[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 151 (2005), Part 20]
[Extensions of Remarks]
[Pages 27203-27207]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                TORTURE SHATTERS AND DEFILES GOD'S IMAGE

                                 ______
                                 

                         HON. CHARLES B. RANGEL

                              of new york

                    in the house of representatives

                      Wednesday, November 16, 2005

  Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to ask that we enter into the 
Congressional Record a letter written under the auspices of Rabbis for 
Human Rights North America in February 2005 (corresponding to the 
Hebrew Year Adar 5765) to President Bush and Members of Congress 
entitled: Rabbinic Letter Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, and 
Degrading Treatment of Detainees. I wish to enter into the Record as 
well the names of all the signatories to the letter.
  This letter was written of behalf of Rabbis for Human Rights of North 
America and was written ``out of a deep sense of concern about the 
erosion of American's longstanding commitment that torture is 
absolutely reprehensible.''
  ``We understand that the most fundamental ethical principle, which 
results from our belief in God as Creator of the World and Parent of 
all humanity, is that every human being is seen as reflecting the Image 
of God. Torture shatters and defiles God's Image. The purpose of 
torture is to remove a person's pride, humiliate that person, or make 
his or her life so painful that the person does or says whatever the 
interrogator wants. Torture `works' by attempting to deprive a human 
being of will, spirit and personal dignity. The humanity of the 
perpetrators, as well as the victims, is inevitably compromised by the 
use of torture.''
  ``We are particularly appalled by the infliction of sexual 
humiliation on prisoners under United States custody. Jewish tradition 
upholds a high standard of personal modesty. Indeed the Bible's term 
for prohibited sexual behavior is to `uncover the nakedness' of 
another. However, even non-sexual acts that overpower people and 
attempt to break their will and diminish their dignity are acts of 
humiliation that Jewish tradition abhors.''
  The Rabbinic Letter specifically calls on the U.S. Government to 
state in unequivocal terms that the use of any tactics of physical 
abuse, the deprivation of food, water, sleep, disorientation, religious 
degradation or purposive humiliations of a prisoner is prohibited. This 
must be the basis understanding for the treatment of any captive, 
whether or not he or she originates from a country or belongs to a 
group that is a signatory to the Geneva conventions.''
  Despite the statements of President Bush that ``We don't torture,'' 
the American People know that we do. Not only have we seen the pictures 
of the handcuffed, naked prisoners at Abu Ghraib and male prisoners 
being sexually humiliated; not only have we been stained by the image 
of the Hooded Man attached to wires at Guantanamo; not only has the 
International Committee of the Red Cross reported that we subject 
detainees to torture; now we learn we have a system of secret prisons 
run by the F.B.I. in which we keep detainees that have been 
disappeared. We don't know who they are or what has been done to them.
  An article by M. Gregg Bloche, a law professor at Georgetown 
University who is also a visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution 
and Jonathan H. Marks, a barrister in London, as well as a bioethics 
fellow at Georgetown and Johns Hopkins, revealed that mostly unredacted 
F.B.I. email shows that interrogation techniques used on detainees at 
Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo were from the SAVE program invented by the 
Red Army and used on Americans captured in Korea and in Vietnam. These 
interrogation techniques are used only to break the will and spirit of 
a prisoner so as to get false confessions from them. In these 
techniques, truth is beside the point.
  I support the McCain amendment. That amendment embodies everything 
the Rabbinic Letter calls for and everything that people of faith 
everywhere call for. It calls for America to renew its character and 
banish the stain caused by the Bush embrace of torture.

                                                    February 2005.
       Dear President Bush and Members of Congress: On behalf of 
     Rabbis for Human Rights North America, we write out of a deep 
     sense of concern about the erosion of America's longstanding 
     commitment that torture is absolutely reprehensible.
       All of us have been shocked by the published pictures of 
     the behavior of some American soldiers at Abu Ghraib. We 
     applaud the fact that this administration is prosecuting some 
     of the worst offenders there as well as several soldiers who 
     were responsible for the deaths of Afghani prisoners under 
     their protection in that other theater of war.
       What is most disturbing, though, is that the documents that 
     have been made public as these cases move forward demonstrate 
     that the use of torture and other cruel, inhuman and 
     degrading treatment had been approved at the highest levels 
     of the Administration, that commanders in the field have 
     permitted much of this behavior, that directives from the 
     Department of Defense appear to advocate the use of torture 
     and other abuses, and that even today the position of the 
     Administration is that the members of AI-Qaeda and other 
     terrorist groups are not covered by the Geneva Conventions. 
     Recent reports from the Red Cross and from FBI agents, for 
     example, raise new concerns about American treatment of 
     detainees at Guantanamo.
       We are not addressing the technical legal arguments that 
     characterize this discussion. Rather, we want to express our 
     moral concerns about the human situation--concerns that stem 
     from the heart of America's values, the essence of democracy, 
     and the soul of Jewish tradition.
       We understand that the most fundamental ethical principle, 
     which results from our belief in God as Creator of the world 
     and Parent of all humanity, is that every human being is seen 
     as reflecting the Image of God. Torture shatters and defiles 
     God's Image. The purpose of torture is to remove a person's 
     pride, humiliate that person, or make his or her life so 
     painful that the person does or says whatever the 
     interrogator wants. Torture ``works'' by attempting to 
     deprive a human being of will, spirit, and personal dignity. 
     The humanity of the perpetrators, as well as the victims, is 
     inevitably compromised by the use of torture.
       Jewish tradition calls for humane treatment even of one's 
     adversaries. In the Book of Exodus (23:4), the Bible teaches, 
     ``When you encounter an enemy's ox or donkey, you must take 
     it back to him.'' Here the religious test is, strikingly, not 
     how one would treat a friend, but how one relates to one's 
     enemy.
       Classical Rabbinic texts are rigorous in prohibiting acts 
     of humiliation. In Jewish tort law, an additional penalty is 
     assessed against one who has physically injured another 
     person when it is found that the victim also suffered, 
     humiliation (boshet), while being wounded. Even verbal 
     humiliation is said to be the equivalent of shedding blood. 
     We are particularly appalled by the infliction of sexual 
     humiliation on prisoners under United States custody. Jewish 
     tradition upholds a high standard of personal modesty. Indeed 
     the Bible's term for prohibited sexual behavior is to 
     ``uncover the nakedness'' of another. However, even non-
     sexual acts that overpower people and attempt to break their 
     will and diminish their dignity are acts of humiliation that 
     Jewish tradition abhors. It is significant that nowhere in 
     the 3000-year long corpus of Jewish law is there any 
     allowance for acts of physical coercion in interrogations.
       Consider the ruling of the Supreme Court of Israel, which 
     outlawed the use of torture in interrogations, despite the 
     fact that terrorist organizations have Israel's annihilation 
     as their express goal, carry out attacks that murder scores 
     of men, women, and children, and do not distinguish between 
     civilian and military targets. Despite this constant reality 
     of cruelty and merciless savagery, the Supreme Court of 
     Israel found no reason

[[Page 27204]]

     why tactics other than face-to-face interrogation should be 
     allowed against any prisoner. After the. fact, if/when an 
     interrogator is charged with a violation, he is permitted to 
     raise a defense of necessity--i.e., his actions were 
     necessary to prevent an imminent attack endangering human 
     life; but no permission is given before the fact, even in a 
     country facing life-threatening terror.
       At the conclusion of their decision, the Israeli jurists 
     acknowledge that forswearing inhumane means such as torture, 
     even for honorable ends,
       ``* * * is the destiny of democracy, as not all means are 
     acceptable to it, and not all practices employed by its 
     enemies are open before it. Although a democracy must fight 
     with one hand tied behind its back, it nonetheless has the 
     upper hand. Preserving the rule of law and recognition of an 
     individual's liberty constitutes an important component in 
     its understanding of security. At the end of the day, they 
     strengthen its spirit and its strength and allow it to 
     overcome its difficulties.''
       First, as Jewish leaders representing all the movements of 
     our Jewish community, in consonance with world consensus and 
     with the teachings of Jewish tradition in every age, we call 
     for a complete repudiation and prohibition of torture and 
     other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment for any purpose, 
     in any instance. We call on the U.S. government to state in 
     unequivocal terms that the use of any tactics of physical 
     abuse, the deprivation of food, water, sleep, disorientation, 
     religious degradation or purposive humiliation of a prisoner 
     is prohibited. This must be a basic understanding for the 
     treatment of any captive, whether or not he or she originates 
     from a country or belongs to a group that is a signatory to 
     the Geneva conventions. All those in the custody of U.S. 
     military, military contractors, or intelligence officials 
     must be provided with visits by the International Committee 
     of the Red Cross, in accordance with U.S. obligations under 
     international law.
       Secondly, we note that in the trial of Specialist Charles 
     A. Graner, Jr., his defense lawyers argued that he was simply 
     following the lessons he had learned in civilian life as a 
     prison guard. It is shocking to think that the prelude to Abu 
     Ghraib may have been the treatment of our people in our own 
     prisons. The demonstration of the administration's commitment 
     to human dignity must begin at home, to insure that the same 
     principles of human dignity we are urging the administration 
     to adopt regarding foreign captives be equally applied to 
     American prison inmates. Otherwise, we become what we claim 
     to abhor.
       Lastly, we call for full investigation of all allegations 
     of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment 
     committed in settings under United States control or 
     direction and for proper legal sanctions to be applied 
     against individuals who are found to have committed acts of 
     torture. We support the creation of a bipartisan commission 
     to investigate and report on the detention and interrogation 
     procedures of U.S. military and intelligence agencies and to 
     set a course of corrective action.
       We look forward to hearing your views on this question and 
     hope that you will provide much needed moral leadership for 
     our nation.
           With blessings of Shalom,
     Rabbi Gerry Serotta,
       Chair.
     Rabbi Brian Walt,
       Executive Director
       RHR Honorary Advisory Council: Rabbi Brad Artson, Rabbi 
     Elliot Dorff, Rabbi Amy Eilberg, Rabbi Arthur Green, Rabbi 
     Susan Grossman, Rabbi Sid Schwarz, and Rabbi David Teutsch.
       Executive Committee: Rabbi Ellen Lippmann, Rabbi Simkha 
     Weintraub, Rabbi Alana Suskin, Rabbi Edward Feld, Rabbi 
     Roberto Graetz, Rabbi Joyce Galaski, Rabbi Mordechai 
     Liebling, and Rabbi Arthur Waskow.


                 List of Signatories to Rabbinic letter

       Rabbi David Ackerman, Tiferet Bet Israel, Blue Bell; Rabbi 
     David Adelson, East End Temple, New York; Rabbi Richard 
     Agler, Congregation B'nai Israel, Boca Raton; Rabbi Ron 
     Aigen, Congregation Dorshei Emet, Hampstead; Rabbi Morris 
     Allen, Beth Jacob, Mendota Heights; Rabbi Rebecca Alpert, 
     Temple University, Philadelphia; Rabbi Thomas Alpert, Temple 
     Tifereth Israel; Malden; Rabbi Renni Altman, Temple Beth-El, 
     Great Neck; Rabbi Sharon Cohen Anisfeld, Newton Center; Rabbi 
     Stephen A. Arnold, South Easton; Rabbi Melanie Aron, 
     Congregation Shir Hadash, Los Gatos; Rabbi Daniel Aronson, 
     Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, Wyncote; Rabbi Bradley 
     Shavit Artson, Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies, Los 
     Angeles; Rabbi Raphael Asher, Congregation B'nai Tikvah, 
     Walnut Creek; Rabbi Craig Axler, Congregation Beth Or, Spring 
     House; Rabbi Chava Bahle, Suttons Bay; Rabbi George Barnard, 
     Northern Hills Synagogue, Cincinnati; Rabbi Samuel Barth, 
     Congregation Agudas Achim, Austin; Rabbi Lewis M. Barth, 
     Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Los 
     Angeles; Rabbi Eliot J. Baskin, Evergreen; Rabbi David Dunn 
     Bauer, Jewish Community of Amherst, Amherst; Rabbi Pamela 
     Frydman Baugh, San Francisco; Rabbi Dennis Beck-Berman, 
     Congregation Brith Achim, Petersburg; Rabbi Shelley Kovar 
     Becker, Temple Sholom, Floral Park.
       Rabbi Micah Becker-Klein, Congregation Ahavas Achim, Keene; 
     Rabbi Leonard Beerman, Los Angeles; Rabbi Marc J. Belgrad, 
     Congregation Beth Am, Buffalo Grove; Rabbi Haim Beliak, 
     HaMifgash, Rabbi Moshe Ben Asher, Gather the People, Rabbi 
     Allen Bennett, Temple Israel, Alamedia; Rabbi Philip Bentley; 
     Rabbi Peter Berg, Temple Beth Or, Twp. of Washington; Rabbi 
     H. Philip Berkowitz, Rabbi Marc Berkson, Congregation Emanu-
     El B'ne Jeshurun, Milwaukee; Rabbi Donald R Berlin, Temple 
     Oheb Shalom, Pikesville; Rabbi Sandra Berliner; Rabbi Phyllis 
     Berman, Philadelphia; Rabbi Marjorie Berman, Philadelphia; 
     Rabbi Howard A. Berman, Chicago Sinai Congregation, Jamaica 
     Plain; Rabbi Donna Berman, Charter Oak Cultural Center, 
     Hartford; Rabbi Leila Gal Berner, Congregation Bet Mishpacah, 
     Washington; Rabbi Amy Bernstein, Temple Israel, Duluth; Rabbi 
     Jonathan Biatch, Temple Sinai of Glendale, Glendale; Rabbi 
     Binyamin Biber, Machar, Washington+E9; Rabbi Debra Reed 
     Blank, Rabbi Herman Blumberg, Temple Shir Tikva, Wayland; 
     Rabbi Rena Blumenthal, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie; Rabbi 
     Elizabeth Bolton, Congregation Beit Tikvah, Baltimore; Rabbi 
     Stephen Booth-Nadav, B'nai Havurah: CJRF, Denver.
       Rabbi Jill Borodin, Har Zion Temple, Narbeth; Rabbi Neal L. 
     Borovitz, Temple Sholom, River Edge; Rabbi Barbara Borts, 
     Temple Adath Yeshurun, Manchester; Rabbi Daniel Brenner, 
     Director of the Center for Multifaith Education Auburn 
     Theological Seminary, New York; Rabbi Daniel Bridge, Seattle; 
     Rabbi Deborah Brin, Grinnel College, Grinwell; Rabbi Herb 
     Brockman, Congregation Mishkan Israel, Hamden; Rabbi Caryn 
     Broitman, Martha's Vineyard Hebrew Center, Vineyard Haven; 
     Rabbi Bruce Bromberg, Smith and Amherst Colleges, 
     Northampton; Rabbi Lester B. Bronstein, Bet Am Shalom 
     Synagogue, White Plains; Rabbi Deborah Bronstein, 
     Congregation Har HaShem; Rabbi Jonathan Brumberg-Kraus, 
     Wheaton College, Norton; Rabbi David Brusin, Rabbi Janet 
     Burden, West Central Liberal Synagogue, London; Rabbi John 
     Bush, JD, Temple Anshe Hesed, Erie; Rabbi Debra Cantor, 
     Congregation B'nai Sholom, Newington; Rabbi Kenneth Carr, 
     Rabbi Carie Carter, Park Slope Jewish Center, Brooklyn; Rabbi 
     Susan Bulba Carvutto, Temple Beth El, Augusta; Rabbi Donald 
     Cashman, Albany; Rabbi Joshua Chasan, Ohavi Zedek Synagogue, 
     Burlington; Rabbi Kenneth Chasen, Leo Baeck Temple, Los 
     Angeles; Rabbi Carl Choper, Temple Beth Shalom, 
     Mechanicsburg; Rabbi Jonathan Cohen, Mishkan Torah, 
     Greenbelt; Rabbi Debrah Cohen, The Abramson Center for Jewish 
     Life, North Wales.
       Rabbi Ayelet S. Cohen, Congregation Beth Simchat Torah, New 
     York; Rabbi Alan Cohen, Congregation Beth Shalom, Kansas 
     City; Rabbi Michael Cohen, Israel Congregation, Manchester 
     Center; Rabbi Heidi Cohen, Temple Beth Sholom, Santa Ana; 
     Rabbi Howard Cohen, Congregation Beth El, Rabbi Hillel Cohn, 
     Rabbi Emeritus, Congregation Emanu El, Rabbi, Adat Ari El., 
     Las Vegas, NV, San Bernadino; Rabbi Neil Comess-Daniels, Beth 
     Shir Sholom, Santa Monica; Rabbi Steven Conn, Congregation 
     Beth Shalom, New York City; Rabbi David J. Cooper, Kehilla 
     Community Synagogue, Berkeley; Rabbi Howard Cooper, Finchley 
     Reform Synagogue, London; Rabbi Fredi Cooper, Jewish 
     Reconstructionist Federation, Elkins Park; Rabbi Mychal 
     Copeland, Hillel at Stanford, Atherton; Rabbi Scott Corngold, 
     Temple Emanu-El of Lynbrook, Lynbrook; Rabbi Laurie Coskey, 
     Interfaith Committee for Worker Justice, San Diego; Rabbi 
     Rachel Cowan, Institute for Jewish Spirituality, Morristown; 
     Rabbi Jonathan Crane, University of Toronto, Toronto; Rabbi 
     Meryl M. Crean, Martins Run Senior Community, Media; Rabbi 
     Menachem Creditor, Temple Israel of Sharon, Sharon; Rabbi 
     Eric Cytryn, Beth El Temple, Harrisburg; Rabbi Julie Hilton 
     Danan, Congregation Beth Israel, Chico; Rabbi Justin David, 
     Congregation B'nai Israel, Northampton; Rabbi Braham David; 
     Rabbi Jerome Davidson, HUC-JIR, Great Neck; Rabbi Joshua 
     Michael Davidson, Temple Beth El, Chappaqua; Rabbi Geoffrey 
     Dennis, Flower Mound.
       Rabbi Lavey Derby, Cong. Kol Shofar, Tiburon; Rabbi 
     Shoshanah Devorah, Congregation Kol HaEmek, Redwood Valley; 
     Rabbi James S. Diamond, Center for Jewish Life at Princeton 
     University, Princeton; Rabbi Barry Diamond, Temple Emanu-El, 
     Dallas; Rabbi Robert Dobrusin, Beth Israel Congregation, Ann 
     Arbor; Rabbi Art Donsky, Ohav Shalom, Allison Park; Rabbi 
     Elliot N. Dorff, University of Judaism, Bel Air; Rabbi Ellen 
     W. Dreyfus, B'nai Yehuda Beth Sholom, Homewood; Rabbi George 
     B. Driesen, Bethesda; Rabbi Joseph A. Edelheit, Hopkins; 
     Rabbi Laurence Edwards, Congregation Or Chadash, Chicago; 
     Rabbi Lisa Edwards, Beth Chayim Chadashim, Los Angeles; Rabbi 
     Dan Ehrenkrantz, Rabbi Amy Eilberg, Yedida Center for Jewish 
     Spiritual Direction, Medota Heights; Rabbi Colin Eimer, 
     Senior Rabbi: Southgate & District Reform Synagogue Finchley 
     Reform Synagogue; Rabbi Serena Eisenberg, Community Jewish 
     Youth Foundation of the East Bay, San

[[Page 27205]]

     Francisco; Rabbi Richard Eisenberg, Orange; Rabbi Jeffrey 
     Eisenstat, JRF, Gladwyne; Rabbi Ed Elkin, First Narayever 
     Congregation, Toronto; Rabbi Sue Levi Elwell, Union of Reform 
     Judaism, Philadelphia; Rabbi Daniel Epstein, Fair Lawn; Rabbi 
     Lewis Eron, Jewish Geriatric Home, Cherry Hill; Rabbi 
     Theodore G. Falcon, Bet Alef Meditative Synagogue, Seattle; 
     Rabbi David Feder, Tree of Life Congregation, Morgantown.
       Rabbi Michael Feinberg, Executive Director, Greater New 
     York Labor-Religion Coalition, New York; Rabbi Charles 
     Feinberg, Congregation Beth Israel, Vancouver; Rabbi Dena 
     Feingold, Beth Hillel Temple, Kenosha; Rabbi Edward Feld, 
     Jewish Theological Seminary, New York; Rabbi Marla J. 
     Feldman, Union for Reform Judaism, New York; Rabbi Fern 
     Feldman, Kadima: A Progressive Jewish Community, Seattle; 
     Rabbi Susan Fendrick, Newton; Rabbi Natan Fenner, Bay Area 
     Jewish Healing Ctr., San Francisco; Rabbi Michael L. 
     Feshbach, Temple Shalom, Chevy Chase; Rabbi Michael Fessler, 
     Congregation B'nai Tikvah, Turnersville; Rabbi Brian Field, 
     Judaism Your Way, Denver; Rabbi David Fine, Shaarei Tikvah, 
     Atlanta; Rabbi Steven Fineblum, Temple Sinai, Cinnaminson; 
     Rabbi Gary Fink, Oseh Shalom Congregation, Laurel; Rabbi 
     Tirzah Firestone, Congregation Nevei Kodesh, Boulder; Rabbi 
     Reuven Firestone, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of 
     Religion, Los Angeles; Rabbi Frank Fischer, Retired; Rabbi 
     Adam D. Fisher, Stony Brook; Rabbi Nancy Flam, Northampton; 
     Rabbi Alan Flam, Brown University; Rabbi Yael Flusberg; Rabbi 
     Jeffrey Foust, Spiritual Life Center Bentley College, Newton 
     Centre; Rabbi Bob Freedman, Israel Congregation, Manchester 
     Center; Rabbi John S. Friedman, Judea Reform Congregation, 
     Durham; Rabbi Dayle A. Friedman, Reconstructionist Rabbinical 
     College, Wycote.
       Rabbi Barry Friedman, Retired, Hopatcong; Rabbi Elyse 
     Frishman, The Barnert Temple, Franklin Lakes; Rabbi Stephen 
     Lewis Fuchs, Congregation Beth Israel, West Hartford; Rabbi 
     Nancy Fuchs-Kreimer, Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, 
     Wyncote; Rabbi Ruth M. Gais, Hebrew Union College-Jewish 
     Institute of Religion, New York; Rabbi Joyce Galaski, 
     Congregation Ahavas Achim, Westfield; Rabbi Rachel Gartner, 
     Bnai Keshet, Montclair; Rabbi Lisa B. Gelber, Rabbi David 
     Gelfand, The Jewish Center of the Hamptons, East Hampton; 
     Rabbi Laura Geller, Temple Emanuel, Beverly Hill; Rabbi 
     Jonathan Gerard, Temple Covenant of Peace, Easton; Rabbi Neil 
     Gillman, Jewish Theological Seminary, New York; Rabbi Joshua 
     Ginsberg, Rabbi George Gittleman, Congregation Shomrei Torah, 
     Santa Rosa; Rabbi Gordon Gladstone, Temple Beth Am, Bayonne; 
     Rabbi Rosalind Glazer, Philadelphia; Rabbi Ilyse Glickman; 
     Rabbi Gail Glicksman, Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, 
     Wyncote; Rabbi Robert Gluck, University at Albany, Albany; 
     Rabbi Shai Gluskin, Jewish Reconstructionist Federation, 
     Elkins Park; Rabbi Neal Gold, Anshe Emeth Memorial Temple, 
     New Brunswick; Rabbi Rosalind Gold, Retired, Reston; Rabbi 
     Laura Gold, New York; Rabbi Michael Goldberg, Shir Shalom, 
     Sonoma; Rabbi Dan Goldblatt, Beth Chaim Congregation, 
     Danville.
       Rabbi Rachel Goldenberg, Temple Emanu--El, Dallas; Rabbi A. 
     Bruce Goldman, Center for Creative Jewish Living, New York 
     City; Rabbi Seth Goldstein, Temple Beth Hatfiloh, Olympia; 
     Rabbi Andrea Goldstein, Congregation Shaare Emeth, St. Louis; 
     Rabbi Rafael Goldstein, Congregation Kol Haneshama, Irvine, 
     California, Phoenix; Rabbi Paul Golomb, Vassar Temple, 
     Poughkeepsie; Rabbi Evan Goodman, Beth Israel-Judea, San 
     Francisco; Rabbi David Gordis, Newton; Rabbi Maralee Gordon, 
     McHenry County Jewish Congregation, Crystal Lake; Rabbi 
     Leonard Gordon, Rabbinical Assembly Social Action Committee 
     Chair; Rabbi Debora Gordon, Congregation Berith Sholom, Troy; 
     Rabbi William Gordon, Jewish Home for the Aging, Cranston; 
     Rabbi Mel Gottlieb; Rabbi Lynn Gottlieb; Rabbi Roberto D. 
     Graetz, Temple Isaiah, Lafayette; Rabbi Lina Grazier-
     Zerbarini, The Slifka Center for Jewish Life, New Haven; 
     Rabbi Caryn Michelle Greenberg, Temple Jeremiah, Northfield; 
     Rabbi Fred Greene, Congregation B'nai Israel, Bridgeport; 
     Rabbi Ellen Greenspan, Temple Micah, Lawrenceville; Rabbi 
     David Greenstein, New Hyde Park Jewish Community Center, New 
     Hyde Park; Rabbi Suzanne B. Griffel, St. Lukes Medical 
     Center, Chicago; Rabbi Susan Grossman, Beth Shalom, Columbia; 
     Rabbi Marc A. Gruber, Central Synagogue of Nassau County, 
     Rockville Centre; Rabbi Eric S. Gurvis, Temple Shalom of 
     Newton, Newton; Rabbi Joshua J. Gutoff, Solomon Schechter 
     H.S. of New York, New York.
       Rabbi Steve Gutow, Saint Louis; Rabbi Rebecca Gutterman; 
     Rabbi Fred B. Guttman, Temple Emanuel, Greensboro; Rabbi 
     Kevin Hale, Assiyah, Leeds; Rabbi Richard Hammerman, 
     Congregation B'nai Israel, Cincinnati; Rabbi Vered Harris, 
     Leawood; Rabbi Maurice Harris, Temple Beth Israel, Eugene; 
     Rabbi Abraham Havivi, University of Judaism, Los Angeles; 
     Rabbi Alan Henkin, Regional Director, Pacific Southwest 
     Council, Northridge.
       Rabbi Arthur Hertzberg, Former vice-president of the World 
     Jewish Congress; Rabbi Garson Herzfeld, Beth EI Congregation, 
     Hamilton; Rabbi Jay Heyman, Shalom Spiritual Resources, San 
     Francisco; Rabbi Aryeh Hirschfield, Congregation P'nai Or of 
     Portland, Portland; Rabbi Linda Holtzman, Reconstructionist 
     Rabbinical College, Philadelphia; Rabbi Margaret Holub, 
     Mendocino Coast Jewish Community, Little River; Rabbi Mark 
     Hurvitz, Congregation Etz Chaim of Ramona, Poway; Rabbi 
     Yitzhak Husbands-Hankin, Temple Beth Israel, Eugene; Rabbi 
     Shirley M. Idelson, HUC-JIR, New York; Rabbi Shaya Isenberg, 
     University of Florida, Gainesville; Rabbi Alan J. Iser, 
     Congregation Or Shalom, Berwyn; Rabbi Brett R. Isserow, Beth 
     EI Hebrew Congregation, Alexandria; Rabbi Lisa Izes, 
     Woodlands Community Temple; Rabbi Steven Jacobs, Woodland 
     Hills; Rabbi Jill Jacobs, Jewish Council on Urban Affairs, 
     Chicago; Rabbi Burt Jacobson, Kehilla Community Synagogue, 
     Berkeley.
       Rabbi Devorah L. Jacobson, Jewish Geriatric Services, 
     Longmeadow; Rabbi Jennifer April Jaech, Temple Israel of 
     Northern Westchester, Croton-on-Hudson; Rabbi Norman Janis, 
     Harvard Hillel, Cambridge; Rabbi Beth Janus, Temple Beth El, 
     Aptos; Rabbi Paul Joseph, Long Beach; Rabbi Eitan Julius; 
     Rabbi Bruce Kadden, Temple Beth El, Tacoma; Rabbi Yoel H. 
     Kahn, Jewish Community Centre of San Francisco, San 
     Francisco; Rabbi Deborah Kahn-Harris, Rabbinic Recruitment 
     Officer, Leo Beack College, London; Rabbi Mark Kaiserman, 
     Temple Emanu-El, Livingston; Rabbi Jeremy Kalmanofsky, 
     Congregation Ansche Chesed, New York; Rabbi Sylvan Kamens, 
     Temple of Aaron, St. Paul; Rabbi Debra Kamin, Congregation Am 
     Yisrael, Northfield; Rabbi Shoshana Kaminsky, Beth Samel 
     Jewish Center, Ambridge; Rabbi Jane Kanarek, University of 
     Chicago, Chicago; Rabbi Susan Kanoff, Hospice, Wynnewood; 
     Rabbi Raphael Kanter, Tifereth Israel Congregation, New 
     Bedford; Rabbi Harley Karz-Wagman, Temple Beth OR, Everett; 
     Rabbi Peter Kasdan; Rabbi Debra Kassoff, Goldring Woldenberg 
     Institute of Southern Jewish Life, Jackson; Rabbi Alan Katz, 
     Temple Sinai, Rochester; Rabbi Amy Wallk Katz, Jewish 
     Federation of Greater Kansas City, Overland Park; Rabbi 
     Joshua Katzan; Rabbi Hillel Katzir, Temple Shalom Synagogue, 
     Auburn; Rabbi David Kay; Rabbi Leora Kaye, Brooklyn.
       Rabbi Stuart Kelman, Congregation Netivot Shalom, Berkeley; 
     Rabbi Stanley Kessler, Rabbi Emeritus, Beth El Temple, West 
     Hartford; Rabbi Jason Kimelman-Block, PANIM: The Institute 
     for Jewish Leadership and Values, Rockville; Rabbi Ralph 
     Kingsley, Rabbi Emeritus, Temple Sinai of North Dade, 
     Aventura; Rabbi Paul Kipnes, Congregation Or Ami, Calabasas; 
     Rabbi David Klatzer, Temple Ner Tamid, Peabody; Rabbi Stephen 
     Klein, Scarsdale Synagogue-Tremont Temple, Ardsley; Rabbi 
     Jason Klein, Reconstructionist Cong. Beth Emeth, Hewlett; 
     Rabbi Jonathan Klein, USC Hillel Foundation, Los Angeles; 
     Rabbi Amy Klein; Rabbi Andrew Klein, Hevreh, Great 
     Barrington; Rabbi Sharon Kleinbaum, Congregation Beth Simchat 
     Torah, New York; Rabbi Adam Kligfeld, Congregation Eitz 
     Chaim, Monroe; Rabbi Jonathan Kligler, Woodstock Jewish 
     Congregation, Woodstock; Rabbi Marc Aaron Kline, Temple Adath 
     Israel, Lexington; Rabbi Myriam Klotz; Rabbi Shelley Kniaz, 
     Teaneck; Rabbi Norman D. Koch, Temple Sholom, New Milford; 
     Rabbi Douglas Kohn, Congregation Emanu El, San Bernardino; 
     Rabbi Debora Kohn, Reutlinger Community for Jewish Living, 
     Danville; Rabbi Debra Kolodny; Rabbi David Kominsky, 
     Portland; Rabbi Neil Kominsky, TempleTemple Emanuel of the 
     Merrimack Valley, Lowell; Rabbi Ira Korinow, Temple Emanu-El, 
     Haverhill.
       Rabbi Emily Korzenik, Rabbi Emerita of the Fellowship for 
     Jewish Learning, Scarsdale; Rabbi Michael Kramer, Temple 
     Judea, Massapequa; Rabbi Douglas Krantz, Congregation B'nai 
     Yisrael, Armonk; Rabbi Allen Krause, Temple Beth El of South 
     Orange Country, Aliso Viejo; Rabbi Leonard Kravitz, Hebrew 
     Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, New York; Rabbi 
     David Krishef, Congregation Ahavas Israel, Grand Rapids; 
     Rabbi Charles Kroloff, Past president, Central Conference of 
     American Rabbis, New York; Rabbi Irwin Kula, CLAL-The 
     National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership, New York; 
     Rabbi Judith Kummer, Jewish Chaplaincy Council, Newton 
     Centre; Rabbi Claudio Kupchik, First Hebrew Congregation, 
     Peekskill; Rabbi Harold S. Kushner; Natick; Rabbi Gail 
     Labovitz, University of Judaism, Bel Air; Rabbi Susan 
     Laemmle, Ph.D., University of Southern California.
       Rabbi Lynne Landsberg, Washington; Rabbi Gilah Langner; 
     Rabbi Alan LaPayover, Congregation Beth Am Israel, Narberth; 
     Rabbi Shoshana Lash, Temple Ner Tamid, Bloomfield; Rabbi 
     Michael Latz, Kol HaNeshamah, Seattle; Rabbi Alex Lazarus; 
     Rabbi Barry J. Leff, Congregation Bnai Israel, Toledo; Rabbi 
     Allan Lehmann; Rabbi Michele Lenke, Wellesley; Rabbi Michael 
     Lerner, The Tikkun Community, Berkeley; Rabbi Joshua Lesser, 
     Congregation Bet Haverim, Atlanta; Rabbi Sarra Lev, 
     Philadelphia.
       Rabbi Amy Levin, Temple Torat Yisrael, Hamilton; Rabbi 
     Robert Levine, Cong. Rodeph Sholom, New York City; Rabbi 
     Joshua Levine- Grater, Pasadena Jewish Temple

[[Page 27206]]

     and Center, Pasadena; Rabbi Yael Levy, Congregation Mishkan 
     Shalom, Philadelphia; Rabbi Sue Levy, Webster; Rabbi Chai 
     Levy, Congregation Kol Shofar, Tiburon; Rabbi Sheldon Lewis, 
     Congregation Kol Emeth, Palo Alto; Rabbi Justin Jaron Lewis, 
     Congregation Iyr HaMelech, Kingston; Rabbi Phil Lieberman, 
     Congregation Kol HaNeshamah, Englewood; Rabbi Elias 
     Lieberman, Falmouth Jewish Congregation, East Falmouth; Rabbi 
     Mordechai Liebling, The Shefa Fund, Philadelphia; Rabbi David 
     Lilienthal, Emeritus Rabbi Liberaal Joodse Gemeente 
     Amsterdam, Amstelveen; Rabbi Rebecca Lillian, Miami; Rabbi 
     Jonathan Lipnick, New York City; Rabbi Serge Lippe, Brooklyn 
     Heights Synagogue, Brooklyn; Rabbi Ellen R. Lippmann, Kolot 
     Chayeinu, Brooklyn; Rabbi Jane Litman, Congregation Beth El, 
     Berkeley; Rabbi Richard Litvak Temple Beth El, Aptos; Rabbi 
     Alan Litwak, Temple Sinai of North Dade, N. Miami Beach; 
     Rabbi Daveen Litwin, Northampton; Rabbi Mark Loeb, Beth El 
     Congregation, Baltimore; Rabbi Neal Loevinger, Temple Israel, 
     Swampscott; Rabbi Alan D. Londy, Temple Beth Sholom, 
     Smithtown; Rabbi Tamar Malino, Temple Adat Shalom, Poway; 
     Rabbi Jonathan Malino, Guilford College, Greensboro.
       Rabbi Jonathan Maltzman, Kol Shalom, No. Bethesda; Rabbi 
     Harry Manhoff, Temple Beth Sholom, San Leandro; Rabbi Natan 
     Margalit, Cambridge; Rabbi Shana Margolin, Beth Jacob 
     Synagogue, Montpelier; Rabbi Marc Margolius, Kaiserman Jewish 
     Community Center, Wynnewood; Rabbi Bonnie Margulis, Religious 
     Coalition for Reproductive Choice, Washington; Rabbi Randall 
     Mark, Congregation Shomrei Torah, Wayne; Rabbi Jeffrey 
     Marker, Brooklyn; Rabbi Susan Marks, New College of Florida, 
     Sarasota; Rabbi Dow Marmur, Rabbi Emeritus, Holy Blossom 
     Temple, Toronto; Rabbi Simeon Maslin, CCAR, Philadelphia; 
     Rabbi J. Rolando Matalon, Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, New 
     York; Rabbi Vivian Mayer, B'Nai Israel, Danbury; Rabbi Paul 
     Menitoff, Executive Vice President, Central Conference of 
     American Rabbis; Rabbi Andrea Merow, Rabbi Margaret Meyer, 
     Cincinnati; Rabbi Maurice Michaels, SWESRS, Ilford; Rabbi 
     Bennett Miller, Anshe Emeth Memorial Temple, New Brunswick; 
     Rabbi Mordecai Miller, Brith Sholom Kneseth Israel, Santa 
     Clarita; Rabbi Joshua Minkin, Temple Emanu-El of Canarsie, 
     Brooklyn; Rabbi Michelle Missaghieh, Temple Israel of 
     Hollywood, Los Angeles; Rabbi David Mivasair, Vancouver; 
     Rabbi Jack Moline, Alexandria; Rabbi Adam Morris, Temple 
     Micah, Denver; Rabbi Jay Moses, New York.
       Rabbi Tracy Nathan, Congregation Beth Sholom, San 
     Francisco; Rabbi David Nelson, Bergen County YJCC, Township 
     of Washington; Rabbi Daniel Nevins, Adat Shalom, Farmington 
     Hills; Rabbi Jeffrey Newman, Rabbinic Development Foundation, 
     London; Rabbi Nomi Oren, Havurah of South Florida, Rabbi Sue 
     Oren, Brooklyn; Rabbi David Osachy, Jacksonville; Rabbi Shaul 
     Osadchey, Congregation Or Ami, Houston; Rabbi Norman Patz, 
     Temple Sholom of West Essex, Cedar Grove; Rabbi Sheldon 
     Pennes, Jewish Hospice Project-LA, Los Angeles; Rabbi Barbara 
     Rosman Penzner, Temple Hillel B'nai Torah, West Roxbury; 
     Rabbi Carl Perkins, Temple Aliyah, Needham; Rabbi Michael 
     Pertz, South West Essex and settlement Reform Synagogue, 
     London; Rabbi Bruce Pfeffer, The Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati; 
     Rabbi Marsha Pik-Nathan, Philadelphia; Rabbi William Plevan, 
     Rabbi Jack Nusan Porter, West Newton.
       Rabbi Amber Powers, Reconstructionist Rabbincal College, 
     Wyncote; Rabbi Marcia Prager, Philadelphia; Rabbi Sally J. 
     Priesand, Monmouth Reform Temple, Tinton Falls; Rabbi Sanford 
     Ragins, Leo Baeck Temple, Los Angeles; Rabbi Lawrence 
     Raphael, Sherith Israel, San Francisco; Rabbi Geela Rayzel 
     Raphael, Jewish Family & Childrens Services, Melrose Park; 
     Rabbi Paula L. Reimers, Center for American & Jewish Studies, 
     Waco; Rabbi Michael M. Remson, Kenosha; Rabbi Steven Reuben, 
     Pacific Palisades.
       Rabbi Yael Ridberg, West End Synagogue, New York; Rabbi 
     Moti Rieber, Congregation Beth Shalom, Naperville; Rabbi Seth 
     Riemer, Adath Israel, Middletown; Rabbi Debra Robbins, Temple 
     Emanu-El, Dallas; Rabbi Norman T. Roman, Temple Kol Ami, West 
     Bloomfield; Rabbi Brant Rosen, Jewish Reconstructionist 
     Congregation, Evanston; Rabbi Tracee Rosen, Congregation Kol 
     Ami, Salt Lake City; Rabbi James Bruce Rosenberg, Temple 
     Habonim, Barrington; Rabbi David Rosenn, Avodah, New York; 
     Rabbi Morton Rosenthal, Rabbi John L. Rosove, Temple Israel 
     of Hollywood, Los Angeles; Rabbi Donald Rossoff, Temple B'nai 
     Or, St. Louis; Rabbi Jeff Roth, Co-founder of Elat Chayyim, 
     New Paltz; Rabbi Sandy Roth, Kehilat HaNahar, New Hope; Rabbi 
     Michael Rothbaum, Reconstructionist Temple Beth Israel, 
     Maywood; Rabbi Sylvia Rothschild, Wimbledon Synagogue in 
     England, Rabbi Eliseo Rozenwasser, Morristown; Rabbi Steven 
     Rubenstein, Congregation Beth Shalom, Kansas City; Rabbi 
     Gloria Rubin, Rabbi Rachel Sabath, Hebrew Union College, 
     Jerusalem; Rabbi Douglas Sagal, Temple Emanu-El, Westfield; 
     Rabbi Joanna Samuels, Congregation Habonim, New York; Rabbi 
     Neil Sandler, Ahavath Achim Synagogue, Reseda; Rabbi David 
     Saperstein, Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, 
     Washington; Rabbi Marc Saperstein, George Washington 
     University, Washington.
       Rabbi Marna Sapsowitz, Congregation Dorshei Tzedek, West 
     Newton; Rabbi Elizabeth Sarah, Rabbi, Brighton & Hove, 
     Progressive Synagogue, Brighton & Hove; Rabbis Dennis & Sandy 
     Sasso, Congregation Beth-EI Zedeck, Indianapolis; Rabbi Scott 
     B. Saulson, Jewish Family & Career Services, Atlanta; Rabbi 
     Julie Saxe-Taller, Congregation Sherith Israel, San 
     Francisco; Rabbi Rabbi Richard Schachet, Valley Outreach 
     Synagogue, Henderson; Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, Aleph, 
     Boulder; Rabbi Fred Scherlinder Dobb, Adat Shalom 
     Reconstructionist Congregation, Bethesda; Rabbi Chaim Leib 
     Schneider, California Community Chevre, Santa Cruz; Rabbi 
     David A. Schuck, Pelham Jewish Center, Pelham; Rabbi Jeremy 
     Schwartz, Temple Bnal Israel, Willimantic; Rabbi Barry L. 
     Schwartz, Congregation M'kor Shalom, Cherry Hill; Rabbi 
     Arthur L. Schwartz, Kehillath Shalom Synagogue, Cold Spring 
     Harbor; Rabbi Sidney Schwarz, Panim, Rockville; Rabbi David 
     Seidenberg, Academy for Jewish Religion, Los Angeles; Rabbi 
     Rabbi Hugh Seid-Valencia, Reconstuctionist Rabbinical 
     Association, San Jose Bruce; Rabbi Bruce Bromberg Seltzer, 
     Smith College, Northampton; Rabbi Gerald Serotta, Temple 
     Sholom, Chevy Chase; Rabbi Isaac Daniel Serotta, Lakeside 
     Congregation for Reform Judaism, Highland Park; Rabbi Drorah 
     Setel, Congregation Havurah, Buffalo; Rabbi Judy B. Shanks, 
     Temple Isaiah, Lafayette; Rabbi Mark Shapiro, Sinai Temple, 
     Springfield; Rabbi Noach E. Shapiro, Congregation Shomrei 
     Emunah, Montcalir; Rabbi Rona Shapiro, Ma'yan, Brooklyn; 
     Rabbi John M. Sherwood, Temple Emet of Woodland Hills, CA, 
     Oxnard.
       Rabbi Dan Shevitz, Congregation Mishkon Tephilo, Venice; 
     Rabbi David Shneyer, Am Kolel, Rockville; Rabbi Stephen 
     Shulman, Bronx; Rabbi Sheila Shulman, Beit Klal Yisrael, 
     London; Rabbi Hanna Tiferet Siegel, B'nai Or, Boston, W. 
     Roxbury; Rabbi Jodie Siff, RSNS, Plandome; Rabbi Reuven 
     Silverman, Manchester Reform Synagogue, Manchester; Rabbi 
     David Wolf Silverman, Princeton Jewish Center, Princeton; 
     Rabbi Suzanne Singer, Temple Sinai, Oakland; Rabbi Steven 
     Sirbu, Temple Emeth, Teaneck; Rabbi Scott Slarskey, Jewish 
     Community Center of San Francisco, San Francisco; Rabbi 
     Jonathan Slater, Institute for Jewish Spirituality, Hastings 
     On Hudson; Rabbi Eric Slaton, Beth Israel Synagogue, Toms 
     River; Rabbi Amy Small, Congregation Beth Hatikvah, Chatham; 
     Rabbi Joel Soffin, Temple Shalom, Succasunna; Rabbi Ruth H. 
     Sohn, Milken Community High School, Los Angeles; Rabbi Myra 
     Soifer, Temple Sinai, Reno; Rabbi Felicia L. Sol, 
     Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, New York; Rabbi Rav A. Soloff, 
     Lansdale; Rabbi Eric M. Solomon, Congregation Tehillah, New 
     York; Rabbi Mark Solomon, Liberal Jewish Synagogue, The, 
     London; Rabbi Marc Soloway, Bonai Shalom, Scarsdale; Rabbi 
     Hesch Sommer; Rabbi Scott Sperling; Rabbi Aaron Spiegel, 
     Indianapolis Center for Congregations, Indianapolis.
       Rabbi Adam Spilker, Mount Zion, St. Paul; Rabbi Jonathan 
     Spira-Savett, Forest Hills; Rabbi Toba Spitzer, Congregation 
     Dorshei Tzedek, Lexington; Rabbi Sonya Starr, Columbia Jewish 
     Congregation, Columbia; Rabbi Howard Stecker, Temple Israel, 
     Great Neck; Rabbi Margot Stein, Bala, Cynwyd; Rabbi Peter 
     Stein, Temple Sinai, Cranston; Rabbi David Steinberg, Temple 
     Beth Israel, Plattsburgh; Rabbi Naomi Steinberg, Temple Beth 
     EI, Eureka; Rabbi George M. Stern, Northwest Interfaith 
     Movement, Philadelphia; Rabbi Benjamin Sternman, Congregation 
     Beth Israel, Austin; Rabbi Jeffrey B. Stiffman, Congregation 
     Shaare Emeth, St. Louis; Rabbi Ira Stone, Rabbi Ariel Stone- 
     Halpern, Congregation Shir Tikvah, Portland; Rabbi Michael 
     Strassfeld, Society for the Advancement, New York; Rabbi 
     Andrew F. Straus, Temple Emanuel of Tempe, Tempe; Rabbi David 
     Straus, Rabbi David Straus, Main Line Reform Temple Beth 
     Elohim, Wynnewood; Rabbi William Strongin, Kehillat Ahavat 
     Achim, New Paltz; Rabbi Leah Kurtz Sudran, Congregation B'nai 
     Israel, Petaluma; Rabbi Alvin M. Sugarman, The Temple, 
     Atlanta; Rabbi Yaaffa-Shira Sultan, Reconstructionist 
     Rabbinical College; Rabbi Jeff Sultar, Mishkan Shalom, 
     Philadelphia; Rabbi Alana Suskin, Adas Israel Congregation, 
     Washington; Rabbi Daniel Swartz, Greater Washington 
     Interfaith Power and Light, Takoma Park.
       Rabbi Robert Tabak, Hospital of The University of 
     Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Rabbi Joshua Taub, Temple 
     Emanuel, St. Louis; Rabbi Dov Taylor, Congregation Solel, 
     Highland Park; Rabbi Elliott Tepperman, Bnai Keshet, 
     Montclair; Rabbi David Teutsch, Reconstructionist Rabbinical 
     College, Wyncote; Rabbi Carla Theodore, Witnesses for a 
     Sustainable Economy, Sperryville; Rabbi Robert Traer, 
     Dominican University of California; Rabbi Lawrence Troster, 
     Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life, Teaneck; Rabbi 
     Theodore Tsuruoka, Temple Isaiah of Great Neck, Great Neck; 
     Rabbi Gordon Tucker, Temple Israel Center, White Plains; 
     Rabbi Jason Van Leeuwen, B'nai Tikvah Congregation, Los 
     Angeles; Rabbi Burton L. Visotzky, New York; Rabbi Andrew D. 
     Vogel, Temple Sinai, Brookline; Rabbi David

[[Page 27207]]

     Vorspan, Conregation Shir Ami, Woodland Hills; Rabbi Moshe 
     Waldoks, Temple Beth Zion, Brookline; Rabbi Brian Walt, 
     Rabbis for Human Rights-N.A., West Tisbury; Rabbi Philip 
     Warmflash, Jewish Outreach Partnership of Philadelphia, 
     Melrose Park; Rabbi Andrew Warmflash; Rabbi Arthur Waskow, 
     The Shalom Center, Philadelphia; Rabbi Michael Wasserman, The 
     New Shul, Scottsdale; Rabbi Mira Wasserman, Congregation Beth 
     Shalom, Bloomington; Rabbi Pamela Wax, Kehillat Chaverim, 
     White Plains; Rabbi Deborah Waxman, Reconstructionist 
     Rabbinical College, Wyncote; Rabbi Joshua Waxman, Or Hadash, 
     Philadelphia; Rabbi Nancy Wechsler-Azen, Congregation Beth 
     Shalom, Carmichael; Rabbi Elyse Wechterman, Congregation 
     Agudas Achim, Attleboro; Rabbi Sheila Weinberg, Amherst; 
     Rabbi Daniel A. Weiner, Temple De Hirsch Sinai, Seattle.
       Rabbi Simkha Weintraub, The National Center for Jewish 
     Healing, New York; Rabbi Samuel Weintraub, Kane Street 
     Synagogue, Brooklyn; Rabbi Mimi Weisel, Jewish Community High 
     School of the Bay, San Francisco; Rabbi Lew Weiss, IHC, 
     Indianapolis; Rabbi Zari Weiss, Rodef Tzedek, Seattle; Rabbi 
     Michael White, Temple Sinai of Roslyn, Roslyn; Rabbi Nancy 
     Wiener, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, 
     New York City; Rabbi Dan Wigodsky, Riverdale; Rabbi Jeffrey 
     Wildstein, Temple Israel, Minneapolis; Rabbi Avi Winokur, 
     Society Hill Synagogue, Philadelphia; Rabbi Irvin Wise, Adath 
     Israel Synagogue, Boulder; Rabbi Jonathan Wittenberg, The New 
     North Masorti London Synagogue, London; Rabbi Jeffrey 
     Wohlberg, Adas Israel Congregation, Washington; Rabbi Arnold 
     Jacob Wolf, Rabbi Emeritus, K.A.M. Isaiah Israel 
     Congregation, Chicago; Rabbi Joseph Wolf, Havurah Shalom, 
     Portland; Rabbi Peretz Wolf-Prusan, Congregation Emanu-El, 
     San Francisco; Rabbi Bridget Wynne, Kehilla Community 
     Synagogue, Berkeley; Rabbi Moshe Yehudai; Rabbi Daniel G. 
     Zemel, Temple Micah, Washington; Rabbi Moshe Zemer, Director, 
     Institute of Progressive Halakhah, Tel Aviv Israel; Rabbi 
     Irwin Zeplowitz, The Community Synagogue, Port Washington; 
     Rabbi Shawn Zevit, Jewish Reconstructionist Federation, 
     Elkins Park; Rabbi Laurie Zimmerman, Congregation Shaarei 
     Shamayim, Madison; Rabbi Michael Zimmerman, Congregation 
     Kehillat Israel, Lansing; Rabbi Henry Zoob, Temple Beth 
     David, Westwood; Rabbi David J. Zucker, Shalom Park, Aurora.
     Cantors
       Cantor Shoshana Lash, Temple Ner Tamid, Bloomfield; Cantor 
     Barbara Ostfeld, American Conference of Cantors, 
     Williamsville; Cantor Jodi Schechtman, Temple Beth Am, 
     Framingham; Cantor Kerith Spencer-Shapiro, Congregation Adas 
     Emuno, Leonia; Cantor Iris Beth Weiner, Kehillat Mevakshei 
     Derech, Jerusalem.
     Rabbinical Students
       Student Susan Averbach, Kol Hadash--Society for Humanistic 
     Judaism, San Francisco; Student Leah Doberne-Schor, Hebrew 
     Union College--Jewish Institute of Religion, Brooklyn; 
     Student Joshua Feigelson, Riverdale; Student Daniel Friedman, 
     Yeshivat Chovevai Torah, New York; Student Will Friedman, 
     Yeshivat Chovevei Torah, Rego Park; Student Alexandria 
     Shuval-Weiner, Hebrew Union College--Jewish Institute of 
     Religion, Manhattan Beach.

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