[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 148 (2002), Part 8]
[House]
[Pages 10732-10738]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]




              CELEBRATING THE 30TH ANNIVERSARY OF TITLE IX

  The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the Speaker's announced policy of 
January 3, 2001, the gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink) is recognized 
for 60 minutes as the designee of the minority leader.
  Mrs. MINK of Hawaii. Mr. Speaker, I am here on the floor today to 
mark the 30th anniversary of title IX, which was a part of the 
Education Amendments Act of 1972 signed into law on June 23, 1972, 30 
years ago. The few pages of title IX set a policy for the United States 
in all areas of education: elementary, secondary, higher education, 
graduate education; a policy that set forth explicitly that no 
institution should discriminate against girls or women in the courses 
and programs that they offered at these institutions, if that 
institution received Federal funds. That was 1972.
  Remarkably, in a very short period of time, the institutions across 
America paid attention to these few words in title IX and we began to 
see some very remarkable changes in our schools, in the programs that 
were being offered, the number of women that were enrolled in programs 
that prior to that, one could rarely ever see women students, 
especially in graduate programs. And they won fellowships and they had 
opportunities made available to them that were unheard of before 1972.
  A number of Members of the House had indicated to me that they were 
going to join in this recognition of title IX and the celebration of 
the 30th anniversary. But because we were called earlier and the 
program of the House ended at an early hour, many of these Members 
probably are not here to be a part of it, but I know that they will be 
including their remarks as part of this celebration today.
  Mr. Speaker, I yield to the gentlewoman from California (Ms. Roybal-
Allard).
  Ms. ROYBAL-ALLARD. Mr. Speaker, I am delighted to join my colleagues 
to commemorate title IX's 30th anniversary. First I commend my 
colleague and friend, the gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink), as well 
as former Oregon Congresswoman Edith Green for their invaluable 
contributions and commitment to improving the lives of women in this 
country. These two incredible women were the guiding spirit behind 
title IX, the landmark legislation that bans schools from 
discriminating on the basis of sex in academics and athletics.
  Title IX was necessitated by the fact that many of our schools were 
denying young women the opportunity to develop to their full potential 
by putting strict limits on their enrollment or by refusing to admit 
them at all. While the law applies to all education programs and 
schools receiving Federal aid, it is best known for expanding athletic 
opportunities for women.
  Since title IX's passage in 1971, girls' participation in high school 
athletics has increased an astonishing 847 percent. As a result, today, 
one in three girls play varsity sports, compared to only one in 27 in 
1972.
  The impact on collegiate athletics level has also been incredible. 
For instance, when title IX was first passed, there were 31,000 women 
participating in intercollegiate athletics. Today, over 150,000 women 
compete in college-level sports, an increase of over 400 percent.
  Athletic activity has been a key component in helping young girls to 
develop important skills such as competitiveness, teamwork, and 
perseverance, qualities that are so critical to succeeding in today's 
society. As a result, since the passage of title IX, we have seen 
significant increases in women's educational achievements as well.
  For example, in the year 2000, 43 percent of medical degrees were 
awarded to women, compared to 9 percent in 1972; 46 percent of law 
degrees were earned by women, compared to 7 percent in 1972; and 44 
percent of all doctoral degrees went to American women, up from 25 
percent in 1977.
  Furthermore, title IX has proven that athletics is also a catalyst 
for success in the workplace. A recent study entitled ``From the Locker 
Room to the Board Room: A Survey on Sports and in the Lives of Women 
Business Executives,'' surveyed America's top business executives and 
found that more than four out of five executive business women played 
sports growing up.
  Further, the vast majority of these women reported that lessons 
learned on the playing field have contributed to their success in 
business.
  For instance, of the women who played organized sports after grade 
school, 86 percent said sports helped them to be more disciplined, 81 
percent said sports helped them to function better as part of a team, 
and 59 percent said sports gave them a competitive edge over others.

[[Page 10733]]

  Clearly, title IX's influence on the lives of girls and women extends 
far beyond the playing field. It has provided them with the opportunity 
to gain so many of the skills that are essential to succeeding in life.
  Therefore, on the 30th anniversary of title IX, it gives me great 
pleasure to recognize the critical role title IX has played in securing 
women's equality in sports, in academics, in the workplace, and in 
life.

                              {time}  1515

  Mrs. MINK of Hawaii. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman for her 
contribution. I lived with title IX every day of my life since 1972; 
and to understand that it has been 30 years, it is pretty hard to 
fathom, but I deeply appreciate my colleagues coming to the floor and 
sharing their own observations about title IX and helping to be a part 
of this recognition today.
  I yield to the gentlewoman from California (Ms. Woolsey).
  Ms. WOOLSEY. Mr. Speaker, I am pleased to join my colleagues who will 
come and go to talk about title IX today, but I am particularly honored 
to join with the gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink), the author of 
title IX, on the 30th anniversary of this great program that would not 
have happened without her. I thank my friend from Hawaii also for 
organizing this trip tonight.
  When most people think of title IX, they think of women's sports; and 
the impact of title IX on women's sports can clearly be seen all over 
the Nation. Title IX has increased numbers of girls and women who 
participate in sports in high school and in college. Title IX has 
contributed to the impressive achievements of American female athletes 
at the Olympic Games, and we can see the impact of title IX when we 
watch professional women's basketball and soccer teams on television 
and on the field.
  Title IX is an important player on every woman's sports team, but 
title IX has another important role to play and that is in the 
classroom, particularly in vocational and technical education classes. 
Last week The Washington Post and other newspapers reported on a survey 
that the National Women's Law Center did on vocational and technical 
education programs in America. The results of the survey reveal that 
pervasive sex segregation in vocational and technical education 
programs all around the country still exist. That is bad news. The 
survey found that girls are still clustered in classes which lead to 
traditionally female jobs such as cosmetology, child care, health or 
fashion technology. On the other hand, classes in carpentry, 
electronics, and automotive programs were 85 percent male.
  There is a reason why the results of this survey made the newspaper. 
It is newsworthy because women make up close to half of the American 
workforce and many of these working women are supporting families and 
many of these working women are single moms supporting families. Sixty-
six percent of mothers with children under age 6 are working outside 
the home. Seventy-seven percent of mothers of school-age children have 
jobs. Most families today, whether they have two parents or a single 
parent, rely on a woman's income; but that income will be considerably 
less if the woman is earning a median hourly wage of $8.49 an hour as 
opposed to working as a plumber who can earn an hourly wage of $30.06.
  While the survey reported in the newspapers collected its data from 
high schools, the problem does not stop in high school. A report from 
the National Center for Education Statistics in the Department of 
Education entitled ``Vocational Education in the United States Toward 
the Year 2000'' shows that in associate degree programs at the 
postsecondary level, women are almost four times as likely as men to 
major in health fields and office fields. In contrast, the male 
students in postsecondary vocational education programs are five times 
more likely than women to major in technical education and 14 times 
more likely, 14 times more likely to major in trade and industry 
programs.
  Thank goodness we have title IX to address the inequities like this. 
The National Women's Law Center has filed legal petitions in all 12 
regions of the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights, 
requesting investigations into whether vocational and technical high 
schools and classes violate title IX. They are also asking that action 
be taken to remedy all conduct that does not comply with title IX law.
  As we move into the 21st century with employers demanding more high-
skilled and better-educated workers and more families relying on a 
woman's income, it is a moral crime to ignore the evidence of stark and 
ongoing sex segregation in vocational and technical education programs. 
Title IX makes it a legal crime, and gives us the tools we need to 
right this wrong.
  Happy anniversary, title IX. Much has been accomplished in 30 years, 
and much is left undone.
  I look forward to working with my colleague, the gentlewoman from 
Hawaii (Mrs. Mink) in making some of these things right.
  Mrs. MINK of Hawaii. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman for her 
contributions. Certainly the challenges she has laid before the House 
and before this Nation need to be heeded.
  I am delighted now to yield to my colleague, the gentlewoman from 
California (Mrs. Davis), who is also on the Committee on Education and 
the Workforce.
  Mrs. DAVIS of California. Mr. Speaker, Friday morning, many Americans 
will be getting up early to root for the U.S. Men's Soccer Team, which 
quite unexpectedly has reached the final eight in the World Cup soccer 
competition. This is the best men's effort in more than 70 years.
  But who can forget the thrilling matches and win of the U.S. Women's 
Soccer Team in the 2000 World Cup? We all have visions of the 
celebratory leaps of joy and the news magazine cover pictures that 
followed. While the women's success preceded the men's current 
victories, who can question that this prominence would never have 
happened in a women's sport had it not been for the passage of title 
IX, the tradition-breaking measure that said women deserve an equal 
opportunity to excel according to their talents, not their opportunity?
  I am honored to speak in celebration of this 30th anniversary of 
title IX to the education amendments of 1972 at this podium following 
the distinguished gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink), who has been a 
champion of the implementation of title IX for many years, monitoring, 
nurturing, and nudging its realization.
  Sports have grabbed the headlines as the comparison of women's 
opportunity with men's. Indeed, for women who graduated from college 
before 1972, we know full well how little girls were encouraged to 
succeed at male endeavors, not only in sports but in math and science, 
politics and economics, medicine and the law.
  We can see the impact, not only of increased opportunity because of 
this legislation, but also of the example of those pioneering women in 
space, in the Supreme Court, increasingly as CEOs of major companies, 
and yes, as Members of Congress who serve as role models for the 
expectations of young women today.
  But we cannot be proud. Career education received a grade of D on the 
report card on gender equity reported by the National Coalition for 
Women and Girls in Education. We must multiply our efforts to assure 
that girls have the same educational opportunities, and thus career 
opportunities, as boys.
  As Members of Congress, we must reach out to young women's groups, 
and to those women who have tested the campaign waters to run for 
school boards, for city councils and county boards of supervisors; and 
we must mentor and encourage them to aspire to all seats in government.
  In the California Assembly, I experienced the great difference it 
made to agendas, to leadership positions, and the style of politics 
when women became 25 percent of our body. I can only imagine what it 
would feel like here in the House of Representatives if there were 109 
women out of 435, instead of 59. How important it would be to the 
national agenda if the Senate had moved not from nine and counting to

[[Page 10734]]

13 in the last election, but to 25. What if women were represented by 
their proportion of the population? What if there were more women 
Governors, and yes, candidates for President and Vice President?
  Title IX has changed our culture in many ways in these 30 years. The 
women of America must move forward together to assure even greater 
results in the next 30.
  Mrs. MINK of Hawaii. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman from 
California for coming to the floor and sharing with us all of her 
challenges and contributions.
  Mr. Speaker, next I yield to the distinguished gentleman from 
Illinois (Mr. Davis), who has joined us here today to participate in 
this 30th anniversary celebration of title IX.
  Mr. DAVIS of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, I want to thank the gentlewoman 
from Hawaii for yielding to me, but also for bringing to light and 
sharing with all of America the importance of this 30th year 
anniversary.
  I happen to be one who believes that there ought to be absolute 
equality in all endeavors in all walks of life. I am amazed, as a 
matter of fact, sometimes when I recall even the Preamble to our 
Constitution, when we say, ``We hold these truths to be self-evident, 
that all men are created equal,'' and at the same time, we left out 
women. Some people would suggest that when they said ``men'' they meant 
women as well, but I am not always sure of that.
  As a matter of fact, we can look at what the experiences have been, 
that even today women, for the same work, with the same training, earn 
less than 75 percent of what men earn for doing the same work with the 
same training, the same experiences.
  America is a great Nation. We have made lots of progress and we have 
come a long way, but we still have much further to go. I do not think 
we will ever get where we need to be unless we reinforce all of those 
processes that we have used to get us where we are.
  I want to commend the gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink) and 
congratulate and all of my colleagues who take the floor and talk about 
this achievement, and also let us know that we have to keep going, 
because if we do not, we can always slip back.
  So I commend the gentlewoman and join with her and all of my 
colleagues in expressing appreciation for the enactment of title IX. Of 
course, we have to keep it alive; we have to make sure that it is well; 
and we have to keep working so that there is in fact equality across 
the board without regard to race, gender, ethnicity, or any other form 
of origin.
  Mrs. MINK of Hawaii. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman for taking 
the time to come and be part of this recognition. It is so important to 
recognize that in the 30 years much has been accomplished, but we still 
need to do much, much more in order to achieve that equality for girls 
and women in our society.
  Mr. Speaker, I am especially pleased now to yield to the gentlewoman 
from California (Ms. Waters), who is here to join us in this hour of 
recognition for title IX.
  Ms. WATERS. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman for yielding to me.
  Mr. Speaker, I am pleased to be here with my colleague, the 
gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink), in order to celebrate the 30-year 
anniversary of title IX. I would like to take this moment to thank her 
for her leadership, for what she has done for girls and women in this 
country.
  This month, we celebrate the 30th anniversary of the passage of title 
IX of the education amendments of 1972. The achievements we have made 
since then are impressive and worth celebrating. The percentage of 
bachelor's degrees awarded to women has increased from 44 percent in 
1971-1972 to 56 percent in 1997 and 1998. The percentage of doctorates 
awarded to women has increased by nearly 30 percent, from 16 percent in 
1971-1972 to 42 percent in 1997-1998.
  Women and girls have made strides in athletics, also. In 1971, girls 
comprised a mere 7 percent of high school varsity athletes. Last year, 
the figure had increased by 847 percent, to 41.5 percent of all 
athletes.
  At the college level, the change is also very dramatic. There was a 
403 percent increase between 1971 and 2001 in the participation of 
women in intercollegiate sports, from 2 percent in 1971 to 43 percent 
just last year.

                              {time}  1530

  Meanwhile, men's participation levels at both the high school and the 
college level have also increased, contrary to reports that imply the 
gains for women have come at the cost of losses for men.
  Improvements have also been made within the government. Until 
recently, only four Federal agencies had complied with the requirement 
that they issue rules regarding title IX. However, in August 2000 the 
Department of Justice issued final regulations for 20 Federal agencies. 
These new regulations provide Federal executive branch agencies with 
the means to enforce title IX's prohibition against sex discrimination.
  Unfortunately, not enough has changed. There are continued efforts to 
diminish the gains women and girls have made under title IX. For 
example, critics of title IX argue that colleges and universities have 
been forced to eliminate men's teams in order to fund women's teams. 
This ignores the fact that women's teams have been cut, too, as needed 
by school budgets, et cetera.
  The argument also dismisses the fact that in 1999, for example, men's 
sports and intercollegiate athletics received greater funding across 
the board. Disparities existed for scholarships, recruiting, head coach 
salaries and operating expenses. In some categories, the funding for 
men was twice that of women.
  Other efforts to dismantle title IX include funding cuts and a rise 
in lawsuits, seeking to roll back title IX protections. Recently, the 
National Wrestling Coaches Association and other groups filed suit to 
challenge the United States Department of Education's interpretations 
of title IX. While I applaud President Bush's call to seek dismissal of 
this suit, I am dismayed that the President has not been supportive of 
title IX in other ways.
  For example, President Bush's 2003 budget allocates no funding to the 
Women's Educational Equity Act, which is the only Federal program 
specifically focused on increasing educational opportunities for 
females. In addition, the Republican presidential agenda for the 2000 
election included attacks on title IX and gender equity, and while 
women and girls have gained a great deal since 1972, there are still 
gaps in every area.
  Wage parity has not been achieved. The average salary for women 
professors in 1971 was $11,649, only 91 percent of women's average of 
earnings at that time of $12,768. Thirty years later, the average 
salary for women full professors had fallen to a mere 88 percent of 
men's earnings. Women associates and assistant professors earned only 
92 percent of what their male counterparts earned. These salary gaps 
exist for teachers and principals in elementary and secondary education 
as well.
  Women continue to lag in educational degrees received. We are 
underrepresented in traditionally male fields such as math and science, 
ones that have greater earning potential. For example, women earn only 
39 percent of physical science degrees, 27 percent of computers and 
information sciences degrees and 18 percent of engineering degrees. 
This disparity is even greater in doctoral degree programs. There, 
women received only 26 percent of doctorate degrees in mathematics, 16 
percent in computers and information sciences, and 12 percent in 
engineering-related technologies. Not only does this negatively affect 
the women themselves, but also it creates a void for young girls who 
need role models in these fields.
  Females are also underrepresented in athletics. We are drastically 
underrepresented in coaching positions and as athletic directors. Even 
head coaches of women's teams are filled by males more often than by 
females, in Division I, II and III schools. Girls still have 30 percent 
fewer opportunities to participate in high school and college sports 
than boys. When viewed in light of all of the positive attributes of 
physical

[[Page 10735]]

activity, including psychological, sociological and physical benefits, 
this lack of opportunity is troubling.
  As we stand here today, we can be pleased and proud of the progress 
that has been made in attaining gender equity in education, employment 
and athletics, but we must not forget that the journey certainly 
continues and that we must persevere in seeking equal opportunities for 
all women and girls.
  Again, Mr. Speaker, I would like to close by saying that it is often 
said that one person cannot really make a difference, that unless we 
have millions upon millions of people moving perhaps at the same time, 
nothing is going to change, but I am standing here looking at one 
woman, the gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink). Long before I came to 
the Congress of the United States, I was working with the gentlewoman, 
and I know about her efforts at that time, and if it had not been for 
the gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink), we would not have the progress 
that we have today with title IX.
  So in addition to celebrating this anniversary, I stand here to 
commend my colleague and my friend, the gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. 
Mink), for being the leader in this area.
  Mrs. MINK of Hawaii. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman so much. I 
really appreciate her tribute and kind words, recalling our work 
together and the tremendous difference that an individual and a 
commitment to a cause can make and change the whole of society.
  I heard a commentator the other day on a talk show say that next to 
the civil rights, title IX has probably made the most difference in 
this country in opening up opportunities, and I certainly have to agree 
that a small effort, a deep commitment, and the consensus of this House 
in going along and enacting this title IX has made it a tremendous 
difference for the girls and women in our society.
  It gives me great pleasure to yield time to the gentlewoman from 
California (Ms. Millender-McDonald), chair of the Women's Caucus on the 
Democratic side. We call her our chair, but she is the cochair for the 
entire House Women's Caucus.
  Ms. MILLENDER-McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman so much, 
and I join the voices here today in thanking a woman of great 
leadership, great tenacity and great stride in furthering the cause of 
our girls, our daughters, and our granddaughters, and our nieces to 
seek opportunities no matter where they want to seek those.
  As a former director of gender equity, I never thought that I would 
be on the floor of Congress talking about the need to further 
opportunities for girls. I thought in this year of 2002 this would all 
be behind us. Thanks to our dear friend and congresswoman, the 
gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink), she keeps this front and center.
  Mr. Speaker, today I want to applaud her and the success of title IX 
in opening doors of opportunities for women and girls of all ethnic 
groups in this country over the past 30 years. However, there, despite 
the gains made by title IX, we still need to ensure that the promises 
of equal access to education and advancement in the workplace remain a 
reality for all women, particularly women of color.
  I have researched this issue more carefully, and as I have researched 
this issue more carefully and more thoroughly, I am concerned that 
since 1996 Congress has eliminated funding under title V of the Civil 
Rights Act of 1964 for programs that once supported title IX and gender 
equity services in 49 States and their educational agencies.
  About half of the States lack a dedicated employee to monitor 
compliance with title IX, as required, and the 10 federally funded 
Equity Assistance Centers have not received a funding increase in 5 
years.
  The Women's Educational Equity Act, the Federal Government's only 
program focused on creating education opportunities for girls and 
women, was overlooked in this President's fiscal year 2003 budget. If 
we are going to speak loudly and speak with a volume about our girls 
and giving them the opportunity, we certainly cannot overlook them in 
the President's budget that has been to date.
  In 2001, the Supreme Court ruled that individuals cannot file 
lawsuits under title IX alleging retaliation.
  There is clearly still a need to better educate the public about 
title IX and to chip away at the discrimination that impacts girls and 
women in education and in the workplace. We must remove any and all 
barriers that prevent women and girls from living up to their full 
potential.
  The truth is, girls and women are woefully underrepresented in the 
critical areas of technology, and the digital divide is a glaring 
example of this underrepresentation.
  There are glaring places in standardized testing across all races and 
ethnicities, therefore limiting women's access to higher education 
institutions, financial aid and career opportunities.
  Women's employment opportunities at colleges and universities 
declined as the prestige of the institution increased and increases.
  Women earn fewer doctoral and professional degrees than men do.
  Sexual harassment is an ongoing deterrent to equal opportunity for 
women students, and gender bias is pervasive on many campuses. Ask our 
daughters, ask our sisters, ask our nieces. They are still plagued with 
this type of discrimination.
  Female students of color, those who are disabled, and girls from poor 
families are all faced with special challenges that have not yet been 
fully addressed. We must do more to enable our girls to grow up to 
become more empowered women.
  We know that women comprise almost 60 percent of part-time students 
and 58 percent of students ages 24 and older.
  Women attending a post-secondary institution are twice as likely as 
their male counterpart to have dependents and three times as likely to 
be single parents.
  Financial aid budgets offer little allowance for dependent care, 
making many student parents reliant on friends and family and causing 
them to drop courses or to leave school altogether.
  From 1999 to the year 2000, the National Collegiate Athletic 
Association, NCAA, found that women athletes get only 40 percent of 
scholarship funds in some athletic divisions, though this figure is an 
increase over the past 9 years. We are addressing that issue right now.
  Another area of education where women are lagging behind men is in 
the education profession. When we look at elementary and secondary 
schools, fewer than 35 percent of principals are women, and only 21 
percent of full professors are women, and a mere 19 percent of women 
head up our colleges and universities. Do they not recognize that there 
are more women in this world than men? Do they not recognize that women 
are making up the majority of votes in every congressional district in 
this country? Women must be represented more fully. The numbers are no 
better at elite institutions where women make up only 22.6 percent of 
all the faculty. This is another issue we are addressing.
  We have got to do more to encourage our girls to consider well-paying 
careers in nontraditional fields that will broaden their career options 
and earning potentiality. Too many of our girls choose fields like 
cosmetology where the average hourly wage is $8.49, and it is amazing 
to me. There is nothing wrong with that, but when men get into 
cosmetology, they rise to the really great presence. They then do the 
big stars' hair and all the others, and they become an institution in 
and of themselves, while the women are still in these low wage jobs.
  Look at child care, where pay is about $7.43 an hour, as opposed to 
becoming plumbers, electricians or mechanical drafters who earn about 
$20 per hour.
  If we want our girls to flourish and grow into self-sufficient women, 
then we must knock down the barriers to their success in the classroom, 
whether they choose to work in technology, the trades, or pursue 
professional endeavors.
  My granddaughters Ayanna, Ramia and Blair want to play football, and 
I

[[Page 10736]]

have encouraged them to go for it, and I have even said if they wanted 
to be the quarterback. We have got to encourage our girls to find those 
nontraditional careers where they are making much better earnings than 
that of the old traditional careers that women have fallen into. We 
must do that as women become a larger segment of this population of 
this country.

                              {time}  1545

  So on this, the 30th anniversary of title IX, we salute our dear 
friend and colleague, the gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink). We tell 
her that we celebrate with her on this endeavor, 30 years of advancing 
women and girls; that we should celebrate how far we have come and how 
far we have to go, but we must also be mindful of the distance we still 
need to travel to ensure optimal educational and vocational 
opportunities for all of our young women and girls. We can do better 
than this. We must do better than this. We, as the women of the House, 
will do better than this.
  Mrs. MINK of Hawaii. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman for her 
contributions to this celebration, and I appreciate all of her 
comments. We do have challenges ahead, and I hope the House will rise 
to the occasion.
  Mr. Speaker, it is now my privilege to yield to the gentlewoman from 
Missouri (Ms. McCarthy).
  Ms. McCARTHY of Missouri. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gracious 
gentlewoman from Hawaii for this opportunity to join with her today as 
we are commemorating the 30th anniversary of the passage of title IX of 
the education amendments of 1972.
  This title has been instrumental in prohibiting discrimination on the 
basis of sex in educational programs and sports activities that receive 
Federal funding. This law applies to admissions, recruitment, financial 
aid, academic programs, grading, vocational education, recreation, 
physical education, employment, athletics, and much more. This title 
continues to present many opportunities for girls to acquire new 
skills, friendships and make their dreams a reality.
  Before title IX, many schools saw no problem in maintaining strict 
limits on the admission of women or simply refusing to admit them at 
all. Since the passage of title IX, this has changed dramatically. In 
1994, women received 38 percent of medical degrees, 43 percent of law 
degrees, and 44 percent of all doctoral degrees. In 1972, women 
received only 9 percent of medical degrees, only 7 percent of law 
degrees, and a mere 25 percent of doctoral degrees.
  Title IX has provided unprecedented opportunities for young women 
interested in pursuing a competitive athletic career. The U.S. Women's 
Soccer team won the World Cup victory in 1991 against Norway and again 
in 1999 against China, and this was possible because title IX funds 
were available to the young women earlier in their lives.
  I had the opportunity to share a remarkable experience with the team. 
I was able to attend Eileen Collins' launch of a NASA space shuttle 
with the soccer team, then First Lady Hillary Clinton, and many other 
supporters of title IX. This was the first time a woman commanded a 
NASA shuttle. It was a spectacular event that symbolized the 
accomplishments of the act. Commander Collins and members of the soccer 
team continue to inspire younger women to follow their own dreams.
  Younger women are now aggressively entering many fields with more 
confidence and assurance because of the positive impact of models such 
as these and the availability of title IX funds. In my district, title 
IX has allowed many young women to enter and excel in sports. 
Independence's Fort Osage High School's Dana Rohr was awarded a $2,000 
scholarship for her academic work and participation in sports. Angela 
Goodson of Blue Springs South High School won the Missouri State Girls 
title in swimming. Liz Pierson of Lee's Summit North won six goals and 
three assists for her soccer team, which finished second in Missouri. 
Janiece Gatson, a junior in Grandview, won fifth place at the Missouri 
4A State meet for running 400 meters in 57.3 seconds. Saint Theresa's, 
an all girls' school in my district, became the first non-St. Louis 
team to win a Missouri 1A-3A soccer girls title with a 6-2 victory this 
past Saturday.
  Thanks to title IX, more and more young women are being recognized 
and encouraged for their scholarly and athletic work. Since 1971, 
women's participation in sports has markedly increased, with more than 
135,000 women presently competing in intercollegiate sports. Women 
currently constitute nearly 40 percent of all college athletes, 
compared with only 15 percent in 1972.
  Recent data show that approximately 2.6 million high school girls 
participate in a wide selection of high school sports, representing 
nearly 40 percent of all high school athletes. In 1971, only 7.5 
percent of high school athletes were female.
  Female participation in sports, like receiving a college education, 
has had an unexpected benefit for women. Studies have shown that values 
learned from sports participation, such as teamwork, leadership, 
discipline, and pride in accomplishment, are important attributes as 
women increase their participation in this workforce as well as their 
entry into business management and ownership positions.
  My love of sports throughout my schooling gave me confidence and a 
sense of accomplishment. The friendships I made with teammates and the 
memories we share keep us in contact in our adult lives. My experience 
in sports enabled me to attain leadership and professional skills and 
gave me the confidence that helped shape my career.
  Thirty years after the passage of title IX, we recognize and 
celebrate the profound changes this legislation has helped to bring 
about in America and the resulting improvements in educational and 
related job opportunities for millions of Americans. More and more 
women are entering and graduating from college and graduate school, 
more women are entering and excelling in sports activities, and more 
women are entering the corporate world and holding management 
positions.
  I thank the gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink) for her leadership in 
enacting title IX. Thanks to her courage and her persistence, the 
country is better because more women are able to achieve their full 
potential. I am pleased to join with her and my colleagues today in 
celebrating the 30th anniversary of title IX and promise to work with 
them to uphold and enforce this legislation in order to ensure equal 
opportunity for all Americans.
  Mrs. MINK of Hawaii. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman for her 
contributions towards the recognition of title IX and the 30th 
anniversary. Her thoughts and expressions about what has happened, what 
it has meant to the country, and what is still yet to do, I hope, is 
the challenge of today's event. I thank her very, very much for coming.
  Mr. Speaker, there are many others who wanted to be here, but because 
of the advance of the time that we had informed the offices that they 
would be heard, many are not here. But I wanted to say that the most 
important message that I believe we all want to say in the 30th 
anniversary of title IX is that while we can give the impact of what 
title IX has meant to this country up to now, we who have lived all of 
the problems and difficulties of the last 30 years can easily 
understand and appreciate the importance of this legislation but are 
concerned that the young people coming up still in schools, elementary, 
secondary school, perhaps some even in college, do not quite understand 
the importance of this legislation.
  Those that are participating in athletics, in soccer, basketball, 
whatever, probably assume this is the way it always was and that 
opportunities for girls and women were always assured under our 
democracy, under our Constitution, under our concepts of the 14th 
amendment, 15th amendment, and so forth. There is not a perception out 
there among young people that this ability that they have to 
participate in

[[Page 10737]]

this way could be challenged. In point of fact, it is being challenged, 
as some of the speakers have said today.
  There is a lawsuit that has been filed by the wrestlers association 
and some others challenging the rules and regulations that were put in 
place by the Department of Education to implement the law. They are 
saying that the rules and regulations have been implemented and applied 
so as to discriminate against men's teams. They refer to them as the 
minor teams, such as wrestling and so forth; and they allege that the 
regulations have caused the institutions to eliminate many of these 
men's sports on college campuses.
  I am pleased that the administration chose to respond to this lawsuit 
by arguing that it is not the obligation of the Federal Government; 
that none of the allegations that were made in the litigation are true. 
And that if, indeed, men's teams were eliminated, it was the 
responsibility of the individual universities and institutions to 
justify why they did it.
  There are many reports to indicate why this happened, and that is 
because the big sports at these universities, the football and the 
basketball and baseball, and so forth, have consumed the revenues and 
the attention of the administration. And because they are reserving 
huge blocks of manpower and money and resources to their high 
visibility, high revenue sports, some of these sports activities have 
had to go.
  So I think it is time for the institutions and the universities to 
take a look at this problem and try to respond to these groups, such as 
the wrestlers, and explain to them that it is not because title IX is 
so effective, and that the women are participating and that the 
universities have an obligation to offer these opportunities to women, 
that have forced some of these men's sports to go by the wayside.
  So we are constantly under challenge and under scrutiny, and it is 
not time for us to rest on our laurels and to simply exclaim the 
wonders of this legislation and how it has transformed our society. I 
call upon the House and every Member here to be vigilant and to 
recognize that this is an important law which was put into effect, and 
that we have to make sure that it continues to abide as the principle 
of this country and enables our young generations coming forward to 
enjoy the fruits of this legislation.
  I am pleased now to yield to a distinguished colleague, the gentleman 
from Maryland (Mr. Hoyer), for such comments as he may wish to make.
  Mr. HOYER. Mr. Speaker, I thank my friend, the gentlewoman from 
Hawaii, who is one of the senior Members of this House and who has 
seen, I think, over time, the development of title IX, the enactment of 
title IX, and the impact that title IX has had.
  I certainly associate myself with her remarks, that while we are 
obviously pleased at the progress that has been made, we ought not to 
believe that everything that can be done or should be done has been 
done.
  Mr. Speaker, this month, as we have said, marks the 30th anniversary 
of title IX of the Education Act Amendments of 1972. This legislation 
prohibits sex discrimination in educational institutions that receive 
Federal funds. It has been instrumental, in my opinion, in helping 
women get into educational programs where they had previously been 
underrepresented, such as the math and sciences. It has helped to 
encourage women to break job barriers and obtain careers, such as 
engineers, doctors and mathematicians, which in turn has diversified 
our workforce and infused our society with an energy and potential that 
had not been tapped for centuries.
  It is really incredible, when we think of this country and we think 
of how we excluded on the basis of gender so many talented people. I am 
the father of three daughters. I have one grandson, but I have three 
daughters. And the concept that these incredibly talented, energetic 
people would have been excluded based upon their gender is despicable. 
We have come a long way in this country not only on gender but on race, 
ethnicity, and national origin. Title IX was a tremendous contributor 
to that progress.
  Perhaps the biggest achievement of title IX is the fact that it has 
leveled the playing field for men and women in sports. It mandates 
equal treatment for playing opportunities, access to athletic 
scholarships, equipment, facilities, and coaching. The numbers paint a 
powerful portrait. In the 30 years since title IX, the number of girls 
participating in high school sports has skyrocketed from 200,000 to 
almost 3 million, an 800 percent-plus increase. At the intercollegiate 
level, the number of participants is five times greater than before 
title IX was enacted.
  The best athletic team that we had participate in the Summer Olympics 
in Rome was the girls softball team. Those young women were the best in 
the world. Watching women's basketball now, and the Mystics are doing 
very well, as the gentlewoman may know, in Washington. I think we have 
won six or seven straight, the best start we have had in the Women's 
Professional Basketball Association. I am old enough, I hate to admit, 
to remember the women's basketball game when there were three full 
courts and three back courts, as if women could not run from one end of 
the court to the other end of the court. It was one of the dullest 
games I have ever seen. And not only was it dull for the spectators, it 
was dull for the players. Now, of course, we see the incredible 
athleticism the women display in playing basketball, clearly, frankly, 
as good as the men. The difference being the men are bigger and, 
therefore, with a 10-foot basket, have an advantage.
  But what an appropriate thing it was to say we are going to treat 
people based upon, as Martin Luther King said, the content of their 
character or the abilities that they have.

                              {time}  1600

  We said that in the Disabilities Act. We said it in title IX, how 
important it is for us to continually emphasize it is what people can 
do that we need to focus on, not their gender or race or disability, 
not some arbitrary and mostly capricious distinction that we draw.
  Clearly, the dated stereotype that women are not interested in 
athletics has been shattered as the door of opportunity continues to 
open.
  Just think of Venus and Serena, two extraordinary sisters, the two 
best tennis players in the world, the Williams sisters. Clearly there 
is not a man on this floor, period, that would want to play them with 
any consequence to losing because we clearly would lose badly.
  Title IX has allowed the desires and passions of millions of women to 
be realized. They participate in sports. They enjoy sports. They 
succeed in competitive sports.
  My oldest daughter played 4 years of varsity basketball in high 
school in the Catholic Girls League here in Washington, D.C., which is 
an extraordinarily good league.
  Competitive athletics have increased the academic success of young 
women and make it less likely that they will become involved with 
alcohol and drug abuse. The emotional and physical benefits women and 
girls gain from participation are invaluable. We know that physical 
participation is important, not only for your physical but also your 
mental capacities.
  At a time when many young women become critical of their appearance 
and grapple with eating disorders and low self-esteem, sports helps 
young women develop confidence and a positive body image. In the long 
term, athletic activities decrease a woman's chance of developing heart 
disease and breast cancer. So it is truly extraordinarily helpful.
  Mia Hamm, and what an extraordinary athlete she is, the captain of 
the U.S. soccer team, which won the 1999 Women's World Cup, once 
stated, ``What I love about soccer is the way it makes me feel about 
myself. It makes me feel that I can contribute.'' She is part of the 
daughters of title IX who have paved a path for millions of female 
athletes to follow. Her statement hits the nail right on the head, as 
it highlights the self-confidence and teamwork skills sports helped to 
develop and define.
  Title IX is, of course, not without its critics, but I think for the 
most part

[[Page 10738]]

they are misguided. They blame title IX for eliminating some men's 
minor sports, but the reality is title IX provides institutions with 
the flexibility to determine how to provide equity for their students.
  A March 2001 GAO study found that 72 percent of colleges and 
universities that added women's teams did so without cutting any men's 
teams. In fact, men's overall intercollegiate athletic participation 
has risen since the passage of title IX. This truly was a win/win 
situation for men as well as and particularly for women.
  Part of the problem lies with the larger of the men's sports, such as 
football and basketball, which consume a majority of men's total 
athletic budget. The complaint to be brought against title IX is that 
it does not go far enough, that the advancement for women in education 
and athletics, no matter how positive, must go further.
  As part of today's celebration of title IX, I would like to recognize 
Dr. Deborah A. Yow, the athletic director for the University of 
Maryland. I have told this story before, and I am not sure if the 
gentlewoman from Hawaii (Mrs. Mink) or the gentlewoman from California 
(Ms. Lofgren) have heard this story. The gentleman from North Carolina 
(Mr. Coble) is a crusty, conservative Member of the House of 
Representatives; a wonderful human being, a good-hearted human being, 
but not one that I perceive in the forefront of feminism in America, 
and I say that affectionately.
  He knows full well that I am closely associated with the University 
of Maryland. He came up and said, you know what, you have got a woman 
you ought to hire at the University of Maryland. She is a friend of 
mine, Deborah Yow, and is under consideration to be the athletic 
director at the University of Maryland.
  Now, at that point in time there were no women athletic directors at 
the level 1-A schools. But the fact that the gentleman from North 
Carolina (Mr. Coble) came up to me and said Deborah Yow could do that 
job, I went back to my office and picked up the phone and called the 
then-president of the University of Maryland, who is now our new 
chancellor of our system, and told him, Britt, I have just talked to a 
person, this Deborah Yow must be extraordinary. Shortly thereafter, 
Deborah Yow was hired. She is now the athletic director, and of course 
we finished 10-1 in football and won the national basketball 
championship, under a woman athletic director. Those were men's teams; 
and we have won numerous championships in lacrosse and field hockey for 
our women's teams.
  Her sister is a major athletic leader in our country as well. Her 
outstanding career achievements serve to exemplify the important 
contributions made by women in the athletic arena, as well as to our 
entire society.
  In a male-dominated profession, 91.6 percent of athletic directors in 
Division I universities being men, Debbie has not only met the 
challenges of her profession, but she has raised the bar for all. Under 
Debbie's leadership, the Terrapins ranked nationally as one of the top 
20 athletic programs in the country, according to U.S. News and World 
Report. The University of Maryland under her leadership has established 
an incredibly strong athletic program with exemplary student athletes, 
coaches and administrators.
  Mr. Speaker, in closing, let me thank the gentlewoman from Hawaii 
(Mrs. Mink) for focusing on this historic event. In 1972, when the 
Congress and the country said we are going to make sure that everybody, 
irrespective of gender, can participate equally and achieve to the 
extent of their character and their ability, we made a statement and 
adopted a policy that has made America a better country.
  Mrs. MINK of Hawaii. Mr. Speaker, reclaiming my time, I thank the 
gentleman from Maryland (Mr. Hoyer) for his contributions.


                      Request for Additional Time

  Mrs. MINK of Hawaii. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent for 5 
additional minutes.
  The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Kennedy of Minnesota). The Chair may not 
entertain that request. Another Member may separately request time to 
address the House.

                          ____________________