[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 149 (2003), Part 18]
[Senate]
[Pages 25567-25570]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




                           TEXT OF AMENDMENTS

  SA 1891. Mr. WYDEN (for himself and Mr. Burns) proposed an amendment 
to the bill S. 877, to regulate interstate commerce by imposing 
limitations and penalties on the transmission of unsolicited commercial 
electronic mail via the Internet; as follows:

       On page 37, line 12, after the comma, insert ``whether or 
     not not displayed,''.
       On page 44, line 20, strike ``false or misleading.'' and 
     insert ``materially false or materially misleading.''.
       On page 45, line 2, strike ``misleading; and'' and insert 
     ``materially misleading;''.
       On page 45, line 5, strike ``false or misleading.'' and 
     insert ``materially false or materially misleading; and''.
       On page 45, between lines 5 and 6, insert the following:
       ``(C) if header information attached to a message fails to 
     identify a protected computer used to initiate the message 
     because the person initiating the message knowingly uses 
     another protected computer to relay or retransmit the message 
     for purposes of disguising its origin, then such header 
     information shall be considered materially misleading.''.
       On page 49, between lines 11 and 12, insert the following:
       (6) Materiality defined.--For purposes of paragraph (1), an 
     inaccuracy or omission in header information is material if 
     it would materially impede the ability of a party seeking to 
     allege a violation of this Act to locate the person who 
     initiated the message or to investigate the alleged 
     violation.
       On page 50, beginning in line 24, strike ``establish'' and 
     insert ``register for''.
       On page 51, after line 22, insert the following:
       ``(d) Supplementary Rulemaking Authority.--
       The Commission may by rule--
       ``(1) modify the 10-business-day period under subsection 
     (a)(4)(A) or subsection (a)(4)(B), or both, if the Commission 
     determines that a different period would be more reasonable 
     after taking into account--
       ``(A) the purposes of subsection (a);
       ``(B) the interests of recipients of commercial electronic 
     mail; and
       ``(C) the burdens imposed on senders of lawful commercial 
     electronic mail; and
       ``(2) specify additional activities or practices to which 
     subsection (b) applies if the Commission determines that 
     those activities or practices are contributing substantially 
     to the proliferation of commercial electronic mail messages 
     that are unlawful under subsection (a).''
       On page 58, beginning in line 16, strike ``jurisdiction or 
     in any other court of competent''.
       On page 62, beginning in line 14, strike ``defendant, or in 
     any other court of competent jurisdiction, to--'' and insert 
     ``defendant--''.
       On page 65, beginning in line 7, strike ``for any such 
     statute, regulation, or rule that'' and insert ``to the 
     extent that any such statute, regulation, or rule''.
       On page 65, line 16, strike ``State laws'' and insert 
     ``other State laws to the extent that those laws relate''.
                                 ______
                                 
  SA 1892. Mr. SCHUMER (for himself, Mr. Graham of South Carolina, Mr. 
McCain, and Mr. Hollings) proposed an amendment to the bill S. 877, to 
regulate interstate commerce by imposing limitations and penalties on 
the transmission of unsolicited commercial electronic mail via the 
Internet; as follows:

       On page 66, strike lines 1 through 11 and insert the 
     following:

     SEC. 9. DO-NOT-E-MAIL REGISTRY.

       (a) In General.--Not later than 6 months after the date of 
     enactment of this Act, the Commission shall transmit to the 
     Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and 
     the House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce 
     a report that--
       (1) sets forth a plan and timetable for establishing a 
     nationwide marketing Do-Not-E-mail registry;
       (2) includes an explanation of any practical, technical, 
     security, privacy, enforceability, or other concerns that the 
     Commission has regarding such a registry; and
       (3) includes an explanation of how the registry would be 
     applied with respect to children with e-mail accounts.
       (b) Authorization To Implement.--The Commission may 
     establish and implement the plan, but not earlier than 9 
     months after the date of enactment of this Act.
                                 ______
                                 
  SA 1893. Mr. HATCH (for himself, Mr. Leahy, Mr. Nelson of Florida, 
and Mr. Schumer) proposed an amendment to the bill S. 877, to regulate 
interstate commerce by imposing limitations and penalties on the 
transmission of unsolicited commercial electronic mail via the 
Internet; as follows:

       On page 43, beginning with line 11, strike through the 
     matter appearing between lines 10 and 11 on page 44 and 
     insert the following:

     SEC. 4. PROHIBITION AGAINST PREDATORY AND ABUSIVE COMMERCIAL 
                   E-MAIL.

       (a) Offense.--
       (1) In general.--Chapter 47 of title 18, United States 
     Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new 
     section:

[[Page 25568]]



     ``Sec. 1037. Fraud and related activity in connection with 
       electronic mail

       ``(a) In General.--Whoever, in or affecting interstate or 
     foreign commerce, knowingly--
       ``(1) accesses a protected computer without authorization, 
     and intentionally initiates the transmission of multiple 
     commercial electronic mail messages from or through such 
     computer,
       ``(2) uses a protected computer to relay or retransmit 
     multiple commercial electronic mail messages, with the intent 
     to deceive or mislead recipients, or any Internet access 
     service, as to the origin of such messages,
       ``(3) falsifies header information in multiple commercial 
     electronic mail messages and intentionally initiates the 
     transmission of such messages,
       ``(4) registers, using information that falsifies the 
     identity of the actual registrant, for 5 or more electronic 
     mail accounts or online user accounts or 2 or more domain 
     names, and intentionally initiates the transmission of 
     multiple commercial electronic mail messages from any 
     combination of such accounts or domain names, or
       ``(5) falsely represents the right to use 5 or more 
     Internet protocol addresses, and intentionally initiates the 
     transmission of multiple commercial electronic mail messages 
     from such addresses,

     or conspires to do so, shall be punished as provided in 
     subsection (b).
       ``(b) Penalties.--The punishment for an offense under 
     subsection (a) is--
       ``(1) a fine under this title, imprisonment for more than 5 
     years, or both, if--
       ``(A) the offense is committed in furtherance of any felony 
     under the laws of the United States or of any State; or
       ``(B) the defendant has previously been convicted under 
     this section or section 1030, or under the law of any State 
     for conduct involving the transmission of multiple commercial 
     electronic mail messages or unauthorized access to a computer 
     system;
       ``(2) a fine under this title, imprisonment for not more 
     than 3 years, or both, if--
       ``(A) the offense is an offense under subsection (a)(1);
       ``(B) the offense is an offense under sub-section (a)(4) 
     and involved 20 or more falsified electronic mail or online 
     user account registrations, or 10 or more falsified domain 
     name registrations;
       ``(C) the volume of electronic mail messages transmitted in 
     furtherance of the offense exceeded 2,500 during any 24-hour 
     period, 25,000 during any 30-day period, or 250,000 during 
     any 1-year period;
       ``(D) the offense caused loss to 1 or more persons 
     aggregating $5,000 or more in value during any 1-year period;
       ``(E) as a result of the offense any individual committing 
     the offense obtained anything of value aggregating $5,000 or 
     more during any 1-year period; or
       ``(F) the offense was undertaken by the defendant in 
     concert with 3 or more other persons with respect to whom the 
     defendant occupied a position of organizer or leader; and
       ``(3) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more 
     than 1 year, or both, in any other case.
       ``(c) Forfeiture.--
       ``(1) In general.--The court, in imposing sentence on a 
     person who is convicted of an offense under this section, 
     shall order that the defendant forfeit to the United States--
       ``(A) any property, real or personal, constituting or 
     traceable to gross proceeds obtained from such offense; and
       ``(B) any equipment, software, or other technology used or 
     intended to be used to commit or to facilitate the commission 
     of such offense.
       ``(2) Procedures.--The procedures set forth in section 413 
     of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 853), other than 
     subsection (d) of that section, and in Rule 32.2 of the 
     Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, shall apply to all 
     stages of a criminal forfeiture proceeding under this 
     section.
       ``(d) Definitions.--In this section:
       ``(1) Loss.--The term `loss' has the meaning given that 
     term in section 1030(e) of this title.
       ``(2) Multiple.--The term `multiple' means more than 100 
     electronic mail messages during a 24-hour period, more than 
     1,000 electronic mail messages during a 30-day period, or 
     more than 10,000 electronic mail messages during a 1-year 
     period.
       ``(3) Other terms.--Any other term has the meaning given 
     that term by section 3 of the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003.''.
       (2) Conforming amendment.--The chapter analysis for chapter 
     47 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at 
     the end the following:

``Sec. 1037. Fraud and related activity in connection with electronic 
              mail.''.

       (b) United States Sentencing Commission.--
       (1) Directive.--Pursuant to its authority under section 
     994(p) of title 28, United States Code, and in accordance 
     with this section, the United States Sentencing Commission 
     shall review and, as appropriate, amend the sentencing 
     guidelines and policy statements to provide appropriate 
     penalties for violations of section 1037 of title 18, United 
     States Code, as added by this section, and other offenses 
     that may be facilitated by the sending of large quantities of 
     unsolicited electronic mail.
       (2) Requirements.--In carrying out this subsection, the 
     Sentencing Commission shall consider providing sentencing 
     enhancements for--
       (A) those convicted under section 1037 of title 18, United 
     States Code, who--
       (i) obtained electronic mail addresses through improper 
     means, including--
       (I) harvesting electronic mail addresses of the users of a 
     website, proprietary service, or other online public forum 
     operated by another person, without the authorization of such 
     person; and
       (II) randomly generating electronic mail addresses by 
     computer; or
       (ii) knew that the commercial electronic mail messages 
     involved in the offense contained or advertised an Internet 
     domain for which the registrant of the domain had provided 
     false registration information; and
       (B) those convicted of other offenses, including offenses 
     involving fraud, identity theft, obscenity, child 
     pornography, and the sexual exploitation of children, if such 
     offenses involved the sending of large quantities of 
     unsolicited electronic mail.
       (c) Sense of Congress.--It is the sense of Congress that--
       (1) Spam has become the method of choice for those who 
     distribute pornography, perpetrate fraudulent schemes, and 
     introduce viruses, worms, and Trojan horses into personal and 
     business computer systems; and
       (2) the Department of Justice should use all existing law 
     enforcement tools to investigate and prosecute those who send 
     bulk commercial e-mail to facilitate the commission of 
     Federal crimes, including the tools contained in chapters 47 
     and 63 of title 18, United States Code (relating to fraud and 
     false statements); chapter 71 of title 18, United States Code 
     (relating to obscenity); chapter 110 of title 18, United 
     States Code (relating to the sexual exploitation of 
     children); and chapter 95 of title 18, United States Code 
     (relating to racketeering), as appropriate.
                                 ______
                                 
  SA 1894. Mr. McCAIN (for Mr. Enzi (for himself, Mr. Santorum, and Mr. 
Hatch)) proposed an amendment to the bill S. 877, to regulate 
interstate commerce by imposing limitations and penalties on the 
transmission of unsolicited commercial electronic mail via the 
Internet; as follows:

       On page 51, after line 22, insert the following:
       (d) Requirement To Place Warning Labels on Commercial 
     Electronic Mail Containing Sexually Oriented Material.--
       (1) In general.--No person may initiate in or affecting 
     interstate commerce the transmission, to a protected 
     computer, of any unsolicited commercial electronic mail 
     message that includes sexually oriented material and--
       (A) fail to include in subject heading for the electronic 
     mail message the marks or notices prescribed by the 
     Commission under this subsection; or
       (B) fail to provide that the matter in the message that is 
     initially viewable to the recipient, when the message is 
     opened by any recipient and absent any further actions by the 
     recipient, includes only--
       (i) to the extent required or authorized pursuant to 
     paragraph (2), any such marks or notices;
       (ii) the information required to be included in the message 
     pursuant to subsection (a)(5); and
       (iii) instructions on how to access, or a mechanism to 
     access, the sexually oriented material.
       (2) Prescription of marks and notices.--Not later than 120 
     days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 
     Commission in consultation with the Attorney General shall 
     prescribe clearly identifiable marks or notices to be 
     included in or associated with unsolicited commercial 
     electronic mail that contains sexually oriented material, in 
     order to inform the recipient of that fact and to facilitate 
     filtering of such electronic mail. The Commission shall 
     publish in the Federal Register and provide notice to the 
     public of the marks or notices prescribed under this 
     paragraph.
       (3) Definition.--In this subsection, the term ``sexually 
     oriented material'' means any material that depicts sexually 
     explicit conduct (as that term is defined in section 2256 of 
     title 18, United States Code), unless the depiction 
     constitutes a small and insignificant part of the whole, the 
     remainder of which is not primarily devoted to sexual 
     matters.
       (4) Penalty.--A violation of paragraph (1) is punishable as 
     if it were a violation of section 1037(a) of title 18, United 
     States Code.
                                 ______
                                 
  SA 1895. Mr. HARKIN proposed an amendment to the bill S. 877, to 
regulate interstate commerce by imposing limitations and penalties on 
the transmission of unsolicited commercial electronic mail via the 
Internet; as follows:

       At the appropriate place add the following:

     SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

       This title may be cited as the ``Training for Realtime 
     Writers Act of 2003''.

     SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

       Congress makes the following findings:

[[Page 25569]]

       (1) As directed by Congress in section 723 of the 
     Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 613), as added by 
     section 305 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (Public Law 
     104-104; 110 Stat. 126), the Federal Communications 
     Commission adopted rules requiring closed captioning of most 
     television programming, which gradually require new video 
     programming to be fully captioned beginning in 2006.
       (2) More than 28,000,000 Americans, or 8 percent of the 
     population, are considered deaf or hard of hearing, and many 
     require captioning services to participate in mainstream 
     activities.
       (3) More than 24,000 children are born in the United States 
     each year with some form of hearing loss.
       (4) According to the Department of Health and Human 
     Services and a study done by the National Council on Aging--
       (A) 25 percent of Americans over 65 years old are hearing 
     impaired;
       (B) 33 percent of Americans over 70 years old are hearing 
     impaired; and
       (C) 41 percent of Americans over 75 years old are hearing 
     impaired.
       (5) The National Council on Aging study also found that 
     depression in older adults may be directly related to hearing 
     loss and disconnection with the spoken word.
       (6) Empirical research demonstrates that captions improve 
     the performance of individuals learning to read English and, 
     according to numerous Federal agency statistics, could 
     benefit--
       (A) 3,700,000 remedial readers;
       (B) 12,000,000 young children learning to read;
       (C) 27,000,000 illiterate adults; and
       (D) 30,000,000 people for whom English is a second 
     language.
       (7) Over the past 5 years, student enrollment in programs 
     that train court reporters to become realtime writers has 
     decreased significantly, causing such programs to close on 
     many campuses.

     SEC. 3. AUTHORIZATION OF GRANT PROGRAM TO PROMOTE TRAINING 
                   AND JOB PLACEMENT OF REALTIME WRITERS.

       (a) In General.--The National Telecommunications and 
     Information Administration shall make competitive grants to 
     eligible entities under subsection (b) to promote training 
     and placement of individuals, including individuals who have 
     completed a court reporting training program, as realtime 
     writers in order to meet the requirements for closed 
     captioning of video programming set forth in section 723 of 
     the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 613) and the rules 
     prescribed thereunder.
       (b) Eligible Entities.--For purposes of this Act, an 
     eligible entity is a court reporting program that--
       (1) can document and demonstrate to the Secretary of 
     Commerce that it meets minimum standards of educational and 
     financial accountability, with a curriculum capable of 
     training realtime writers qualified to provide captioning 
     services;
       (2) is accredited by an accrediting agency recognized by 
     the Department of Education; and
       (3) is participating in student aid programs under title IV 
     of the Higher Education Act of 1965.
       (c) Priority in Grants.--In determining whether to make 
     grants under this section, the Secretary of Commerce shall 
     give a priority to eligible entities that, as determined by 
     the Secretary of Commerce--
       (1) possess the most substantial capability to increase 
     their capacity to train realtime writers;
       (2) demonstrate the most promising collaboration with local 
     educational institutions, businesses, labor organizations, or 
     other community groups having the potential to train or 
     provide job placement assistance to realtime writers; or
       (3) propose the most promising and innovative approaches 
     for initiating or expanding training and job placement 
     assistance efforts with respect to realtime writers.
       (d) Duration of Grant.--A grant under this section shall be 
     for a period of two years.
       (e) Maximum Amount of Grant.--The amount of a grant 
     provided under subsection (a) to an entity eligible may not 
     exceed $1,500,000 for the two-year period of the grant under 
     subsection (d).

     SEC. 4. APPLICATION.

       (a) In General.--To receive a grant under section 3, an 
     eligible entity shall submit an application to the National 
     Telecommunications and Information Administration at such 
     time and in such manner as the Administration may require. 
     The application shall contain the information set forth under 
     subsection (b).
       (b) Information.--Information in the application of an 
     eligible entity under subsection (a) for a grant under 
     section 3 shall include the following:
       (1) A description of the training and assistance to be 
     funded using the grant amount, including how such training 
     and assistance will increase the number of realtime writers.
       (2) A description of performance measures to be utilized to 
     evaluate the progress of individuals receiving such training 
     and assistance in matters relating to enrollment, completion 
     of training, and job placement and retention.
       (3) A description of the manner in which the eligible 
     entity will ensure that recipients of scholarships, if any, 
     funded by the grant will be employed and retained as realtime 
     writers.
       (4) A description of the manner in which the eligible 
     entity intends to continue providing the training and 
     assistance to be funded by the grant after the end of the 
     grant period, including any partnerships or arrangements 
     established for that purpose.
       (5) A description of how the eligible entity will work with 
     local workforce investment boards to ensure that training and 
     assistance to be funded with the grant will further local 
     workforce goals, including the creation of educational 
     opportunities for individuals who are from economically 
     disadvantaged backgrounds or are displaced workers.
       (6) Additional information, if any, of the eligibility of 
     the eligible entity for priority in the making of grants 
     under section 3(c).
       (7) Such other information as the Administration may 
     require.

     SEC. 5. USE OF FUNDS.

       (a) In General.--An eligible entity receiving a grant under 
     section 3 shall use the grant amount for purposes relating to 
     the recruitment, training and assistance, and job placement 
     of individuals, including individuals who have completed a 
     court reporting training program, as realtime writers, 
     including--
       (1) recruitment;
       (2) subject to subsection (b), the provision of 
     scholarships;
       (3) distance learning;
       (4) development of curriculum to more effectively train 
     realtime writing skills, and education in the knowledge 
     necessary for the delivery of high-quality closed captioning 
     services;
       (5) assistance in job placement for upcoming and recent 
     graduates with all types of captioning employers;
       (6) encouragement of individuals with disabilities to 
     pursue a career in realtime writing; and
       (7) the employment and payment of personnel for such 
     purposes.
       (b) Scholarships.--
       (1) Amount.--The amount of a scholarship under subsection 
     (a)(2) shall be based on the amount of need of the recipient 
     of the scholarship for financial assistance, and determined 
     in accordance with part F of title IV of the Higher Education 
     Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1087kk).
       (2) Agreement.--Each recipient of a scholarship under 
     subsection (a)(2) shall enter into an agreement with the 
     National Telecommunications and Information Administration to 
     provide realtime writing services for a period of time (as 
     determined by the Administration) that is appropriate (as so 
     determined) for the amount of the scholarship received.
       (3) Coursework and employment.--The Administration shall 
     establish requirements for coursework and employment for 
     recipients of scholarships under subsection (a)(2), including 
     requirements for repayment of scholarship amounts in the 
     event of failure to meet such requirements for coursework and 
     employment. Requirements for repayment of scholarship amounts 
     shall take into account the effect of economic conditions on 
     the capacity of scholarship recipients to find work as 
     realtime writers.
       (c) Adminstrative Costs.--The recipient of a grant under 
     section 3 may not use more than 5 percent of the grant amount 
     to pay administrative costs associated with activities funded 
     by the grant.
       (d) Supplement not Supplant.--Grants amounts under this Act 
     shall supplement and not supplant other Federal or non-
     Federal funds of the grant recipient for purposes of 
     promoting the training and placement of individuals as 
     realtime writers.

     SEC. 6. REPORTS.

       (a) Annual Reports.--Each eligible entity receiving a grant 
     under section 3 shall submit to the National 
     Telecommunications and Information Administration, at the end 
     of each year of the grant period, a report on the activities 
     of such entity with respect to the use of grant amounts 
     during such year.
       (b) Report Information.--
       (1) In general.--Each report of an entity for a year under 
     subsection (a) shall include a description of the use of 
     grant amounts by the entity during such year, including an 
     assessment by the entity of the effectiveness of activities 
     carried out using such funds in increasing the number of 
     realtime writers. The assessment shall utilize the 
     performance measures submitted by the entity in the 
     application for the grant under section 4(b).
       (2) Final report.--The final report of an entity on a grant 
     under subsection (a) shall include a description of the best 
     practices identified by the entity as a result of the grant 
     for increasing the number of individuals who are trained, 
     employed, and retained in employment as realtime writers.

     SEC. 7. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

       There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this 
     Act, amounts as follows:
       (1) $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2004, 2005, and 
     2006.
       (2) Such sums as may be necessary for fiscal year 2007.
                                 ______
                                 
  SA 1896. Mr. McCAIN (for Mr. Corzine (for himself and Mr. Graham of 
South Carolina)) proposed an amendment to the bill S. 877, to regulate

[[Page 25570]]

interstate commerce by imposing limitations and penalties on the 
transmission of unsolicited commercial electronic mail via the 
Internet; as follows:

       At the appropriate place, insert the following:

     SEC. __. IMPROVING ENFORCEMENT BY PROVIDING REWARDS FOR 
                   INFORMATION ABOUT VIOLATIONS; LABELING.

       (a) In General.--The Commission shall transmit to the 
     Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and 
     the House of Representatives Committee on Energy and 
     Commerce--
       (1) a report, within 9 months after the date of enactment 
     of this Act, that sets forth a system for rewarding those who 
     supply information about violations of this Act, including--
       (A) procedures for the Commission to grant a reward of not 
     less than 20 percent of the total civil penalty collected for 
     a violation of this Act to the first person that--
       (i) identifies the person in violation of this Act; and
       (ii) supplies information that leads to the successful 
     collection of a civil penalty by the Commission; and
       (B) procedures to minimize the burden of submitting a 
     complaint to the Commission concerning violations of this 
     Act, including procedures to allow the electronic submission 
     of complaints to the Commission; and
       (1) a report, within 18 months after the date of enactment 
     of this Act, that sets forth a plan for requiring unsolicited 
     commercial electronic mail to be identifiable from its 
     subject line, by means of compliance with Internet 
     Engineering Task Force standards, the use of the characters 
     ``ADV'' in the subject line, or other comparable identifier, 
     or an explanation of any concerns the Commission has that 
     cause the Commission to recommend against the plan.
       (b) Implementation of Reward System.--The Commission may 
     establish and implement the plan under subsection (a)(1), but 
     not earlier than 12 months after the date of enactment of 
     this Act.
                                 ______
                                 
  SA 1897. Mr. FRIST (for Mr. Bunning) proposed an amendment to the 
concurrent resolution S. Con. Res. 21, expressing the sense of the 
Congress that community inclusion and enhanced lives for individuals 
with mental retardation or other developmental disabilities is at 
serious risk because of the crisis in recruiting and retaining direct 
support professionals, which impedes the availability of a stable, 
quality direct support workforce; as follows:

       In section 2, strike ``ensure'' and insert ``promote''.
                                 ______
                                 
  SA 1898. Mr. FRIST (for Mr. Bunning) proposed an amendment to the 
concurrent resolution S. Con. Res. 21, expressing the sense of the 
Congress that community inclusion and enhanced lives for individuals 
with mental retardation or other development disabilities is at serious 
risk because of the crisis in recruiting and retaining direct support 
professionals, which impedes the availability of a stable, quality 
direct support workforce; as follows:

       In the first whereas clause of the preamble, before the 
     semicolon, insert ``, including mental retardation, autism, 
     cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, epilepsy, and other related 
     conditions''.
       Strike the second whereas clause of the preamble.
       Strike the eighth whereas clause of the preamble.
       Strike the ninth whereas clause of the preamble.

     

                          ____________________