[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 150 (2004), Part 15]
[Senate]
[Pages 20990-20992]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]


                       ENDORSING THE MINIMUM WAGE

  Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, in the Bush economy, minimum wage workers 
are falling farther and farther behind. But every time Democrats in 
Congress have tried to raise the minimum wage, the Republican 
leadership has refused even to allow a vote on it. Three times in the 
108th Congress, the Republican leadership has brought down a bill 
rather than allow an up-or-down vote on the minimum wage first on the 
State Department bill, then on the welfare bill, and, finally, on the 
class action bill.
  Now, 562 prominent economists including four Nobel Prize winners in 
economics and seven past presidents of the American Economic 
Association have endorsed the increase to $7 an hour. I ask unanimous 
consent that a copy of their letter be printed in the Record, following 
my statement.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  (See exhibit 1.)
  Mr. KENNEDY. In today's economy, corporate profits are surging, but 
workers' wages are stagnant. Minimum wage workers are hardest hit, 
because they haven't had an increase in the minimum wage for 7 long 
years. That is why so many of us continue to fight for the Fair Minimum 
Wage Act, which will raise the minimum wage from $5.15 to $7 in three 
moderate steps to $5.85 60 days after enactment; $6.45 1-year later; to 
$7 1-year after that.
  It is long past time for Congress to approve an increase in the 
minimum wage. No one who works for a living should have to live in 
poverty.

                               Exhibit 1


                         IT'S TIME FOR A Raise

         Hundreds of economists support a minimum wage increase

       The minimum wage has been an important part of our nation's 
     economy for 65 years. It is based on the principle of valuing 
     work by establishing an hourly wage floor beneath which 
     employers cannot pay their workers. In so doing, the minimum 
     wage helps to equalize the imbalance in bargaining power that 
     low-wage workers face in the labor market. The minimum wage 
     is also an important tool in fighting poverty.
       The value of the 1997 increase in the federal minimum wage 
     has been fully eroded. The real value of today's federal 
     minimum wage is less than it has been in 46 out of the last 
     48 years. Moreover, the ratio of the minimum wage to the 
     average hourly wage of non-supervisory workers is 33%, its 
     lowest level in 55 years. This decline is causing hardship 
     for low-wage workers and their families.
       We believe that a modest increase in the minimum wage would 
     improve the well-being of low-wage workers and would not have 
     the adverse effects that critics have claimed. In particular, 
     we share the view the Council of Economic Advisers expressed 
     in the 1999 Economic Report of the President that ``the 
     weight of the evidence suggests that modest increases in the 
     minimum wage have had very little or no effect on 
     employment.'' While controversy about the precise employment 
     effects of the minimum wage continues, research has shown 
     that most of the beneficiaries are adults, most are female, 
     and the vast majority are members of low-income working 
     families.
       As economists who are concerned about the problems facing 
     low-wage workers, we believe the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 
     2004's proposed phased-in increase in the federal minimum 
     wage to $7.00 falls well within the range of options where 
     the benefits to the labor market, workers, and the overall 
     economy would be positive.
       Twelve states and the District of Columbia have set their 
     minimum wages above the federal level. Additional states, 
     including Florida, Nevada, and New York, are considering 
     similar measures. As with a federal increase, modest 
     increases in state minimum wages in the range of $1.00 to 
     $2.00 can significantly improve the lives of low-income 
     workers and their families, without the adverse effects that 
     critics have claimed.
       Henry Aaron, The Brookings Institution; Rebecca Blank, 
     University of Michigan; Ronald G. Ehrenberg, Cornell 
     University; Clive Granger, University of California--San 
     Diego; Lawrence F. Katz, Harvard University; Lawrence R. 
     Klein, University of Pennsylvania; Frank Levy, Massachusetts 
     Institute of Technology; Lawrence Mishel, Economic Policy 
     Institute; Paul A. Samuelson, Massachusetts Institute of 
     Technology; Robert M. Solow, Massachusetts Institute of 
     Technology.


                       552 other economists agree

             Economists supporting increase in minimum wage

       Frank Ackerman, Global Development and Environment 
     Institute--Tufts University; Irma Adelman, University of 
     California--Berkeley; Randy Albelda, University of 
     Massachusetts--Boston; Robert J. Alexander, Rutgers 
     University; Marcus Alexis, Northwestern University; Sylvia 
     Allegretto, Economic Policy Institute; Gar Alperovitz, 
     University of Maryland--College Park; Teresa L. Amott, 
     Gettysburg College; Alice Amsden, Massachusetts Institute of 
     Technology; Bernard E. Anderson, University of Pennsylvania; 
     Robert M. Anderson, University of California--Berkeley; 
     Eileen Appelbaum, Rutgers University; Robert K. Arnold, 
     Institute of Regional and Urban Studies; David D. Arsen, 
     Michigan State University; Enid Arvidson, University of 
     Texas--Arlington; Michael Ash, University of Massachusetts; 
     Glen Atkinson, University of Nevada--Reno; Alice Audie-
     Figueroa, United Automobile Workers.
       Robert Axtell, The Brookings Institution and Middlebury 
     College; M.V. Lee Badgett, University of Massachusetts; Ron 
     Baiman, University of Illinois--Chicago; Asatar Bair, City 
     College of San Francisco; Dean Baker, Center for Economic and 
     Policy Research; Benjamin Balak, Rollins College; Stephen E. 
     Baldwin, KRA Corporation and George Washington University; 
     Erol Balkan, Hamilton College; Laurence M. Ball, Johns 
     Hopkins University; Brad Barham, University of Wisconsin--
     Madison; Drucilla K. Barker, Hollins University; David 
     Barkin, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana--Xochimilco; 
     Christopher Barrett, Cornell University; Timothy J. Bartik, 
     W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research; Laurie J. 
     Bassi, McBassi & Company; Bradley W. Bateman, Grinnell 
     College; Francis M. Bator, Harvard University; Sandy Baum, 
     Skidmore College; William J. Baumol, New York 
     University; Steve Beckman, United Automobile Workers; Stephen 
     H. Bell, Urban Institute; Dale L. Belman, Michigan State 
     University; Michael H. Belzer, Wayne State University; 
     Lourdes Beneria, Cornell University; Barbara R. Bergmann, 
     American University and University of Maryland; Eli Berman, 
     University of California--San Diego.
       Jared Bernstein, Economic Policy Institute; Michael Best, 
     University of Massachusetts--Lowell; Charles L. Betsey, 
     Howard University; David M. Betson, University of Notre Dame; 
     Carole Biewener, Simmons College; Sherrilyn Billger, Illinois 
     State University; Melissa Binder, University of New Mexico; 
     L. Josh Bivens, Economic Policy Institute; Stanley W. Black, 
     University of North Carolina--Chapel Hill; Margaret Blair, 
     Vanderbilt University Law School; Robert Blecker, American 
     University; Alan S. Blinder, Princeton University; Barry 
     Bluestone, Northeastern University; Peter Bohmer, The 
     Evergreen State College; Roger Bolton, Williams College; 
     James F. Booker, Siena College; Heather Boushey, Center for 
     Economic and Policy Research; Samuel Bowles, Santa Fe 
     Institute; James K. Boyce, University of Massachusetts--
     Amherst; Ralph Bradburd, Williams College; Katharine 
     Bradbury, Gerard Bradley, New Mexico Department of Labor; 
     Mark D. Brenner, University of Massachusetts; Vernon M. 
     Briggs, Jr., Cornell University; Daniel W. Bromley, 
     University of Wisconsin; Eileen L. Brooks, University of 
     California--Santa Cruz; Annette N. Brown, BearingPoint, Inc.; 
     Christopher Brown, Arkansas State University; Clair Brown, 
     University of California--Berkeley; Michael Brun, Illinois 
     State University; Neil H. Buchanan, Rutgers School of Law.
       Robert Buchele, Smith College; Mary A. Burke, Florida State 
     University; Paul G. Burkett, Indiana State University; 
     Stephen V. Burks, University of Minnesota--Morris; Joyce 
     Burnette, Wabash College; Gary Burtless, The Brookings 
     Institution; Dallas Burtraw, Resources for the Future; Paul 
     D. Bush, California State University--Fresno; Antonio 
     Callari. Franklin and Marshall College; James Campen, 
     University of Massachusetts--Boston; Maria Cancian, 
     University of Wisconsin--Madison; Paul Cantor, Norwalk 
     Community College; Peter Cappelli, University of 
     Pennsylvania; Anthony P. Carnevale, National Center on 
     Education and the Economy; Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Middlebury 
     College; Francoise Carre, University of Massachusetts--
     Boston; Michael J. Carter, University of Massachusetts--
     Lowell; Susan B. Carter, University of California--Riverside; 
     John Carvellas, Saint Michael's College.
       Karl E. Case, Wellesley College; Jeff Chapman, Economic 
     Policy Institute; John Dennis Chasse, State University of New 
     York--Brockport; Howard Chernick, Hunter College and the 
     Graduate Center, City University of New York; Robert Cherry, 
     Brooklyn College--City University of New York; Lawrence 
     Chimerine, Radnor International Consulting, Inc.; Charles R. 
     Chittle, Bowling Green State University; Kimberly 
     Christensen, State University of New York--Purchase; Paul P. 
     Christensen, Hofstra University; Richard D. Coe, New College 
     of Florida; Robert M. Coen, Northwestern University; Steve 
     Cohn, Knox College; David C. Cole, Harvard Institute for 
     International Development; Helen Connolly, Northeastern 
     University; John E. Connor, Villanova University; Patrick 
     Conway, University of North Carolina--Chapel Hill; James V 
     Cornehls, University of Texas--Arlington; David Crary, 
     Eastern Michigan University; Vincent Crawford, University of 
     California--San Diego; James Crotty, University of 
     Massachusetts; Stephen Cullenberg, University of California--
     Riverside.

[[Page 20991]]

       James Cypher, California State University--Fresno; Anita 
     Dancs, National Priorities Project; Nasser Daneshvary, 
     University of Nevada--Las Vegas; David M. Danning, 
     Massachusetts Teachers Association; Sheldon Danziger, 
     University of Michigan; Jane D'Arista, New School University; 
     Paul A. David, Stanford University; Sidney Davidson, 
     University of Chicago; John B. Davis, Marquette University 
     and University of Amsterdam; Charles W. de Seve, American 
     Economics Group, Inc.; Jayne Dean, Wagner College; Gregory E. 
     DeFreitas, Hofstra University; Brad DeLong, University of 
     California--Berkeley; James G. Devine, Loyola Marymount 
     College; Peter Diamond, Massachusetts Institute of 
     Technology; Ranjit Dighe, State University of New York--
     Oswego; Randall Dodd, Financial Policy Forum; Peter B. 
     Doeringer, Boston University; Peter Dorman, The Evergreen 
     State College; Robert Drago, Pennsylvania State University; 
     Laura Dresser, University of Wisconsin--Madison; Arindrajit 
     Dube, University of California--Berkeley; Richard B. Du Boff, 
     Bryn Mawr College; Marie Duggan, Keene State College; Greg J. 
     Duncan, Northwestern University; Steven Durlauf, University 
     of Wisconsin--Madison.
       Donald H. Dutkowsky, Syracuse University; Amitava K. Dutt, 
     University of Notre Dame; M. Jan Dutta, Rutgers University; 
     Gary Dymski, University of California--Riverside; John A. 
     Edgren, Eastern Michigan University; Barry Eichengreen, 
     University of California--Berkeley; Bernard Elbaum, 
     University of California--Santa Cruz; Catherine S. Elliott, 
     New College of Florida; Zohreh Emami, Alverno College; 
     Richard W. England, University of New Hampshire; Ernie 
     Englander, George Washington University; Gerald Epstein, 
     University of Massachusetts--Amherst; Sharon J. Erenburg, 
     Eastern Michigan University; Christopher L. Erickson, 
     University of California--Los Angeles; Timothy J. Essenburg, 
     Bethel University; Susan L. Ettner, University of 
     California--Los Angeles; Linda Ewing, United Automobile 
     Workers; Colleen Fahy, Assumption College; David Fairris, 
     University of California--Riverside.
       Henry S. Farber, Princeton University; Andrew Farrant, 
     Franklin and Marshall College; Jeff Faux, Economic Policy 
     Institute; Sasan Fayazmanesh, California State University-- 
     Fresno; Steve Fazzari, Washington University; Rashi Fein, 
     Harvard Medical School; Robert M. Feinberg, American 
     University; Susan F Feiner, University of Southern Maine; 
     David Felix, Washington University; Ronald F. Ferguson, 
     Harvard University; William D. Ferguson, Grinnell College; 
     Rudy Fichtenbaum, Wright State University; Deborah M. Figart, 
     Richard Stockton College; T. Aldrich Finegan, Vanderbilt 
     University; Lydia Fischer, United Automobile Workers; Albert 
     Fishlow, Columbia University; John Fitzgerald, Bowdoin 
     College; Sean Faherty, Franklin and Marshall College.
       Maria S. Floro, American University; Nancy Folbre, 
     University of Massachusetts; Harold A. Forman, United Food 
     and Commercial Workers; Mathew Forstater, University of 
     Missouri--Kansas City; Harriet Fraad; Alan Frishman, Hobart 
     and William Smith Colleges; Kevin Furey, Chemeketa Community 
     College; James K. Galbraith, University of Texas--Austin; 
     Monica Galizzi, University of Massachusetts--Lowell; Kevin P. 
     Gallagher, Boston University; David Gallo, California State 
     University--Chico; Irwin Garfinkel, Columbia University; 
     Deborah L. Garvey, Santa Clara University; Jonah B. Gelbach, 
     University of Maryland; Robley George, Center for Study of 
     Democratic Societies; Christophre Georges, Hamilton College; 
     Malcolm Getz, Vanderbilt University; Teresa Ghilarducci, 
     University of Notre Dame; Lisa A. Giddings, University of 
     Wisconsin--La Crosse; Richard J. Gilbert, University of 
     California--Berkeley.
       John I. Gilderbloom, University of Louisville; Herbert 
     Gintis, Santa Fe Institute and University of Massachusetts; 
     Amy Glasmeier, Penn State University; Norman Glickman, 
     Rutgers University; Robert Glover, University of Texas --
     Austin; Arthur S. Goldberger, University of Wisconsin--
     Madison; Lonnie Golden, Penn State University--Abington 
     College; Debbie Goldman, Communications Workers of America; 
     Steven M. Goldman, University of California--Berkeley; 
     William W. Goldsmith, Cornell University; Nance Goldstein, 
     University of Southern Maine; C.N. Gomersall, Luther College; 
     Eban S. Goodstein, Lewis and Clark College; Robert J. Gordon, 
     Northwestern University; Peter Gottschalk, Boston College; 
     Elise Gould, Economic Policy Institute; Ulla Grapard, Colgate 
     University; Daphne Greenwood, University of Colorado--
     Colorado Springs; Christopher Gunn, Hobart and William Smith 
     Colleges; Kwabena Gyimah-Brempong, University of South 
     Florida; Joseph E. Harrington, Johns Hopkins University; Doug 
     Harris, Florida State University; Jonathan M. Harris, Global 
     Development and Environment Institute--Tufts University; 
     Martin Hart-Landsberg, Lewis and Clark College.
       Mitchell Harwitz, State University of New York--Buffalo; 
     Robert Haveman, University of Wisconsin--Madison; F. Gregory 
     Hayden, University of Nebraska--Lincoln; Sue Headlee, 
     American University; Carol E. Heim, University of 
     Massachusetts--Amherst; James Heintz, University of 
     Massachusetts--Amherst; Paul A. Heise, Lebanon Valley 
     College; Suzanne Helburn, University of Colorado--Denver; 
     Susan Helper, Case Western Reserve University; John F Henry, 
     California State University--Sacramento; Edward Herman, 
     University of Pennsylvania; Stephen Herzenberg, Keystone 
     Research Center; Donald D. Hester, University of Wisconsin--
     Madison; Gillian Hewitson, Franklin and Marshall College; 
     William Hildred, Northern Arizona University; Marianne T. 
     Hill, Center for Policy Research and Planning; Martha S. 
     Hill, University of Michigan; Michael G. Hillard, University 
     of Southern Maine; Albert O. Hirschman, Institute for 
     Advanced Study; Rod Hissong, University of Texas--Arlington; 
     Emily Hoffman, Western Michigan University.
       Karen C. Holden, University of Wisconsin--Madison; Harry 
     Holzer, Georgetown University; Barbara Hopkins, Wright State 
     University; Bobbie L. Horn, University of Tulsa; Julie 
     Hotchkiss, Georgia State University; Candace Howes, 
     Connecticut College; Carl E. Hunt, Richard W. Hurd, Cornell 
     University; Saul H. Hymans, University of Michigan; Fred 
     Inaba, Washington State University; Alan Isaac, American 
     University; Jonathan Isham, Middlebury College; Michael 
     Jacobs, New York City Independent Budget Office; Sanford M. 
     Jacoby, University of California--Los Angeles; Kenneth P. 
     Jameson, University of Utah; Russell A. Janis, University of 
     Massachusetts--Amherst; Elizabeth J. Jensen, Hamilton 
     College; Pascale Joassart, University of Massachusetts; 
     Jerome Joffe, St. John's University; Lawrence D. Jones, 
     University of British Columbia; Robert Jones, Skidmore 
     College; Bernard Jump, Syracuse University; Fadhel Kaboub, 
     Simon's Rock College of Bard; Alfred E. Kahn, Cornell 
     University; Shulamit Kahn, Boston University; John Kane, 
     State University of New York--Oswego; Thomas J. Kane, 
     University of California--Los Angeles; J.K. Kapler, 
     University of Massachusetts--Boston.
       Thomas Karier, Eastern Washington University; Victor 
     Kasper, Buffalo State College; Sheila Kamerman, Columbia 
     University; David E. Kaun, University of California--Santa 
     Cruz; Wells Keddie, Rutgers University; Peter B. Kenen, 
     Princeton University; Daphne Kenyon, D.A. Kenyon & 
     Associates; Kwan S. Kim, University of Notre Dame; Marlene 
     Kim, University of Massachusetts--Boston; Christopher T. 
     King, University of Texas--Austin; Mary King, Portland State 
     University; Lori G. Kletzer, University of California--Santa 
     Cruz; Janet T. Knoedler, Bucknell University; Thomas A. 
     Kochan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Tim Koechlin, 
     Vassar College; Andrew I. Kohen, James Madison University; 
     Krishna Kool, University of Rio Grande; Douglas Koritz, 
     Buffalo State College; Sherrie Koss Kossoudji, University of 
     Michigan; Nicholas N. Kozlov, Hofstra University; Catherine 
     Krause, University of New Mexico; Alan J. Krupnick, Resources 
     for the Future; Douglas Kruse, Rutgers University; Helen F. 
     Ladd, Duke University; Robert M. LaJeunesse, State University 
     of New York--New Paltz; Kevin Lang, Boston University; Glenn-
     Marie Lange, The Earth Institute--Columbia University; 
     Catherine Langlois, Georgetown University.
       Gary A. Latanich, Arkansas State University; Robert Z. 
     Lawrence, Harvard University; William Lazonick, University of 
     Massachusetts--Lowell and INSEAD; Frederic S. Lee, University 
     of Missouri--Kansas City; J. Paul Leigh, University of 
     California--Davis; Nancey Green Leigh, Georgia Institute of 
     Technology; Charles L. Leven, Washington University; Charles 
     Levenstein, University of Massachusetts--Lowell; Margaret C. 
     Levenstein, University of Michigan; Henry M. Levin, Columbia 
     University and Stanford University; David I. Levine, 
     University of California--Berkeley; Herbert S. Levine, 
     University of Pennsylvania; Mark Levinson, UNITE HERE; Mark 
     Levitan, Community Service Society of New York; Stephen Levy, 
     Center for Continuing Study of California Economy; Arthur 
     Lewbel, Boston College; James D. Likens, Pomona College; 
     Edward J. Lincoln, Council on Foreign Relations; David L. 
     Lindauer, Wellesley College; Charles Lindblom, Yale 
     University; Victor D. Lippit, University of California--
     Riverside; Mark C. Long, University of Washington; Pamela 
     Loprest, The Urban Institute; Richard Lotspeich, Indiana 
     State University; Michael C. Lovell, Wesleyan University.
       Milton D. Lower, Stephanie Luce, Labor Center--University 
     of Massachusetts; Jens Ludwig, Georgetown University; Dan 
     Luria, Michigan Manufacturing Technology Center; Lisa M. 
     Lynch, Tufts University; Robert Lynch, Washington College; 
     Arthur MacEwan, University of Massachusetts--Boston; Hasan 
     MacNeil, California State University--Chico; Craig R. 
     MacPhee, University of Nebraska--Lincoln; Janice F. Madden, 
     University of Pennsylvania; Mark H. Maier, Glendale Community 
     College; Jay Mandle, Colgate University; Andrea Maneschi, 
     Vanderbilt University; Dave E. Marcotte, University of 
     Maryland--Baltimore County; Stephen A. Marglin, Harvard 
     University; Robert A. Margo, Vanderbilt University; Stephen 
     V. Marks, Pomona College; Ann R. Markusen, University of 
     Minnesota; Ray Marshall, University of Texas--

[[Page 20992]]

     Austin; Jeffrey Martin; Patrick L. Mason, Florida State 
     University; Julie A. Matthaei, Wellesley College; Peter H. 
     Matthews, Middlebury College; Anne Mayhew, University of 
     Tennessee; Alan K. McAdams, Cornell University.
       Elaine McCrate, University of Vermont; Richard McIntyre, 
     University of Rhode Island; Charles W. McMillion, MBG 
     Information Services; Martin Melkonian, Hofstra University; 
     Seymour Melman, Columbia University; Jo Beth Mertens, Hobart 
     and William Smith Colleges; Clarisse Messemer Lewis, and 
     Clark College; Peter B. Meyer, University of Louisville; 
     Thomas Michl, Colgate University; Edward Miguel, University 
     of California--Berkeley; John A. Miller, Wheaton College; 
     S.M. Miller, Commonwealth Institute; Jerry Miner, Syracuse 
     University; Diane Monaco, Manchester College; Edward B. 
     Montgomery, University of Maryland; Robert E. Moore, Georgia 
     State University; Barbara A. Morgan, Johns Hopkins 
     University; John R. Morris, University of Colorado--Denver; 
     Fred Moseley, Mount Holyoke College; Leon N. Moses, 
     Northwestern University; Philip I. Moss, University of 
     Massachusetts--Lowell; Tracy Mott, University of Denver; 
     Kajal Mukhopadhyay, University of Notre Dame; Alicia H. 
     Munnell, Boston College.
       Richard J. Murnane, Harvard University; Michael Murray, 
     Bates College; Peggy Musgrave, University of California--
     Santa Cruz; Richard A. Musgrave, Harvard University; Ellen 
     Mutari, Richard Stockton College; Michele Naples, The College 
     of New Jersey; Tara Natarajan, St. Michael's College; Julie 
     A. Nelson, Tufts University; Reynold F. Nesiba, Augustana 
     College--Sioux Falls, SD; Egon Neuberger, State University of 
     New York--Stony Brook; Donald A. Nichols, University of 
     Wisconsin--Madison; Laurie Nisonoff, Hampshire College; Emily 
     Northrop, Southwestern University; Leslie Nulty, Carol 
     O'Cleireacain, The Brookings Institution; Seamus 
     O'Cleireacain, State University of New York--Purchase; 
     Stephen A. O'Connell, Swarthmore College.
       William P. O'Dea, State University of New York--Oneonta; 
     Mehmet Odekon Skidmore, College; Amy O'Hara, Erik Olsen, 
     Franklin and Marshall College; Paulette Olson Wright, State 
     University; Paul Ong, University of California--Los Angeles; 
     Van Doorn Ooms, Committee for Economic Development; Douglas 
     V. Orr, Eastern Washington University; Jonathan M. Orszag, 
     Competition Policy Associates, Inc.; Peter Orszag, The 
     Brookings Institution; Paul Osterman, Massachusetts Institute 
     of Technology; Shallanne Osterreich, Ithaca College; Rudolph 
     A. Oswald, George Meany, Labor Studies Center; Spencer J. 
     Pack, Connecticut College; Arnold Packer, Johns Hopkins 
     University; Thomas Palley, US-China Economic and Security 
     Review Commission.
       Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, The Levy Economic Institute of 
     Bard College; James A. Parrott, Fiscal Policy Institute; 
     Manuel Pastor, University of California--Santa Cruz; Eva A. 
     Paus, Mount Holyoke College; Michael Perelman, California 
     State University--Chico; Kenneth R. Peres, Communications 
     Workers of America; George L. Perry, The Brookings 
     Institution; Joseph Persky, University of Illinois--Chicago; 
     Karen A. Pfeifer, Smith College; Ronnie J. Phillips, Colorado 
     State University; Michael J. Piore, Massachusetts Institute 
     of Technology; Steven C. Pitts, University of California--
     Berkeley; Karen R. Polenske, Massachusetts Institute of 
     Technology; Robert Pollin, University of Massachusetts--
     Amherst; Marshall Pomer, Macroeconomic Policy Institute; 
     Marilyn Power, Sarah Lawrence College; Robert E. Prasch, 
     Middlebury College; Lee Price, Economic Policy Institute; 
     Jean L. Pyle, University of Massachusetts--Lowell; Paddy 
     Quick, St. Francis College; John M. Quigley, University of 
     California--Berkeley; Willard W. Radell, Jr., Indiana 
     University of Pennsylvania; Fredric Raines, Washington 
     University; Steven Raphael, University of California--
     Berkeley; Wendy Rayack, Wesleyan University.
       Robert Rebelein, Vassar College; James Rebitzer, Case 
     Western Reserve University; Michael Reich, University of 
     California--Berkeley; Robert B. Reich, Brandeis University; 
     Kenneth A. Reinert, George Mason University; Trudi Renwick, 
     Fiscal Policy Institute; Andrew Reschovsky, University of 
     Wisconsin--Madison; James Reschovsky, Center for Studying 
     Health System Change; Daniel Richards, Tufts University; Tom 
     Riddell, Smith College; Ronald G. Ridker, World Bank; Alice 
     M. Rivlin, The Brookings Institution and Georgetown 
     University; Bruce Roberts, University of Southern Maine; John 
     Roche St. John, Fisher College; Charles P. Rock, Rollins 
     College; William M. Rodgers III, Rutgers University; Dani 
     Rodrik, Harvard University; Frank Roosevelt, Sarah Lawrence 
     College; Howard F Rosen, Trade Adjustment Assistance 
     Coalition; Sumner Rosen, National Jobs for All Coalition and 
     Columbia University; Joshua L. Rosenbloom, University of 
     Kansas; William W. Ross, Fu Associates, Ltd.; Roy J. Rotheim, 
     Skidmore College; Joydeep Roy, Economic Policy Institute; 
     David F. Ruccio, University of Notre Dame; Lynda Rush, 
     California State Polytechnic University--Pomona.
       Vernon W. Ruttan, University of Minnesota; Gregory M. 
     Saltzman, Albion College; Sydney Saltzman, Cornell University 
     and University of Michigan; Saskia Sassen, University of 
     Chicago Law School; Christine Sauer, University of New 
     Mexico; Max Sawicky, Economic Policy Institute; Peter V. 
     Schaeffer, West Virginia University; William C. Schaniel, 
     State University of West Georgia; F M. Scherer, Harvard 
     University; A. Allan Schmid, Michigan State University; 
     Stephen J. Schmidt, Union College; John Schmitt, 17th Street 
     Economics; Juliet Schor, Boston College; Charles L. Schultze, 
     The Brookings Institution; Elliot Sclar, Columbia University; 
     Allen J. Scott, University of California, Los Angeles; Bruce 
     R. Scott, Harvard Business School; Robert Scott, Economic 
     Policy Institute; Stephanie Seguino, University of Vermont; 
     Lawrence Seidman, University of Delaware; Jean Shackelford, 
     Bucknell University; Harley Shaiken, University of 
     California--Berkeley; Philip Shapira, Georgia Institute of 
     Technology; Robert J. Shapiro, Sonecon LLC; Mohammed Sharif, 
     University of Rhode Island; Lois B. Shaw, Institute for 
     Women's Policy Research; Bertram Silverman, Hofstra 
     University; Stephen J. Silvia, American University.
       Margaret C. Simms, Joint Center for Political and Economic 
     Studies; Michael Simmons, North Carolina A&T State 
     University; Betty F. Slade, Courtenay Slater, Timothy M. 
     Smeeding, Center for Policy Research, Syracuse University; 
     Joel Sobel, University of California-San Diego; Martin C. 
     Spechler, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; 
     Marcus Stanley, Case Western Reserve University; James L. 
     Starkey, University of Rhode Island; Howard Stein, University 
     of Michigan; Mary Huff Stevenson, University of 
     Massachusetts-Boston; Michael Storper, University of 
     California-Los Angeles and London School of Economics; Diana 
     Strassmann, Rice University; Myra H. Strober, Stanford 
     University; David M. Sturges, Colgate University; Richard 
     Sutch, University of California-Riverside; Paul A. Swanson, 
     William Paterson University; William Tabb, Queens College; 
     David Terkla, University of Massachusetts-Boston; Ross D. 
     Thomson, University of Vermont; Emanuel D. Thorne, Brooklyn 
     College-City University of New York.
       Jill Tiefenthaler, Colgate University; Thomas H. 
     Tietenberg, Colby College; Chris Tilly, University of 
     Massachusetts-Lowell; Marc R. Tool, California State 
     University-Sacramento; Scott Trees, Siena College; A. Dale 
     Tussing, Syracuse University; Laura D'Andrea Tyson, London 
     Business School; Christopher Udry, Yale University; Daniel A. 
     Underwood, Peninsula College; Lynn Unruh, University of 
     Central Florida; David Vail, Bowdoin College; Marjolein van 
     der Veen, Shoreline Community College; Don Vandegrift, The 
     College of New Jersey; Douglas Vickers, University of 
     Massachusetts; Michael Vogt, Eastern Michigan University; 
     Paula B. Voos, Rutgers University; Mark Votruba, Case Western 
     Reserve University; Jeff Waddoups, University of Nevada-Las 
     Vegas; Matt Warning, University of Puget Sound; Robert W. 
     Wassmer, California State University-Sacramento; Sidney 
     Weintraub, Center for Strategic and International Studies; 
     Mark Weisbrot, Center for Economic and Policy Research; 
     Charles L. Weise, Gettysburg College; Thomas E. Weisskopf, 
     University of Michigan; Christian E. Weller, Center for 
     American Progress; Fred M. Westfield, Vanderbilt University; 
     Charles J. Whalen, Perspectives on Work.
       Melvin I. White, Brooklyn College-City University of New 
     York; Cathleen Whiting, Williamette University; Howard Wial, 
     Keystone Research Center; Charles K. Wilber, University of 
     Notre Dame; Linda Wilcox Young, Southern Oregon University; 
     Arthur R. Williams, John Willoughby, American University; 
     Paul Winters, American University; Barbara L. Wolfe, 
     University of Wisconsin-Madison; Edward Wolff, New York 
     University; Martin Wolfson, University of Notre Dame; Brenda 
     Wyss, Wheaton College; Yavuz Yasar, University of Denver; 
     Carol Zabin, University of California-Berkeley; June Zaccone, 
     National Jobs for All Coalition and Hofstra University; David 
     A. Zalewski, Providence College; Henry W. Zaretsky, Henry W 
     Zaretsky & Associates, Inc.; Lyuba Zarsky, Global Development 
     and Environment Institute-Tufts University; Andrew Zimbalist, 
     Smith College.
       *indicates Nobel Laureates. indicates past 
     presidents of the American Economic Association. Affiliations 
     are provided for identification purposes only and should not 
     be construed as the official view of any of the institutions 
     listed.

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