[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 150 (2004), Part 8]
[Senate]
[Pages 10498-10500]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                             NUCLEAR WASTE

  Ms. CANTWELL. Mr. President, I take a few minutes to clarify points 
from the debate we had prior to moving off the DOE bill and the 
specifics of the Graham amendment.
  I know my colleague, the Senator from South Carolina, is probably 
somewhere still in the vicinity of the Senate. I, too, admire the 
Senator from South Carolina on a variety of issues, particularly on 
National Guard issues and some of the challenges we have had, both 
coming from States that have been hard hit economically and challenged 
with a large number of people participating in our efforts in Iraq and 
Afghanistan. This issue that he and I disagree on obviously is one of 
utmost importance and certainly one that needs a lot of attention by 
the Members of this body. We will get that time and attention when we 
return to DOE after the recess.
  I bring up a couple of points made that are the crux of my concern 
about this legislation; that is, that section 3116 of the underlying 
bill, the Defense authorization bill, attempts to reclassify high-level 
nuclear waste into a low-level material and allow it to be disposed of 
in a different way.
  I object to that and I object to the process by which that 
legislation was drafted. The Senate Armed Services Committee does not 
have jurisdiction over the ability to reclassify waste. That is a 
change to the Nuclear Waste Policy Act drafted in 1982. If the 
Department of Energy wants to have that

[[Page 10499]]

debate, then the Department of Energy should come down here and have 
hearings before the appropriate committees and discuss that issue. But 
to have such a major policy change of 30 years' policy since 1982 and 
50 years of science saying this is what high-level nuclear waste is and 
one day changing it in the DOD bill is beyond absurd. Obviously, that 
is why we have spent time this afternoon talking about it.
  The chairman of the committee asked me in a question whether that 
committee has jurisdiction over the issue. I know that DOE many times 
has tried with various environmental issues to have them go through the 
Senate Armed Services Committee, environmental issues such as the 
Resource Conservation Recovery Act, Comprehensive Environmental 
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, the Endangered Species Act. 
All of those, even though they are DOE issues, do not go through the 
Senate Armed Services Committee. In fact, the committee even said they 
are not part of our issues. Those are environmental policies or 
policies for other committees and referred to those specific 
committees.
  I read to my colleagues rule XXV earlier regarding what the 
jurisdiction of the Senate Armed Services Committee is. It is specific 
to the national interests that were necessary in creating nuclear fuel. 
That was an offshoot of the reactors used in the development of 
plutonium for our efforts in World War II and the cold war, but they do 
not have the legislative oversight of the cleanup policy. That is the 
prerogative of other committees, the Energy and Natural Resources 
Committee, the Environment and Public Works Committee.
  To make my point, I took section 3116 of this bill, this section that 
reclassifies waste, and introduced it today as my own legislation and 
asked for a referral. If we took this section on reclassification now 
as a stand-alone bill, let's see where it was referred to. That bill, 
Senate bill 2457, by Senator Cantwell, was referred to the Energy and 
Natural Resources Committee. That proves my point, that this policy 
change is not the jurisdiction of the Senate Armed Services Committee, 
and the Senate Armed Services Committee should not try, in a closed-
door session, in secrecy without having a public hearing, without 
having a public debate, to change policy of this significant nature 
which is not the jurisdiction of their committee.
  I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Record a letter from 
the ranking member of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee 
that was also sent to the Senate Armed Services Committee chairman and 
ranking member asking them not to pass this legislation out of 
committee, and that it was the jurisdiction of the Energy and Natural 
Resources Committee.
   There being no objection, the material was ordered to be printed in 
the Record, as follows:

                                  U.S. Senate, Committee on Energy


                                        and Natural Resources,

                                      Washington, DC, May 5, 2004.
      Hon. John W. Warner, Chairman,
      Hon. Carl Levin, Ranking Democratic Member,
      Committee on Armed Services,
      U.S. Senate, Washington, DC
       Dear Senator Warner and Senator Levin:  I am writing to 
     urge you not to include language relating to the 
     reclassification of high-level radioactive defense wastes 
     proposed by Senator Graham of South Carolina in the defense 
     authorization bill.
        For thirty years, it has been the policy of this nation 
     that the high-level radioactive defense wastes temporarily 
     stored in tanks at Savannah River and elsewhere would, in 
     time, be removed from those tanks and permanently disposed of 
     in new facilities licensed by the Nuclear Regulatory 
     Commission. Enactment of Senator Graham's amendment would 
     abandon that policy and permit the Department of Energy, in 
     its discretion, to reclassify an unknown part of the tank 
     wastes as transuranic or low-level waste and either leave it 
     where it is or ship it to New Mexico for disposal in the 
     Waste Isolation Pilot Plant as transuranic waste, or to some 
     other state for shallow land burial as low-level waste.
        In addition, Senator Graham's amendment would exempt the 
     Department's handling of these wastes from licensing and 
     regulation by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Its 
     enactment would have profound consequences for the nation's 
     high-level nuclear waste policy, which is under the 
     jurisdiction of the Committee on Energy and Natural 
     Resources. It would also interfere in litigation now pending 
     before the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth 
     Circuit.
        For all of these reasons, I urge you not to include 
     Senator Graham's amendment in the defense authorization bill.
            Sincerely,
                                                    Jeff Bingaman.

  Ms. CANTWELL. Mr. President, I am trying to make the point that the 
ranking member of the committee, and now the parliamentarian, have 
agreed that this is not the jurisdiction of this committee.
  I ask my colleagues to weigh that in the time we have away from here, 
to drop this policy as it relates to trying to reclassify waste without 
having the proper public hearing and public comment about the issues.
  Yes, everyone has heard of DOE attempts to try to reclassify this 
waste. It is well known that they actually tried to do it by order 
themselves and were shot down in court. They were shot down in court 
because specifically they do not have the authority. They have to 
change the definition under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act. If they want 
to do that, debate it on the Hill, have this discussion, and move 
forward.
  I make a point that cleanup around America--whether it is in South 
Carolina, in the Savannah River, or whether it is Washington State at 
the Hanford reservation, whether it is Idaho or any other facility in 
this country--should be continuing. There is nothing about any court 
case or any court battle that prohibits the Department of Energy from 
continuing with cleanup. I hope they understand that is the judgment 
and the clarification of the court that ruled.
  If my colleague from South Carolina is hearing that nuclear waste 
cleanup may be going slow or may be put on hold in the future, that is 
the absolute wrong message from the Department of Energy. Congress has 
appropriated funds, has appropriated funds in the past, and they should 
be going about their cleanup job.
  What we are not going to do as a body is whitewash a change of 
significant nature where we do not have science backing that says we 
ought to reclassify this waste. In fact, science has been very specific 
in saying this is not a simple proposition.
  In 1990, the National Academy of Science said:

       There is strong worldwide consensus that the best, and 
     safest, long-term option for dealing with HLW is geologic 
     isolation.

  Again, not grouting waste in existing tanks but removing the waste 
and putting it in a geological isolation, as we have suggested, and 
others have suggested, at Yucca Mountain.
  A 1992 report by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory said:

       The grouts will remain at elevated temperatures for many 
     years. The high temperatures expected during the first few 
     decades after disposal will increase the driving force for 
     water vapor transport away from the grouts; the loss of water 
     may result in cracking . . .

  A 1992 study on this issue regarding just pouring cement and sand on 
nuclear waste and somehow storing it and solidifying it in the ground 
said there would be a result of cracking.
  What we know in Washington State is we already had the cracking of 
the tanks. We already had a plume of nuclear waste going toward the 
river. So we already know what this situation is all about.
  In 2000, the National Academy of Sciences said:

       [W]aste tank residue is likely to be highly radioactive and 
     not taken up in the grout, so there is substantial 
     uncertainty. . . .

  Another 2000 study by the National Academy of Sciences says:

       [Using grout,] the ability of the site to reliably meet 
     long-term safety performance objectives remains uncertain.

  I think there is much science that basically says we do not think 
grout can work. Obviously, we do not know what the Department of Energy 
is trying to do, because they want to leave an unspecified amount of 
waste in the ground and not be specific about that. So it is very 
difficult for us to see.
  I would also like in my short time here, because I know each Member 
is limited in time this evening, to refute

[[Page 10500]]

the letter that was submitted by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 
While we do not know what the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was asked 
to comment on, what they ended up commenting on was not the underlying 
language in the DOD authorizing bill. They did not comment on the fact 
that the Graham language would significantly change the Nuclear Waste 
Power Act and classify high-level waste as something else.
  What they did comment on was the fact that you could take the entire 
tanks out of the ground and it would be very expensive, which I do not 
know if people can imagine, because the Hanford site is miles and miles 
of acres--I think earlier we said something close to one-third the size 
of the State of Rhode Island. That is how big the Hanford reservation 
is--580 miles of land. These tanks that have stored the spent fuel are 
enormous.
  The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is saying: We do not know if it is 
feasible to take out the tanks entirely. Well, no one ever said we 
expected to take out the entire tanks. What we said was we think the 
tanks have to be cleaned and the site has to be cleaned. And that is 
the removal process we should continue to do.
  So I think while we would be wise to get a letter from the Nuclear 
Regulatory Commission that was specific about the exact proposal that 
is in this bill and get their response, the issue is they are not in 
charge of short-term waste disposal. They are in charge of this 
geological isolation solution we in Congress and others have been 
looking for, and basically asking questions about, and saying, Where 
are you going to take the vitrified waste and put it? They are not the 
regulatory entity over those short-term issues.
  I think the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has not fully addressed the 
question. I think perhaps we should send them a more direct question to 
which we can get a more specific answer.
  We will hear a lot more about this issue when we return from the 
legislative recess. But I assure my colleagues, we are going to 
continue to talk about the fact that we in Congress cannot have this 
significant a change in a policy by simply sneaking language into a 
Senate Armed Services Committee bill that does not have jurisdiction 
over this issue and make a major policy change that is 30 years of 
law--30 years of established law--and 50 years of scientific evidence 
and override that in a short period of time without a full discussion 
and debate.
  This underlying bill language needs to be stricken. We need to get 
about the nuclear waste cleanup that the science says we should do; 
that is, removing the high-level waste and not simply trying to do 
cleanup on the quick by calling it grout.
  I yield the floor and suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. DASCHLE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order 
for quorum call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

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