[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 147 (2001), Part 12]
[Senate]
[Pages 17858-17859]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]



            CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE INFORMATION SECURITY ACT

  Mr. BENNETT. Madam President, yesterday Senator Kyl and I introduced 
the Critical Infrastructure Information Security Act, CIISA, which is 
designed to minimize a dangerous national security blind spot by: one, 
protecting voluntarily shared critical infrastructure information; two, 
providing critical infrastructure threat analysis; and three, 
encouraging proactive industry cooperation.
  Critical infrastructures are those key sectors such as financial 
services, telecommunications, transportation, energy, emergency 
services, and government essential services, whose disruption or 
destruction would impact our economic or national security. On 
September 11, 2001, America suffered a senseless strike, where 
America's commercial air space was ``weaponized'' and turned viciously 
against its financial and defense establishments in an infrastructure 
attack that resulted in staggering losses.
  About 85 percent of the United States' critical infrastructures, 
telecommunications, energy, finance, and

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transportation systems, are owned and operated by private companies. If 
our critical infrastructures are targets, it is the private sector that 
is on the front line. Thus, we have to think differently about national 
security, as well as who is responsible for it. In the past, the 
defense of the Nation was about geography and an effective military 
command-and-control structure. However, now prevention and protection 
must shift from the command-control structure to partnerships that span 
private and government interests.
  The American economy is a highly interdependent system of systems, 
with physical and cyber components. Preventing, detecting, responding, 
mitigating, and recovering from attacks to these systems requires an 
unprecedented exchange of information. It is essential to remove 
unnecessary barriers that prevent the private sector from sharing 
information. Because in many cases, releasing sensitive information 
into the public domain could have extremely negative consequences for 
business, it is understandable why the private sector is reticent to 
share this information with the Government as it is not protected.
  The Critical Infrastructure Information Security Act, CIISA, is 
intended to clear the way for increased critical infrastructure 
information sharing and improve threat analysis for these 
infrastructures. The bill seeks to increase the two-way sharing of 
information between the Federal Government and the private sector by 
first, protecting information voluntarily shared by the private sector, 
and second, requiring the Government to send analysis back to the 
private sector. It also encourages information sharing within the 
private sector so industry can better solve its own problems.
  CIISA outlines a process by which critical infrastructure 
information, information which would not normally be shared due to its 
sensitivity, can be submitted to one of 13 designated Federal agencies 
with a request that the information be protected. Such a request would 
mean that this information will not be disclosed even in a response to 
a request under the Freedom of Information Act, commonly known as FOIA.
  FOIA has helped make a transparent government. Initially enacted in 
1966, FOIA establishes for any person, corporate or individual, 
regardless of nationality, presumptive access to existing, unpublished 
agency records on any topic. CIISA does not change FOIA in any way. In 
fact, it seeks to protect information which would not be in the public 
domain in the first place and if publicly released, could interfere 
with, disrupt, or compromise critical infrastructure operations. CIISA 
will protect voluntarily shared information without diminishing Federal 
transparency.
  Access to information is essential to our democracy. However, it is 
important to realize that the ability to make a request under FOIA does 
not apply only to American citizens interested in seeing what the 
Government is doing. Corporations, associations, foreign citizens, and 
even foreign governments have the same access. There are no limitations 
on FOIA even during times of war. Furthermore, the narrow provisions 
provided in CIISA are nothing new. Congress has on 40 other occasions 
created certain classes of information that are not subject to the 
Freedom of Information Act.
  In order to ensure the uniform protection of voluntarily shared 
information, CIISA requires the Director of the Office of Management 
and Budget to establish procedures for the Federal agencies to receive, 
acknowledge, mark, care, and store voluntarily submitted critical 
infrastructure information. Today, there is no uniform standard of care 
under FOIA.
  CIISA requires that information and analyses from the Federal 
Government be shared back with the private sector in the form of 
notifications, warnings, and strategic analyses. The bill requires a 
Federal agency receiving voluntarily submitted critical infrastructure 
information to make reasonable efforts to do the following: one, 
analyze the information; two, determine the tactical and strategic 
implications for such information; three, identify interdependencies; 
and four, consider conducting further analysis in concert with other 
Federal agencies. Following this analysis, a Federal agency may issue 
warnings regarding potential threats to: one, individual companies; 
two, targeted industry sectors; three, the general public; or four, 
other government entities. Federal agencies must take appropriate 
actions to prevent the disclosure of the source of any voluntarily 
submitted critical infrastructure information that forms the basis for 
any warnings.
  CIISA also requires the President to designate an entity within the 
executive branch to conduct strategic analyses of potential threats to 
critical infrastructure; and to submit reports and analyses to 
information sharing and analysis organizations and the private sector. 
These analyses draw upon this information submitted to the Federal 
Government by the private sector, as well as information from the 
Federal Government, such as national security and law enforcement 
information. The President is also required to submit a plan for 
developing strategic analysis capabilities in the Congress.
  When competitors work closely to address common problems, antitrust 
concerns always surface. Security in a networked world must be a shared 
responsibility. To encourage the private sector to find solutions to 
common security problems, CIISA provides a narrow antitrust exemption, 
not unlike that of the Information Readiness Disclosure Act or the 
Defense Production Act. Information sharing and analysis organizations 
formed solely for the purpose of gathering and analyzing critical 
infrastructure information and to help prevent, detect, mitigate or 
recover from the effects of a problem relating to critical 
infrastructure, will be exempt from antitrust laws. Again, this 
exemption only applies to the activities specifically undertaken to 
address infrastructure problems. The antitrust exemption will not apply 
to conduct that involves or results in an agreement to boycott any 
person, to allocate a maker, or to fix prices or output.
  The threats to our critical infrastructure are varied. Some of those 
threats are physical; some may come from cyberspace. From wherever they 
come, the private sector and Government each has different vantage 
points. It is my hope that this bill will help both entities work 
together to reduce the blind spot.
  I thank Senator Kyl for his interest and leadership on this issue.

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