[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 147 (2001), Part 8]
[Senate]
[Page 10828]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]


[[Page 10828]]

                       COMMEMORATION OF FLAG DAY

  Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, two hundred and twenty-four years ago 
today, the United States was engaged in its War for Independence. I 
note that the American Continental Army, now the United States Army, 
was established by the Continental Congress, just two years earlier on 
June 14, 1775. I express my congratulations to the United States Army 
on its 226th birthday.
  At the start of that War, American colonists fought under a variety 
of local flags. The Continental Colors, or Grand Union Flag, was the 
unofficial national flag from 1775-1777. This flag had thirteen 
alternating red and white stripes, with the English flag in the upper 
left corner.
  Following the publication of the Declaration of Independence, it was 
no longer appropriate to fly a banner containing the British flag. 
Accordingly, on June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress passed a 
resolution that ``the Flag of the United States be 13 stripes alternate 
red and white, and the Union be 13 stars white and a blue field 
representing a new constellation.''
  No record exists as to why the Continental Congress adopted the now-
familiar red, white and blue. A later action by the Congress, convened 
under the Articles of Confederation, may provide an appropriate 
interpretation on the use of these colors. Five years after adopting 
the flag resolution, in 1782, a resolution regarding the Great Seal of 
the United States contained a statement on the meanings of the colors: 
red--for hardiness and courage; white--for purity and innocence; and 
blue for vigilance, perseverance, and justice.
  The stripes, symbolic of the thirteen original colonies, were similar 
to the five red and four white stripes on the flag of the Sons of 
Liberty, an early colonial flag. The stars of the first national flag 
after 1777 were arranged in a variety of patterns. The most popular 
design placed the stars in alternating rows of three or two stars. 
Another flag placed twelve stars in a circle with the thirteenth star 
in the center. A now popular image of a flag of that day, although it 
was rarely used at the time, placed the thirteen stars in a circle.
  As our country has grown, the Stars and Stripes have undergone 
necessary modifications. Alterations include the addition, then 
deletion, of stripes; and the addition and rearrangement of the field 
of stars.
  While our Star-Spangled Banner has seen changes, the message it 
represents is constant. That message is one of patriotism and respect, 
wherever the flag is found flying. Henry Ward Beecher, a prominent 19th 
century clergyman and lecturer stated, ``A thoughtful mind, when it 
sees a Nation's flag, sees not the flag only, but the Nation itself; 
and whatever may be its symbols, its insignia, he reads chiefly in the 
flag the Government, the principles, the truths, and the history which 
belong to the nation that sets it forth.''
  Old Glory represents the land, the people, the government and the 
ideals of the United States, no matter when or where it is displayed 
throughout the world--in land battle, the first such occurrence being 
August 16, 1777 at the Battle of Bennington; on a U.S. Navy ship, such 
as the Ranger, under the command of John Paul Jones in November 1777; 
or in Antarctica, in 1840, on the pilot boat Flying Fish of the Charles 
Wilkes expedition.
  The flag has proudly represented our Republic beyond the Earth and 
into the heavens. The stirring images of Neil Armstrong and Edwin 
Aldrin saluting the flag on the moon, on July 20, 1969 moved the Nation 
to new heights of patriotism and national pride.
  Today we pause to commemorate our Nation's most clear symbol--our 
flag. An early account of a day of celebration of the flag was reported 
by the Hartford Courant suggesting an observance was held throughout 
the State of Connecticut, in 1861. The origin of our modern Flag Day is 
often traced to the work of Bernard Cigrand, who in 1885 held his own 
observance of the flag's birthday in his one-room schoolhouse in 
Waubeka, Wisconsin. This began his decades-long campaign for a day of 
national recognition of the Flag. His advocacy for this cause was 
reflected in numerous newspaper articles, books, magazines and lectures 
of the day. His celebrated pamphlet on ``Laws and Customs Regulating 
the Use of the Flag of the United States'' received wide distribution.
  His petition to President Woodrow Wilson for a national observance 
was rewarded with a Presidential Proclamation designating June 14, 1916 
as Flag Day. On a prior occasion President Wilson noted, ``Things that 
the flag stands for were created by the experiences of a great people. 
Everything that it stands for was written by their lives. The flag is 
the embodiment, not of sentiment, but of history. It represents the 
experiences made by men and women, the experiences of those who do and 
live under the flag.''
  Flag Day was officially designated a National observance by a Joint 
Resolution approved by Congress and the President in 1949, and first 
celebrated the following year. This year, then, marks the 51st 
anniversary of a Congressionally designated Flag Day.
  It is appropriate that we pause today, on this Flag Day, to render 
our respect and honor to the symbol of our Nation, and to review our 
commitment to the underlying principles it represents. Today, let us 
reflect on the deeds and sacrifices of those who have gone before and 
the legacy they left to us. Let us ponder our own endeavors and the 
inheritance we will leave to future generations.
  Finally, as we commemorate the heritage our flag represents, may we 
as a Nation pledge not only our allegiance, but also our efforts to 
furthering the standards represented by its colors--courage, virtue, 
perseverance, and justice. Through these universal concepts, We the 
People can ensure better lives for ourselves and our children, for 
these are the characteristics of greatness. In doing so, we can move 
closer to the goal so well stated by Daniel Webster at the laying of 
the cornerstone of the Bunker Hill Monument on June 17, 1825. On that 
occasion he said, ``Let our object be our country, our whole country, 
and nothing but our country. And, by the blessing of God, may that 
country itself become a vast and splendid monument, not of oppression 
and terror, but of Wisdom, of Peace, and of Liberty, upon which the 
world may gaze with admiration forever.''
  I have long supported legislation which imposes penalties on anyone 
who knowingly mutilates, defaces, burns, tramples upon, or physically 
defiles any U.S. flag. I have also supported a constitutional amendment 
to grant Congress and the States the power to prohibit the physical 
desecration of the U.S. flag. I regret that the Senate has yet to adopt 
a Resolution for a flag protection Constitutional amendment.
  I am pleased that the Senate adopted a Resolution to provide for a 
designated Senator to lead the Senate in reciting the Pledge of 
Allegiance to the Flag of the United States. This has added greatly to 
the opening of the Senate each day.
  Today I encourage my colleagues and all Americans to take note of the 
history and meaning of this 14th day of June. We celebrate our Flag, 
observing its 224th birthday, and the 226-year-old Army which has so 
proudly and valiantly defended it and our great Nation.

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