[Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 146 (2000), Part 10]
[SENA]
[Pages 14273-14286]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]



          STATEMENTS ON INTRODUCED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS

      By Mr. ENZI:
  S. 2860. A bill for the relief of Sammie Martine Orr; to the 
Committee on the Judiciary.


                    the relief of sammie martine orr

  Mr. ENZI. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the 
bill be printed in the Record.
  There being no objection, the bill was ordered to be printed in the 
Record, as follows:

                                S. 2860

       Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
     the United States of America in Congress assembled,

     SECTION 1. CLASSIFICATION AS A CHILD UNDER THE IMMIGRATION 
                   AND NATIONALITY ACT.

       (a) In General.--In the administration of the Immigration 
     and Nationality Act, Sammie Martine Orr shall be classified 
     as a child within the meaning of section 101(b)(1)(F) of such 
     Act, upon approval of a petition filed on his behalf by the 
     alien's adopting parents, citizens of the United States, 
     pursuant to section 204 of such Act.
       (b) Limitation.--No natural parent, brother, or sister, if 
     any, of Sammie Martine Orr shall, by virtue of such 
     relationship, be accorded any right, privilege, or status 
     under the Immigration and Nationality Act.
                                 ______
                                 
      By Mr. ROBB (for himself and Mr. Warner):
  S. 2865. A bill to designate certain land of the National Forest 
System located in the State of Virginia as wilderness; to the Committee 
on Energy and Natural Resources.


                    virginia wilderness act of 2000

  Mr. ROBB. Mr. President, I come to the floor today to introduce a 
bill that will protect one of the most beautiful areas of Virginia. 
Today, with my colleague John Warner, I am introducing the Virginia 
Wilderness Act of 2000. This Act will provide wilderness status to two 
exceptional areas of Virginia. These areas, the ``Three Ridges'' and 
``The Priest'' have long been recognized for their outstanding vistas, 
deep valleys and rugged beauty.
  After receiving wilderness designation these areas will remain 
available for hunting, fishing, hiking, picnicking, and other 
traditional uses. Wilderness protections will ensure that ``The Three 
Ridges'' and ``The Priest'' remain available for the full enjoyment of 
our children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
  This action is now fully supported by the Virginia delegation, and 
the communities closest to the proposed wilderness areas. I hope we 
will see quick action on this bill through the committee and that we 
can move it to floor and complete action on the bill this year.
  I ask unanimous consent that this bill be printed in the Record.
  There being no objection, the bill was ordered to be printed in the 
Record, as follows:

                                S. 2865

       Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
     the United States of America in Congress assembled,

[[Page 14274]]



     SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

       This Act may be cited as the ``Virginia Wilderness Act of 
     2000''.

     SEC. 2. DESIGNATION OF WILDERNESS AREAS.

       Section 1 of the Act entitled ``An Act to designate certain 
     National Forest System lands in the States of Virginia and 
     West Virginia as wilderness areas'' (Public Law 100-326; 102 
     Stat. 584) is amended--
       (1) in paragraph (5), by striking ``and'' at the end;
       (2) in paragraph (6), by striking the period and inserting 
     a semicolon; and
       (3) by adding at the end the following:
       ``(7) certain land in the George Washington National 
     Forest, comprising approximately 6,500 acres, as generally 
     depicted on a map entitled `The Priest Wilderness Study 
     Area', dated June 6, 2000, to be known as the `Priest 
     Wilderness Area'; and
       ``(8) certain land in the George Washington National 
     Forest, comprising approximately 4,800 acres, as generally 
     depicted on a map entitled `The Three Ridges Wilderness Study 
     Area', dated June 6, 2000, to be known as the `Three Ridges 
     Wilderness Area.''.

  Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, I rise today in support of legislation to 
add two areas in my State to the National Wilderness Preservation 
System. These areas, known as The Priest and the Three Ridges, are 
located in the George Washington National Forest and comprise 
approximately 10,500 acres.
  The Commonwealth of Virginia is blessed with rich geographic 
diversity. From the Chesapeake Bay in the East to the Appalachian 
Mountains in the West, residents of the state and visitors alike are 
able to participate in a broad range of activities not often found in 
other areas of the country.
  The Priest and the Three Ridges, in particular, offer unique 
opportunities for visitors to enjoy scenic views, interaction with 
wildlife, hiking, fishing, and other types of outdoor recreation. These 
areas need to be protected from development, and this legislation would 
ensure that they remain pristine for the use and enjoyment of present 
and future generations.
  Mr. President, I look forward to the designation of The Priest and 
Three Ridges as wilderness through the swift passage of this bill.
                                 ______
                                 
      By Mr. STEVENS (for himself, Mr. Jeffords, Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Dodd, 
        Mr. Domenici, Mr. Kerry, Mr. Bond, Mr. Voinovich, Mr. 
        Lautenberg, Mr. Cochran, Mrs. Murray, Mr. Smith of Oregon, Mr. 
        Bingaman, Mr. L. Chafee, Mr. Durbin, Mr. Murkowski, Mr. 
        Roberts, Mr. Robb, Mr. Rockefeller, Mr. Wellstone, Mrs. 
        Feinstein, Ms. Mikulski, Ms. Snowe, Mrs. Boxer, Mr. Kerrey, and 
        Mr. Warner):
  S. 2866. A bill to provide for early learning programs, and for other 
purposes; to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.


                    early learning opportunities act

  Mr. JEFFORDS. Mr. President, I am pleased to join my colleagues from 
both sides of the aisle in the introduction of the ``Early Learning 
Opportunities Act of 2000''. We first brought this legislation to the 
floor of the Senate as an amendment to the reauthorization of the 
Elementary and Secondary Education Act. In fact, it is the pending 
amendment when we return to consideration of S.2.
  Simply stated, this bill is designed to help parents and others who 
care for young children acquire the resources and tools that they need 
to do their most important job---nurturing and teaching our children. 
There is broad, bi-partisan support for this legislation because many 
of my colleagues recognize the importance of learning in the first few 
years of life.
  Science has taught us that the most explosive time of learning for 
humans is during the first few years of life. Parents and others who 
provide care for our children need some help and support to make the 
most of these early years. Changes in family structures, the weakening 
of the role of the extended family, and the rise in the number of 
working mothers have increased the need for communities to provide 
additional support for parents.
  The Early Learning Opportunities Act builds on existing state and 
federal efforts by expanding the range of programs, the types of 
activities, and the populations served by other early learning 
initiatives. Current federal efforts focused on early childhood 
learning promote programs that provide full- or part-day out of home 
care and education. Rather than duplicate these programs, the Early 
Learning Opportunities Act places its emphasis on helping parents and 
other caretakers increase their abilities to support positive child 
development.
  The Early Learning Opportunities Act will provide funding for parent 
support programs. Parents are their child's most important teachers. 
Before anyone thinks about kindergarten, teaching the alphabet, or 
counting the number of blocks in a tower, children are learning from 
their parents. When a parent talks and sings to an infant, the baby is 
learning about sounds and words as a method of communication. When 
children are fed and then rocked to sleep, they learn about security 
and love, which will contribute to their sense of self and autonomy. 
Long before they walk through the schoolhouse door, children have 
learned important lessons from their parents and others who have taken 
care of them during the first few years of life.
  Funding for the Early Learning Opportunities Act can be used to 
promote effective parenting and family literacy through a variety of 
community-based programs, services and activities. If parents are 
actively engaged in their child's early learning, their children will 
see greater cognitive and non-cognitive benefits. While all parents 
want their children to grow up happy and healthy, few are fully 
prepared for the demands of parenthood. Many parents have difficulty 
finding the information and support they seek to help their children 
grow to their full potential. Making that information and support 
available and accessible to parents is a key component of the Early 
Learning Opportunities Act.
  Early Learning Opportunities Act funds can be used to provide 
training for child care providers on early childhood development, child 
safety, and other skills that improve the quality of child care. For 
many families it is not possible for a parent to remain home to care 
for their children. Their employment is not a choice, but an essential 
part of their family's economic survival. And for most of these 
families, child care is not an option, but a requirement, as parents 
struggle to meet the competing demands of work and family. Just as it 
is essential that we provide parents with the tools they need to help 
their children grow and develop, we also must help the people who care 
for our nation's children while parents are at work.
  States can use a portion of the funds made available for the Early 
Learning Opportunities Act for statewide initiatives, such as wage and 
benefit subsidies which encourage child care staff recruitment and 
incentives to increase staff retention Today, more than 13 million 
young children--including half of all infants--spend at least part of 
their day being cared for by someone other than their parents. In 
Vermont alone, there are about 22,000 children, under the age of six, 
in state-regulated child care.
  The Early Learning Opportunities Act will improve local collaboration 
and coordination among child care providers, parents, libraries, 
community centers, schools, and other community service providers. By 
assessing existing resources and identifying local needs, the community 
organizations receiving funds will serve as a catalyst for the more 
effective use of early learning dollars and the removal of barriers 
that prevent more children, parents and caretakers from participating 
in good programs. Parents and child care providers will be able to 
access more services, activities and programs that help them care for 
children.
  An investment in early learning today will save money tomorrow. Many 
of America's children enter school without the necessary abilities and 
maturity. Without successful remediation efforts, these children 
continue to lag behind for their entire academic career. We spend 
billions of dollars on efforts to help these children catch up. 
Research has demonstrated that for each dollar invested in quality 
early learning programs, the federal government can save over five 
dollars. These savings result from future reductions

[[Page 14275]]

in the number of children and families who participate in federal 
government programs like Title I, special education, and welfare.
  The Early Learning Opportunities Act is designed to be locally 
controlled and driven by the unique needs of each community. The 
legislation authorizes $3.25 billion in discretionary funding over 
three years for early learning block grants to states. The bill ensures 
that the majority of the funds will channeled through the states to 
local councils. The councils are charged with assessing the early 
learning needs of the community, and distributing the funds to a broad 
variety of local resources to meet those needs. In Vermont, the Success 
by Six initiative has demonstrated the importance of placing the 
resources and responsibilities at the local community level.
  The Early Learning Opportunities Act will serve as a catalyst to 
engage diverse sectors of the community in increasing programs, 
services, and activities that promote the healthy development of our 
youngest citizens. Funds may be used by the local councils in a variety 
of ways: to support reading readiness programs in libraries, parenting 
classes at the local health center, parent-child recreation programs in 
the park, and child development classes at the school. Access to 
existing early learning programs can be increased by expanding the days 
or times that young children are served, by increasing the number of 
children served, or by improving the affordability of programs for low-
income children. Transportation can be provided to increase 
participation in early learning programs, activities and services. By 
keeping the use of the funds flexible, local councils can work with 
parents, health care professionals, educators, child care providers, 
recreation specialists, and other groups and individuals in the 
community to create an affordable, accessible network of early learning 
activities.
  The Early Learning Opportunities Act will help parents and care 
givers who are looking for better ways to integrate positive learning 
experiences into the daily lives of our youngest children. When 
children enter school ready to learn, all of the advantages of their 
school experiences are opened to them--their opportunities are 
unlimited. I urge my colleagues to support and co-sponsor the ``Early 
Learning Opportunities Act of 2000''. I urge you to give our nation's 
children every opportunity to succeed in school and in life.
  Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, our bipartisan goal in introducing The 
Early Learning Opportunities Act is to provide greater support for 
parents across the country in preparing their children for a lifetime 
of learning, beginning at the earliest age.
  I commend Senators Stevens, Jeffords, Dodd, Domenici, and Kerry for 
their support and leadership in developing this legislation and in 
seeing to it that children's voices are heard and their needs are a 
priority in this Congress. Senator Kerry and I have worked together to 
improve early learning opportunities in Massachusetts, and this 
national initiative is based in part on successful models in our state. 
Senator Dodd has been an outstanding leader on children's issues for 
many years. Senator Jeffords, the chairman of our Senate committee, has 
shown great skill and determination in shaping this legislation, and in 
keeping our committee focused on the important issue of early learning. 
Senator Domenici has been an essential ally throughout the development 
of this bill, as has the senior Senator from Alaska. Senator Stevens 
and I introduced the Early Learning Trust Fund Act as a predecessor to 
this legislation, and he was a leader in obtaining approval of $8.5 
billion for early learning in this year's Senate budget resolution.
  Clearly, the need for this legislation is urgent. Today's families 
are legitimately worried about the quality of care provided to their 
infants and toddlers while the parents are at work. Of mothers with 
children aged zero to five, a record 64 percent worked outside the home 
in 1999. The average cost of care for each of these children is four to 
ten thousand dollars a year. This is their highest expense besides food 
and shelter, consuming a quarter to half of their wages. Too often, 
even this level of sacrifice isn't enough. Many families simply cannot 
find quality care for their children. Facilities are dangerous, 
crowded, or closed at the non-traditional times that many mothers work. 
Low wages attract the least skilled care givers, over a third of whom 
quit each year. Enforcement of quality standards is rare. Elementary 
and Secondary education fully deserve to be a priority for the nation, 
but so does early learning--and it is needed at a time when many young 
families are least able to bear the full cost.
  In Massachusetts, the Community Partnerships for Children Program 
currently provides quality full-day early learning for 15,300 young 
children from low-income families. Yet today, over 14,000 additional 
eligible children in the state are waiting for the early learning 
services they need--and some have been on the waiting list for 18 
months. A 1999 report by the Congressional General Accounting Office on 
early learning services for low-income families was unequivocal--
``infant toddler care [is] still difficult to obtain.''
  Even as the need to provide early learning opportunities increases, 
it is clear that many current facilities are unsafe. The average early 
learning provider is paid under seven dollars an hour--less than the 
average parking lot attendant or pet sitter. These low wages result in 
high turnover, poor quality of care, and little trust and bonding with 
the children.
  The Nation's military faced these same problems in the 1980's, and 
because of the threat that the poor quality of care posed to children, 
to morale, and to retention of personnel, the armed forces worked long 
and well to create a model program. The Defense Department now provides 
quality care to 200,000 children. Many European nations have followed 
the same path as the U.S. military, building a broad array of quality 
early learning models that prepare children to reach their full 
potential.
  Head Start is one example of the kind of quality program that has 
already proved effective throughout the United States. A recent survey 
found that more parents are satisfied with Head Start than any other 
federal program. But only two in five eligible 3- and 4-year-olds are 
enrolled in Head Start--and only one in 100 eligible infants and 
toddlers are enrolled in Early Head Start. As a result, literally 
millions of young children never have the chance to reach their full 
potential. We must do better, and we can do better.
  It is time to act to make early learning a top education priority for 
the nation, just as governors urged us to do a full decade ago. All 
preschool children should have access to the kind of care and brain 
stimulation necessary to enable them to enter school ready to learn. We 
cannot rest until all children have the opportunity to develop to their 
full potential.
  Academic studies have confirmed what parents have long understood--
education occurs over a continuum that begins at birth and extends 
throughout life. Study after study proves that positive brain 
stimulation very early in life significantly improves a child's later 
ability to learn, to interact successfully with teachers and peers, and 
to develop crucial skills like curiosity, trust, and perseverance. Two 
years ago, the Rand Corporation reported that ``after critically 
reviewing the literature and discounting claims that are not rigorously 
demonstrated, we conclude that these [early learning] programs can 
provide significant benefits.'' Governors, state legislatures, local 
governments, and educators have all supported these studies and called 
for increased investments in early learning as the most effective way 
to promote healthy and constructive behavior.
  The goal of this legislation is to enable all children to enter 
school ready to learn, and to maximize the impact of federal, state, 
and local investments in education. We must do more to ensure that 
children have access to the experiences they need during the five or 
six years before they walk through their first schoolhouse door. 
Education begins at birth. It is not a process that occurs only in a 
school building during

[[Page 14276]]

a school day. When our policies respond to this reality, we will reduce 
delinquency, improve productivity, and become a stronger and better 
nation. Early learning programs are good for children, good for parents 
and good for society as a whole.
  The Committee for Economic Development reports that the nation can 
save over five dollars in the future for every dollar invested in early 
learning today. The investment significantly reduces the number of 
families on welfare, the number of children in special education, and 
the number of children in the juvenile justice system. Investment in 
early learning is not only morally right--it is economically right.
  Two months ago, Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, a bipartisan coalition 
including hundreds of police chiefs, sheriffs, and crime victims, 
released another convincing report. It finds that children who receive 
quality early learning are half as likely to commit crimes and be 
arrested later in life. Our greatest opportunity to reach at-risk 
children is in their youngest years.
  It is especially important for low-income parents who accept the 
responsibility of work under welfare reform to have access to quality 
early learning opportunities for their children. The central idea of 
welfare reform is that families caught in a cycle of dependence can be 
shown that work pays. But children's development must not be sacrificed 
as families move from welfare to work.
  We must expand access to Head Start and Early Head Start. We must 
make parenting assistance available to all who want it. We must support 
model state efforts that have already proved successful, such as 
Community Partnerships for Children in Massachusetts and Smart Start in 
North Carolina, which rely on local councils to identify early learning 
needs in each community and allocate new resources to meet them. We 
must give higher priority to early childhood literacy. In ways such as 
these, we can take bolder action to strengthen early learning 
opportunities in communities across the nation.
  The legislation that we introduce today will move us closer to all of 
these goals. It includes $3.25 billion over the next three years to 
enable local communities to fill the gaps that limit current early 
learning efforts. Local councils will direct the funds to the most 
urgent needs in each community. These needs include parenting support 
and education--improving child care quality through professional 
development and retention initiatives--expanding the times and the days 
that parents can obtain these services--enhancing childhood literacy--
and greater early learning opportunities for children with special 
needs. These priorities are designed to strengthen early learning 
programs in all communities across the country, and give each community 
the opportunity to invest the funds in ways that will meet its most 
urgent needs.
  Much more needs to be done to improve early learning throughout 
America. But we know from our experience in improving the military's 
early learning program that with small steps, over time we can go a 
long way. I urge the Senate to approve this important bill, and I look 
forward to its enactment and to the significant differences it will 
make.
                                 ______
                                 
      By Mr. DeWINE:
       S. 2867. A bill to provide for the funding and 
     administration of a Veterans Mission for Youth Initiative 
     within the Troops-to-Teachers Program; to the Committee on 
     Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.


                 VETERANS MISSION FOR YOUTH INITIATIVE

  Mr. DeWINE. Mr. President, I am pleased to introduce a bill today--
the ``Veterans Mission for Youth Initiative''--that would expand the 
current mission of the successful Troops to Teachers program. As many 
of my colleagues know, Troops to Teachers is a practical and sensible 
teacher recruitment program--a program that helps our veterans and 
retired military personnel gain the necessary certification to teach in 
our children's classrooms.
  The bill I am introducing today would build on the current program's 
success by expanding its mission to help veterans who want to volunteer 
in our schools and be role models, but do not necessarily want to 
become certified teachers. This bill not only will help children 
benefit from the knowledge and experiences of veterans, but it also 
will help our veterans get more involved and active in their own local 
communities. I am pleased that Governor George W. Bush is proposing 
this same idea today in Pittsburgh.
  Specifically, the ``Veterans Mission for Youth Initiative,'' would 
authorize $75 million to be used for matching federal grants to 
community organizations that help train and then link veterans and 
retired military personnel with local school volunteer opportunities to 
mentor and tutor students. The grant program will be administered 
through the Defense Department's Defense Activity for Non-Traditional 
Education Support division, which runs the Troops-to-Teachers program.
  Mr. President, the sad reality is that our schools are in crisis--
especially in the inner cities and in places like Appalachia. And, I am 
frustrated and saddened that far too many children simply are not 
getting the quality education they deserve. The current Troops to 
Teachers program is helping to improve educational quality in America 
by providing mature, motivated, experienced, and dedicated personnel 
for our nation's classrooms. In fact, when administrators were asked to 
rate Troops to Teachers participants in their schools, 54 percent of 
the administrators said that the former military personnel turned 
teachers were among the best teachers at the schools. I am pleased to 
say that since 1994, 3,720 retired members of the U.S. military have 
been hired as teachers in all 50 states.
  Additionally, a 1999 alternative teacher certification study found 
that participants in the Troops to Teachers program broaden the make-up 
and skills of our current teacher pool. For example, 30 percent of 
participants are minorities, compared to 10 percent of all teachers; 30 
percent of participants are teaching math, compared to 13 percent of 
all teachers; 39 percent are willing to teach in inner cities compared 
to the current 16 percent urban teaching force; and 90 percent are 
male, compared to the overall current teaching force which is 26 
percent male.
  By expanding the current mission of the Troops to Teachers program by 
helping to link veterans with community volunteer opportunities to 
tutor and mentor school children, we can strengthen our education 
system overall. By linking students and America's retired military 
personnel--men and women who have exhibited the ideals of discipline, 
order, courage, and civic responsibility--we can teach our children 
valuable lessons outside the classroom.
  Sadly, Mr. President, a recent survey of American youth, called the 
``New Millennium Project,'' found that students chose as their three 
lowest-ranking priorities in life: 1. Being a good citizen who cares 
about the good of the country; 2. Being involved in democracy and 
voting; and 3. Being involved in helping make one's community a better 
place. Furthermore, a recent survey by the Horatio Alger Society found 
that 21 percent of students had no heroes.
  We need to change this, Mr. President. We need to change these 
apathetic and aimless attitudes. We need to give American youth some 
direction--the right direction. After all, these children are our 
future--we need to equip them with an arsenal of lessons--lessons they 
can learn in the classroom and out of the classroom by interacting with 
our country's heroes--our veterans.
  The bottom line is this: As a nation, we need to do all we can to get 
the best teachers available into our public schools. We are trying to 
do just that through the current Troops to Teachers program. Now, the 
``Veteran's Mission for Youth Initiative'' is another step in that 
direction. I urge my colleagues to support this effort and to join me 
in taking an important step toward improving education in this country. 
We owe it to our children; we it to our veterans; and we owe it to our 
nation.
  Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the bill be 
printed in the Record.

[[Page 14277]]

  There being no objection, the bill was ordered to be printed in the 
Record, as follows:

                                S. 2867

       Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
     the United States of America in Congress assembled,

     SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

       This Act may be cited as the ``Veterans Mission for Youth 
     Act''.

     SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

       Congress makes the following findings:
       (1) Since 1994, 17,148 retired members of the United States 
     Armed Forces have applied to participate in the Troops-to-
     Teachers program and 3,720 such members have been hired as 
     teachers in 50 States.
       (2) The mission of the Troops-to-Teachers program is to 
     help improve American Education by providing mature, 
     motivated, experienced, and dedicated personnel for the 
     nation's classrooms.
       (3) The Troops-to-Teachers program provides positive role 
     models for the nation's public school students.
       (4) Ninety percent of Troops-to-Teachers participants are 
     male, compared to 26 percent of the existing teaching force.
       (5) Nearly 30 percent of Troops-to-Teachers participants 
     are minorities compared to 10 percent in the existing 
     teaching force.
       (6) The Troops-to-Teachers program helps relieve teacher 
     shortages, especially in the subjects of math and science.
       (7) School administrators who work with Troops-to-Teachers 
     participants were asked to rate such participants in their 
     schools, 54 percent of such administrators said that the 
     former military personnel turned teachers were well above 
     average or were among the best teachers at the schools.
       (8) The 1999 Alternative Teacher Certification study by C, 
     Emily Feistritzer found that 30 percent of Troops-to-Teachers 
     participants are minorities compared to 10 percent of all 
     teachers, 30 percent are teaching math compared to 13 percent 
     of all teachers, 25 percent teach in urban schools, and 90 
     percent are male compared to the current teaching force which 
     is 74 percent female.
       (9) America's 25,000,000 veterans have exhibited the ideals 
     of discipline, order, courage, and civic responsibility that 
     are important lessons for America's children.
       (10) The recent survey of American youth, the ``New 
     Millennium Project'' found that students chose as their 3 
     lowest-ranking priorities in life--being a good citizen who 
     cares about the good of the country, being involved in 
     democracy and voting, and being involved in helping make 
     one's community a better place.
       (11) A recent survey by the Horatio Alger Society found 
     that 21 percent of students had no heroes.

     SEC. 3. ESTABLISHMENT OF A VETERANS MISSION FOR YOUTH 
                   INITIATIVE.

       Title XVII of the National Defense Authorization Act of 
     Fiscal Year 2000 (commonly known as the Troops-to-Teachers 
     Program Act of 1999 (20 U.S.C. 9301 et seq.)) is amended by 
     adding at the end the following:

     ``SEC. 1710. VETERANS MISSION FOR YOUTH INITIATIVE.

       ``(a) Establishment.--The Secretary of Defense, acting 
     through the Defense Activity for Non-Traditional Education 
     Support Division of the Department of Defense, shall 
     establish an initiative to be known as the `Veterans Mission 
     for Youth Initiative' to award grants to eligible 
     organizations to provide mentoring, tutoring, after-school 
     and other programs for youth.
       ``(b) Eligibility.--
       ``(1) In general.--To be eligible to receive a grant under 
     subsection (a), an organization shall--
       ``(A) be a community organization that provides, or intends 
     to provide, services to link individuals described in 
     paragraph (2) with youth;
       ``(B) prepare and submit to the Secretary an application at 
     such time, in such manner, and containing such information as 
     the Secretary may require;
       ``(C) provides assurances to the Secretary that the 
     organization with provide matching funds as required under 
     paragraph (3); and
       ``(D) meet such other requirements as the Secretary may 
     prescribe.
       ``(2) Individuals eligible to provide services.--An 
     individual described in this paragraph is any member of the 
     Armed Forces--
       ``(A) who was--
       ``(i) discharged or released from active duty after 6 or 
     more years of continuous active duty immediately before the 
     discharge or release; or
       ``(ii) involuntarily discharged or released from active 
     duty for purposes of a reduction of force after 6 or more 
     years of continuous active duty immediately before the 
     discharge or release; and
       ``(B) who's last period of service in the Armed Forces was 
     characterized as honorable; and
       ``(C) who satisfies such other criteria for selection as 
     the Secretary may prescribe.
       ``(3) Matching requirement.--To be eligible to receive a 
     grant under this section an eligible organization shall agree 
     to make available (directly or through donations from public 
     or private entities) non-Federal contributions toward the 
     cost of carrying out the program established under the grant 
     in an amount equal to the amount provided under the grant.
       ``(c) Use of Funds.--An organization shall use amounts 
     provided under a grant under this section to carry out a 
     program to facilitate linkages between individuals described 
     in subsection (b)(2) and youth through the provision by such 
     individuals of mentoring, tutoring, after-school and other 
     services.
       ``(d) Authorization of Appropriations.--There is authorized 
     to be appropriated to carry out this section, $75,000,000 for 
     fiscal year 2001, and such sums as may be necessary for each 
     subsequent fiscal year.''.
                                 ______
                                 
      By Mr. FRIST (for himself, Mr. Jeffords, Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Dodd, 
        Mr. DeWine, Mr. Reed, Mrs. Murray, Mr. Bond, Mr. Hatch, Mr. 
        Gorton, Mr. Abraham, and Mr. Durbin):
  S. 2868. A bill to amend the Public Health Service Act with respect 
to children's health; to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and 
Pensions.


                  children's public health act of 2000

  Mr. FRIST. Mr. President, I am pleased to be joined by Senators 
Jeffords, Kennedy, Dodd, DeWine, Reed, Murray, Bond, Hatch, Gorton, 
Abraham, and Durbin to introduce the Children's Public Health Act of 
2000.
  This bill is the result of months of close collaboration begun last 
fall between members of the Health, Education, Labor and Pensions 
Committee, and in discussion with Congressmen Bliley and Bilirakis to 
begin an effort to address children's health issues this Congress.
  I am pleased that the House has already passed a companion bill to 
the one which we introduce today, and I look forward to working with 
the House to ensure that we enact this needed bill by the end of the 
year.
  The Children's Public Health Act of 2000 has four overriding themes 
represented in its four titles: Injury Prevention, Maternal and Infant 
Health, Pediatric Health Promotion, and Pediatric Research. I view 
these four themes as critical to ensuring that we are able to promote 
the health of our Nation's children.
  In the first title we address the critical problem of unintentional 
injuries. According to the CDC, unintentional injuries are the leading 
cause of death for every age group between 1 and 19 years of age. 
Unintentional injuries comprise 26 deaths per 100,000 children aged 1-
14 and 62 deaths per 100,000 children aged 15-19. In addition, more 
than 1,500,000 children in the United States sustain a brain injury 
each year. To help address this problem, the bill would reauthorize and 
strengthen the Traumatic Brain Injury programs at the Centers for 
Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health 
(NIH) and the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA).
  The bill also includes a provision which I originally introduced with 
Senator Dodd in March of this year, to address the issue of child care 
health and safety. In my own state of Tennessee, there have been 4 
deaths in the past 3 years in child care settings, and 1 in 15 child-
care programs in the Nashville area were found by state inspectors to 
have potentially put the health and safety of children at risk during 
1999. In addition, in 1997, 31,000 children aged 4 and younger were 
treated in hospital emergency rooms for injuries sustained in child 
care or school settings across this nation. Therefore, the bill 
contains child care safety and health grants to assist states to fund 
specific activities to increase safety and health in child care 
settings.
  To address the tragic fact that birth defects are the leading cause 
of infant mortality and are responsible for about 30 percent of all 
pediatric hospital admissions, the second title of the bill focuses on 
maternal and infant health. According to the CDC, an estimated 3,000 
birth defects have been identified, of which 70 percent have no known 
cause. To provide national leadership to combat birth defects, the bill 
would establish a National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental 
Disabilities at the CDC, which is strongly supported by the March of 
Dimes and other birth defects groups, to collect, analyze, and 
distribute data on birth defects. In addition, the bill authorizes the 
Healthy Start program for the first

[[Page 14278]]

time, which is designed to reduce the rate of infant mortality and 
improve perinatal outcomes by providing grants to areas with a high 
incidence of infant mortality and low birth weight. This bill also 
contains folic acid education programs to spread the knowledge of the 
positive health effects of folic acid in the diet of pregnant women.
  To address the fact that over 3,000 women experience serious 
complications due to pregnancy and that 2 to 3 of these women will die 
from pregnancy complications, the bill would develop a national 
monitoring and surveillance program to better understand the burden of 
material complications and mortality and to decrease the disparities 
among populations at risk of death and complications from pregnancy.
  The third title addresses the promotion of pediatric health by 
focusing on screening and prevention programs to combat some of the 
most common childhood diseases and conditions. This bill helps to 
combat asthma, the most common chronic disease of childhood, affecting 
nearly 5 million children under the age of 18 in the United States, by 
providing comprehensive asthma services to children and to coordinate 
the wide range of asthma prevention programs in the federal government.
  We also focus on childhood obesity, which has increased by 100% among 
children in just the past 15 years, and has resulted in 4.7 million 
children and adolescents ages 6-19 years becoming seriously overweight. 
To address this obesity epidemic, the bill provides programs to support 
the development, implementation, and evaluation of state and community-
based programs to promote good nutrition and increased physical 
activity among American youth.
  In examining the problems affecting children across the nation and in 
Tennessee, I was very concerned to learn that in Memphis, Tennessee, 
over 12 percent of children under the of age of 6 have screened 
positive for lead poisoning. At high levels, lead can cause a variety 
of debilitating health problems, including seizure, coma, and even 
death. At lower levels, lead can contribute to learning disabilities, 
loss of intelligence, hyperactivity, and behavioral problems. This bill 
includes physician education and training programs on current lead 
screening policies, tracks the percentage of children in the Health 
Centers program who are screened for lead poisoning, and conducts 
outreach and education for families at risk of lead poisoning.
  This bill also targets pediatric oral health, which was recently 
highlighted by the May 2000, Surgeon General report which focused on 
the fact that oral health is inseparable from overall health, and that 
while there have been great improvements in oral health for a majority 
of the population, there are disparities that primarily affect poor 
children and those who live in underserved areas of our country, with 
80 percent of all dental cavities found in 20 percent of children. This 
bill would support community-based research and training to improve the 
understanding of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnoses, prevention, and 
treatment of pediatric oral, dental, and craniofacial diseases. In 
addition, the bill would provide state grants to increase community 
water fluoridation and to provide school-based dental sealant services 
to children in low income areas.
  The last title of this bill is a focus on strengthening pediatric 
research efforts in the country. To give us a fuller understanding of 
how we can help promote the health of our children we establish a 
Pediatric Research Initiative within the National Institutes of Health 
to enhance collaborative efforts, provide increased support for 
pediatric biomedical research, and ensure that opportunities for 
advancement in scientific investigations and care for children are 
realized. The bill would also expand research into autism, which 
affects 1 in 500 children, establish a long term Child Development 
Study at the NIH to evaluate the effects of both chronic and 
intermittent exposures on human development.
  Mr. President, this bill is comprehensive; it systematically 
addresses several critical childhood health issues and I am committed 
to ensure that it will be enacted before the end of this Congress. I 
would like to thank Senator Jeffords, the chairman of the Senate 
Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee and Senator Kennedy and 
their staffs for their critical collaboration which has led to the 
development of a strong bipartisan bill. I would also like to thank 
Senators Dodd, DeWine, Reed, Murray, Bond, Hatch, Gorton, Abraham, and 
Durbin, for their work on selected provision's in this bill and to 
their commitment to children's health issues. I would also like to 
thank Mr. Bill Baird, from the Office of Senate Legislative Counsel, 
for his great work in drafting this bill. I ask unanimous consent that 
a full summary of the bill appear in the Record following my remarks.
  There being no objection, the summary was ordered to be printed in 
the Record, as follows:

           The Children's Public Health Act of 2000--Summary

       In an effort to address the health and well being of our 
     most precious resource, the Children's Public Health Act of 
     2000 amends the Public Health Service Act to revise, extend, 
     and establish programs with respect to children's health 
     research, health promotion and disease prevention activities 
     conducted through Federal public health agencies. The Act 
     contains four titles to address critical issues in the areas 
     of children's health; including Injury Prevention, Maternal 
     and Infant Health, Pediatric Public Health Promotion, and 
     Pediatric Research.


                       title I--injury prevention

     Subtitle A--Traumatic Brain Injury
       Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a term descriptive of 
     injury occurring to the brain as a result of external forces. 
     These injuries may include intracranial (inside the skull) or 
     intraparenchymal (inside the brain tissue) hemorrhage, 
     parenchymal edema, or shear injury. The CDC Center for Injury 
     Prevention estimates that more than 1,500,000 children in the 
     US sustain a brain injury each year, and many more are living 
     with the consequences. According to the CDC National Center 
     for Health Statistics, unintentional injuries including TBI 
     are the leading cause of death for every age group from 1 to 
     19 years of age, comprising 26 deaths per 100,000 children 
     aged 1-14 and 62 deaths per 100,000 children aged 15-19. 
     Younger children and infants are at an increased risk of 
     brain injury because the size and weight of their heads is 
     greater in proportion to their body size. Young children also 
     lack mature muscle control, which contributes to an increased 
     risk of head injury.
       This provision would reauthorize the Traumatic Brain Injury 
     Act of 1996 to extent the authority for CDC to support 
     research into strategies for the prevention of TBI and 
     implementing public information and education programs for 
     the prevention of TBI. NIH research is expanded to cognitive 
     disorders and neurobehavioral consequences arising from TBI. 
     The bill authorizes HRSA to make grants for community support 
     services to develop, change, or enhance service delivery 
     systems. Grants may be used to educate consumers and 
     families, train professionals, improve case management, 
     develop best practices in the areas of family support, return 
     to work, and housing for people with traumatic brain injury.
     Subtitle B--Child Care Safety and Health Grants
       Of the 21 million children under the age of 6 in the United 
     States, almost 13 million spend some part of their day in 
     child care. There is alarming evidence to suggest that more 
     must be done to improve the health and safety of children in 
     child care settings. For example, a 1998 Consumer Product 
     Safety Commission Study revealed that two-thirds of the 200 
     licensed child care settings investigated exhibited safety 
     hazards, such as insufficient child safety gates, cribs with 
     soft bedding, and unsafe playgrounds. In 1997 alone, 31,000 
     children age 4 and younger were treated in hospital emergency 
     rooms for injuries sustained in child care school settings. 
     Even more tragically, since 1990 more than 56 children have 
     died in child care settings.
       To address the need for increased safety of child care 
     facilities, this provision would give the Secretary of Health 
     and Human Services the authority to provide grants to states 
     to carry out activities related to the improvement of the 
     health and safety of children in child care settings. Grants 
     may be used for two or more of the following activities: 
     train and educate child care provides to prevent injuries and 
     illnesses and to promote health-related practices; strengthen 
     and enforce child care provider licensing, regulation, and 
     registration; rehabilitate child care facilities to meet 
     health and safety standards; provide health consultants to 
     give health and safety advice to child care providers; 
     enhance child care providers' ability to serve children with 
     disabilities; conduct criminal background checks on child 
     care providers; provide information to parents on choosing a 
     safe and healthy setting for their children; or improve the 
     safety of transportation of children in child care.

[[Page 14279]]




                  title ii--maternal and infant health

     Subtitle A--Safe Motherhood and Infant Health Prevention
       Every day, 2-3 women die from pregnancy complications and 
     over 3,000 women experience serious complications due to 
     pregnancy. Despite nearly 4 million deliveries in the United 
     States each year, we have little information about unintended 
     health consequences related to pregnancy and childbirth. The 
     nation's infant mortality rate has steadily declined over the 
     last decade, but the percentage of women who die in 
     childbirth has remained unchanged. Maternal mortality rates 
     reveal significant disparities between African American and 
     white women, but the reasons for those differences are not 
     well understood. When compared with white women, black women 
     continue to have four times the risk for dying from 
     complications of pregnancy and childbirth.
       The provision would authorize the Secretary of HHS to 
     develop a national monitoring and surveillance program to 
     better understand the burden of maternal complications and 
     mortality and to decrease the disparities among populations 
     at risk of death and complications from pregnancy. The 
     provision would also allow the Secretary to expand the 
     Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System program to 
     provide surveillance and data collection in each of the 50 
     States. Furthermore, the provision would expand research 
     concerning risk factors, prevention strategies, and the roles 
     of the family, health care providers, and the community in 
     safe motherhood. The provision also authorizes public 
     education campaigns on healthy pregnancies, education 
     programs for health care providers, and activities to promote 
     community support services for pregnant women. Finally, the 
     provision provides grant funding for research initiatives and 
     prevention programs on drug, alcohol, and smoking prevention 
     and cessation for pregnant women.
     Subtitle B--Healthy Start Initiative
       The Healthy Start initiative began as a demonstration 
     project in 1991 to help mothers from disadvantaged 
     neighborhoods improve their chances of having a healthy 
     pregnancy and, ultimately, a healthy baby. This provision 
     authorizes the Healthy Start program for the first time. 
     Healthy Start is designed to reduce the rate of infant 
     mortality and improve perinatal outcomes by providing grants 
     to areas with a high rate of infant mortality and low birth 
     weight. Newly authorized services include expanding access to 
     surgical services to the fetus, pregnant woman, and infant 
     during the first year after birth.
     Subtitle C--National Center for Birth Defects and 
         Developmental Disabilities
       Birth defects are the leading cause of infant mortality and 
     are responsible for about 30% of all pediatric hospital 
     admissions. According to the CDC, of the estimated 3,000 
     different birth defects that have been identified, up to 70% 
     without a known cause. Of the four million babies born each 
     year in the United States, approximately 150,000 are born 
     with one or more serious birth defects. About 17% of U.S. 
     children under 18 years of age have a developmental 
     disability. In the United States, 12 out of every 1,000 
     school children have mental retardation, approximately 10,000 
     infants born each year develop cerebral palsy, and as many as 
     1 in every 500 children under 15 years of age may have one of 
     the autism spectrum disorders.
       This provision would create a National Center for Birth 
     Defects and Developmental Disabilities within the CDC. The 
     purpose of this Center would be to collect, analyze, and 
     distribute data on birth defects including information on 
     causes, incidence, and prevalence; conduct applied 
     epidemiological research on the prevention of such defects; 
     and provide information to the public on proven prevention 
     activities.
     Subtitle D--Folic Acid Education Programs
       Each year, an estimated 2,500 infants are born in the 
     United States with serious birth defects of the brain and 
     spine, called neural tube defects. The most common neural 
     tube defects are spina bifida, which is due to an incomplete 
     closure of the spinal column, and anencephaly, a fatal 
     condition where an infant is born with a severely 
     underdeveloped brain and skull. Spina bifida is the leading 
     cause of childhood paralysis. As many as 70 percent of all 
     neural tube birth defects could be prevented if all women of 
     childbearing age consumed 400 micrograms of folic acid daily, 
     beginning before pregnancy. Folic acid is a B vitamin found 
     naturally in leafy green vegetables, beans, citrus fruits, 
     and juices. Since January 1998, the Food and Drug 
     Administration has required that all foods containing 
     enriched flour, such as breads, pasta, and breakfast cereal, 
     be fortified with folic acid. In addition to consuming a diet 
     high in folate-rich foods, a daily multivitamin is one of the 
     most reliable sources of folic acid. A majority of women are 
     not aware of this prevention opportunity, nor are they 
     consuming the recommended daily amount. A national folic 
     campaign is needed to urge women to take this simple step to 
     prevent neural tube defects.
       This provision would establish a national folic acid 
     education program to prevent birth defects. CDC, in 
     partnership with the States and local, public, and private 
     entities, is authorized to launch an education and public 
     awareness campaign; conduct research to identify effective 
     strategies for increasing folic acid consumption by women of 
     reproductive capacity; and evaluate the effectiveness of 
     these strategies.


              title iii--pediatric public health promotion

     Subtitle A--Asthma
       Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood. It 
     affects nearly five million children under the age of 18 in 
     the United States, and the incidence is dramatically 
     increasing. Several studies suggest that between 1980 and 
     1994, asthma increased 160% among children under age 4, and 
     74% among children aged 5-14. According to the National 
     Center for Health Statistics, children under 18 years of age 
     miss nearly 72 out of every 1,000 school days due to asthma. 
     This is more than three times the number of missed school 
     days than their unaffected peers accounting for almost 10 
     million missed days each year.
       This provision would authorize the Secretary to award 
     grants to provide comprehensive asthma services to children, 
     equip mobile care clinics, conduct patient and family 
     education on asthma management, and identify children 
     eligible for Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance 
     Program, and other children's health programs. This provision 
     amends the Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant 
     program to provide for the establishment, operation, and 
     coordination of effective and cost- efficient systems to 
     reduce the prevalence of asthma and asthma-related illnesses 
     among urban populations, especially children, by reducing the 
     level of exposure to cockroach allergen through the use of 
     integrated pest management. This provision also requires HHS 
     to establish a coordinating committee to identify all Federal 
     programs that carry out asthma-related activities; develop, 
     in consultation with appropriate Federal agencies, 
     professional and voluntary health organizations, a Federal 
     plan for responding to asthma; and submit recommendations to 
     Congress within 12 months after enactment regarding ways to 
     strengthen and improve the coordination of asthma-related 
     Federal activities.
     Subtitle B--Childhood Obesity Prevention
       Obesity has increased by more than 50 percent among adults 
     and 100 percent among children in just the past 15 years. 
     Approximately 4.7 million children, or 11% of youths ages 6-
     19 years are seriously overweight. Obesity is associated with 
     many of the leading causes of death and disability, including 
     heart disease, diabetes, certain forms of arthritis, and 
     cancer. Research shows that 60% of overweight 5 to 10 year 
     old children already have at least one risk factor for heart 
     disease (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or altered insulin 
     levels). Almost 25 percent of young people ages 6-17 are 
     overweight, and the percentage who are seriously overweight 
     has doubled in the last 30 years. Part of the reason for 
     youth inactivity is the reduction of daily participation in 
     high school physical education classes has declined from 42 
     percent in 1991 to 27 percent in 1997.
       This provision would authorize the CDC to administer a 
     competitive grant program to support the development, 
     implementation, and evaluation of state and community-based 
     programs to promote good nutrition and increased physical 
     activity among American children and adolescents. States 
     would be required to develop comprehensive, inter-agency 
     school- and community-based approaches to encourage and 
     promote nutrition and physical activity in local communities. 
     The proposal would allow CDC to provide states with technical 
     support as well as disseminate information about effective 
     prevention strategies and interventions in treating obesity.
       The CDC will coordinate and conduct research to improve our 
     understanding of the relationship between physical activity, 
     diet, health, and other factors that contribute to obesity. 
     Research will also focus on developing and evaluating 
     effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of 
     obesity and eating disorders, as well as study the prevalence 
     and cost of childhood obesity and its effects into adulthood.
       The CDC in collaboration with State and local health, 
     nutrition, and physical activity experts, will develop a 
     nationwide public education campaign regarding the health 
     risks associated with poor nutrition and physical inactivity, 
     and will promote information on effective ways to incorporate 
     good eating habits and regular physical activity into daily 
     living.
       The CDC, in collaboration with HRSA, will develop and carry 
     out a program to train health professionals in effective 
     strategies to better identify, assess, and counsel (or refer) 
     patients with obesity, an eating disorder, or who are at risk 
     of becoming obese or developing an eating disorder. They will 
     also develop and carry out a program to educate and train 
     educators and child care professionals in effective 
     strategies to teach children and their families about ways to 
     improve dietary habits and levels of physical activity.
     Subtitle C--Childhood Lead Prevention
       At high levels, lead can cause a variety of debilitating 
     health problems, including seizure, coma, and even death. At 
     lower levels,

[[Page 14280]]

     lead can contribute to learning disabilities, loss of 
     intelligence, hyperactivity, and behavioral problems. 
     Screening is a critical element in eliminating childhood lead 
     poisoning because in most cases there are no distinctive or 
     obvious symptoms. Children with elevated blood lead levels 
     are seven times more likely to drop out of high school and 
     six times more likely to have reading disabilities. It costs 
     an average of $10,000 more a year to educate a lead-poisoned 
     child.
       This provision requires HRSA to report annually to the 
     Congress on the percentage of children in the Health Centers 
     program who are screened for lead poisoning. Requires HRSA to 
     work with the CDC and HCFA to conduct physician education and 
     training programs on current lead screening policies along 
     with the scientific, medical, and public health basis for 
     such policies.
       This provision requires CDC to issue recommendations and 
     establish requirements for its grantees to ensure uniform and 
     complete reporting of blood lead levels from laboratories to 
     State and local health departments and to improve data 
     linkages between health departments, CDC, WIC, Early Head 
     Start, and other federally funded means-tested public benefit 
     programs.
       This provision authorizes new funding through the Maternal 
     and Child Health Block Grant to states with a demonstrated 
     need (based on local surveillance data) to conduct outreach 
     and education for families at risk of lead poisoning, provide 
     individual family education designed to reduce exposures to 
     children with elevated blood lead levels, implement community 
     environmental interventions, and ensure continuous quality 
     measurement and improvement plans for communities committed 
     to comprehensive lead poisoning prevention.
     Subtitle D--Oral Health
       In May 2000, the Surgeon General of the United States 
     published the landmark report, Oral Health in America: A 
     Report of the Surgeon General. The report focuses on the fact 
     that oral health is inseparable from overall health. However, 
     tooth decay is the most prevalent preventable chronic disease 
     of childhood and only the common cold, the flu and onitis 
     media occur more often among young children. And while there 
     have been great improvements in oral health for a majority of 
     the population, there are disparities that primarily affect 
     poor children and those who live in underserved areas of our 
     country, with 80 percent of all dental cavities found in 20 
     percent of the children. ``The devastating consequences of 
     untreated disease can affect children's health and well 
     being, causing pain and suffering, time lost from school, 
     loss of permanent teeth, self-consciousness and loss of self-
     esteem, and even more complications in children with 
     coexisting medical conditions.'' The United States must 
     improve and enhance the training of dental health 
     professionals to meet the increasing need for dental services 
     for children .
       This provision would require the Secretary of HHS to 
     support community-based research and training to improve the 
     understanding of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnoses, 
     prevention and treatment of pediatric oral, dental and 
     craniofacial diseases and conditions. The Secretary of HHS is 
     authorized to provide grants to States to increase community 
     water fluoridation and to provide school-based dental sealant 
     services to children in low income areas.


                      title vi--pediatric research

     Subtitle A--Pediatric Research Initiative
       The rapidly expanding knowledge base in genetics and 
     biomedicine affords an unparalleled opportunity to understand 
     gene-environment interactions and to apply this knowledge to 
     the benefit of children and society. Findings in pediatric 
     research not only promote and maintain health throughout a 
     child's lifespan, but also contribute significantly to new 
     insights and discoveries that will aid in the prevention and 
     treatment of illnesses and conditions among adults. A growing 
     body of evidence shows that risk factors for diseases such as 
     coronary artery disease and stroke begin in childhood and 
     persist through adulthood.
       This provision would establish a Pediatric Research 
     Initiative within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to 
     enhance collaborative efforts, provide increased support for 
     pediatric biomedical research, and ensure that expanding 
     opportunities for advancement in scientific investigations 
     and care for children are realized.
       The Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) will make 
     available enhanced support for activities relating to the 
     training and career development of pediatric researchers, 
     including general authority for loan repayment of a portion 
     of education loans.
     Subtitle B--Autism
       Autism and autism spectrum disorders are biologically-based 
     neurodevelopment diseases that cause severe impairments in 
     language and communication. These disorders often manifest in 
     young children sometime during the first two years of life. 
     Estimates indicate that 1 in 500 children born today will be 
     diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder and that 400,000 
     Americans have autism or an autism spectrum disorder.
       Under this provision, the Director of NIH shall expand, 
     intensify, and coordinate the activities of the NIH with 
     respect to research on autism. The Director of NIH will carry 
     out through NIMH and other agencies that may be appropriate, 
     and establish not less than five Centers of Excellence on 
     autism research. Each center will conduct basic and clinical 
     research into the cause, diagnosis, early detection, 
     prevention, control and treatment of autism, including 
     research in the fields of developmental neurobiology, 
     genetics and psychopharmacology. The Director shall provide 
     for the coordination of information among centers. A center 
     may provide individuals referrals for health and other 
     services and patient care services as required for research. 
     The Director shall provide for a program under which samples 
     of tissues and genetic materials that are of use in research 
     on autism are made available for this research.
       The proposal also establishes through the CDC, at least 
     three regional centers of excellence in autism and pervasive 
     developmental disabilities epidemiology to collect and 
     analyze information on the number, incidence, and causes of 
     autism and related developmental disabilities would be 
     established. The Secretary shall establish a program to 
     provide information on autism to health professionals and the 
     general public, and establish an Autism Coordinating 
     Committee to coordinate all efforts within HHS on autism.
     Subtitle B--Child Development Study
       Findings in pediatric research not only promote and 
     maintain health throughout a child's lifespan, but also 
     contribute significantly to new insights and discoveries that 
     will aid in the prevention and treatment of illnesses and 
     conditions among adults. A growing body of evidence shows 
     that risk factors for diseases such as coronary artery 
     disease and stroke begin in childhood and persist through 
     adulthood. Children are more vulnerable to physical, 
     chemical, biological, safety, and psychosocial exposures than 
     adults. Evidence-based policies and effective prevention and 
     health promotion strategies to achieve a healthy and safe 
     environment for children and families, are best derived from 
     a federal multi-agency longitudinal study.
       Authorizes NICHD to convene and direct a consortium of 
     federal agencies, including CDC and EPA, to plan, develop and 
     implement a prospective cohort study to evaluate the effects 
     of both chronic and intermittent exposures on human 
     development, and to investigate basic mechanisms of 
     developmental disorders and environmental factors, both risk 
     and protective, that influence growth and development 
     processes. The study will incorporate behavioral, emotional, 
     educational, and contextual consequences to enable a complete 
     assessment of the physical, chemical, biological and 
     psychosocial environmental influences on children's well-
     being.
       The study shall include diverse populations, before birth, 
     to gather data on environmental influences and outcomes until 
     at least age 21, and shall consider health disparities.
     Subtitle D--Research on Rare Diseases
       This Provision would require the NIH Director to report to 
     Congress within 180 days of enactment regarding activities 
     conducted and supported by the NIH during Fiscal Year 2000 
     with respect to rare diseases in children and the activities 
     that are planned to be conducted and supported by the NIH 
     with respect to such diseases during the Fiscal Years 2001 
     through 2005.
     Subtitle E--GME in Children's Hospitals
       The health of the nation's children depends upon a steady 
     supply of well-trained pediatricians and pediatric 
     specialists. Independent children's hospitals train about 
     half of all pediatric specialists, and 30 percent of 
     pediatricians. Graduate medical education (GME) activities 
     have historically been supported by Medicare, but, because 
     these hospitals serve very few Medicare patients, they 
     receive very little financial support for this important and 
     costly activity. Children's hospitals are an important 
     resource for all children. The training, pediatric research, 
     and primary and specialty care services that occur in these 
     facilities should be preserved and strengthened. 
     Unfortunately, however, many of these hospitals are 
     struggling to maintain their missions. Last year, a new 
     program was authorized to provide discretionary support for 
     pediatric GME activities in free-standing children's 
     hospitals. This provision extends the authorization to 2005.

  Mr. JEFFORDS. Mr. President, it gives me great pleasure to join my 
colleagues today in introducing the Children's Health Act of 2000. This 
bill authorizes a variety of programs and initiatives that promise to 
significantly improve the health of children in this nation. I want to 
commend Senators Frist, Kennedy, Dodd, Gregg, DeWine, Reed, Bond, 
Gorton, Abraham, and Durbin for their work and commitment to protecting 
and improving the health of our children.
  This bill takes a multifaceted approach in addressing the most 
pressing healthcare problems facing our children today, such as brain 
injury, birth defects, asthma, and obesity. The bill

[[Page 14281]]

authorizes prevention programs, educational programs, clinical 
research, and direct clinical care services. It also enhances the 
training and knowledge base of pediatric healthcare researchers through 
training and loan repayment programs. In the face of so many dangerous 
diseases and conditions, the holistic approach taken by this bill 
offers the best hope for protecting and improving our children's 
health.
  This bill provides funding for critical research on children's heath. 
The Pediatric Research Initiative, based in the National Institutes of 
Health, will lay the foundation for comprehensive, cross cutting 
pediatric biomedical research. Such a center has the potential to yield 
valuable new information on child growth and development.
  The Child Development Study, a long term study of environmental 
influences on children's health, will also yield important insights 
into the environmental factors that influence the growth and 
development of our children. This understanding will play a critical 
role in shaping future policy and programs for children's health. This 
research, in addition to other research opportunities provided in this 
bill promises to significantly improve our ability to protect the 
health of our children.
  In addition to research, this bill provides resources for care and 
prevention programs. For example, this bill authorizes aggressive 
programs to prevent and treat one of the most challenging childhood 
health problems, traumatic brain injury. The Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention is directed to conduct research on prevention 
and to implement public education and information programs. The Health 
Research and Services Administration is authorized to fund community 
support services to develop support or enhance care systems for 
individuals with brain injuries. These programs, coupled with research 
at NIH, address both the causes and the consequences of traumatic brain 
injury.
  This bill authorizes the creation of a National Center for Birth 
Defects and Developmental Disabilities to collect, analyze, and 
distribute data on birth defects. This provision will allow for 
important data to be developed to guide the development of programs and 
policies to assist children and families coping with disabilities. 
Having worked for many years to improve the quality of life of people 
living with disabilities, I strongly support this effort to address the 
challenges of disabilities at the earliest age possible. This center 
will help to coordinate and focus our approach, and serve as a 
clearinghouse for information that will improve both healthcare and 
quality of life for children with disabilities.
  By targeting asthma, the most common chronic disease of childhood, 
this bill will make a difference in the lives of thousands of children 
and young people who suffer with this disease across the nation. Asthma 
jumped by 75 percent in the general population between 1980 and 1994. 
Among children under four there was a rise of 160 percent. It is 
estimated that this condition debilitates about 33,000 Vermonters 
(22,000 adults and 11,000 children). Grant programs authorized under 
this bill will fund comprehensive asthma services, mobile health care 
clinics, and patient and family education to reduce the impact of this 
dangerous disease. As this disease continues to strike more and more of 
our youth, it is critical that programs to reduce asthma have priority.
  Oral health is also improved under this legislation, which targets 
the disparities in access to dental care and preventive therapies among 
poor children. In addition to direct care services, this provision 
enhances community based research and training to improve our knowledge 
of effective clinical and preventive measures. With 20 percent of 
children experiencing 80 percent of the dental cavities, it is time we 
focus on this neglected population and make a difference in their 
health.
  An investment in the health of the nation's children will undoubtedly 
have long term rewards, as we move our understanding of and ability to 
treat childhood diseases far beyond current capabilities. Clearly, the 
time has come to comprehensively and aggressively tackle the primary 
causes of poor health for our children. I strongly support this 
legislation. The health of the nation rests on the health of our 
children, and we must do all we can to prevent and treat diseases that 
strike at the most vulnerable members of society.
  Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, it is a privilege to join Senator Frist 
and our other colleagues in introducing the Children's Public Health 
Act of 2000. This bipartisan legislation will help millions of children 
in the years ahead. It takes needed action to improve children's health 
by expanding pediatric research and calling for specific steps to deal 
with a wide range of childhood illness, disorders, and injuries. 
Coordinated action in these areas can lead to significant benefits for 
all children.
  Senator Frist and I have worked closely with many of our Democratic 
and Republican colleagues on this legislation. We have talked with 
experts and advocates in the children's health community. We believe 
this legislation will lead to significant progress in addressing some 
of today's most pressing pediatric public health problems.
  The legislation includes a variety of new and reauthorized children's 
health provisions that are organized under four broad categories--
injury prevention, maternal and infant health promotion, public health 
promotion, and research.
  Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability 
in young Americans. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has 
estimated that 5.3 million Americans are living with long-term, severe 
disability as a result of brain injuries, and each year 50,000 people 
die as a result of such injuries. The Children's Public Health Act 
revises and extends the authorization for the important programs 
enacted in 1996 to deal with these injuries. This reauthorization will 
assure continued progress toward our understanding, treating and 
preventing them.
  Improving and protecting the safety of child care environments should 
also be a high priority for Congress. This legislation creates a new 
program to improve the safety of children in child care settings, and 
to encourage child care providers to take steps to prevent illness and 
injuries and protect the health of the children they serve.
  In addition, this legislation includes programs to improve the health 
of pregnant women and prenatal outcomes, including prevention of birth 
defects and low birth weight. It establishes a new Center for Birth 
Defects and Developmental Disabilities at the Centers for Disease 
Control and Prevention in order to focus the nation's activities more 
effectively in these important areas. The new center will be especially 
helpful for children and families affected by these conditions.
  The bill also takes a number of steps to address other prevalent 
childhood conditions. Asthma is the most common chronic childhood 
illness, affecting more than seven percent of all American children. 
The death rate for children with asthma increased by 78 percent between 
1980 and 1993, and asthma-related costs total nearly $2 billion 
annually in direct health care for children. The nation is handicapped 
by a lack of basic information on where and how asthma strikes, what 
triggers it, and how effectively our current health care system is 
responding to those who suffer from this chronic disease. Our bill will 
provide greater asthma services to children, including mobile clinics, 
and patent and family education, and it will help to reduce allergens 
in housing and public facilities.
  Poor nutrition and lack of physical activity are also hurting many 
American children and contributing to lifelong health problems. The 
nation spends $39 billion a year--equal to six percent of overall U.S. 
health care expenditures--on direct health care related to obesity. 
Twenty percent of American children--one in five--are overweight. 
Unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity in childhood can lead 
to heart disease, cancer and other serious illnesses decades later. 
Children and adolescents who suffer from eating disorders, such as 
anorexia nervosa and bulimia, can have wide-

[[Page 14282]]

ranging physical and mental health impairments. Our legislation 
establishes new grant programs to reduce childhood obesity and earing 
disorders, promote better nutritional habits among children, and 
encourage an appropriate level of physical activity for children and 
adolescents.
  Last May, the Surgeon General published a landmark report on oral 
health in America, emphasizing the need to consider oral health as an 
essential part of total health. There is no question that oral and 
dental health care should be included in our primary care. Tooth decay 
is the most common childhood infectious disease, and it can lead to 
devastating consequences, including problems with eating, learning and 
speech. Twenty-five percent of children in the United States suffer 80 
percent of the tooth decay, with significant racial and age 
disparities. The number of dentists in the country has been declining 
since 1990, and is projected to continue to decline through the year 
2020.
  According to a 1995 report by the Inspector General, only one in five 
Medicaid-eligible children receive dental services annually, and the 
shortage of dentists exacerbates the problem of unmet needs. Yet tooth 
decay is largely preventable. More effective efforts to educate parents 
and children about the causes of tooth decay, and initiatives to 
prevent and treat it can lead to lasting public health improvements. 
Our legislation includes a variety of approaches to deal with this 
silent epidemic.
  Research has long shown that childhood lead poisoning can have 
devastating effects on children, causing reduced IQ and attention span, 
stunted growth, behavior problems, and reading and learning 
disabilities. Yet too children remain unscreened and untreated, and 
adequate services often are not available for children with elevated 
levels of lead in their blood. There is no excuse for not taking 
greater steps to eliminate childhood lead poisoning. Our bill includes 
screening for early detection and treatment, professional education and 
training programs, and outreach and education activities for at-risk 
children.
  Pediatic research discoveries promote and maintain health throughout 
a child's life span, and also contribute significantly to new insights 
that aid in the prevention and treatment of illnesses and conditions 
among adults. A growing body of evidence shows that risk factors for 
conditions such as coronary artery disease and stroke begin in 
childhood and persist through adulthood. Congress has a strong history 
of promoting basis and clinical research, and the steps taken in this 
legislation continue that priority.
  The legislation establishes a pediatric research initiative, 
authorized at $50 million annually, that will increase support for 
pediatric biomedical research at the National Institutes of Health, 
including an increase in collaborative efforts among multidisciplinary 
fields in areas that are promising for children. The legislation also 
requires coordination with the Food and Drug Administration to increase 
the number of pediatric clinical trails, and to provide greater 
information on safer and more effective use of prescription drugs in 
children.
  Children have unique health care needs. They are not simply small 
adults. Nothing is more important to the future health of America's 
children than maintaining a steady supply of pediatricians, pediatric 
specialists and pediatric-focused scientists.
  Our legislation takes two important steps to improve the growth and 
development of a pediatric-focused medical community. First, it 
enhances support by the National Institute for Child Health and Human 
Development expressly for training and career development activities of 
pediatric researchers, and it establishes a loan repayment program for 
pediatricians who conduct research.
  Second, it extends the authorization of a new program that supports 
graduate medical education activities at independent children's 
hospitals. These hospitals train half of all pediatric specialists, and 
30 percent of all pediatricians. However, because GME activities have 
historically been supported by Medicare and because these hospitals 
serve very few Medicare patients, they receive very little financial 
support for this important and costly activity. As a result, children's 
hospitals are struggling to maintain the important training, pediatric 
research, and primary and specialty care services that they provide. 
Children's hospitals should be treated like all other teaching 
hospitals when it comes to support for their GME activities. I have 
sponsored another legislative proposal to guarantee full funding each 
year, without being subject to the appropriations process. That 
proposal is awaiting consideration in the Finance Committee. Until it 
is enacted, we owe it to America's children to invest in their future 
health care by improving our support for pediatric GME activities.
  The bill also authorizes a new study to monitor and evaluate 
development of children through adulthood. The kind of information that 
will be obtained by this study is long-overdue. Children are more 
vulnerable to physical, chemical, biological, and other risks than 
adults, and we must make a major commitment to learning more about the 
influences and effects of the environment.
  Finally, this legislation also includes a program to address the 
unique needs of children with autism and related disorders. I look 
forward to working with Chairman Frist, members of the Committee and 
others to assure that the needs of children with Fragile X are met in 
the final legislation.
  This legislation deserves to be a major public health priority for 
the nation. Congress should send the President a strong bill on these 
issues before the end of this year.
  Mr. DeWINE. Mr. President, I rise today as a co-author of the 
``Children's Public Health Act of 2000.'' The sad fact is that far too 
many children never realize success as adults or even reach adulthood 
because of debilitating or life-threatening disease. That is why we 
must build a health care system that is responsive to the unique needs 
of children. The ``Children's Public Health Act of 2000'' is a big step 
in the right direction, and I commend my colleagues, Senators Frist, 
Jeffords, and Kennedy for their efforts to construct a bill that can 
really make a positive difference in the health and the lives of 
children.
  Mr. President, I am especially pleased that the ``Children's Public 
Health Act'' contains several important initiatives that my colleagues 
and I had already introduced as separate bills. One such initiative--
the Pediatric Research Initiative--would help ensure that more of the 
increased research funding at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) 
is invested specifically in children's health research.
  While children represent close to 30 percent of the population of 
this country, NIH devotes only about 12 percent of its budget to 
children, and, in recent years, that proportion has been declining even 
further. We must reverse this disturbing trend. It simply makes no 
sense to conduct health research for adults and hope that those 
findings also will apply to children. A ``one-size-fits-all'' research 
approach just doesn't work. The fact is that children have medical 
conditions and health care needs that differ significantly from adults. 
Children's health deserves more attention from the research community. 
That's why the Pediatric Research Initiative is such an important part 
of the ``Children's Public Health Act.'' It would provide the federal 
support for pediatric research that is so vital to ensuring that 
children receive the appropriate and best health care possible.
  The Pediatric Research Initiative would authorize $50 million 
annually for the next five years for the Office of the Director of NIH 
to conduct, coordinate, support, develop, and recognize pediatric 
research. By doing so, we will be able to ensure that researchers 
target and study child-specific diseases. With more than 20 Institutes 
and Centers and Offices within NIH that conduct, support, or develop 
pediatric research in some way, this investment would promote greater 
coordination and focus in children's health research and should 
encourage new initiatives and areas of research.

[[Page 14283]]

  The ``Children's Public Health Act'' also would authorize funding 
through the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development 
(NICHD)--for pediatric research training grants to support training for 
additional pediatric research scientists and would provide funding for 
loan forgiveness programs. Trained researchers are essential if we are 
to make significant advances in the study of pediatric health care, 
especially in light of the new and improved Food and Drug 
Administration (FDA) policies that encourage the testing of medications 
for use by children.
  Additionally, the ``Children's Public Health Act'' includes the 
``Children's Asthma Relief Act,'' which Senator Durbin and I introduced 
last year. The sad reality for children is that asthma is becoming a 
far too common and chronic childhood illness. From 1979 to 1992, the 
hospitalization rates among children due to asthma increased 74 
percent. Today, estimates show that more than seven percent of children 
now suffer from asthma. Nationwide, the most substantial prevalence 
rate increase for asthma occurred among children aged four and younger. 
Those four and younger also were hospitalized at the highest rate among 
all individuals with asthma.
  According to 1998 data from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), my 
home state of Ohio ranks about 17th in the estimated prevalence rates 
for asthma. Based on a 1994 CDC National Health Interview Survey, an 
estimated 197,226 children under 18 years of age in Ohio suffer from 
asthma. This is a serious health concern among children--and we must 
address it.
  The ``Children's Public Health Act'' would help ensure that children 
with asthma receive the care they need to live healthy lives. The bill 
would authorize $50 million annually for five years for the Secretary 
of Health and Human Services (HHS) to award grants to eligible entities 
to develop and expand projects that would provide asthma services to 
children. These grants also may be used to equip mobile health care 
clinics that provide asthma diagnosis and asthma-related health care 
services; educate families on asthma management; and identify and 
enroll uninsured children who are eligible for, but are not receiving 
health coverage under Medicaid or the State Children's Health Insurance 
Program (SCHIP). The ability to identify and enroll children in these 
programs will ensure that children with asthma receive the care they 
need.
  Since research shows that children living in urban areas suffer from 
asthma at such alarming rates and that allergens, such as cockroach 
waste, contribute to the onset of asthma, this bill also adds urban 
cockroach management to the current preventive health services block 
grant which currently can be used for rodent control.
  To better coordinate federal activities related to asthma, the 
Secretary of HHS would be required to identify all federal programs 
that carry out asthma research and develop a federal plan for 
responding to asthma. To better monitor the prevalence of pediatric 
asthma and to determine which areas have the greatest incidences of 
children with asthma, this bill would require the CDC to conduct local 
asthma surveillance activities to collect data on the prevalence and 
severity of asthma and to publish data annually on the prevalence rates 
of asthma among children and on the childhood mortality rate. This 
surveillance data will help us better detect asthmatic conditions, so 
that we can treat more children and ensure that we are targeting our 
resources in an effective and efficient way to reverse the disturbing 
trend in the hospitalization and death rates of asthmatic children.
  Finally, Mr. President, the bill we are introducing today includes 
language that I strongly support to re-authorize funding for children's 
hospitals' Graduate Medical Education (GME) programs for four 
additional years. Last year, as part of the ``Health Care Research and 
Quality Act,'' which was signed into law, we authorized funding for two 
years for children's hospitals' GME programs. The teaching mission of 
these hospitals is essential. Children's hospitals comprise less than 
one percent of all hospitals, yet they train five percent of all 
physicians, nearly 30 percent of all pediatricians, and almost 50 
percent of all pediatric specialists. By providing our nation with 
highly qualified pediatricians, children's hospitals can offer children 
the best possible care and offer parents peace of mind. They serve as 
the health care safety net for low-income children in their respective 
communities and are often the sole regional providers of many critical 
pediatric services. These institutions also serve as centers of 
excellence for very sick children across the nation. Federal funding 
for GME in children's hospitals is a sound investment in children's 
health and provides stability for the future of the pediatric 
workforce.
  Mr. President, as the father of eight children and the grandfather of 
five, I firmly believe that we must move forward to protect the 
interests--and especially the health--of all children. The ``Children's 
Public Health Act of 2000'' makes crucial investments in our country's 
future--investments that will yield great returns. If we focus on 
improving health care for all children today, we will have a generation 
of healthy adults tomorrow.
  I urge my colleagues to support this vital children's health care 
bill.
                                 ______
                                 
      By Mr. HATCH (for himself, Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. 
        Daschle, Mr. Bennett, Mr. Lieberman, and Mr. Schumer):
  S. 2869. A bill to protect religious liberty, and for other purposes; 
read the first time.


      religious land use and institutionalized persons act of 2000

  Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I rise today to introduce a narrowly 
focused bill that protects religious liberty from unnecessary 
governmental interference. It will provide protection for houses of 
worship and other religious assemblies from restrictive land use 
regulation that often prevents the practice of faith. This legislation 
also allows institutionalized persons to exercise their religion to the 
extent that it does not undermine the security, discipline, and order 
of their institutions.
  Seven years ago, recognizing the need to strengthen the fundamental 
right of religious liberty, Congress overwhelmingly passed the 
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). Unfortunately, in 1997, in 
the case of City of Boerne v. Flores, the Supreme Court held that 
Congress lacked the authority to enact RFRA as applied to state and 
local governments. In an attempt to respond to the Boerne decision, I 
introduced S. 2081 earlier this year. Legislation similar to S. 2081 
passed the House of Representatives. Yet, concerns were raised by some 
regarding the scope of S. 2081, and I undertook an effort to seek out a 
consensus approach. The legislation I am introducing today, which 
maintains certain provisions of S. 2081, is a tailored version which 
represents the product of our efforts.
  The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 
provides limited federal remedies for violations of religious liberty 
in: (1) the land use regulation of churches and synagogues; and (2) 
prisons and mental hospitals.


                          land use regulation

  At the core of religious freedom is the ability for assemblies to 
gather and worship together. Finding a location to do so, however, can 
be quite difficult when faced with pervasive land use regulations. As 
was seen during congressional hearings in both the House and Senate, 
land use regulations, either by design or neutral application, often 
prevent religious assemblies and institutions from obtaining access to 
a place of worship. Under current law, an assembly whose religious 
practice is burdened by an otherwise ``generally applicable'' and 
``neutral'' law can obtain relief only by carrying the heavy burden of 
proving that there is an unconstitutional motivation behind a law, and 
thus, that it is not truly neutral or generally applicable. Such a 
standard places a seemingly insurmountable barrier between the 
religious assemblies of our country and their right to worship freely.
  An example of this was seen recently when a city refused to allow the 
LDS Church to construct a temple simply because it was not in the 
``aesthetic''

[[Page 14284]]

interests of the community as set forth in a ``generally applicable'' 
statute. Another example includes an effort to suspend the operation of 
a religious mission for the homeless operated by the late Mother 
Teresa's order because it was located on the second floor of a building 
without an elevator.
  The land use section of the bill prohibits discrimination against 
religious assemblies and institutions, and prohibits the total 
exclusion of religious assemblies from a jurisdiction. The section also 
prohibits unreasonable limits on religious assemblies and institutions 
and requires that land use regulations that substantially burden the 
exercise of religion be justified by a compelling governmental 
interest.
  It is important to note that this legislation does not provide a 
religious assembly with immunity from zoning regulation. If the 
religious claimant cannot demonstrate that the regulation places a 
substantial burden on sincere religious exercise, then the claim fails 
without further consideration. If the claimant is successful in 
demonstrating a substantial burden, the government will still prevail 
if it can show that the burden is an unavoidable result of its pursuit 
of a compelling governmental objective.


                       institutionalized persons

  Our bill also provides that substantial burdens on the religious 
exercise of institutionalized persons must be justified by a compelling 
interest. Congressional witnesses have testified that institutionalized 
persons have been prevented from practicing their faith. For example, 
some Jewish prisoners have been denied matzo, the unleavened bread Jews 
are required to consume during Passover, even though Jewish 
organizations have offered to provide it to inmates at no cost to the 
government. While this legislation seeks to improve the ability of 
institutionalized persons to practice their religion, it remains under 
the complete application of the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
  Both sections are based firmly on constitutional principles that 
grant Congress its authority. Thus, today's legislation should 
withstand the scrutiny that has thwarted our efforts in the past.
  As we begin in this effort, it is worth pondering just why America 
is, worldwide, the most successful multi-faith country in all recorded 
history. The answer is to be found, I submit, in both components of the 
phase ``religious liberty.'' Surely, it is because of our 
Constitution's zealous protection of liberty that so many religions 
have flourished and so many faiths have worshiped on our soil.
  Our country has achieved its greatness because, with its respectful 
distance from our private lives, our government has allowed all its 
citizens their own forms of ``internal governance,'' that is, those 
religious and moral tenets that make a free society possible. Our 
country has allowed people to answer for themselves, and without 
interference, those questions that are most fundamental to humankind. 
And it is in the way that religion informs our answers to these 
questions, that we not only survive, but thrive as human beings.
  While this bill provides much needed preservation of our religious 
liberty, I personally would have preferred a broader approach. I 
recognize, however, in this shortened legislative year, the long list 
of items before the congressional leadership that require their 
attention. In order to ensure enactment of a measure this year, I think 
all advocates of a broader approach took a prudent step in embracing a 
more targeted, consensus bill.
  With the help of Senator Kennedy, Congressman Canady, and others, I 
hope this legislation will move swiftly through the Congress. We look 
forward to welcoming others to our modest, yet important, effort to 
enact this legislation.
  Mr. KENNEDY. Religious freedom is a bedrock principle in our nation. 
The bill we are introducing today reflects our commitment to protect 
religious freedom and our belief that Congress still has the power to 
enact legislation to enhance that freedom, even after the Supreme 
Court's decision in 1997 to strike down the broader Religious Freedom 
Restoration Act that 97 Senators joined in passing in 1993.
  In striking down the Religious Freedom Restoration Act on 
constitutional grounds, the Court clearly made the task of passing 
effective legislation to protect religious liberties more difficult. 
But too often in our society today, thoughtless and insensitive actions 
by governments at every level interferes with individual religious 
freedoms, even though no valid public purpose is served by the 
governmental action.
  Our goal in proposing this legislation is to reach a reasonable and 
constitutionally sound balance between respecting the compelling 
interests of government and protecting the ability of people freely to 
exercise their religion. We believe that the legislation being 
introduced today accomplishes this goal in two areas where infringement 
of this right has frequently occurred--the application of land use 
laws, and treatment of persons who are institutionalized. In both of 
these areas, our bill will protect the Constitutional right to worship, 
free from unnecessary government interference.
  After numerous Congressional hearings on religious liberties, the 
evidence is clear that local land use laws often have the 
discriminatory effect of burdening the free exercise of religion. It is 
also clear that institutionalized persons are often unreasonably denied 
the opportunity to practice their religion, even when their observance 
would not undermine discipline, order, or safety in the facilities.
  Relying upon the findings from Congressional hearings, we have 
developed a bill--based upon well-established constitutional 
authority--that will protect the free exercise of religion in these two 
important areas. Our bill has the support of the Free Exercise 
Coalition, which represents over 50 diverse and respected groups, 
including the Family Research Council, Christian Legal Society, 
American Civil Liberties Union, and People for the American Way. The 
bill also has the endorsement of the Leadership Conference for Civil 
Rights.
  The broad support that this bill enjoys among religious groups and 
the civil rights community is the result of many months of difficult, 
but important negotiations. We carefully considered ways to strengthen 
religious liberties in other ways in the wake of the Supreme Court's 
decision. We were mindful of not undermining existing laws intended to 
protect other important civil rights and civil liberties. It would have 
been counterproductive if this effort to protect religious liberties 
led to confrontation and conflict between the civil rights community 
and the religious community, or to a further court decision striking 
down the new law. We believe that our bill succeeds in avoiding these 
difficulties by addressing the most obvious threats to religious 
liberty and by leaving open the question of what future Congressional 
action, if any, will be needed to protect religious freedom in America.
  The land use provision covers regulations defined as ``zoning and 
landmarking'' laws. Under this provision, if a zoning or landmarking 
law substantially burdens a person's free exercise of religion, the 
government involved must demonstrate that the particular law is the 
least restrictive means of furthering a compelling governmental 
interest. This provision is based upon the constitutional authority of 
Congress under Section 5 of the 14th Amendment, as well as the Commerce 
and Spending powers of Congress. The institutionalized persons section 
applies the strict scrutiny standard to cases in which the free 
exercise rights of such persons are substantially burdened. This 
provision is based upon Congress's constitutional authority under the 
Spending and Commerce powers.
  Applying a strict scrutiny standard to prison regulations would not 
lead, as some have suggested, to a flood of frivolous lawsuits by 
prisoners, and it will not undermine safety, order, or discipline in 
correctional facilities. Arguments opposing this provision have been 
made in the past, but they were based on speculation. Now, the 
arguments can be proven demonstrably false by the facts.

[[Page 14285]]

  Since the Religious Freedom Restoration Act was enacted in 1993, 
strict scrutiny has been the applicable standard in religious liberties 
case brought by inmates in federal prisons. Yet, according to the 
Department of Justice, among the 96 federally run facilities, housing 
over 140,000 inmates, less than 75 cases have ever been brought under 
the Act--most of which have never gone to trial. On average, over seven 
years, that's less than 1 case in each federal facility. It's hardly a 
flood of litigation or a reason to deny this protection to prisoners.
  Following the enactment of the 1993 Act, Congress also passed the 
Prison Litigation Reform Act, which includes a number of procedural 
rules to limit frivolous prisoner litigation. Those procedural rules 
will apply in cases brought under the bill we are introducing today. 
Based upon these protections and the data on prison litigation, it is 
clear that this provision in our bill will not lead to a flood of 
frivolous lawsuits or threaten the safety, order, or discipline in 
correctional facilities. Sincere faith and worship can be an 
indispensable part of rehabilitation, and these protections should be 
an important part of that process.
  In sum, our bill is an important step forward in protecting religious 
liberty in America. It reflects the Senate's long tradition of 
bipartisan support for the Constitution and the nation's fundamental 
freedoms, and I urge the Senate to approve it.


         examples of land use restrictions on religious liberty

  In February 2000, a city official in Portland, Oregon ordered a local 
United Methodist Church to limit attendance at its services to 70 
worshipers and shut down a meals program for the homeless and the 
working poor that the church had been operating for sixteen years. The 
church can hold up to 500 persons. The land use official announced that 
her job was ``quasi-judicial,'' and that ``she was not required to 
explain decisions.'' After a public outcry, the Portland City Council 
unanimously rejected the attendance cap and voted to allow church 
programs to continue, contingent on an agreement being reached among 
neighbors, neighborhood businesses and the city about the management of 
the church programs. (``Church ordered to limit attendance,'' 
Washington Times, February 18, 2000: ``Church wins on attendance,'' The 
Oregonian, March 2, 2000).
  Officials in Arapahoe County, Colorado imposed numerical limits on 
the number of students who could enroll in religious schools and on the 
size of congregations of various churches, as a way of limiting their 
growth. These limits directly conflicted with the mission of 
evangelical churches, whose fundamental goal is to attract new 
believers.
  In Douglas County, Colorado, administrative officials proposed 
limiting the operational hours of a church in much the same way as they 
limit commercial facilities. As Mark Chopko noted in his Congressional 
testimony, limiting a church's operational hours means that a church 
may not lawfully engage in certain acts of service and devotion or 
overnight spiritual retreats. (Testimony of Mark Chopko before the 
House Subcommittee on the Constitution, March 26, 1998).
  Congregation Etz Chaim, an Orthodox Jewish congregation in Los 
Angeles, was meeting in a rented house, or ``shul'', in Hancock Park, a 
residential zone. The rabbi of the congregation, Chaim Baruch Rubin, 
testified that ten to fifteen men would typically visit the house for 
daily meetings, and forty or fifty people (many elderly and disabled) 
would attend on the Sabbath or holidays to engage in quiet prayer and 
study. Orthodox Jews must walk to services on the Sabbath and on most 
holidays, because their religion does not permit them to use mechanical 
modes of transportation on those days. When neighbors complained about 
the effect on property values, the congregation requested a special use 
permit from the City Council to remain in the residential zone. The 
Council unanimously rejected the request, putting the neighborhood 
effectively off-limits for Orthodox Jews. The same Council, however, 
allowed other places of assembly in Hancock Park, including schools, 
book clubs, recreational uses and embassy parties. Rabbi Rubin 
testified that 84,000 cars traveled through this part of the 
neighborhood daily, and yet somehow the Council deemed a prayer meeting 
of a few who traveled by foot as harmful to the neighborhood. Rabbi 
Rubin concluded his testimony by stating, what do I tell my 
congregants--what do I tell an 84 year old survivor of Auschwitz, a man 
who used to risk his life in the concentration camp whenever possible 
to gather together to pray? (Testimony of Rabbi Chaim Baruch Rubin 
before the House Subcommittee on the Constitution, February 26, 1998).
  In the process of creating a new zoning plan covering development in 
the city, the City of Forest Hills, Tennessee set up an ``educational 
and religious zone'' called an ``ER'' for schools and churches, but 
limited that designation to schools and churches that already existed 
within the city. No other land was zoned ``ER'' under the plan, so no 
other property was available for the construction of a new religious 
building. The City also established strict requirements for changing 
any zone. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints determined a 
need for a temple in Forest Hills, and sought a zone change for 
property that it owned within city limits. Forest Hills rejected the 
church's request. The church then bought another piece of property that 
had previously been home to a church. Churches of other denominations 
were nearby. Forest Hills nevertheless rejected the church's second 
request citing concern about traffic, and a court upheld this 
determination, effectively precluding Mormons from temple worship 
within city limits. (Testimony of Von G. Keetch before the House 
Subcommittee on the Constitution, March 26, 1998; Report of the House 
Judiciary Committee on the Religious Liberty Protection Act of 1999, 
106th Congress).
  In 1997, the City of Richmond passed an ordinance which required 
places of worship wishing to feed more than thirty hungry and homeless 
people to apply for a conditional use permit at a cost of $1,000, plus 
$100 dollars per acre of affected property. The ordinance regulated 
only places of worship, not other institutions, and only eating by 
persons who are hungry and homeless. The ordinance also limited to 
seven days, and to the period between October 1 and April 1, the times 
when places of worship may feed the hungry and homeless. The City had 
complete discretion over the granting of conditional use permits based 
on its assessment of a number of subjective factors. The Rev. Patrick 
Wilson of Richmond, Virginia stated in his testimony: ``A $1,000 fee is 
beyond the means of most churches, which operate with memberships of 
less than 100 persons and is therefore prohibitive. Imagine that--a 
statutorily imposed fee for the exercise of a basic and fundamental 
tenet of the Christian faith! . . . Health and safety issues can be and 
are addressed in less odious ways.'' (Testimony of Rev. Patrick J. 
Wilson III before the House Subcommittee on the Constitution, February 
26, 1998; Preliminary and Jurisdictional Statement in Trinity Baptist 
Church v. City of Richmond, (E.D.Va. filed August 20, 1997.)
  Twenty-two of the twenty-nine zoning codes in the northern suburbs of 
Chicago effectively exclude churches, unless they have a special use 
permit. Zoning authorities hold almost wholly discretionary power over 
whether a house of worship may locate in these areas. John Mauck, a 
Chicago attorney who serves many churches in this area, handled the 
case of a church, His Word Ministries to All Nations, interested in 
buying property after it outgrew its space in the basement of a home. 
When it sought a special use permit in 1992, an alderman delayed the 
request three times, resulting in months of delay in the purchase of 
the building. After the third postponement of the hearing, the alderman 
had the church's property re-zoned as a manufacturing district. Because 
churches cannot locate in a manufacturing district, the church was 
forced to withdraw its application for special use after paying filing, 
attorney and appraiser fees. The church spent

[[Page 14286]]

approximately $5,000 and wasted an entire year seeking the special use 
permit. (Testimony of John Mauck before the House Subcommittee on the 
Constitution, March 26, 1998; Affidavit of Virginia Kantor in Civil 
Liberties for Urban Believers v. City of Chicago (N.D. Ill. 1994); 
Testimony of Douglas Laycock before the House Subcommittee on the 
Constitution, July 14, 1998).
  In his testimony, Marc Stern stated that orthodox synagogues are 
often required to have a specific number of parking spaces, based on 
the number of seats in the sanctuary--even though the sanctuary will be 
filled with worshipers who do not drive. (Testimony of Marc Stern 
before the House Subcommittee on the Constitution, March 26, 1998).
  Chicago attorney John Mauck testified about several cases of racially 
motivated opposition to black churches, and about a case in which the 
mayor told his city manager that they didn't want Hispanics in the 
town. He also testified about other statements of bigotry. Marc Stern 
testified about a case in which a small congregation sought permission 
to convert a private home into a small synagogue. One council member 
considering the converted use ``warned that if the application was 
granted, this nearly all white suburb would begin to resemble an 
adjoining city which was largely minority and full of storefront 
churches.'' (Testimony of John Mauck before the House Subcommittee on 
the Constitution, March 26, 1998; Testimony of Douglas Laycock before 
the House Subcommittee on the Constitution, July 14, 1998; Testimony of 
Marc Stern before the House Subcommittee on the Constitution, March 26, 
1998).

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