[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 153 (2007), Part 11]
[House]
[Pages 15304-15308]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




STATUS REPORT ON CURRENT LEVELS OF ON-BUDGET SPENDING AND REVENUES FOR 
  FISCAL YEARS 2007 AND 2008 AND THE 5-YEAR PERIOD FY 2008 THROUGH FY 
                                  2012

  The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a previous order of the House, the 
gentleman from South Carolina (Mr. Spratt) is recognized for 5 minutes.
  Mr. SPRATT. Madam Speaker, I am transmitting a status report on the 
current levels of on-budget spending and revenues for fiscal years 2007 
and 2008 and for the 5-year period of fiscal years 2008 through 2012. 
This report is necessary to facilitate the application of sections 302 
and 311 of the Congressional Budget Act and sections 204, 206 and 207 
of S. Con. Res. 21, the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal 
Year 2008.
  The term ``current level'' refers to the amounts of spending and 
revenues estimated for each fiscal year based on laws enacted or 
awaiting the President's signature. The first table in the report 
compares the current levels of total budget authority, outlays, and 
revenues with the aggregate levels set by S. Con. Res. 21. This 
comparison is needed to enforce section 311(a) of the Budget Act, which 
creates a point of order against measures that would breach the budget 
resolution's aggregate levels.
  The second table compares the current levels of discretionary 
appropriations for fiscal years 2007 and 2008 with the ``section 
302(b)'' suballocations of discretionary budget authority and outlays 
among Appropriations subcommittees. The comparison is needed to enforce 
section 302(f) of the Budget Act because

[[Page 15305]]

the point of order under that section applies to measures that would 
breach the applicable section 302(b) suballocation.
  The third table compares the current levels of budget authority and 
outlays for each authorizing committee with the ``section 302(a)'' 
allocations made under S. Con. Res. 21 for fiscal years 2007 and 2008 
and fiscal years 2008 through 2012. This comparison is needed to 
enforce section 302(f) of the Budget Act, which creates a point of 
order against measures that would breach the section 302(a) allocation 
of new budget authority for the committee that reported the measure.
  The fourth table gives the current level for fiscal years 2009 and 
2010 for accounts identified for advance appropriations under section 
206 of S. Con. Res. 21. This list is needed to enforce section 206 of 
the budget resolution, which creates a point of order against 
appropriation bills that contain advance appropriations that: (i) Are 
not identified in the statement of managers; or (ii) would cause the 
aggregate amount of such appropriations to exceed the level specified 
in the resolution.

  REPORT TO THE SPEAKER FROM THE COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET--STATUS OF THE
   FISCAL YEAR 2008 CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET ADOPTED IN SENATE CONCURRENT
                              RESOLUTION 21
 [Reflecting Action Completed as of June 8, 2007--On-budget amounts, in
                          millions of dollars]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Fiscal       Fiscal       Fiscal
                                      year--       year--      years--
                                  --------------------------------------
                                       2007       2008\1\     2008-2012
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appropriate Level:
    Budget authority.............    2,255,558    2,350,261          \2\
    Outlays......................    2,268,646    2,353,893          \2\
    Revenues.....................    1,900,340    2,015,841   11,137,671
Current Level:
    Budget authority.............    2,255,558    1,422,153          \2\
    Outlays......................    2,268,646    1,767,190          \2\
    Revenues.....................    1,904,540    2,050,461   11,313,270
Current Level over (+) / under (-
 ) Appropriate Level:
    Budget authority.............            0     -928,108          \2\
    Outlays......................            0     -586,703          \2\
    Revenues.....................        4,200       34,620     175,599
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Pending action by the House Appropriations Committee on spending
  covered by section 207(d)(1)(E) (overseas deployments and related
  activities), resolution assumptions are not included in the
  appropriate level.
\2\= Not applicable because annual appropriations Acts for fiscal years
  2009 through 2012 will not be considered until future sessions of
  Congress.

                            BUDGET AUTHORITY

       Enactment of measures providing any new budget authority 
     for FY 2007 (if not already included in the current level 
     estimate) would cause FY 2007 budget authority to exceed the 
     appropriate level set by S. Con. Res. 21.
       Enactment of measures providing new budget authority for FY 
     2008 in excess of $928,108,000,000 (if not already included 
     in the current level estimate) would cause FY 2008 budget 
     authority to exceed the appropriate level set by S. Con. Res. 
     21.


                                OUTLAYS

       Enactment of measures providing any new outlays for FY 2007 
     (if not already included in the current level estimate) would 
     cause FY 2007 outlays to exceed the appropriate level set by 
     S. Con. Res. 21.
       Enactment of measures providing new outlays for FY 2008 in 
     excess of $586,703,000,000 (if not already included in the 
     current level estimate) would cause FY 2008 outlays to exceed 
     the appropriate level set by S. Con. Res. 21.


                                REVENUES

       Enactment of measures resulting in revenue reduction for FY 
     2007 in excess of $4,200,000,000 (if not already included in 
     the current estimate) would cause FY 2007 revenue to fall 
     below the appropriate level set by S. Con. Res. 21.
       Enactment of measures resulting in revenue reduction for FY 
     2008 in excess of $34,620,000,000 (if not already included in 
     the current estimate) would cause FY 2008 revenue to fall 
     below the appropriate level set by S. Con. Res. 21.
       Enactment of measures resulting in revenue reduction for 
     the period of fiscal years 2008 through 2012 in excess of 
     $175,599,000,000 (if not already included in the current 
     level estimate) would cause revenues to fall below the 
     appropriate levels set by S. Con. Res. 21.

    DISCRETIONARY APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2007--COMPARISON OF CURRENT LEVEL WITH APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE 302(a) ALLOCATION AND APPROPRIATIONS
                                                           SUBCOMMITTEE 302(b) SUBALLOCATIONS
                                                                [In millions of dollars]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    302(b) suballocations as of June   Current level reflecting action         Current level minus
                                                        8, 2007 (H. Rpt. 110-182)       completed as of June 8, 2007             suballocations
            Appropriations Subcommittee            -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           BA               OT               BA               OT               BA               OT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA...............           18,569           19,356           18,569           19,356                0                0
Commerce, Justice, Science........................           51,950           52,236           51,950           52,236                0                0
Defense...........................................          489,519          499,510          489,519          499,510                0                0
Energy and Water Development......................           30,296           29,882           30,296           29,882                0                0
Financial Services and General Government.........           19,488           20,360           19,488           20,360                0                0
Homeland Security.................................           33,962           41,195           33,962           41,195                0                0
Interior, Environment.............................           26,411           27,569           26,411           27,569                0                0
Labor, Health and Human Services, Education.......          144,766          145,567          144,766          145,567                0                0
Legislative Branch................................            3,774            3,950            3,774            3,950                0                0
Military Construction, Veterans Affairs...........           49,752           46,889           49,752           46,889                0                0
State, Foreign Operations.........................           31,358           35,186           31,358           35,186                0                0
Transportation, HUD...............................           50,471          107,765           50,471          107,765                0                0
Unassigned (full committee allowance).............                0                0                0                0                0                0
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total (Section 302(a) Allocation)...........          950,316        1,029,465          950,316        1,029,465                0                0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


    DISCRETIONARY APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2008--COMPARISON OF CURRENT LEVEL WITH APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE 302(A) ALLOCATION AND APPROPRIATIONS
                                                           SUBCOMMITTEE 302(B) SUBALLOCATIONS
                                                                [In millions of dollars]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    302(b) suballocations as of June   Current level reflecting action         Current level minus
                                                        8, 2007 (H. Rpt. 110-183)       completed as of June 8, 2007             suballocations
            Appropriations Subcommittee            -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           BA               OT               BA               OT               BA               OT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA...............           18,825           20,027                7            5,437          -18,818          -14,590
Commerce, Justice, Science........................           53,551           55,318                0           20,389          -53,551          -34,929
Defense...........................................          459,332          475,980               45          163,824         -459,287         -312,156
Energy and Water Development......................           31,603           32,774                0           13,178          -31,603          -19,596
Financial Services and General Government.........           21,028           21,650               80            4,323          -20,948          -17,327
Homeland Security.................................           36,254           38,247                0           17,112          -36,254          -21,135
Interior, Environment.............................           27,598           28,513                0           11,198          -27,598          -17,315
Labor, Health and Human Services, Education.......          151,112          148,433           19,151          100,179         -131,961          -48,254
Legislative Branch................................            4,024            4,036                0              606           -4,024           -3,430
Military Construction, Veterans Affairs...........           64,745           54,831           -2,414           14,260          -67,159          -40,571
State, Foreign Operations.........................           34,243           33,351                0           16,407          -34,243          -16,944
Transportation, HUD...............................           50,738          114,869            4,193           71,015          -46,545          -43,854
Unassigned (full committee allowance).............                0              369                0                0                0             -369
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total (Section 302(a) Allocation)...........          953,053        1,028,398           21,062          437,928         -931,991         -590,470
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 15306]]


    DIRECT SPENDING LEGISLATION--COMPARISON OF CURRENT LEVEL WITH AUTHORIZING COMMITTEE 302(a) ALLOCATIONS FOR RESOLUTION CHANGES, REFLECTING ACTION
                                                              COMPLETED AS OF JUNE 8, 2007
                                                         [Fiscal years, in millions of dollars]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                  2007                              2008                         2008-2012 Total
                  House Committee                  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           BA            Outlays             BA            Outlays             BA            Outlays
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agriculture:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Armed Services:
    Allocation....................................                0                0              -50              -50             -410             -410
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0               50               50              410              410
Education and Labor:
    Allocation....................................                0                0             -150             -150             -750             -750
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0              150              150              750              750
Energy and Commerce:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Financial Services:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Foreign Affairs:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Homeland Security:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
House Administration:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Judiciary:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Natural Resources:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Oversight and Government Reform:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Science and Technology:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Small Business:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Transportation and Infrastructure:
    Allocation....................................                0                0              125                0            1,525                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0             -125                0           -1,525                0
Veterans' Affairs:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
Ways and Means:
    Allocation....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Current Level.................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
    Difference....................................                0                0                0                0                0                0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


FY2009 AND 2010 ADVANCE APPROPRIATIONS UNDER SECTION 206 OF S. CON. RES.
                                   21
                [Budget Authority in Millions of Dollars]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    2009         2010
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appropriate Level:............................       25,558       25,558
    Accounts Identified for Advances:
        Corporation for Public Broadcasting...          400            0
        Employment and Training Administration            0            0
        Education for the Disadvantaged.......            0            0
        School Improvement....................            0            0
        Children and Family Services (Head                0            0
         Start)...............................
        Special Education.....................            0            0
        Vocational and Adult Education........            0            0
        Payment to Postal Service.............            0            0
        Section 8 Renewals....................            0            0
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                    U.S. Congress,


                                  Congressional Budget Office,

                                    Washington, DC, June 11, 2007.
     Hon. John M. Spratt, Jr.,
     Chairman, Committee on the Budget
     House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
       Dear Mr. Chairman: The enclosed report shows the effects of 
     Congressional action on the fiscal year 2007 budget and is 
     current through June 8, 2007. This report is submitted under 
     section 308(b) and in aid of section 311 of the Congressional 
     Budget Act, as amended.
       The estimates of budget authority, outlays, and revenues 
     are consistent with the technical and economic assumptions of 
     S. Con. Res. 21, the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for 
     Fiscal Year 2008, as approved by the Senate and the House of 
     Representatives.
       Pursuant to section 204(b) of S. Con. Res. 21, provisions 
     designated as emergency requirements are exempt from 
     enforcement of the budget resolution. As a result, the 
     enclosed current level report excludes these amounts (see 
     footnote 1 of the report).
       Since my last letter, dated January 4, the Congress has 
     cleared and the President has signed the following acts that 
     affect budget authority, outlays, or revenues for fiscal year 
     2007:
       The Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 
     (Public Law 110-5); and
       The U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, 
     and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007 (P.L. 110-
     28).
       The effects of the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, 
     Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 
     2007 are identified separately in the enclosed report. The 
     effect of the Continuing Resolution is included in the 
     ``previously enacted'' section of the report, consistent with 
     the budget resolution assumptions.
           Sincerely,
                                                  Peter R. Orszag,
                                                         Director.
       Enclosure.

[[Page 15307]]



                         FISCAL YEAR 2007 HOUSE CURRENT LEVEL REPORT AS OF JUNE 8, 2007
                                            [In millions of dollars]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Budget authority       Outlays            Revenues
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Enacted in previous session:
    Revenues...........................................               n.a.               n.a.          1,904,706
    Permanents and other spending legislation..........          1,350,273          1,299,295               n.a.
    Appropriation legislation..........................          1,477,616          1,540,849               n.a.
    Offsetting receipts................................           -571,507           -571,507               n.a.
                                                        --------------------------------------------------------
      Total enacted in previous session................          2,256,382          2,268,637          1,904,704
                                                        ========================================================
Enacted this session:
    Appropriation Acts: U.S. Troop Readiness. Veterans'               -794                  9               -166
     Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability
     Appropriations Act, 2007 (P.L. 110-28)\1\.........
                                                        --------------------------------------------------------
      Total, enacted this session......................               -794                  9               -166
                                                        ========================================================
Entitlements and mandatories: Budget resolution                        -30                  0                  0
 estimates of appropriated entitlements and other
 mandatory programs....................................
      Total Current Level\1\\2\........................          2,255,558          2,268,646          1,904,540
Total Budget Resolution................................          2,380,535          2,300,572          1,900,340
    Adjustment to budget resolution for emergency                 -124,789            -31,926                  0
     requirements\3\...................................
    Adjustment to the budget resolution pursuant to                   -188                  0                  0
     section 207(f)\4\.................................
                                                        --------------------------------------------------------
    Adjusted Budget Resolution.........................          2,255,558          2,268,646          1,900,340
Current Level Over Adjusted Budget Resolution..........               n.a.               n.a.              4,200
Current Level Under Adjusted Budget Resolution.........               n.a.               n.a.               n.a.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: n.a. = not applicable; P.L. = Public Law.
\1\Pursuant to section 204(b) of S. Con. Res. 21 the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2008,
  as approved by the Senate and the House of Representatives, provisions designated as emergency requirements
  are exempt from enforcement of the budget resolution. The amounts so designated for fiscal year 2007, which
  are not included in the current level totals, are as follows:


U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery,            120,803             31,116               n.a.
 and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007 (P.L.
 110-28)...............................................
 
\2\Excludes administrative expenses of the Social Security Administration, which are off-budget.
\3\S. Con. Res. 21 assumed $124,789 million in budget authority and $31,926 million in outlays from emergency
  supplemental appropriations. Such emergency amounts are exempt from the enforcement of the budget resolution.
  Since current level totals exclude the emergency requirements enacted in P.L. 110-28 (see footnote 1 above),
  at the direction of the House Committee on the Budget, budget authority and outlay totals specified in the
  budget resolution have also been reduced (by the amounts assumed for emergency supplemental appropriations)
  for purposes of comparison.
\4\Pursuant to section 207(f) of S. Con Res. 21, the House Committee on the Budget adjusts the budget authority
  to reflect the difference between the amount assumed in the budget resolution for nonemergency supplemental
  appropriations in fiscal year 2007 and the amount actually appropriated for nonemergency purposes.
Source: Congressional Budget Office.

                                                    U.S. Congress,


                                  Congressional Budget Office,

                                    Washington, DC, June 11, 2007.
     Hon. John M. Spratt, Jr.,
     Chairman, Committee on the Budget,
     House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
       Dear Mr. Chairman: The enclosed report shows the effects of 
     Congressional action on the fiscal year 2008 budget and is 
     current through June 8, 2007. This report is submitted under 
     section 308(b) and in aid of section 311 of the Congressional 
     Budget Act, as amended.
       The estimates of budget authority, outlays, and revenues 
     are consistent with the technical and economic assumptions of 
     S. Con Res. 21, the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for 
     Fiscal Year 2008, as approved by the Senate and the House of 
     Representatives.
       Pursuant to section 204(b) of S. Con. Res. 21, provisions 
     designated as emergency requirements are exempt from 
     enforcement of the budget resolution. As a result, the 
     enclosed current level report excludes these amounts (see 
     footnote 1 of the report). This is my first report for fiscal 
     year 2008.
           Sincerely,
                                                  Peter R. Orszag.
       Enclosure.

                         FISCAL YEAR 2008 HOUSE CURRENT LEVEL REPORT AS OF JUNE 8, 2007
                                            [In millions of dollars]
 
                                                          Budget authority       Outlays            Revenues
 
Enacted in previous session:
    Revenues...........................................               n.a.               n.a.          2,050,796
    Permanents and other spending legislation..........          1,450,532          1,390,018               n.a.
    Appropriation legislation..........................                  0            419,862               n.a.
    Offsetting receipts................................           -575,635           -575,635               n.a.
                                                        --------------------------------------------------------
      Total, enacted in previous session...............            874,897          1,234,245          2,050,796
                                                        ========================================================
Enacted this session:
    Appropriation Acts: U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans'                  1                 42               -335
     Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability
     Appropriations Act, 2007 (P.L. 110-28)\1\.........
                                                        --------------------------------------------------------
      Total, enacted this session......................                  1                 42               -335
                                                        ========================================================
Entitlements and mandatories: Budget resolution                    547,255            532,903                  0
 estimates of appropriated entitlements and other
 mandatory programs....................................
Total Current Level\1\\2\..............................          1,422,153          1,767,190          2,050,461
Total Budget Resolution................................          2,496,028          2,469,636          2,015,858
    Adjustment to budget resolution for emergency                     -606            -49,990               n.a.
     requirements\3\...................................
    Adjustment to the budget resolution pursuant to                      1                  1                -17
     section 207(f)\4\.................................
    Adjustment to the budget resolution pursuant to               -145,162            -65,754               n.a.
     section 207(d)(l)(E)\5\...........................
                                                        --------------------------------------------------------
Adjusted Budget Resolution.............................          2,350,261          2,353,893          2,015,841
Current Level Over Adjusted Budget Resolution..........               n.a.               n.a.             34,620
Current Level Under Adjusted Budget Resolution.........            928,108            586,703               n.a.
Memorandum:
    Revenues, 2008-2012:
        House Current Level............................               n.a.               n.a.         11,313,270
        House Budget Resolution........................               n.a.               n.a.         11,137,725
        Adjustment to the budget resolution pursuant to               n.a.               n.a.                -54
         section 207(f)\4\.............................
                                                        --------------------------------------------------------
        Adjusted Budget Resolution.....................  .................               n.a.         11,137,671
        Current Level Over Adjusted Budget Resolution..               n.a.               n.a.            175,599
        Current Level Under Adjusted Budget Resolution.               n.a.               n.a.               n.a.
 
Notes: n.a. = not applicable; P.L. = Public Law.
\1\Pursuant to section 204(b) of S. Con. Res. 21 the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2008,
  as approved by the Senate and the House of Representatives, provisions designated as emergency requirements
  are exempt from enforcement of the budget resolution. The amounts so designated for fiscal year 2008, which
  are not included in the current level totals, are as follows:


U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery,                605             48,639               n.a.
 and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007 (p.L.
 110-28)...............................................
 
\2\Excludes administrative expenses of the Social Security Administration, which are off-budget.
\3\S. Con. Res. 21 assumed $606 million in budget authority and $49,990 million in outlays from emergency
  supplemental appropriations. Such emergency amounts are exempt from the enforcement of the budget resolution.
  Since current level totals exclude the emergency requirements enacted in P.L. 110-28 (see footnote 1 above),
  at. the direction of the House Committee on the Budget, budget authority and outlay totals specified in the
  budget resolution have also been reduced (by the amounts assumed for emergency supplemental appropriations)
  for purposes of comparison.
\4\Pursuant to section 207(f) of S. Con. Res. 21, the House Committee on the Budget adjusts budget authority and
  outlays to reflect the difference between the amount assumed in the budget resolution for nonemergency
  supplemental appropriations in fiscal year 2007 and the amount actually appropriated for nonemergency
  purposes.

[[Page 15308]]

 
\5\Section 207(d)(1)(E) of S. Con. Res. 21 assumed $145,162 million in budget authority and $65,754 million in
  outlays for overseas deployment and related activities. Pending action by the House Committee on
  Appropriations, the House Committee on the Budget has directed that these amounts be excluded from the budget
  resolution aggregates in the current level report.
Source: Congressional Budget Office.




                          ____________________