[Congressional Record Volume 170, Number 126 (Thursday, August 1, 2024)]
[Senate]
[Pages S5778-S5780]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]

      By Mr. DURBIN (for himself and Mr. Daines):
  S. 4932. A bill to amend the National Quantum Initiative Act to 
provide for a research, development, and demonstration program, and for 
other purposes; to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
  Mr. DURBIN. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of 
the bill be printed in the Record.
  There being no objection, the text of the bill was ordered to be 
printed in the Record, as follows:

                                S. 4932

       Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
     the United States of America in Congress assembled,

     SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

       This Act may be cited as the ``Department of Energy Quantum 
     Leadership Act of 2024''.

     SEC. 2. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE 
                   RESEARCH PROGRAM.

       Section 401 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 
     U.S.C. 8851) is amended--
       (1) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the following:
       ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall carry out 
     a research, development, and demonstration program on quantum 
     information science, engineering, and technology.'';
       (2) in subsection (b)--
       (A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ``, engineering, and 
     technology'' after ``science'';
       (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``, engineering, and 
     technology'' after ``science'';
       (C) by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following:
       ``(3) provide research experiences and training for 
     additional undergraduate and graduate students in quantum 
     information science, engineering, and technology, including 
     in the fields specified in paragraph (4);'';
       (D) by redesignating paragraphs (3) through (5) as 
     paragraphs (5) through (7), respectively;
       (E) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following:
       ``(3) operate National Quantum Information Science Research 
     Centers under section 402 to accelerate and scale scientific 
     and technical breakthroughs in quantum information science, 
     engineering, and technology, and maintain state-of-the-art 
     infrastructure for quantum researchers and industry partners;
       ``(4) conduct cooperative research with industry, National 
     Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and other 
     research institutions to facilitate the development and 
     demonstration of quantum information science, engineering, 
     and technology priorities, as determined by the Secretary of 
     Energy, including in the fields of--
       ``(A) quantum information theory;
       ``(B) quantum physics;
       ``(C) quantum computational science, including hardware and 
     software, machine learning, and data science;
       ``(D) applied mathematics and algorithm development;
       ``(E) quantum communications and networking, including 
     hardware and software for quantum communications and 
     networking;
       ``(F) quantum sensing and detection;
       ``(G) materials science and engineering;
       ``(H) quantum modeling and simulation, including molecular 
     modeling;
       ``(I) near- and long-term application development, as 
     determined by the Secretary of Energy;

[[Page S5779]]

       ``(J) quantum chemistry;
       ``(K) quantum biology;
       ``(L) superconductive and high-performance 
     microelectronics; and
       ``(M) quantum security technologies;'';
       (F) in paragraph (6) (as so redesignated)--
       (i) in subparagraph (E), by striking ``and'' at the end;
       (ii) by redesignating subparagraph (F) as subparagraph (J); 
     and
       (iii) by inserting after subparagraph (E) the following:
       ``(F) the Office of Electricity;
       ``(G) the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and 
     Emergency Response;
       ``(H) the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management;
       ``(I) the Office of Technology Transitions; and''; and
       (G) in paragraph (7) (as so redesignated)--
       (i) by striking ``and'' before ``potential''; and
       (ii) by inserting ``, and other relevant stakeholders, as 
     determined by the Secretary of Energy'' before the period at 
     the end; and
       (3) by adding at the end the following:
       ``(c) Industry Outreach.--In carrying out the program under 
     subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall support the 
     quantum technology industry and promote commercialization of 
     applications of quantum technology relevant to the activities 
     of the Department of Energy by--
       ``(1) educating--
       ``(A) the energy industry on near-term and commercially 
     available quantum technologies; and
       ``(B) the quantum industry on potential energy 
     applications;
       ``(2) accelerating the advancements of United States 
     quantum computing, communications, networking, sensing, and 
     security capabilities to protect and optimize the energy 
     sector;
       ``(3) advancing relevant domestic supply chains, 
     manufacturing capabilities, and associated simulations or 
     modeling capabilities;
       ``(4) facilitating commercialization of quantum 
     technologies from National Laboratories and engaging with the 
     Quantum Economic Development Consortium and other 
     organizations, as applicable, to transition component 
     technologies that advance the development of a quantum supply 
     chain; and
       ``(5) to the extent practicable, ensuring industry partner 
     access, especially for small- and medium-sized businesses, to 
     specialized quantum instrumentation, equipment, testbeds, and 
     other infrastructure to design, prototype, and test novel 
     quantum hardware and streamline user access to reduce costs 
     and other administrative burdens.
       ``(d) High Performance Computing Strategic Plan.--
       ``(1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
     enactment of this subsection, the Secretary of Energy shall 
     submit to Congress a 10-year strategic plan to guide Federal 
     programs in designing, expanding, and procuring hybrid, 
     energy-efficient high-performance computing systems capable 
     of integrating with a diverse set of accelerators, including 
     quantum, artificial intelligence, and machine learning 
     accelerators, to enable the computing facilities of the 
     Department of Energy to advance national computing resources.
       ``(2) Contents.--The strategic plan under paragraph (1) 
     shall include the following:
       ``(A) A conceptual plan to leverage capabilities and 
     infrastructure from the exascale computing program, as the 
     Secretary of Energy determines necessary.
       ``(B) A plan to minimize disruptions to the advanced 
     scientific computing workforce.
       ``(C) A consideration of a diversity of quantum computing 
     modalities.
       ``(D) A plan to integrate cloud access of commercially 
     available quantum hardware and software to complement on-
     premises high performance computing systems and resources 
     consistent with the QUEST program established under section 
     404.
       ``(e) Early-stage Quantum High Performance Computing 
     Research and Development Program.--
       ``(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish 
     an early-stage research and development program in quantum 
     high-performance computing--
       ``(A) to inform the 10-year strategic plan described in 
     subsection (d)(1); and
       ``(B) to build the necessary scientific computing workforce 
     to fulfill the objectives of that plan.
       ``(2) Activities.--The program established under paragraph 
     (1) shall--
       ``(A) support early-stage quantum supercomputing testbeds 
     and prototypes; and
       ``(B) connect early-stage quantum high performance 
     computing projects to the Centers funded under this Act.
       ``(3) Funding.--Of funds made available under subsection 
     (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use not more than 
     $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to 
     carry out the activities under this subsection.
       ``(f) Supply Chain Study.--Not later than 180 days after 
     the date of enactment of this subsection, the Secretary of 
     Energy shall conduct a study on quantum science, engineering, 
     and technology supply chain needs, including--
       ``(1) identifying hurdles to growth in the quantum industry 
     by leveraging the expertise of the Quantum Economic 
     Development Consortium; and
       ``(2) making recommendations on how to strengthen the 
     domestic supply of materials and technologies necessary for 
     the development of a robust manufacturing base and workforce.
       ``(g) Traineeship Program.--
       ``(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish 
     a university-led traineeship program--
       ``(A) to address workforce development needs in quantum 
     information science, engineering, and technology; and
       ``(B) that will focus on supporting increased 
     participation, workforce development, and research 
     experiences for underrepresented undergraduate and graduate 
     students.
       ``(2) Funding.--Of funds made available under subsection 
     (i)(1), the Secretary of Energy shall use not more than 
     $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to 
     carry out the activities under this subsection.
       ``(h) Coordination of Activities.--In carrying out this 
     section, the Secretary of Energy shall, to the maximum extent 
     practicable, coordinate with the Director of the National 
     Science Foundation, the Director of the National Institute of 
     Standards and Technology, the Administrator of the National 
     Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Director of the 
     Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the heads of 
     other relevant Federal departments and agencies to ensure 
     that programs and activities carried out under this section 
     complement and do not duplicate existing efforts across the 
     Federal government.
       ``(i) Funding.--
       ``(1) In general.--Of the funds authorized to be 
     appropriated to the Office of Science under section 303(j) of 
     the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 
     U.S.C. 18641(j)), there is authorized to be appropriated to 
     the Secretary of Energy not more than $175,000,000 for each 
     of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out activities 
     under this section.
       ``(2) Restrictions.--
       ``(A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds made 
     available under this subsection may be obligated to or 
     expended by an institution of higher education that maintains 
     a contract or other agreement with a Confucius Institute or 
     any successor of a Confucius Institute.
       ``(B) Foreign countries and entities of concern.--
       ``(i) Definitions.--In this subparagraph:

       ``(I) Foreign country of concern.--The term `foreign 
     country of concern' means--

       ``(aa) a covered nation (as defined in section 4872(d) of 
     title 10, United States Code); and
       ``(bb) any other country that the Secretary of Energy, in 
     consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of 
     State, and the Director of National Intelligence, determines 
     to be engaged in conduct that is detrimental to the national 
     security or foreign policy of the United States.

       ``(II) Foreign entity of concern.--The term `foreign entity 
     of concern' means a foreign entity that--

       ``(aa) is designated as a foreign terrorist organization by 
     the Secretary of State under section 219(a) of the 
     Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189(a));
       ``(bb) is included on the list of specially designated 
     nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of 
     Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury;
       ``(cc) is owned by, controlled by, or subject to the 
     jurisdiction or direction of a government of a foreign 
     country that is a covered nation (as defined in section 
     4872(d) of title 10, United States Code);
       ``(dd) is alleged by the Attorney General to have been 
     involved in activities for which a conviction was obtained 
     under--
       ``(AA) chapter 37 of title 18, United States Code (commonly 
     known as the `Espionage Act');
       ``(BB) section 951 or 1030 of title 18, United States Code;
       ``(CC) chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code (commonly 
     known as the `Economic Espionage Act of 1996');
       ``(DD) the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et 
     seq.);
       ``(EE) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or 236 of the Atomic 
     Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, 2284);
       ``(FF) the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 
     4801 et seq.); or
       ``(GG) the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 
     U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); or
       ``(ee) is determined by the Secretary of Energy, in 
     consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Director 
     of National Intelligence, to be engaged in unauthorized 
     conduct that is detrimental to the national security or 
     foreign policy of the United States.
       ``(ii) Restriction.--None of the funds made available under 
     this subsection may be obligated or expended to promote, 
     establish, or finance quantum research activities between a 
     United States entity and a foreign country of concern or a 
     foreign entity of concern.''.

     SEC. 3. DOE QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND FOUNDRY PROGRAM.

       The National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by inserting 
     after section 401 (15 U.S.C. 8851) the following:

     ``SEC. 401A. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM INSTRUMENTATION AND 
                   FOUNDRY PROGRAM.

       ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy shall establish 
     an instrumentation and infrastructure program to carry out 
     the following:
       ``(1) Maintain United States leadership in quantum 
     information science, engineering, and technology.
       ``(2) Develop domestic quantum supply chains.

[[Page S5780]]

       ``(3) Provide resources for the broader scientific 
     community.
       ``(4) Support activities carried out under sections 401, 
     403, and 404.
       ``(b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program 
     under subsection (a), the Secretary of Energy shall--
       ``(1) develop, design, build, purchase, and commercialize 
     specialized equipment, laboratory infrastructure, and state-
     of-the-art instrumentation to advance quantum engineering 
     research and the development of quantum component 
     technologies at a scale sufficient to meet the needs of the 
     scientific community and enable commercialization of quantum 
     technology;
       ``(2) leverage the capabilities of National Laboratories 
     and Nanoscale Science Research Centers, including facilities 
     and experts that research and develop novel quantum materials 
     and devices; and
       ``(3) consider the technologies and end-use applications 
     identified by the Quantum Economic Development Consortium as 
     having significant economic potential.
       ``(c) Quantum Foundries.--In carrying out the program under 
     subsection (a), and in coordination with institutions of 
     higher education and industry, the Secretary of Energy shall 
     support the development of quantum foundries focused on 
     meeting the device, hardware, software, and materials needs 
     of the scientific community and the quantum supply chain.
       ``(d) Funding.--Of amounts appropriated or otherwise made 
     available to the Office of Science, the Secretary of Energy 
     shall use not more than $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 
     2025 through 2029 to carry out this section.''.

     SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH 
                   CENTERS.

       Section 402 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 
     U.S.C. 8852) is amended--
       (1) in subsection (a)--
       (A) in paragraph (1)--
       (i) by striking ``basic''; and
       (ii) by striking ``science and technology and to support 
     research conducted under section 401'' and inserting 
     ``science, engineering, and technology, expand capacity for 
     the domestic quantum workforce, and support research 
     conducted under sections 401, 403, and 404''; and
       (B) in paragraph (2)(C), by inserting ``that may include 1 
     or more commercial entities'' after ``collaborations'';
       (2) in subsection (b), by inserting ``and should be 
     inclusive of the variety of viable quantum technologies, as 
     appropriate'' before the period at the end;
       (3) in subsection (c)--
       (A) by striking ``basic''; and
       (B) by inserting ``, engineering, and technology, 
     accelerating quantum workforce development,'' after 
     ``science'';
       (4) in subsection (d)(1)--
       (A) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``and'' at the end;
       (B) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as subparagraph (E); 
     and
       (C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following:
       ``(D) the Office of Technology Transitions; and'';
       (5) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) and 
     inserting the following:
       ``(2) Renewal.--Each Center established under this section 
     may be renewed for an additional period of 5 years following 
     a successful, merit-based review and approval by the 
     Director.''; and
       (6) in subsection (f), in the first sentence--
       (A) by striking ``$25,000,000'' and inserting 
     ``$35,000,000''; and
       (B) by striking ``2019 through 2023'' and inserting ``2025 
     through 2029''.

     SEC. 5. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE 
                   RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.

       Section 403 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 
     U.S.C. 8853) is amended--
       (1) in subsection (a)--
       (A) in paragraph (4)--
       (i) by inserting ``, including'' after ``networking''; and
       (ii) by striking ``and'' at the end;
       (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period at the end and 
     inserting a semicolon; and
       (C) by adding at the end the following:
       ``(6) as applicable, leverage a diversity of modalities and 
     commercially available quantum hardware and software; and
       ``(7) develop education and training pathways related to 
     quantum network infrastructure investments, aligned with 
     existing programmatic investments by the Department of 
     Energy.''; and
       (2) in subsection (b)--
       (A) in paragraph (1)--
       (i) by redesignating subparagraphs (C) and (D) as 
     subparagraphs (D) and (E), respectively; and
       (ii) by inserting after subparagraph (B) the following:
       ``(C) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and 
     Space Administration;'';
       (B) in paragraph (2)--
       (i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting ``ground-to-space 
     and'' before ``space-to-ground'';
       (ii) in subparagraph (E), by striking ``photon-based'' and 
     inserting ``all applicable modalities of'';
       (iii) in subparagraph (F), by inserting ``, quantum 
     sensors,'' after ``quantum repeaters'';
       (iv) in subparagraph (G)--

       (I) by inserting ``data centers,'' after ``repeaters,''; 
     and
       (II) by striking ``and'' at the end;

       (v) in subparagraph (H)--

       (I) by striking ``the quantum technology stack'' and 
     inserting ``quantum technology modality stacks''; and
       (II) by striking ``National Laboratories in'' and inserting 
     ``National Laboratories such as''; and

       (vi) by adding at the end the following:
       ``(I) development of quantum network and entanglement 
     distribution protocols or applications, including development 
     of network stack protocols and protocols enabling integration 
     with existing technologies or infrastructure; and
       ``(J) development of high-efficiency room-temperature 
     photon detectors for quantum photonic applications, including 
     quantum networking and communications;'';
       (C) in paragraph (4)--
       (i) by striking ``basic''; and
       (ii) by striking ``material'' and inserting ``materials''; 
     and
       (D) in paragraph (5), by striking ``fundamental''; and
       (3) in subsection (d), by striking ``basic research'' and 
     inserting ``research, development, and demonstration''.

     SEC. 6. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPANSION FOR 
                   SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.

       Section 404 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 
     U.S.C. 8854) is amended--
       (1) in subsection (a)--
       (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking 
     ``and quantum computing clouds'' and inserting ``, software, 
     and cloud-based quantum computing'';
       (B) in paragraph (3), by striking ``and'' at the end;
       (C) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the end and 
     inserting a semicolon; and
       (D) by adding at the end the following:
       ``(5) to enable development of software and applications, 
     including estimation of resources needed to scale 
     applications; and
       ``(6) to develop near-term quantum applications to solve 
     public and private sector problems.'';
       (2) in subsection (b)--
       (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' at the end;
       (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period at the end and 
     inserting a semicolon; and
       (C) by adding at the end the following:
       ``(6) enable users to develop algorithms, software tools, 
     simulators, and applications for quantum systems using cloud-
     based quantum computers; and
       ``(7) partner with appropriate public- and private-sector 
     entities to develop training and education opportunities on 
     prototype and early-stage devices.'';
       (3) in subsection (c)--
       (A) by redesignating paragraphs (4) through (8) as 
     paragraphs (5) through (9), respectively; and
       (B) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following:
       ``(4) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
     Administration;''; and
       (4) in subsection (e)--
       (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' at the end;
       (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period at the end and 
     inserting ``; and''; and
       (C) by adding at the end the following:
       ``(6) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.''.
                                 ______