[Congressional Record Volume 170, Number 76 (Thursday, May 2, 2024)]
[Senate]
[Pages S3348-S3351]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]

  SA 1961. Mr. LEE submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by 
him to the bill H.R. 3935, to amend title 49, United States Code, to 
reauthorize and improve the Federal Aviation Administration and other 
civil aviation programs, and for other purposes; which was ordered to 
lie on the table; as follows:

       At the appropriate place, insert the following:

              TITLE ___--DRONE INTEGRATION AND ZONING ACT

     SECTION __01. SHORT TITLE.

       This title may be cited as the ``Drone Integration and 
     Zoning Act''.

     SEC. __02. DEFINITIONS.

       In this title:
       (1) Administrator.--The term ``Administrator'' means the 
     Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.
       (2) Civil.--The term ``civil'', with respect to an unmanned 
     aircraft system, means that the unmanned aircraft is not a 
     public aircraft (as defined in section 40102 of title 49, 
     United States Code).
       (3) Commercial operator.--The term ``commercial operator'' 
     means a person who operates a civil unmanned aircraft system 
     for commercial purposes.
       (4) Immediate reaches of airspace.--The term ``immediate 
     reaches of airspace'' means, with respect to the operation of 
     a civil unmanned aircraft system, any area within 200 feet 
     above ground level.
       (5) Indian tribe.--The term ``Indian Tribe'' has the 
     meaning given that term in section 44801 of title 49, United 
     States Code (as added by section __03(a)(1)).
       (6) Local government.--The term ``local government'' means 
     the government of a subdivision of a State.
       (7) State.--The term ``State'' means each of the 50 States, 
     the District of Columbia, and the territories and possessions 
     of the United States.
       (8) Tribal government.--The term ``Tribal government'' 
     means the governing body of an Indian Tribe.
       (9) Unmanned aircraft; unmanned aircraft system.--The terms 
     ``unmanned aircraft'' and ``unmanned aircraft system'' have 
     the meanings given those terms in section 44801 of title 49, 
     United States Code.
       (10) Unmanned aircraft take-off and landing zone.--The term 
     ``unmanned aircraft take-off and landing zone'' means a 
     structure, area of land or water, or other designation for 
     use or intended to be used for the take-off or landing of 
     civil unmanned aircraft systems operated by a commercial 
     operator.

     SEC. __03. FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION UPDATES TO 
                   NAVIGABLE AIRSPACE.

       (a) Definition.--
       (1) Immediate reaches of airspace definition.--Section 
     44801 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding 
     at the end the following new paragraph:
       ``(14) Immediate reaches of airspace.--The term `immediate 
     reaches of airspace' means, with respect to the operation of 
     a civil unmanned aircraft system, any area within 200 feet 
     above ground level.''.
       (2) Navigable airspace definition.--Paragraph (32) of 
     section 40102 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by 
     adding at the end the following new sentence: ``In applying 
     such term to the regulation of civil unmanned aircraft 
     systems, such term shall not include the area within the 
     immediate reaches of airspace (as defined in section 
     44801).''.
       (b) Rulemaking.--
       (1) In general.--The Administrator shall conduct a 
     rulemaking proceeding to update the definition of ``navigable 
     airspace''.
       (2) Consultation.--In conducting the rulemaking proceeding 
     under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall consult with 
     appropriate State, local, or Tribal government officials.
       (c) Designation Requirement.--In conducting the rulemaking 
     proceeding under subsection (b), the Administrator shall 
     designate the area between 200 feet and 400 feet above ground 
     level--
       (1) for use of civil unmanned aircraft systems under the 
     exclusive authority of the Administrator; and
       (2) for use by both commercial operators or hobbyists and 
     recreational unmanned aircraft systems, under rules 
     established by the Administrator.
       (d) Final Rule.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
     enactment of this title, the Administrator shall issue a 
     final rule pursuant to the rulemaking conducted under 
     subsection (b).
       (e) Rules of Construction.--Nothing in this section may be 
     construed to--
       (1) prohibit the Administrator from promulgating 
     regulations related to the operation of unmanned aircraft 
     systems at more than 400 feet above ground level; or
       (2) diminish or expand the preemptive effect of the 
     authority of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect 
     to manned aviation.

     SEC. __04. PRESERVATION OF STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL 
                   AUTHORITIES WITH RESPECT TO CIVIL UNMANNED 
                   AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS.

       (a) Findings; Sense of Congress.--
       (1) Findings.--Congress finds the following:
       (A) Using its constitutional authority to regulate commerce 
     among the States, Congress granted the Federal Government 
     authority over all of the navigable airspace in the United 
     States in order to foster air commerce.
       (B) While the regulation of the navigable airspace is 
     within the Federal Government's domain, the Supreme Court 
     recognized in United States v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256 (1946), 
     that the Federal Government's regulatory authority is limited 
     by the property rights possessed by landowners over the 
     exclusive control of the immediate reaches of their airspace.
       (C) As a sovereign government, a State possesses police 
     powers, which include the power to protect the property 
     rights of its citizens.
       (D) The proliferation of low-altitude operations of 
     unmanned aircraft systems has created a conflict between the 
     responsibility of the Federal Government to regulate the 
     navigable airspace and the inherent sovereign police power 
     possessed by the States to protect the property rights of 
     their citizens.
       (2) Sense of congress.--It is the sense of Congress that--
       (A) in order for landowners to have full enjoyment and use 
     of their land, they must have exclusive control of the 
     immediate reaches of airspace over their property;
       (B) the States possess sovereign police powers, which 
     include the power to regulate land use, protect property 
     rights, and exercise zoning authority; and
       (C) the Federal Government lacks the authority to intrude 
     upon a State's sovereign right to issue reasonable time, 
     manner, and place restrictions on the operation of unmanned 
     aircraft systems operating within the immediate reaches of 
     airspace.
       (b) Requirements Related to Regulations and Standards.--

[[Page S3349]]

       (1) In general.--In prescribing regulations or standards 
     related to civil unmanned aircraft systems, the following 
     shall apply:
       (A) The Administrator shall not authorize the operation of 
     a civil unmanned aircraft in the immediate reaches of 
     airspace above property without permission of the property 
     owner.
       (B) Subject to paragraph (2), in the case of a structure 
     that exceeds 200 feet above ground level, the Administrator 
     shall not authorize the operation of a civil unmanned 
     aircraft--
       (i) within 50 feet of the top of such structure; or
       (ii) within 200 feet laterally of such structure or inside 
     the property line of such structure's owner, whichever is 
     closer to such structure.
       (C) The Administrator shall not authorize the physical 
     contact of a civil unmanned aircraft, including such 
     aircraft's take-off or landing, with a structure that exceeds 
     200 feet above ground level without permission of the 
     structure's owner.
       (D) The Administrator shall ensure that the authority of a 
     State, local, or Tribal government to issue reasonable 
     restrictions on the time, manner, and place of operation of a 
     civil unmanned aircraft system that is operated below 200 
     feet above ground level is not preempted.
       (2) Exception.--The limitation on the operation of a civil 
     unmanned aircraft under paragraph (1)(B) shall not apply if--
       (A) the operator of such aircraft has the permission of the 
     structure's owner;
       (B) such aircraft is being operated directly within or 
     above an authorized public right of way; or
       (C) such aircraft is being operated on an authorized 
     commercial route designated under subsection (c).
       (3) Reasonable restrictions.--For purposes of paragraph 
     (1)(D), reasonable restrictions on the time, manner, and 
     place of operation of a civil unmanned aircraft system 
     include the following:
       (A) Specifying limitations on speed of flight over 
     specified areas.
       (B) Prohibitions or limitations on operations in the 
     vicinity of schools, parks, roadways, bridges, moving 
     locations, or other public or private property.
       (C) Restrictions on operations at certain times of the day 
     or week or on specific occasions such as parades or sporting 
     events, including sporting events that do not remain in one 
     location.
       (D) Prohibitions on careless or reckless operations, 
     including operations while the operator is under the 
     influence of alcohol or drugs.
       (E) Other prohibitions that protect public safety, personal 
     privacy, or property rights, or that manage land use or 
     restrict noise pollution.
       (c) Designation of Authorized Commercial Routes.--
       (1) In general.--For purposes of subsection (b)(2)(C), not 
     later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this 
     title, the Administrator shall establish a process for the 
     designation of routes as authorized commercial routes. No 
     area within 200 feet above ground level may be included in a 
     designated authorized commercial route.
       (2) Application.--Under the process established under 
     paragraph (1), applicants shall submit an application for 
     such a designation in a form and manner determined 
     appropriate by the Administrator.
       (3) Timeframe for decision.--Under the process established 
     under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall approve or 
     disapprove a complete application for designation within 90 
     days of receiving the application.
       (4) Consultation.--In reviewing an application for the 
     designation of an area under this subsection, the 
     Administrator shall consult with and heavily weigh the views 
     of--
       (A) the applicable State, local, or Tribal government that 
     has jurisdiction over the operation of unmanned aircraft in 
     the area below the area to be designated;
       (B) owners of structures who would be affected by the 
     designation of a route as an authorized commercial route; and
       (C) commercial unmanned aircraft operators.
       (5) Denial of application.--If the Administrator denies an 
     application for a designation under this subsection, the 
     Administrator shall provide the applicant with--
       (A) a detailed description of the reasons for the denial; 
     and
       (B) recommendations for changes that the applicant can make 
     to correct the deficiencies in their application.
       (6) Approval of application.--If the Administrator approves 
     an application for a designation under this subsection, the 
     Administrator shall clearly describe the boundaries of the 
     designated authorized commercial route and any applicable 
     limitations for operations on the route.
       (7) Delegation.--The Administrator may delegate the 
     authority to designate authorized commercial routes under 
     this subsection to a State, local, or Tribal government that 
     has entered into an agreement with the Administrator under 
     section __08 with respect to an area designated as complex 
     airspace.
       (d) Rules of Construction.--
       (1) Safety hazard.--Nothing in this section may be 
     construed to permit a State, local, or Tribal government to 
     issue restrictions, or a combination of restrictions, that 
     would create a significant safety hazard in the navigable 
     airspace, airport operations, air navigation facilities, air 
     traffic control systems, or other components of the national 
     airspace system that facilitate the safe and efficient 
     operation of civil, commercial, or military aircraft within 
     the United States.
       (2) Cause of action.--Nothing in this section may be 
     construed to prohibit a property owner or the owner of a 
     structure with a height that exceeds 200 feet above ground 
     level from pursuing any available cause of action under State 
     law related to unmanned aircraft operations above 200 feet 
     above ground level.

     SEC. __05. PRESERVATION OF LOCAL ZONING AUTHORITY FOR 
                   UNMANNED AIRCRAFT TAKE-OFF AND LANDING ZONES.

       (a) General Authority.--Subject to the succeeding 
     provisions of this section, nothing in this title shall limit 
     or affect the authority of a State, local, or Tribal 
     government over decisions regarding the designation, 
     placement, construction, or modification of an unmanned 
     aircraft take-off and landing zone.
       (b) Nondiscrimination.--The regulation of the designation, 
     placement, construction, or modification of an unmanned 
     aircraft take-off and landing zone by any State, local, or 
     Tribal government may not--
       (1) unreasonably discriminate among commercial operators of 
     unmanned aircraft systems; or
       (2) prohibit, or have the effect of prohibiting, a 
     commercial operator from operating an unmanned aircraft 
     system.
       (c) Applications.--
       (1) Requirement to act.--
       (A) In general.--A State, local, or Tribal government shall 
     act on any complete application for authorization to 
     designate, place, construct, or modify an unmanned aircraft 
     take-off and landing zone within 60 days of receiving such 
     application.
       (B) Denial.--If a State, local, or Tribal government denies 
     an application for the designation, placement, construction, 
     or modification of an unmanned aircraft take-off and landing 
     zone, the State, local, or Tribal government shall, not later 
     than 30 days after denying the application, submit to the 
     commercial operator a written record that details--
       (i) the findings and substantial evidence that serves as 
     the basis for denying the application; and
       (ii) recommendations for how the commercial operator can 
     address the reasons for the application's denial.
       (2) Fees.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a 
     State, local, or Tribal government may charge a fee to 
     consider an application for the designation, placement, 
     construction, or modification of an unmanned aircraft take-
     off and landing zone, or to use a right-of-way or a facility 
     in a right-of-way owned or managed by the State, local, or 
     Tribal government for the designation, placement, 
     construction, or modification of an unmanned aircraft take-
     off and landing zone, if the fee is--
       (A) competitively neutral, technologically neutral, and 
     nondiscriminatory; and
       (B) publicly disclosed.
       (3) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this subsection may 
     be construed to prevent any State, local, or Tribal 
     government from imposing any additional limitation or 
     requirement relating to consideration by the State, local, or 
     Tribal government of an application for the designation, 
     placement, construction, or modification of an unmanned 
     aircraft take-off and landing zone.
       (d) Judicial Review.--Any person adversely affected by any 
     final action or failure to act by a State, local, or Tribal 
     government that is inconsistent with this section may, within 
     30 days after the action or failure to act, commence an 
     action in any court of competent jurisdiction, which shall 
     hear and decide the action on an expedited basis.
       (e) Effective Date.--The provisions of this section shall 
     take effect on the day that is 180 days after the final rule 
     under section __03(d) is issued.

     SEC. __06. RIGHTS TO OPERATE.

       (a) Prohibition.--
       (1) In general.--Subject to subsection (b), a State, local, 
     or Tribal government may not adopt, maintain, or enforce any 
     law, rule, or standard that unreasonably or substantially 
     impedes--
       (A) the ascent or descent of an unmanned aircraft system, 
     operated by a commercial operator, to or from the navigable 
     airspace in the furtherance of a commercial activity; or
       (B) a civil unmanned aircraft from reaching navigable 
     airspace where operations are permitted.
       (2) Unreasonable or substantial impediment.--For purposes 
     of paragraph (1), an unreasonable or substantial impediment 
     with respect to civil unmanned aircraft includes--
       (A) a complete and total ban on overflights of civil 
     unmanned aircraft over the entirety of airspace within a 
     State, local, or Tribal government's jurisdiction; and
       (B) a combination of prohibitions or restrictions on 
     overflights within airspace under a State, local, or Tribal 
     government's jurisdiction such that it is nearly impossible 
     for civil unmanned aircraft to reach the navigable airspace.
       (b) Rules of Construction.--Nothing in subsection (a) may 
     be construed to prohibit a State, local, or Tribal government 
     from--
       (1) adopting, maintaining, or enforcing laws, rules, or 
     standards that regulate unmanned aircraft systems below 200 
     feet above ground level; or

[[Page S3350]]

       (2) prescribing emergency procedures for a civil unmanned 
     aircraft system descending into an area 200 feet above ground 
     level.

     SEC. __07. UPDATES TO RULES REGARDING THE COMMERCIAL CARRIAGE 
                   OF PROPERTY.

       (a) Improving Regulations.--Section 44808 of title 49, 
     United States Code, is amended--
       (1) by redesignating subsection (b)(5) as subsection (c), 
     and indenting appropriately;
       (2) by redesignating subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of 
     subsection (c), as redesignated by paragraph (1), as 
     paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), respectively, and indenting 
     appropriately;
       (3) by redesignating subsection (b)(6) as subsection (d), 
     and indenting appropriately; and
       (4) in subsection (b), as previously amended, by adding at 
     the end the following new paragraphs:
       ``(5) Ensure that the provision of section 41713 shall not 
     apply to the carriage of property by operators of small 
     unmanned aircraft systems.
       ``(6) Ensure that an operator of a small unmanned aircraft 
     system is not required to comply with any rules approved 
     under this section if the operator is operating solely under 
     a State authorization for the intrastate carriage of property 
     for compensation or hire.
       ``(7) Ensure that the costs necessary to receive such an 
     authorization are minimal so as to protect competition 
     between market participants.
       ``(8) A streamlined application process that only contains 
     requirements minimally necessary for safe operation and 
     substantially outweigh the compliance costs for an 
     applicant.''.
       (b) Clarification Regarding Preemption.--Section 41713(b) 
     of title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding at the 
     end the following new paragraph:
       ``(5) Not Applicable to the Operation of a Civil Unmanned 
     Aircraft System.--Paragraphs (1) and (4) shall not apply to 
     the operation of a civil unmanned aircraft system.''.
       (c) Exclusion From Definition of Air Carrier.--Section 
     40102(2) of title 49, United States Code, is amended by 
     inserting ``(but does not include an operator of civil 
     unmanned aircraft systems)'' before the period at the end.
       (d) State Authorization for the Intrastate Carriage of 
     Property.--A State may not be prohibited from issuing an 
     authorization (and the Federal Government may not require a 
     Federal authorization) for the carriage of property by a 
     commercial operator of a civil unmanned aircraft that is 
     operating in intrastate commerce if the civil unmanned 
     aircraft is only authorized by the State to operate--
       (1) within the immediate reaches of airspace; and
       (2) within the lateral boundaries of the State.

     SEC. __08. DESIGNATION OF CERTAIN COMPLEX AIRSPACE.

       (a) Process for Designation.--
       (1) In general.--Not later than 18 months after the date of 
     enactment of this title, the Secretary of Transportation 
     shall establish a process under which a State, local, or 
     Tribal government may submit an application to the 
     Administrator (in a form and manner determined appropriate by 
     the Administrator) for the designation of an area as an area 
     of ``complex airspace.'' Such process shall allow for 
     individual or collective designations.
       (2) Timeframe for decision.--Under the process established 
     under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall approve or 
     disapprove a complete application for designation within 90 
     days of receiving the application.
       (3) Review of application.--In reviewing an application for 
     a designation under this section, the Administrator may deny 
     the request if the State, local, or Tribal government does 
     not have--
       (A) the financial resources to carry out the authority to 
     be granted under the designation; or
       (B) the technological capabilities necessary to carry out 
     the authority granted to the State under the designation.
       (4) Denial of application.--If the Administrator denies an 
     application for a designation under this section, the 
     Administrator shall provide the State, local, or Tribal 
     government with--
       (A) a detailed description of the reasons for the denial; 
     and
       (B) recommendations for changes that the State can make to 
     correct the deficiencies in their application.
       (5) Approval of application.--If the Administrator approves 
     an application for a designation under this section, the 
     Administrator shall, upon the request of the State, local, or 
     Tribal government, enter into a written agreement with the 
     State, local, or Tribal government (which may be in the form 
     of a memorandum of understanding) under which the 
     Administrator may assign, and the State, local, or Tribal 
     government may assume, one or more of the responsibilities of 
     the Administrator with respect to the management of civil 
     unmanned aircraft operations within the area that has been so 
     designated.
       (b) Agreements.--
       (1) State, local, or tribal government responsibilities 
     under agreement.--If a State, local, or Tribal government 
     enters into an agreement with the Administrator under 
     subsection (a)(5), the State, local, or Tribal government 
     shall be solely responsible, and solely liable, for carrying 
     out the responsibilities assumed in the agreement until the 
     agreement is terminated.
       (2) Termination by state, local, or tribal government.--A 
     State, local, or Tribal government may terminate an agreement 
     with the Administrator under subsection (a)(5) if the State, 
     local, or Tribal government provides the Administrator 90 
     days of notice.
       (3) Termination by administrator.--The Administrator may 
     terminate an agreement with a State, local, or Tribal 
     government under subsection (a)(5) if--
       (A) the Administrator determines that the State, local, or 
     Tribal government is not adequately carrying out the 
     responsibilities assigned under the agreement; and
       (B) the Administrator provides the State, local, or Tribal 
     government with--
       (i) written notification of a determination of 
     noncompliance with the responsibilities assigned under the 
     agreement; and
       (ii) a period of not less than 180 days for the State, 
     local, or Tribal government to take such corrective actions 
     as the Administrator determines necessary to comply with the 
     responsibilities assigned under the agreement.
       (c) Complex Airspace Defined.--In this section, the term 
     ``complex airspace'' means an area of airspace that--
       (1) is at least 200 feet above ground level; and
       (2) includes one or more structures that have a height that 
     exceeds 200 feet above ground level.

     SEC. __09. IMPROVEMENTS TO PLAN FOR FULL OPERATIONAL 
                   CAPABILITY OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS TRAFFIC 
                   MANAGEMENT.

       Section 376 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (Public 
     Law 115-254) is amended--
       (1) in subsection (b), by adding at the end the following 
     new paragraph:
       ``(4) Permit the testing of a State, local, or Tribal 
     government's time, place, and manner restrictions within the 
     immediate reaches of airspace (as defined in section 
     44801).'';
       (2) in subsection (c)--
       (A) in paragraph (2), by striking ``industry and 
     government'' and inserting ``industry, the Federal 
     Government, and State, local, or Tribal governments'';
       (B) in paragraph (3)(G), by striking ``and'' at the end;
       (C) in paragraph (4)(C), by striking the period at the end 
     and inserting a semicolon; and
       (D) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs:
       ``(5) establish a plan for collaboration and coordination 
     with a State, local, or Tribal government's management of 
     unmanned aircraft systems within the immediate reaches of 
     airspace (as defined in section 44801); and
       ``(6) establish a process for the interoperability and 
     sharing of data between Federal Government, State, local, or 
     Tribal government, and private sector UTM services.'';
       (3) in subsection (d)--
       (A) in paragraph (2)(J), by striking ``and'' at the end;
       (B) in paragraph (3), by striking the period at the end and 
     inserting ``; and''; and
       (C) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
       ``(4) shall consult with State, local, and Tribal 
     governments.''; and
       (4) in subsection (g), by inserting ``and State, local, and 
     Tribal governments'' after ``Federal agencies''.

     SEC. __10. UPDATES TO RULES REGARDING SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT 
                   SAFETY STANDARDS.

       Section 44805 of title 49, United States Code, is amended--
       (1) in subsection (a)--
       (A) in paragraph (3), by striking ``and'' at the end;
       (B) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the end and 
     inserting ``; and''; and
       (C) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
       ``(5) ensuring that no State is prohibited from requiring 
     additional equipage for a small unmanned aircraft system so 
     long as such small unmanned aircraft system is solely 
     authorized to operate in the immediate reaches of airspace 
     (as defined in section 44801) and the lateral boundaries of a 
     State.'';
       (2) in subsection (e), in the matter preceding paragraph 
     (1), by striking ``may'' and inserting ``shall'';
       (3) in subsection (j), by striking ``may'' and inserting 
     ``shall''; and
       (4) by adding at the end the following new subsection:
       ``(k) Requirements for Accepting Risk-Based Consensus 
     Safety Standards.--
       ``(1) Cost-benefit analysis.--The Administrator shall not 
     accept a risk-based consensus safety standard under 
     subsection (a)(1) unless the Administrator has first 
     conducted a cost-benefit analysis and certified that the 
     benefit of the safety standard substantially outweighs the 
     costs to the manufacturer and consumer.
       ``(2) Must be essential.--The Administrator shall not 
     accept a risk-based consensus safety standard under 
     subsection (a)(1) unless the Administrator determines that 
     the safety standard is essential for small unmanned aircraft 
     systems to operate safely in the UTM.''.

     SEC. __11. RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.

       (a) In General.--Subject to subsection (b), nothing in this 
     title may be construed to--
       (1) diminish or expand the preemptive effect of the 
     authority of the Federal Aviation Administration with respect 
     to manned aviation; or
       (2) affect the civil or criminal jurisdiction of--

[[Page S3351]]

       (A) any Indian Tribe relative to any State or local 
     government; or
       (B) any State or local government relative to any Indian 
     Tribe.
       (b) Enforcement Actions.--Nothing in subsection (a) may be 
     construed to limit the authority of the Administrator to 
     pursue enforcement actions against persons operating civil 
     unmanned aircraft systems who endanger the safety of the 
     navigable airspace, airport operations, air navigation 
     facilities, air traffic control systems, or other components 
     of the national airspace system that facilitate the safe and 
     efficient operation of civil, commercial, or military 
     aircraft within the United States.

     SEC. __12. REPEAL.

       Section 606 of this Act, including the amendments made by 
     such section, are repealed.
                                 ______