[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 151 (2005), Part 16] [Senate] [Pages 22306-22308] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF COMMITTEES The following executive reports of committees were submitted: By Mr. LUGAR for the Committee on Foreign Relations. *Thomas A. Shannon, Jr., of Virginia, to be an Assistant Secretary of State (Western Hemisphere Affairs). *Jan E. Boyer, of Texas, to be United States Alternate Executive Director of the Inter-American Development Bank. *Robert A. Mosbacher, of Texas, to be President of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. *John J. Danilovich, of California, to be Chief Executive Officer, Millennium Challenge Corporation. *Josette Sheeran Shiner, of Virginia, to be United States Alternate Governor of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development for a term of five years; United States Alternate Governor of the Inter-American Development Bank for a term of five years; United States Alternate Governor of the African Development Bank for a term of five years; United States Alternate Governor of the African Development Fund; United States Alternate Governor of the Asian Development Bank; and United States Alternate Governor of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. *Kent R. Hill, of Virginia, to be an Assistant Administrator ofthe United States Agency for International Development. *Jacqueline Ellen Schafer, of the District of Columbia, to be an Assistant Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. *John Hillen, of Virginia, to be an Assistant Secretary of State (Political-Military Affairs). *Barry F. Lowenkron, of Virginia, to be Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. *Jendayi Elizabeth Frazer, Assistant Secretary of State (African Affairs), to be a Member of the Board of Directors of the African Development Foundation for the remainder of the term expiring September 27, 2009. *Francis Rooney, of Florida, to be Ambassador to the Holy See. Nominee: Francis Rooney (Preferred); Laurence Francis Rooney, III; L.F. Rooney, III; L. Francis Rooney, III. The following is a list of all members of my immediate family and their spouses. I have asked each of these persons to inform me of the pertinent contributions made by them. To the best of my knowledge, the information contained in this report is complete and accurate. Contributions, amount, date, and donee: 1. Self $500, 3/21/05, Republican Party of Florida; (this contribution was improperly considered a federal contribution and transfer to the state party is pending); $1,000, 3/16/05, Fitzpatrick for Congress; $1,000, 3/16/05, Northrup for Congress; $1,000, 3/16/05, Friends of Dave Reichert; $1,000, 3/16/05, Rick Renzi for Congress; $1,000, 3/16/05, Friends of Mike Sodrel; $500, 3/16/05, Norm Coleman for Senate; $2,000, 3/15/05, Connie Mack for Congress; $25,000, 2/21/05, RNC Regents; $500, 8/20/04, Republican Party of Florida; $32,500, 5/5/04, 2004 Jt. St. Victory Committee; $24,500, 3/22/04, Jt. Candidate Committee; $1,000, 3/22/04, Bill McCollum for Senate; $2,000, 3/22/04, Connie Mack for Congress; $1,000, 2/ 19/04, Bill McCollum for Senate; $1,000, 2/21/04, Klein for Congress; $25,000, 2/11/04, RNC Regents; $2,000, 12/19/03, Connie Mack for Congress; $2,000, 12/19/03, Dan Boren for Congress; $2,000, 11/12/03, Bush-Cheney '04, $2,000, 11/11/ 03, Kirk Humphreys for Senate; $1,500, 7/23/02, Scott Pruitt for Senate; ($1,000), 6/18/02, Refund--Jim Inhofe; $2,000, 4/ 12/02, Friends of Jim Inhofe; $2,000, 1/31/02, Peter Wareing for Congress; $1,000, 12/18/01, John Sullivan for Congress; ($1,000), 11/26/01, Refund -Keating for Congress; $1,000, 11/ 26/01, Cathy Keating for Congress; $1,000, 7/12/01, Senate; Campaign Committee; $1,000, 7/3/01, Presidents Dinner Committee; $1,000, 4/9/01, Cathy Keating for Congress; $1,000, 4/5/01, Cathy Keating for Congress; $2,000, 1/9/01, Bush-Cheney Transition. 2. Spouse: Kathleen Rooney, $2,000, 3/15/05, Connie Mack for Congress; $25,000, 2/21/05, RNC Regents; $32,500, 5/5/04, 2004 Jt. State Victory Committee; $4,000, 5/4/04, Jt. Candidate Committee; $25,500, 4/13/04, Joint Candidate Committee; $2,000, 3/29/04, Connie Mack for Congress; $2,000, 2/24/04, Connie Mack for Congress; $25,000, 2/13/04, RNC Regents; $2,000, 11/13/03, Humphreys for Senate; $2,000, 11/ 15/03, Bush Cheney 04; $1,000, 2/4/02, Peter Wareing for Congress; ($1,000), 11/23/01, Refund--Keating for Congress; $1,000, 11/23/01, Cathy Keating for Congress; $1,000, 4/18/ 01, Cathy Keating for Congress; $1,000, 4/10/01, Cathy Keating for Congress. 2. Children and Spouses: L.F. Rooney, IV (Larry), $2,000, 3/25/05, Connie Mack for Congress; $12,500, 4/8/04, Republican National Committee; $2,000, 12/3/03, Bush Cheney 04. Michael Collins Rooney: $2,000, 3/15/05, Connie Mack for Congress; $12,500, 4/8/04, Republican National Committee; $2,000, 12/3/03, Bush Cheney 04. Kathleen Daly Rooney: $2,000, 3/15/05, Connie Mack for Congress. 3. Parents: Laurence Francis Rooney, Jr. (Deceased) Lucy Turner Rooney: $200, 9/30/04, John Sullivan for Congress; $500, 9/15/04, Coburn for Senate; $200, 7/15/04, Coburn for Senate; $200, 1/13/04, John Sullivan for Congress; $250, 6/4/99, Ewing for Congress; $200, 10/7/02, John Sullivan for Congress. 4. Grandparents: Laurence Francis Rooney (Deceased); Marguerite R. Rooney (Deceased). 5. Brothers and Spouses: Patrick T. Rooney: $500, 10/28/04, Boren for Congress; $1,000, 10/4/04, Coburn for Senate; ($2,000), 9/2/04, Refund--Humphreys for Senate; $250, 6/11/ 04, Boren for Congress; $2,000, 11/14/03, Humphreys for Senate; ($2,000), 11/14/03, Refund--Humphreys for Senate; $4,000, 10/30/03, Humphreys for Senate; $1,000, 9/30/03, Bush Cheney 04. Marianne B. Rooney: $2,000, 9/2/04, Coburn for Senate; ($2,000), 9/2/04, Refund--Humphreys for Senate; $2,000, 2/18/ 04, Bush Cheney 04; $2,000, 11/14/03, Humphreys for Senate; ($2,000), 11/14/03, Refund--Humphreys for Senate; $4,000, 10/ 30/03, Humphreys for Senate; $1,000, 5/10/01, Cathy Keating for Congress. Timothy P. Rooney: $1,000, 2/25/02, Ron Kirk for Senate. Mary M. Rooney: None. James H. Rooney: $12,500, 9/15/04, Republican National Committee; $2,000, 12/4/03, Bush Cheney 04. Jennifer Rooney: $12,500, 9/15/04, Republican National Committee. Sisters and Spouses: Lucy Rooney Kapples: None. [[Page 22307]] John W. (Jack) Kapples: $500, 6/8/04, Raytheon Company PAC. Rebecca Rooney: None. ____ *Alfred Hoffman, of Florida, to be Ambassador to the Republic of Portugal. Nominee: Alfred Hoffman, Jr. Post: Ambassador to Portugal. The following is a list of all members of my immediate family and their spouses. I have asked each of these persons to inform me of the pertinent contributions made by them. To the best of my knowledge, the information contained in this report is complete and accurate. Contributions, amount, date, and donee: 1. Self: $75,000, 3/28/00, Republican National State Elections Committee; $1,850, 7/8/00, Republican National State Elections Committee; $1,500, 7/17/00, Republican National State Elections Committee; $1,750, 7/17/00, Republican National State Elections Committee; $1,000, 8/23/ 00, Lazio 2000; $25,000, 3/20/01, Republican National State Elections Committee; $125,000, 4/30/01, Republican National State Elections Committee; $(1,000), 10/1/01, Friends of Phil Gramm refund; $1,000, 2/18/02, Norm Coleman for U.S. Senate; $125,000, 5/14/02, Republican National State Elections Committee; $1,000, 7/16/02, Texans for Senator John Cornyn; $1,000, 8/12/02, The Wish List; $1,000, 10/11/02, Team Sununu; $1,000, 10/16/02, John Thune for South Dakota; $25,000, 3/19/03, Republican National Committee; $272, 6/30/ 03, Bush-Cheney '04 (Primary); $2,000, 11/7/03, Daniel Webster for U.S. Senate; $25,000, 4/8/04, Republican National Committee; $33,000, 5/27/04, 2004 Joint Candidate Committee; $7,500, 5/27/04, 2004 Joint State Victory Committee; $1,727, 6/30/04, Bush-Cheney '04 (Primary); $4,000, 8/31/04, Martinez for Senate; $(4,000), 9/12/04, 2004 Joint Candidate Committee refund; $2,000, 9/15/04, Martinez for Senate; $(2,000), 9/17/ 04, 2004 Joint Candidate Committee refund; $2,000, 9/24/04, Friends of Connie Mack; $2,000, 9/30/04, Congressman Bill Young Campaign Committee; $100,000, 12/2/04, Presidential Inaugural Committee.2. Spouse: Dawn Hoffman, $250, 12/4/00, Republican Party of Florida Federal Campaign Account; $25,000, 3/19/03, Republican National Committee; $2,000, 6/ 30/03, Bush-Cheney '04 (Primary); $2,000, 11/7/03, Daniel Webster for U.S. Senate; $500, 11/20/03, Carole Green for Congress; $25,000, 4/8/04, Republican National Committee; $33,501, 5/27/04, 2004 Joint Candidate Committee; $7,500, 5/ 27/04, 2004 Joint State Victory Committee; $4,000, 8/26/04, Martinez for Senate; $(4,000), 9/12/04, 2004 Joint Candidate Committee refund; $2,000, 9/16/04, Martinez for Senate; $(2,000), 9/17/04, 2004 Joint Candidate Committee refund; $$2,000, 9/24/04, Friends of Connie Mack. 3. Children and Spouses: Matthew Hoffman, $2,000, 7/3/03, Bush-Cheney '04 (Primary); $25,000, 6/24/04, Republican National Committee. Kimberly Hoffman, $2,000, 7/3/03, Bush-Cheney '04 (Primary). Melissa Hoffman, $200, 9/1/03, John Kerry for President. Elisabeth Hoffman-Johnson: none. Seth Johnson, none. Sophie Hoffman, none. Ava Hoffman, none. 4. Parents: Nettie Kelton--deceased. Alfred Hoffman--deceased. 5. Grandparents: Jules Kelton--deceased. Gerhardt Hoffman deceased. 6. Brothers and Spouses: none. 7. Sisters and Spouses: Beth Gray, none; Jack Gray, none; Joy K. Atwood, none; Newell Atwood, deceased, none; Emilie Anderson, none; Jerry Anderson, deceased, none; Mary Jane Rothermel, deceased, none; Ted Rothermel, deceased; Mitzie Ellis, deceased; Earl Ellis; Rose Shacklett, deceased, Chet Shucklett, deceased. ____ *Charles A. Ford, of Virginia, to be Ambassador to the Republic of Honduras. Nominee: Charles Ford. Post: Honduras. The following is a list of all members of my immediate family and their spouses. I have asked each of these persons to inform me of the pertinent contributions made by them. To the best of my knowledge, the information contained in this report is complete and accurate. Contributions, amount, date, and donee: 1. Self: none. 2. Spouse: Lillian Ford: none. 3. Children and Spouses: Monica, none; Michael, none. 4. Parents: Marvin Ford--deceased; Wanda Ford, none; Tirso Malave--deceased; Ana Malave--deceased. 5. Grandparents: Arthur Wahlman--deceased; Flora Wahlman-- deceased. 6. Brothers and Spouses: Mark Ford, none. 7. Sisters and Spouses: none. ____ *Mark Langdale, of Texas, to be Ambassador to the Republic of Costa Rica. Nominee: Mark Langdale. Post: Ambassador to Costa Rica. The following is a list of all members of my immediate family and their spouses. I have asked each of these persons to inform me of the pertinent contributions made by them. To the best of my knowledge, the information contained in this report is complete and accurate. Contributions, amount, date, and donee. 1. Self: $1,000, 10/2002, Bill Schuster; $1,000, 10/2002, Texas Victory; $1,000, 6/2003, Bill Schuster; $1,500, 6/2003, Bush/Cheney; $25,000, 12/2003, Republican National Committee. 2. Spouse: $2,000, 6/2003, Bush/Cheney. 3. Children and Spouses: None. 4. Parents: Bedelle Langdale: $2,000, 6/2003, Bush/Cheney. 5. Grandparents: None. 6. Brothers and Spouses: None. 7. Sisters and Spouses: John T. Brewer: $1,000, 6/2003, Bush/Cheney. ____ *Brenda LaGrange Johnson, of New York, to be Ambassador to Jamaica. Nominee: Branda LaGrange Johnson. The following is a list of all members of my immediate family and their spouses. I have asked each of these persons to inform me of the pertinent contributions made by them. To the best of my knowledge, the information contained in this report is complete and accurate. Contributions, amount, date, and donee. 1. Self: $1,565.00, 01/31/01, RNC Republican National State Elections Committee; $250.00, 02/16/01, The Wish List; $1,000.00, 12/07/01, Elizabeth Dole Committee, Inc.; $500.00, 02/21/02, Susan Collins (Collins for Senator); $1,000.00, 09/ 12/02, Gov. George Pataki event; $1,000.00, 12/06/02, Suzanne Haik Terrell (Terrell for Senate); $2,000.00, 06/17/03, Bush- Cheney; $1,000.00, 09/16/03, Arnold Schwarzenneger event; $500.00, 12/26/03, Arlen Specter (Citizens for Arlen Specter); $1,000.00, 08/13/04, Fed Political Action Committee (AKA FED PAC); $12,500.00, 10/12/04, 2004 Joint State VIC, Alexandria, VA; $500.00, 10/27/04, Friends of Howard Mills; $1,562.00, 11/05/04, Republican Federal Committee of Pennsylvania; $521.00, 10/24/04, Republican Party of Iowa; $1,000.00, 02/21/04, Driscoll for Congress; $1,000.00, 09/30/ 02, Collins for Senator; $3,000.00, 04/01/05, Republican National Committee; $297.00, 10/27/04, New Hampshire Republican State Committee; $250.00, 04/01/02, Wish List. 2. Spouse: J. Howard Johnson: $1,000.00, 06/10/03, George W. Bush (Bush for President, Inc.); $2,000.00, 10/03, Bush/ Cheney kickoff event. 3. Children and Spouses: Frank La Grange Johnson: $2,000.00, 10/03, Bush/Cheney Kickoff event; $500.00, 02/23/ 04, William Manger (Bill Manger for Congress, Inc.); $1,500.00, 07/07/04, William Manger (Bill Manger for Congress, Inc.); $1,000.00, 10/30/04, John S. McCain (Friends of John McCain). Susan Ely Johnson: $2,000.00, 10/03, Bush/Cheney kickoff event. Brett Matthew Johnson: $2000.00, 07/03/03, George W. Bush (Bush-Cheney '04 Primary Inc.). Grant Douglas Johnson: $2000.00, 07/03/03, George W. Bush (Bush-Cheney '04 Primary Inc.). Heather Johnson-Sargent: $1000.00, 9/30/02, Susan M. Collins (Collins for Senator); $2000.00, 07/08/02, George W. Bush (Bush-Cheney '04 Primary, Inc.). John Harrison Sargent: $250.00, 11/19/03, William Manger (Bill Manger for Congress, Inc.); $2000.00, 07/08/03, George W. Bush (Bush-Cheney '04 Primary, Inc.). 4. Parents: Frank Crawford La Grange--Deceased; Eileen Morgan La Grange--Deceased. 5. Grandparents: Amelia Webster La Grange--Deceased; Frank C. La Grange--Deceased. 6. Brothers and Spouses: Frank C. La Grange, Jr.--Deceased; Darlene La Grange: None; Charles Evans La Grange: None. 7. Sisters and Spouses: Mimi La Grange--Deceased; Louise La Grange Hitt--Deceased; Buman Hitt, None. ____ *Alexander R. Vershbow, of the District of Columbia, to be Ambassador to the Republic of Korea. Nominee: Vershbow, Alexander R. Post: Seoul, Republic of Korea. The following is a list of all members of my immediate family and their spouses. I have asked each of these persons to inform me of the pertinent contributions made by them. To the best of my knowledge, the information contained in this report is complete and accurate. Contributions, amount, date, and donee. 1. Self: None. 2. Spouse: None. 3. Children and Spouses: Benjamin Vershbow; $100, 2004, John Kerry; $50, 2004, Wesley Clark; $25, 2003, Howard Dean. Gregory Vershbow: $40, 2004, John Kerry. 4. Parents: Arthur: None. 5. Grandparents: N/A. 6. Brothers and Spouses: N/A. 7. Sisters and Spouses: Ann Vershbow: None; Charles Beitz: $200, 2004, John Kerry. *Patricia Louise Herbold, of Washington, to be Ambassador to the Republic of Singapore. Nominee: Patricia Louise Herbold. Post: Ambassador to Singapore. The following is a list of all members of my immediate family and their spouses. I have asked each of these persons to inform me of the pertinent contributions made by them. To the best of my knowledge, the information contained in this report is complete and accurate. Contributions, amount, date, and donee: 1. Self: $1000, 08/09/2001, Friends of Jennifer Dunn; $250, 06/20/2001, Richard Keller for Congress; $250, 06/16/2001, Randy Forbes for Congress; $500, 01/29/2002, Jim Patterson for Congress; $500, 01/30/2002, Garrett for Congress [[Page 22308]] 2002; $1000, 02/11/2002, Washington State Republican party; $250, 02/16/2002, John Thune for South Dakota; $500, 02/24/ 2002, Trent Matson for Congress; $250, 03/31/2002, Friends of Jennifer Dunn; $250, 04/01/2002, Scott Armey for Congress; $250, 06/28/2002, Sydney Hay for Congress; $250, 06/29/2002, Friends of Jeb Hensarling; $250, 08/23/2002, David Fisher for Congress; $1500, 10/17/2002, Club for Growth PAC; $750, 10/ 29/2002, Friends of Jennifer Dunn; $250, 11/01/2002, Norma Smith for Congress; $250, 04/16/2003, Carl Isett Campaign; $250, 06/30/2003, Pat Toomey for Congress; $500, 09/30/2003, Pat Toomey for Congress; $1000, 07/11/2003, Friends of Jennifer Dunn; $2000, 07/23/2003, Bush-Cheney '04 Primary; $2000, 12/15/2003, Nethercutt for Senate; $2000, 12/15/2003, Nethercutt for Senate; $250, 12/18/2003, Jane Hague for Congress; $500, 01/14/2004, Cathy McMorris for Congress; $250, 03/22/2004, Arlene Wohlgemuth for Congress; $250, 03/ 30/2004, John Swallow for Congress; $250, 03/31/2004, Pat Toomey for Congress; $500, 04/15/2004, Pat Toomey for Congress; $250, 08/16/2004, Tom Coburn for Senate; $5000, 07/ 27/2004, Club for Growth PAC; $250, 08/02/2004, Connie Mack for Congress; $4017, 09/28/2004, Republican Party of FL; $3125, 09/30/2004, Republican Federal Committee of PA; $1638, 10/01/2004, MO Republican State Committee; $1265, 10/01/2004, Republican Party of MN; $1042, 10/01/2004, OR Republican Party; $893, 10/04/2004, Republican Party of WA; $1487, 10/ 04/2004, Republican Party of WI; $745, 10/04/2004, WV Republican State Executive Committee; $2975, 10/04/2004, Republican Party of OH; $2530, 10/04/2004, AR Leadership Committee 2003 FCRC; $595, 10/06/2004, Republican Party of ME; $595, 10/06/2004, NH Republican State Committee; $595, 10/06/2004, NH Republican State Committee; $595, 10/06/2004, ME Republican Party; $745, 10/07/2004, Republican Central Committee of NV; $1000, 10/19/2004, Jim DeMint for Senate; $1000, 10/20/2004, Pete Coors for Senate; $2000, 10/25/2004, Friends of Dave Reichert; $1000, 10/25/2004, John Thune for Senate; $1000, 10/28/2004, Tom Coburn for Senate; $1000, 10/ 29/2004, Cathy McMorris for Congress; $1000, 03/26/2005, Friends of Dave Reichert. 2. Spouse: Robert J. Herbold: $7900, 01/30/2001, RNC Republican National State Elections Committee; $5000, 09/29/ 2001, TechNet Federal PAC; $5000, 08/28/2002, Microsoft PAC; $1000, 07/11/2003, Friends of Jennifer Dunn; $2000, 07/23/ 2003, Bush-Cheney 2004 Primary; $2000, 12/15/2003, Nethercutt for Senate; $2000, 12/15/2003, Nethercutt for Senate; $1000, 03/26/2005, Friends of Dave Reichert. 3. Children and Spouses: Donna M. Herbold, $0; James & Lisa Herbold: $25, 2004, John Kerry; Gregory & Alexa Herbold: $25, 2004, John Kerry. 4. Parents: William J. Kruse--(deceased); Mary Louise Kruse--(deceased). 5. Grandparents: Edward A. Winter--(deceased); Stella M. Winter--(deceased). 6. Brothers and Spouses: Bill & Mona Kruse: $0. 7. Sisters and Spouses: Clare & Dick Kulp, $0; Judith & Joseph Murray, $100, 7/2002, Harland Hale; $75, 6/2004, Pat McGrath; Jayne & Frank Simms, $0. ____ *William Paul McCormick, of Oregon, to be Ambassador to New Zealand, and serve concurrently and without additional compensation as Ambassador to Samoa. Nominee: William P. McCormick. Post: Ambassador to New Zealand. The following is a list of all members of my immediate family and their spouses. I have asked each of these persons to inform me of the pertinent contributions made by them. To the best of my knowledge, the information contained in this report is complete and accurate. Contributions, donee, date, and amount: 1. Self: National Restaurant Assoc. PAC, 2001, $5000.00; Ed Tinsley for Congress, 2002, $1000.00; National Restaurant Assoc. PAC, 2002, $5000.00; Gordon Smith Victory Committee, 2002, $2000.00; Oregon Republican Party Federal Account (Gordon Smith Victory Committee), 2002, $5000.00; Oregon Republican Party Non-Federal (Gordon Smith Victory Committee), 2002, $13,000.00; Republican Eagles RNC, 2002, $15,000.000; The 2002 President's Dinner (RNC), 2002, $12,500.00; National Restaurant Assoc. PAC, 2003, $5000.00; Bush/Cheney 04, 2003, $2000.00; Greg Walden for Congress, 2003, $1560.01; Republican National Committee, 2003, $15,000.000; Gordon Smith U.S. Senate, 2003, $1029.06; Republican National Committee, 2004, $10,000.00; Rogers for Congress, 2004, $2000.00; GO PAC, 2004, $1000.00; Jim Feldkamp for Congress, 2004, $2000.00; Coleman for Senate, 2004, $1000.00; Herman Cain for US Senate, 2004, $1000.00; National Restaurant Assoc. PAC, 2004, $5000.00; Zupanzic for Congress, 2004, $2000.00; Bush/Cheney 04, 2004, 25.82. 2. Spouse: Gail McCormick: National Restaurant Association, 2002, $2500.00; Bush/Cheney 04, 2003, $2000.00; Oregon Republican Party, 2004, $10,000.00. 3. Children and Spouses: Megan Clingham & Gavin Clingham-- None; Andrew C. McCormick & Merilee McCormick--None; Alexander McCormick--None; Sarah Marie McCormick--None; Mary Alice McCormick--None; Thomas Callaghan McCormick--None. 4. Parents: Mathew Murtaugh McCormick--Deceased; Mary Elizabeth Callaghan McCormick--Deceased. 5. Grandparents: Mathew James McCormick--Deceased; Anne McCormick--Deceased; Edward Callaghan--Deceased; Mary Maher Callaghan--Deceased. 6. Brothers and Spouses: Edward James McCormick--None; Mathew Murtaugh McCormick and Patricia McCormick--None. 7. Sisters and Spouses: Mary Jane Gervais and Andres Gervais--None. Foreign Service nomination of Robert S. Connan. *Nomination was reported with recommendation that it be confirmed subject to the nominee's commitment to respond to requests to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee of the Senate. (Nominations without an asterisk were reported with the recommendation that they be confirmed.) ____________________