[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 146 (2000), Part 7]
[House]
[Pages 9604-9608]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]


[[Page 9604]]

                       VARIOUS ISSUES OF THE DAY

  The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Walden of Oregon). Under the Speaker's 
announced policy of January 6, 1999, the gentleman from California (Mr. 
Sherman) is recognized for 60 minutes.
  Mr. SHERMAN. Mr. Speaker, a few minutes ago I became aware that this 
hour of time to speak before this House was available. I thought about 
it for a moment. I am confident that my presence here will not 
adversely affect the ratings of other cable television shows, many of 
which are made in our area. And so I figured I would take this 
opportunity even though I have not had the chance to prepare and my 
remarks may not be quite as crisp as I would like.
  I would like to address a number of different topics that I have been 
thinking about, particularly over this last district work period. The 
first is an odd attempt by those who claim to love Ronald Reagan to 
rewrite the history of the fall of the Soviet Union.
  We know what the real history was. The Soviet Union looked powerful. 
We spent on our defense, fearful of Soviet aggression and expansion, 
and Ronald Reagan led us in those efforts.
  Our deficit grew. We tightened our belts domestically. We did so 
because we were told that the Soviet Union could expand, that it was 
powerful, that it could emerge as the most powerful nation on Earth.
  In 1991, to the surprise of just about everyone both inside and 
outside the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union began to collapse. That is 
what really happened.
  It is kind of disconcerting to think that all the experts in all the 
capitals did not foresee such an enormously important event. And 
experts are reluctant to admit that they cannot always see the future. 
But what is worse is that those who have come to idolize Ronald Reagan 
have started to rewrite history.
  In their rewriting of history, Ronald Reagan foresaw as early as the 
early 1980s that, within a decade, the Soviet Union could be pushed 
into the dust bin of history, that Reagan knew that the Soviet Union 
had begun to corrode from the inside and far from being a challenge to 
the United States, in fact, it was a nation that could not survive.
  These supposed supporters of Ronald Reagan ascribe to him an 
omniscience and all-knowingness, that they think is complimentary.
  In fact, what these supporters of Reagan are doing are besmirching 
Ronald Reagan's character, attacking his honesty, and telling us that 
our former President is a liar to the American people.
  Time and again, President Reagan came before us in this hall, I was 
not here, stood and delivered the State of the Union address and 
rallied America to spend more and more on our defense.

                              {time}  2100

  He never told us it was offense. He said it was necessary to prevent 
Soviet expansion, not some secret plan to force the Soviet Union into 
collapse. Ronald Reagan came before the American people and told us the 
Soviet Union was a powerful threat and would remain so for quite some 
time. He urged us to embark upon military expenditure projects, some of 
which would last a decade or 2 decades because, he told us, the Soviet 
Union was a threat. Now, those who claim to be Ronald Reagan's 
ideological descendants, some who claim to be his friends, tell us it 
was all a lie, that Ronald Reagan knew that the Soviet Union had 
corroded from the inside, that he knew that these expenditures were not 
necessary to defend us but rather were part of a secret plan to force 
the Soviet Union to spend more and more on its defense in a dangerous 
game in which the Soviet Union would be faced either with the prospect 
of launching a nuclear strike or consenting to an arms race that it 
could not win, an arms race launched against it by a Reagan 
administration with a secret plan to drive it into destruction. Ronald 
Reagan never told us that we were engaged in such an effort. Ronald 
Reagan never told us that we were trying to push the Soviet Union to 
destruction, that they would face a moment at which they would blame us 
and would realize that either they would launch a military strike or go 
into the dustbin of history.
  He never told us this, because he never believed it; and the Soviet 
Union in its dying hours did not believe it, either. The Soviets knew 
that their system collapsed of its own weight. Only retroactive 
American arrogance would say that the other superpower collapsed 
because of something we did here in Washington, D.C.
  The fact of the matter is Communism does not work, and in the last 
decade or two, both Communist giants have ceased to embrace their 
ideology; and without that ideology they have ceased to be exporters of 
Communism, ceased to have confidence in Communism, and it has shaken 
them to their roots. Are we going to say that Communism lost favor in 
the Soviet Union because of American hostility and Communist ideology 
lost favor in China because of American friendship? That either 
friendship or hostility from America creates the same result? I think 
not. Communism does not work. Russia and China realized it. This forced 
a crisis of confidence in both places. The Soviet Union not being one 
nation but rather an amalgam of nations held together by a failed 
ideology collapsed, and China has moved from the ideology of Communism 
to the ideology of nationalism overseen by a relatively small group of 
oligarchs and local potentates that control the economy. To say that it 
all happened according to a plan is to dangerously rewrite history.
  While I talk about the Reagan administration and the collapse of the 
Soviet Union, it leads naturally to a discussion of Star Wars, an issue 
that is still before us. Just because the Soviet Union is no longer 
intact does not mean that we are safe. In fact, the world is more 
complicated and more dangerous. There are those who have come before 
this House and suggested that the world does not have to be a dangerous 
place if only we developed a missile defense system.
  Now, Mr. Speaker, I would like to see us continue to research in this 
area, and when our technology has advanced to the point where we can 
provide some reasonable defense at reasonable cost, deployment is 
certainly called for. But let us not fool the American people. Those 
that cannot hit us with an ICBM, those who cannot hit us with an 
intercontinental ballistic missile will be able to smuggle nuclear 
weapons into our cities no matter how effective our missile shield. A 
nuclear weapon is about the size of a person, some smaller than a 
child. And anyone who has been in Southern California or probably just 
about any major city in this country is aware that every year hundreds 
of thousands, every day thousands of illegal immigrants are snuck 
across our border not just from the southern border but the northern as 
well; that illegal drugs are smuggled into America with relative ease, 
and this is by people being paid a few hundred dollars to sneak a 
person into the United States, marijuana importers or smugglers, 
criminals bringing in bales of marijuana for a few thousand dollars in 
compensation.
  How difficult would it be to sneak a nuclear weapon into an American 
city? A nuclear weapon smaller than a child does not need ventilation, 
does not need to be fed. Children who are smuggled into America scream 
and cry. Nuclear weapons would not. So imagine that we had a perfect 
defense against Iranian or Iraqi or North Korean missiles. What would 
those countries do? They would smuggle a weapon or two into an American 
city, hire or kidnap an American scientist to come look at it, detain 
that American scientist until it could be moved to another apartment or 
another city, and inform our government that in some apartment, in some 
city, in some State in this country, there was a nuclear weapon in the 
custody of someone reporting to Baghdad or to Tehran.
  I would like to see a defensive shield shielding us from 
intercontinental ballistic missiles. But let us not fool the American 
people. That is just one small element of our defense. And if we spend 
a trillion dollars building a roof over a building that has no walls, 
we will have been misallocating resources. I am not sure that we can 
police our

[[Page 9605]]

borders well enough to prevent nuclear weapons from being smuggled 
here, but I do know that a missile defense shield is of only modest use 
as long as our borders remain porous.
  We need to focus our attention on the rogue states that are currently 
developing nuclear weapons and might be willing to use them even if 
they faced the threat of annihilation from our nuclear weapons. And we 
need to cut off money, investment funds, from going to the regimes of 
North Korea, Iran and Iraq, because all three of those countries are 
trying to develop nuclear weapons.
  North Korea has agreed to stop its program, and I leave them aside. 
We can discuss them separately at a different time. But let us focus 
for a while on the two great enemies or rivals that we face in 
Southwest Asia. We do need to prevent the government in Baghdad and the 
government in Tehran from getting their hands on money. When investment 
capital flows into those two countries, when money is loaned to them, 
money is given to them, export markets are given to them, when Iraq is 
allowed to sell its oil and not spend the money on food for its people, 
then money is in the hands of those who would wish to develop nuclear 
weapons and whom as I have pointed out will face little difficulty in 
smuggling them into the United States. Unfortunately, our efforts to 
stem the flow of money to Tehran and Baghdad have been set back in 
several different ways.
  Today, Mr. Speaker, it was revealed that Iran, having suffered 
hundreds of thousands of casualties in a war of aggression launched by 
Iraq 2 decades ago, now is allowing Iraq to use its coastal waters to 
evade the U.N. blockade, evade U.N. sanctions, sell a billion dollars 
perhaps every year of oil, and this would not be money in the oil-for-
food program controlled by the United Nations. This is money directly 
into the hands of the Iraqi military.
  Mr. Speaker, we could spend a trillion dollars on a missile defense 
system, but if we do not stop those oil tankers from leaving the Strait 
of Hormuz, if we do not prevent that oil from being exported, we are 
literally allowing Saddam Hussein to build nuclear weapons and then we 
can worry about how to keep them out of the United States. What 
concerns me, Mr. Speaker, is that our policy toward Iran has been 
ineffective. The ineffectiveness is shown today by Iran allowing that 
Iraqi oil to be exported.
  Now, we are told that the ships that come from Iran down into the 
Persian Gulf pass a checkpoint controlled by the revolutionary guard. 
We are told the revolutionary guard does not report to the President of 
Iran, and so we should not get bent out of shape if they allow those 
oil tankers into their coastal waters. The fact remains that in Iran, 
the president is not the head of their government or military. The 
supreme leader is. That leader controls those revolutionary guards, and 
those guards have allowed those tankers to use Iranian coastal waters.
  Iran has said, well, we need help in stopping these ships. All Iran 
has to do is announce that those countries that are enforcing the U.N. 
blockade are allowed into Iranian coastal waters, allowed within 12 
miles of its coast, and we will be able to shut down these illegal 
Iraqi oil exports. But instead, Iran lets the tankers go by the 
checkpoint and claims they cannot do anything to stop it and will not 
let United Nations ships or, rather, American and British ships 
detailed to enforce the U.N. blockade, will not allow them in their 
coastal waters.
  Mr. Speaker, this is a dangerous situation; and it shows that our 
policy toward Iran, especially in the last 2 months, has been mistaken. 
Two months ago, the Secretary of State announced unilaterally, without 
really much consultation with Congress at all, certainly without any 
congressional encouragement or approval, the Secretary of State 
announced that the United States would allow Iran to export to the 
United States pistachios, carpets, caviar, dried fruit; and many people 
joked, how important could that be.
  Mr. Speaker, first it is symbolically important, because if America 
will do business with Iran, business as usual, if America will open its 
markets to these nonenergy exports of Iran, then how can we turn to 
Europe and Japan and tell them not to do business as usual with Iran on 
a bigger scale? How can we today turn to Japan and Germany and tell 
them to stop buying Iranian oil because Iran is clearly complicit in 
the illegal export of Iraqi oil? Certainly it weakens our position.

                              {time}  2115

  These exports, these non-energy exports from Iran, are important to 
Iran. They are its major non-energy exports. They pale into 
insignificance in dollar amount compared to oil, but reflect on this: 
Iran will always get the world price for its oil. Nothing we do is 
going to change by one penny the amount of revenue Iran gets for every 
barrel that it exports to a world thirsty for its oil.
  In contrast, those other exports, the carpets, pistachios, et cetera, 
those exports need every market they can find to try to push up the 
price, and by opening up our markets we invigorate the world market for 
those Iranian exports, exports as to which there is no fixed world 
price, exports that are important to the Iranian economy. Some 5 
million people, it is reported, work in the Iranian carpet industry. 
That is just one of the four imports.
  We would think that today the State Department would react, react to 
these illegal shipments through Iranian waters and cut off Iran's 
access to America's markets. My fear is that that will not happen. 
Every time there is an opportunity to make a unilateral concession to 
Iran, we seem to do it and do it quickly, unilateral concession after 
unilateral concession.
  The latest pat on the back that Iran has received is a $231 million 
loan from the World Bank. The U.S. voted against that loan, but we 
certainly did not tell our European allies that we would take their 
votes in favor of that loan as a reason to perhaps reexamine other 
aspects of our foreign policy. We were good losers. We accepted the 
defeat. This calls into question how we provide foreign aid.
  Mr. Speaker, I have come to this floor in the past to support 
American foreign aid. I think we should do what we can to help the 
Third World develop, to help the poorest people on this planet survive. 
But the recent action by the World Bank threatens America's support for 
foreign aid. That support is not all that deep to begin with, but how 
do we go back to our districts and explain that America participates in 
the World Bank, its capital was provided in significant part by the 
American taxpayer, and the World Bank disbursed $231 million of loans 
to Iran; money that is fungible, money that allows the Iranians to 
spend their oil resources and oil revenues on their military programs? 
This is going to be a hard sell.
  Mr. Speaker, sometime this month we will be dealing with the foreign 
ops appropriations bill. At that point, we will be asked to appropriate 
hundreds of millions of dollars to the IDA program administered by the 
World Bank. We have to be aware that money of the United States 
disbursed to that program could be lent on a concessionary basis, could 
be lent at very low interest rates, pay-us-when-you-feel-like-it terms, 
to such countries as North Korea or Sudan, or any other country that 
claims to have a good project and is very poor.
  North Korea and Sudan are very poor because of the evil of their 
governments, not because of a lack of world aid. How are we going to go 
back to our constituents and say, these hundreds of millions of dollars 
were turned over to an international organization free to make loans to 
some of the most evil nations or evil governments, I want to stress 
evil governments, on this planet?
  Better we appropriate these same funds, and I do not want to see a 
reduction, I want to see, if anything, an increase in our foreign aid, 
and provide these same funds to entities under the control of the 
United States government or entities where we at least have a veto 
power, so these funds are loaned or given only for projects in 
countries that have some minimal respect for human rights?

[[Page 9606]]

  I look forward to working with Members of the relevant subcommittee 
and of the Committee on Appropriations to see what we can do to make 
sure that when we go back to our districts and defend foreign aid, we 
can say that all U.S. tax dollars are going for projects in countries 
that we can support.
  Mr. Speaker, this is an additional reason why the loan to Iran was 
not only a poor decision but one that was ill-timed, as well. Not only 
does Iran today, a few days after the loan, decide to facilitate Iraqi 
evasion of U.N. sanctions, not only does Iran sponsor terrorism and is 
on the State Department terrorism list, not only is Iran, along with 
Iraq, one of the two greatest threats for possible destruction of 
American cities at such time as they develop nuclear weapons, but Iran 
a year and a half ago decided to continue its oppression of its small 
Jewish community, just as it oppresses those of the Baha'i faith.
  The Iranian government since its revolution has executed on trumped 
up charges 17 members of its small Jewish community. Well over half of 
that community has fled, and now 13 Jews are on trial in the city of 
Shiraz on the most trumped up charges in trials that would have made 
Josef Stalin ashamed, trials where the only evidence is the apparently 
tortured or coerced confessions of the defendants in which the 
defendants confessed to crimes they could not possibly have committed.
  Mr. Speaker, here in the United States we live in a multi-ethnic, 
multicultural society in which people of any ethnic or religious group 
may be found in our national security agencies, and yes, may be found 
among those few who commit espionage.
  Mr. Speaker, we have had British-American spies, we have had Jewish-
American spies, we have allegedly had Chinese-American spies. Anybody 
of any ethnic group could find themselves in a position where they are 
the custodians of our national secrets. Iran is just the opposite. No 
one of the Jewish faith is allowed near anything of any military or 
national security significance whatsoever.
  Mr. Speaker, these 13 are accused of spying for the CIA, and I put 
forward that we could not be the world's only superpower, we could not 
have emerged in this powerful position, if our CIA went to Iran looking 
for spies and decided to hire people from the small ethnic group that 
are prohibited from getting anywhere near any of the information our 
CIA might be interested in.
  These charges are absurd. The World Bank loan to Iran, as this trial 
continues, was the kind of mistake that imperils American support for 
foreign aid and American support for the World Bank, and imperils a 
relationship that has recently been celebrated by the President in his 
farewell tour, farewell as President tour of Europe, involving ties 
that are certainly disrupted when European nations say, we will ignore 
the trial of the 13 Jews in Shiraz, we will ignore Iran's other 
problems, and when they will force the World Bank to take American 
capital and money borrowed on the strength of American capital and 
hijack that money to Tehran.
  Mr. Speaker, I would now like to shift my focus to a bill that will 
come before this House I believe on Friday, and that is a bill to 
repeal the estate tax.
  At the outset, let me stress that 98 percent of all Americans, when 
their wills become operative, do not pay a penny of estate tax. This is 
a tax paid by only 1\1/2\ percent of all the families in America. Yet, 
to read some of the letters, to listen to some of the rhetoric on this 
floor, we would think that the estate tax was the most burdensome tax 
on American working families.
  Estates of under $2 million will, after the current law becomes 
hopefully effective, pay absolutely nothing, as long as some law and 
estate planning documents are drafted in advance. Mr. Speaker, I 
introduced a bill that made this law I think less burdensome on upper 
middle class American families, and said that $2 million could be left 
by a man and wife or a husband and wife, to their children with no 
estate tax, even if they did not prepare a bunch of estate planning 
documents in advance.
  This bill was designed to liberate widows and widowers from these 
bypassed trusts, complicated legal documents, almost required of them 
by our current estate tax law. But that bill did not get a hearing 
because there is an effort here not to liberate upper middle class 
families, and of course, those of lesser means are already exempt, but 
not to liberate upper middle class families from the estate tax and 
from the burdens of doing estate planning. The plan here is to abolish 
this estate tax altogether.
  The estate tax is a painful tax. It is a bad tax. I hate the tax. I 
hate all taxes. Every single one of them is painful. There is no way 
for the Federal government to get money that does not have a bad effect 
on those who are required to pay.
  The question is not whether the estate tax is a bad tax, but whether 
it is our worst tax. I ask Members, is a tax that 98\1/2\ percent of 
all Americans are exempt from, is that our worst tax? Or is it an 
income tax and a FICA tax that falls so heavily on the working poor? 
Must we first eliminate a tax that falls chiefly on those with estates 
over $10 million, or must we first eliminate taxes on those who are 
making $10 an hour or less? Should it be $10 million and more, or $10 
an hour or less? Where should we focus our generosity? Where should we 
focus our tax cuts?
  Mr. Speaker, there is an earned income tax credit, but it is not 
available to many of the working poor, and is not available to any that 
do not have children in their homes. So we have a situation where we 
are told that the estate tax diminishes the incentive to work because 
somebody working at age 40 or age 50 or age 60 is thinking ahead to the 
point when their estate plan would become effective, in their eighties 
or nineties, thinking ahead to what the estate tax law might be at that 
point, knocking off work early and going to the golf course.
  Maybe it is happening, maybe it is not. But let us talk also about 
the effect that our current taxes have on the working poor, people who 
are called upon to work the second job to support a family, people who 
are called upon to get off of welfare and to enter the work force, and 
we tell them, we are going to take a chunk of your money, of your 
paycheck, to support the social security system, and I support the 
social security system. We are going to impose an income tax. We are 
not going to give you a tax credit for the social security tax you pay, 
and we will give you no tax credit for the State sales tax that you 
pay.
  People who make less than $10 an hour are paying a lot of tax. What 
about them? Are they affected by incentives? Are we to say that the 
ability to leave the second $10 million to your kids 20 or 30 years 
from now is what is uppermost on the minds of somebody building a 
business, but that the size of today's paycheck is irrelevant to a 
person who is working two jobs? I do not think so.
  Yes, all taxes have an adverse impact on incentive, the incentive to 
work, the incentive to participate in the economy. But I venture that 
there is a far worse effect on our economy from taxing those who make 
less than $10 an hour than taxing those who have more than $10 million.

                              {time}  2130

  I would also point out that before we cut the estate tax, before we 
eliminate the estate tax, we ought to make sure that we are not 
endangering Social Security, that we are not putting ourselves in a 
position when we will not be able to provide any pharmaceuticals to 
those who are on Medicare, some who need $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 a year 
of pharmaceuticals to survive.
  Mr. Speaker, they retired believing they had Social Security and now 
find that they are insecure, find that they do not have the wherewithal 
to pay for the pharmaceuticals that they need to survive.
  Mr. Speaker, what will come before this House on Friday is a bill to 
repeal the estate tax before we have made Social Security secure, 
before we have made Medicare recipients secure. Every Medicare 
recipient today knows that tomorrow they could be diagnosed with a 
disease requiring $5,000 or $10,000

[[Page 9607]]

a year of pharmaceuticals for which they will get no Federal aid; and 
we are told that the most important thing we can do with the available 
Federal funds is to deal with a tax that falls most significantly on 
those with more than $10 million.
  Mr. Speaker, I suggest that we need to explore a number of avenues. 
Now, I do not want to ignore the adverse effects of the estate tax. It 
does make it more difficult to leave a business or a family farm to the 
next generation. And we hear statistics about how businesses are not 
always left intact to the next generation and we are told that it is 
the estate tax.
  It is not always the estate tax. The son or daughter of a farmer does 
not necessarily want to farm. The owner who builds a business from 
nothing to a $50 million business may find that his sons and daughters 
feel themselves unqualified or just disinterested in continuing to own 
that business. There is no proof that family businesses will stay in 
families if only we reduce taxes on those with assets of over $10 
million.
  Finally, Mr. Speaker, one little secret about the estate tax. No one 
will tell it to us. That is that at every major hospital complex, 
nonprofit hospital, at every major university in this country, if we 
abolish the estate tax, the buildings will not have names. I am not 
saying that we will not be able to find our way around campus. That is 
not the problem. The problem is that gifts, major gifts to our 
universities and hospitals will slow to a trickle.
  If we go to any campus today, we see this building is named after the 
Smith family and that building is named after the Cohen family and we 
wonder why. The answer is simple. The families involved made huge gifts 
to the university, huge gifts to the hospital, motivated in part by the 
fact that those gifts will not be subject to the estate tax.
  Charitable giving at the low end, the $5 and $10 put in the 
collection plate, would not be affected by a repeal of the estate tax. 
But at the high end, when people are bequeathing millions of dollars to 
universities that in their graciousness choose to name buildings after 
the donors, at the high end where people make gifts that are income tax 
deductible in their 80s, knowing that not only do they get an income 
tax deduction today but perhaps if they die in their 90s they get 
estate tax relief as well, those gifts are motivated by the fact that 
60 or 70 percent of the gift's value is represented by a tax deduction. 
That $5 million Smith building cost the Smith family only 30 percent of 
$5 million.
  What is going to happen when we repeal the estate tax? The 
universities and hospitals will be here saying: now, Congress, you have 
to appropriate some special money for us. But how will we do that? We 
will cut our own revenues by $17 billion a year. The colleges, the 
universities, the hospitals will not come here and tell us about this 
because essentially they do not want to bite the hand that feeds them.
  Speaking of the hand that feeds them, I have had a lot of town halls 
in my district. I have heard hundreds of questions, hundreds of 
complaints. I am out in the community almost every day that I am in 
California. Mr. Speaker, at these public gatherings, I cannot remember 
a single occasion when someone has come up and said: let us abolish the 
estate tax.
  Mr. Speaker, I hate to admit it, but it is a sin of which virtually 
everyone in this House suffers or is guilty. I also spend time raising 
money for my campaign and for the campaigns of my colleagues. Not a day 
goes by, or not even a couple hours go by. If a couple of hours are 
spent talking to those who might make major contributions, the estate 
tax comes up every time. Not with every person, but certainly in every 
hour or two.
  The reason for that is that this tax does fall upon those who can 
most afford to come to fundraisers. I think that we in this House need 
to pass campaign finance reform for a lot of reasons, but one of them 
is that we spend too much time at fundraisers, and we hear too often 
too repeatedly from that 1\1/2\ percent of Americans who pay the estate 
tax, who happen to be the same 1\1/2\ percent of Americans who donate 
the most money for political campaigns.
  Mr. Speaker, if we do not stop and think about it, if we do not 
filter it out, we are going to come to the conclusion if one serves in 
this House that the whole country is concerned about the estate tax, 
because in the average month we hear about it five, 10, 20 times. We 
have to remember that every one of those times was not out at the 
community Little League, was not at a visitation to a senior center, 
was not at a widely publicized town hall, but in nine out of 10 cases, 
or maybe 10 out of 10 cases, it was through a friend that is a 
supporter of either us or our colleagues here.
  Yes, if we serve in this House, we need to keep in touch with people, 
and sometimes that is thrown askew when the fundraising burdens and the 
time commitments of that are imposed upon us.
  Mr. Speaker, I would like to comment just briefly on Governor Bush's 
Social Security plan and some of the rhetoric surrounding that plan. 
Governor Bush has turned to young people and said that they only get a 
1 or 2 percent return for the money they put in Social Security. What 
he has not said is that the first two generations to participate in 
Social Security did incredibly well. Social Security brought us out of 
the Depression as much as any program. And the first two generations to 
participate in that program contributed for only a portion of their 
working lives and received the benefits, benefits that many are still 
receiving today in their 80s and 90s.
  So what does this mean? It means that today's Social Security tax is 
paying for our grandparents' retirement. This was never a pension 
system where our money is saved exclusively for us. Rather, our money 
is being used to fund the retirement of those who went before, just as 
their money went to fund the retirement of those who went before, and 
we can trace it back to the Depression generation.
  Now, we are told that the new generation does not have to contribute 
to pay for the previous generation's retirement. We are going to have 
their money diverted into separate individual accounts and that 
anything else would be unfair. Mr. Speaker, we cannot simultaneously 
take all the funds that are coming into Social Security and say that is 
the money of the people who put the money in and continue to fund the 
Social Security payments to those who are receiving checks today, 
people whose tax dollars, FICA contributions were used to pay the prior 
generation's benefits.
  The proposal that the governor has put forward is to take one-sixth 
of the money, virtually, that is now going into the regular Social 
Security Trust Fund and divert it into special assets owned by those 
who contribute the funds. I wish we could promise that. I wish we could 
do that. But before we start bestowing multitrillion dollar benefits, 
new benefits, why do we not make sure that the program can continue to 
pay the existing benefits?
  Another huge benefit promised by the governor of Texas is that if one 
were to die before reaching 65, their family gets a huge check from 
Social Security. Or if they were to die at age 68 or 69 or 70, before 
they have received their actuarial expected benefit, the family 
receives a giant benefit.
  That is a wonderful promise. I wish I could make that promise. I 
would be a lot more popular if I made that promise. But what do we do 
to those who live to 90 or 100? Do we say that those who live less than 
their average life span get their money back and those that live longer 
than the average life span stop receiving benefits? There is no 
solution offered by the governor of Texas. Two huge benefits promised; 
no source of revenue to pay for them. A sixth roughly of the money 
diverted. Let us make Social Security secure, and then we can focus on 
whether we can do better.
  Mr. Speaker, I have talked about a number of topics. Topics that are 
complex topics that I do not get enough time to study about, read 
about; and it leaves me longing for a greater level of intelligence. 
Mr. Speaker, there are

[[Page 9608]]

those working on greater levels of intelligence today. There are those 
engaged in silicon chip engineering who are creating more intelligent 
machines all the time. And there will come a time when the silicon 
chip-driven machines rival humans in intelligence.
  There are genetic engineers mapping the human genome and within a few 
decades they may be in a position to create a more intelligent human 
being, perhaps one that could have dealt with all of the topics 
confronting this Congress with greater wisdom than I have been able to 
muster.
  There are those dealing with nanotechnology, technology where things 
are manipulated at the atomic and molecular levels, technologies that 
offer a chance to engineer either from biological materials or from 
electronic materials or from a combination of the two a level of 
intelligence way beyond today's computers, way beyond today's animals, 
and perhaps way beyond today's humans.
  Speaking of intelligent humans, on August 7, 1939, Albert Einstein 
wrote to President Roosevelt and brought to his attention clearly and 
crisply the importance that nuclear technology might have for the 
future of the world. In just a few years, that nuclear technology 
literally exploded. What was the high and unusual science of 1939 
became the public policy issue of 1945 and beyond.
  We today are still wrestling with the political, the international, 
and the ethical issues of nuclear power and, of course, nuclear 
weapons.
  Would it not have been great if we had gotten a bit more of a head 
start? Would it not have been good for humankind if the scientists had 
come to us 20 or 30 years before the nuclear weapons were created and 
told the world's political leaders that the genie will soon be leaving 
the bottle and it is time to develop a code of ethics and central 
understandings that will fit the new technology?

                              {time}  2145

  Now, some more than 50 years after nuclear weapons, we are still 
struggling with the ethical issues that they create. Well, I do not 
know how many years we have before what I refer to as remembered 
intelligence poses even more severe ethical issues for us than nuclear 
weapons do.
  Let me bring a few of them to our attention. I know this may sound 
like science fiction today, but I do not think anyone familiar with 
science would say that these are not real possibilities. I am not 
saying this decade, maybe not next decade, maybe not in the lifetime of 
those of us who have lost our hair, but certainly within the lifetime 
of some of the younger folks in the back of the room.
  First, we will see genetic engineering that will either create or 
offer to create our slaves or our masters. Today dogs are a man's and 
woman's best friend. They are great pets, and a few of them are engaged 
in work, shepherding sheep, for example. Today's dogs have been bred, 
not genetically engineered, just bred to be friendly, docile, and 
obedient.
  There are a few who think it raises ethical issues, but most of us 
view a dog's intelligence as below that of self-awareness and 
consciousness and are quite happy to have dogs that are obedient, 
docile.
  But what happens when the genetic engineers start developing more 
intelligent canines? What happens when we start having dogs as 
intelligent or more intelligence than apes? Fortunately, I do not think 
we are going to face this issue in the next decade. But we are going to 
face it this century, and we are probably going to face it before we 
figure out what to do with it.
  At what point must we recognize other life forms as being protected 
by our Constitution? How intelligent must a genetically engineered 
animal be to be worthy of our protection and respect? I do not know.
  Likewise, we have seen many science fiction shows where scientists 
start with human DNA and deliberately try to create a being that is 
less intelligent or simply more docile than the average human form, and 
we are told to imagine a race invented for slavery. I think all of us 
recoil at the ethics of that.
  But will we recoil with the same level of revulsion if the nearly as 
intelligent as human or perhaps as intelligent as human docile race is 
engineered from canine DNA or simian DNA, perhaps someday if we are not 
careful, human DNA? But not only may there be genetic engineering that 
invents those entities which some would wish to enslave, genetic 
engineering, whether it starts with simian DNA or human DNA, could very 
well invent a level of intelligence well beyond that of any of us here, 
perhaps even beyond that of the Albert Einstein I quoted earlier. Then 
how should human kind react?
  That which can be done with genetic engineering may also be done with 
silicon chip engineering. A book I have not had a chance to read bears 
the interesting title the Age of Spiritual Machines. How many decades 
is it before the computer screen lights up with the question, am I 
alive? Why am I here? Should there be any ethical limitations on 
creating computers with intelligence, not just to balance our 
checkbooks or to figure the trajectory of the rocket, but computers 
intelligent enough to ask the spiritual questions? I do not know. I do 
know that it will take a panel of Einsteins to give us some guidance as 
to what our laws should be. This is going to be a tough issue.
  I am going to propose probably next Congress, if I am fortunate 
enough to be here, if there is interest by some of my colleagues, 
perhaps we could work on it this month or next month, that we create a 
national commission on the ethics of engineered intelligence to try to 
give some guidance to those lawmakers that will come after us in 
dealing with the issues of silicon or carbon-based intelligence that 
approach or exceed that of today's human being.
  I do not know how to deal with these issues. It is a tradition in 
this town that, when one does not know what to do, one creates a 
commission. There is also a tradition in this town to wait till the 
last minute, to wait till some development is going to impair jobs in 
our own districts before we get serious about the issue. I would say 
that these are issues, and there are others as well that we ought to 
try to tackle at least at the thinking stage at the earliest possible 
time.

                          ____________________