great leadership, as did Senator Kennedy and 
others. We need to do better to make education affordable for the 
middle class.
  We need to do better with health care and better with prescription 
drug benefits. We need to continue to keep up with the minimum wage. We 
raised the minimum wage earlier this year. All of those things are 
important. But at the same time, two of the most important things that 
this body needs to do is to pass the Employee Free Choice Act to give 
the tens of millions of workers in this country who want to join a 
union the opportunity to organize and bargain collectively because it 
will mean higher wages and higher benefits. History absolutely proves 
that.
  The other thing we need to do is to understand we need a very 
different trade policy, not more of the same, not Panama, not Peru, not 
Colombia, the way these agreements are written, not South Korea, the 
way that agreement is written, but agreements that serve the middle 
class, that lift up workers in the United States and lift up workers of 
our bilateral trading partners. Because we know that our trading 
policies will not be judged effective until the poorest workers in the 
poorest countries in the world are not just making products for 
Americans to use but that those workers are actually able to buy those 
products themselves.
  We have seen that. Where we do trade right, we know it can work. We 
have clearly seen a trade policy that has failed. It is important, as 
this Congress looks at the trade agreements coming forward, Panama and 
Peru, and looks at trade promotion authority, legislation that may come 
in front of this body sometime this summer, that we keep our eye on 
looking at what has failed in trade policy and what has worked.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Wyoming.

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