[Congressional Record Volume 170, Number 66 (Tuesday, April 16, 2024)]
[Senate]
[Pages S2785-S2787]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




                        MESSAGES FROM THE HOUSE

  At 11:59 a.m., a message from the House of Representatives, delivered 
by Mrs. Alli, one of its reading clerks, announced that the House has 
passed the following bills, in which it requests the concurrence of the 
Senate:

       H.R. 5921. An act to prohibit the Secretary of the Treasury 
     from authorizing certain transactions by a United States 
     financial institution in connection with Iran, to prevent the 
     International Monetary Fund from providing financial 
     assistance to Iran, to codify prohibitions on Export-Import 
     Bank financing for the Government of Iran, and for other 
     purposes.
       H.R. 5923. An act to impose restrictions on correspondent 
     and payable-through accounts in the United States with 
     respect to Chinese financial institutions that conduct 
     transactions involving the purchase of petroleum or petroleum 
     products from Iran.
       H.R. 6408. An act to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 
     1986 to terminate the tax-exempt status of terrorist 
     supporting organizations.
                                  ____

  At 2:38 p.m., a message from the House of Representatives, delivered 
by Mr. McCumber, the Clerk of the House of Representatives, announced 
that the House has agreed to the following resolution:

                              H. Res. 995

       Resolved, That Mr. Green of Tennessee, Mr. McCaul, Mr. 
     Biggs, Mr. Higgins of Lousiana, Mr. Cline, Mr. Guest, Mr. 
     Garbarino, Ms. Greene of Georgia, Mr. Pfluger, Ms. Hageman, 
     and Ms. Lee of Florida, are appointed managers to conduct the 
     impeachment trial against Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, 
     Secretary of Homeland Security, that a message be sent to the 
     Senate to inform the Senate of these appointments, and that 
     the managers so appointed may, in connection with the 
     preparation and the conduct of the trial, exhibit the 
     articles of impeachment to the Senate and take all other 
     actions necessary, which may include the following:
       (1) Employing legal, clerical, and other necessary 
     assistants and incurring such other expenses as may be 
     necessary, to be paid from amounts available to the Committee 
     on Homeland Security under applicable expense resolutions or 
     from the applicable accounts of the House of Representatives.
       (2) Sending for persons and papers, and filing with the 
     Secretary of the Senate, on the part of the House of 
     Representatives, any pleadings, in conjunction with or 
     subsequent to, the exhibition of the articles of impeachment 
     that the managers consider necessary.

  The message also announced that the House has agreed to the following 
resolution:

                              H. Res. 863

       Resolved, That Alejandro Nicholas Mayorkas, Secretary of 
     Homeland Security of the United States of America, is 
     impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors, and that the 
     following articles of impeachment be exhibited to the United 
     States Senate:
        Articles of impeachment exhibited by the House of 
     Representatives of the United States of America in the name 
     of itself and of the people of the United States of America, 
     against Alejandro N. Mayorkas, Secretary of Homeland Security 
     of the United States of America, in maintenance and support 
     of its impeachment against him for high crimes and 
     misdemeanors.


     article i: willful and systemic refusal to comply with the law

       
       The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives 
     ``shall have the sole Power of Impeachment'' and that civil 
     Officers of the United States, including the Secretary of 
     Homeland Security, ``shall be removed from Office on 
     Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or 
     other high Crimes and Misdemeanors''. In his conduct while 
     Secretary of Homeland Security, Alejandro N. Mayorkas, in 
     violation of his oath to support and defend the Constitution 
     of the United States against all enemies, foreign and 
     domestic, to bear true faith and allegiance to the same, and 
     to well and faithfully discharge the duties of his office, 
     has willfully and systemically refused to comply with Federal 
     immigration laws, in that:
       Throughout his tenure as Secretary of Homeland Security, 
     Alejandro N. Mayorkas has repeatedly violated laws enacted by 
     Congress regarding immigration and border security. In large 
     part because of his unlawful conduct, millions of aliens have 
     illegally entered the United States on an annual basis with 
     many unlawfully remaining in the United States. His refusal 
     to obey the law is not only an offense against the separation 
     of powers in the Constitution of the United States, it also 
     threatens our national security and has had a dire impact on 
     communities across the country. Despite clear evidence that 
     his willful and systemic refusal to comply with the law has 
     significantly contributed to unprecedented levels of illegal 
     entrants, the increased control of the Southwest border by 
     drug cartels, and the imposition of enormous costs on States 
     and localities affected by the influx of aliens, Alejandro N. 
     Mayorkas has continued in his refusal to comply with the law, 
     and thereby acted to the grave detriment of the interests of 
     the United States.
       Alejandro N. Mayorkas engaged in this scheme or course of 
     conduct through the following means:
       (1) Alejandro N. Mayorkas willfully refused to comply with 
     the detention mandate set forth in section 235(b)(2)(A) of 
     the Immigration and Nationality Act, requiring that all 
     applicants for admission who are ``not clearly and beyond a 
     doubt entitled to be admitted...shall be detained for a 
     [removal] proceeding...''. Instead of complying with this 
     requirement, Alejandro N. Mayorkas implemented a catch and 
     release scheme, whereby such aliens are unlawfully released, 
     even without effective mechanisms to ensure appearances 
     before the immigration courts for removal proceedings or to 
     ensure removal in the case of aliens ordered removed.
       (2) Alejandro N. Mayorkas willfully refused to comply with 
     the detention mandate set forth in section 235(b)(1)(B)(ii) 
     of such Act, requiring that an alien who is placed into 
     expedited removal proceedings and determined to have a 
     credible fear of persecution ``shall be detained for further 
     consideration of the application for asylum''. Instead of 
     complying with this requirement, Alejandro N. Mayorkas 
     implemented a catch and release scheme, whereby such aliens 
     are unlawfully released, even without effective mechanisms to 
     ensure appearances before the immigration courts for removal 
     proceedings or to ensure removal in the case of aliens 
     ordered removed.
       (3) Alejandro N. Mayorkas willfully refused to comply with 
     the detention set forth in section 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(IV) of 
     such Act, requiring that an alien who is placed into 
     expedited removal proceedings and determined not to have a 
     credible fear of persecution ``shall be detained...until 
     removed''. Instead of complying with this requirement,

[[Page S2786]]

     Alejandro N. Mayorkas has implemented a catch and release 
     scheme, whereby such aliens are unlawfully released, even 
     without effective mechanisms to ensure appearances before the 
     immigration courts for removal proceedings or to ensure 
     removal in the case of aliens ordered removed.
       (4) Alejandro N. Mayorkas willfully refused to comply with 
     the detention mandate set forth in section 236(c) of such 
     Act, requiring that a criminal alien who is inadmissible or 
     deportable on certain criminal and terrorism-related grounds 
     ``shall [be] take[n] into custody'' when the alien is 
     released from law enforcement custody. Instead of complying 
     with this requirement, Alejandro N. Mayorkas issued 
     ``Guidelines for the Enforcement of Civil Immigration Laws'', 
     which instructs Department of Homeland Security (hereinafter 
     referred to as ``DHS'') officials that the ``fact an 
     individual is a removable noncitizen...should not alone be 
     the basis of an enforcement action against them'' and that 
     DHS ``personnel should not rely on the fact of 
     conviction...alone'', even with respect to aliens subject to 
     mandatory arrest and detention pursuant to section 236(c) of 
     such Act, to take them into custody. In Texas v. United 
     States, 40 F.4th 205 (2022), the United States Court of 
     Appeals for the Fifth Circuit concluded that these guidelines 
     had ``every indication of being `a general policy that is so 
     extreme as to amount to an abdication of...statutory 
     responsibilities' '' and that its ``replacement of Congress's 
     statutory mandates with concerns of equity and race is 
     extralegal...[and] plainly outside the bounds of the power 
     conferred by the INA''.
       (5) Alejandro N. Mayorkas willfully refused to comply with 
     the detention mandate set forth in section 241(a)(2) of such 
     Act, requiring that an alien ordered removed ``shall [be] 
     detain[ed]'' during ``the removal period''. Instead of 
     complying with this mandate, Alejandro N. Mayorkas issued 
     ``Guidelines for the Enforcement of Civil Immigration Laws'', 
     which instructs DHS officials that the ``fact an individual 
     is a removable noncitizen...should not alone be the basis of 
     an enforcement action against them'' and that DHS ``personnel 
     should not rely on the fact of conviction...alone'', even 
     with respect to aliens subject to mandatory detention and 
     removal pursuant to section 241(a) of such Act.
       (6) Alejandro N. Mayorkas willfully exceeded his parole 
     authority set forth in section 212(d)(5)(A) of such Act that 
     permits parole to be granted ``only on a case-by-case 
     basis'', temporarily, and ``for urgent humanitarian reasons 
     or significant public benefit'', in that:
       (A) Alejandro N. Mayorkas paroled aliens en masse in order 
     to release them from mandatory detention, despite the fact 
     that, as the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth 
     Circuit concluded in Texas v. Biden, 20 F.4th 928 (2021), 
     ``parol[ing] every alien [DHS] cannot detain is the opposite 
     of the `case-by-case basis' determinations required by law'' 
     and ``DHS's pretended power to parole aliens while ignoring 
     the limitations Congress imposed on the parole power [is] not 
     nonenforcement; it's misenforcement, suspension of the INA, 
     or both''.
       (B) Alejandro N. Mayorkas created, re-opened, or expanded a 
     series of categorical parole programs never authorized by 
     Congress for foreign nationals outside of the United States, 
     including for certain Central American minors, Ukrainians, 
     Venezuelans, Cubans, Haitians, Nicaraguans, Colombians, 
     Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and Hondurans, which enabled 
     hundreds of thousands of inadmissible aliens to enter the 
     United States in violation of the laws enacted by Congress.
       (7) Alejandro N. Mayorkas willfully exceeded his release 
     authority set forth in section 236(a) of such Act that 
     permits, in certain circumstances, the release of aliens 
     arrested on an administrative warrant, in that Alejandro N. 
     Mayorkas released aliens arrested without a warrant despite 
     their being subject to a separate applicable mandatory 
     detention requirement set forth in section 235(b)(2) of such 
     Act. Alejandro N. Mayorkas released such aliens by 
     retroactively issuing administrative warrants in an attempt 
     to circumvent section 235(b)(2) of such Act. In Florida v. 
     United States, No. 3:21-cv-1066-TKW-ZCB (N.D. Fla. Mar. 8, 
     2023), the United States District Court of the Northern 
     District of Florida noted that ``[t]his sleight of hand - 
     using an `arrest' warrant as a de facto `release' warrant - 
     is administrative sophistry at its worst''. In addition, the 
     court concluded that ``what makes DHS's application of 
     [236(a)] in this manner unlawful...is that [235(b)(2)], not 
     [236(a)], governs the detention of applicants for admission 
     whom DHS places in...removal proceedings after inspection''.
       Alejandro N. Mayorkas's willful and systemic refusal to 
     comply with the law has had calamitous consequences for the 
     Nation and the people of the United States, including:
       (1) During fiscal years 2017 through 2020, an average of 
     about 590,000 aliens each fiscal year were encountered as 
     inadmissible aliens at ports of entry on the Southwest border 
     or apprehended between ports of entry. Thereafter, during 
     Alejandro N. Mayorkas's tenure in office, that number 
     skyrocketed to over 1,400,000 in fiscal year 2021, over 
     2,300,000 in fiscal year 2022, and over 2,400,000 in fiscal 
     year 2023. Similarly, during fiscal years 2017 through 2020, 
     an average of 130,000 persons who were not turned back or 
     apprehended after making an illegal entry were observed along 
     the border each fiscal year. During Alejandro N. Mayorkas's 
     tenure in office, that number more than trebled to 400,000 in 
     fiscal year 2021, 600,000 in fiscal year 2022, and 750,000 in 
     fiscal year 2023.
       (2) American communities both along the Southwest border 
     and across the United States have been devastated by the 
     dramatic growth in illegal entries, the number of aliens 
     unlawfully present, and substantial rise in the number of 
     aliens unlawfully granted parole, creating a fiscal and 
     humanitarian crisis and dramatically degrading the quality of 
     life of the residents of those communities. For instance, 
     since 2022, more than 150,000 migrants have gone through New 
     York City's shelter intake system. Indeed, the Mayor of New 
     York City has said that ``we are past our breaking point'' 
     and that ``[t]his issue will destroy New York City''. In 
     fiscal year 2023, New York City spent $1,450,000,000 
     addressing Alejandro N. Mayorkas's migrant crisis, and city 
     officials fear it will spend another $12,000,000,000 over the 
     following three fiscal years, causing painful budget cuts to 
     important city services.
       (3) Alejandro N. Mayorkas's unlawful mass release of 
     apprehended aliens and unlawful mass grant of categorical 
     parole to aliens have enticed an increasing number of aliens 
     to make the dangerous journey to our Southwest border. 
     Consequently, according to the United Nations's International 
     Organization for Migration, the number of migrants intending 
     to illegally cross our border who have perished along the 
     way, either en route to the United States or at the border, 
     almost doubled during the tenure of Alejandro N. Mayorkas as 
     Secretary of Homeland Security, from an average of about 700 
     a year during the fiscal years 2017 through 2020, to an 
     average of about 1,300 a year during the fiscal years 2021 
     through 2023.
       (4) Alien smuggling organizations have gained tremendous 
     wealth during Alejandro N. Mayorkas's tenure as Secretary of 
     Homeland Security, with their estimated revenues rising from 
     about $500,000,000 in 2018 to approximately $13,000,000,000 
     in 2022.
       (5) During Alejandro N. Mayorkas's tenure as Secretary of 
     Homeland Security, the immigration court backlog has more 
     than doubled from about 1,300,000 cases to over 3,000,000 
     cases. The exploding backlog is destroying the courts' 
     ability to administer justice and provide appropriate relief 
     in a timeframe that does not run into years or even decades. 
     As Alejandro N. Mayorkas acknowledged, ``those who have a 
     valid claim to asylum...often wait years for a...decision; 
     likewise, noncitizens who will ultimately be found ineligible 
     for asylum or other protection--which occurs in the majority 
     of cases--often have spent many years in the United States 
     prior to being ordered removed''. He noted that of aliens 
     placed in expedited removal proceedings and found to have a 
     credible fear of persecution, and thus referred to 
     immigration judges for removal proceedings, ``significantly 
     fewer than 20 percent...were ultimately granted asylum'' and 
     only ``28 percent of cases decided on their merits are grants 
     of relief''. Alejandro N. Mayorkas also admitted that ``the 
     fact that migrants can wait in the United States for years 
     before being issued a final order denying relief, and that 
     many such individuals are never actually removed, likely 
     incentivizes migrants to make the journey north''.
       (6) During Alejandro N. Mayorkas's tenure as Secretary of 
     Homeland Security, approximately 450,000 unaccompanied alien 
     children have been encountered at the Southwest border, and 
     the vast majority have been released into the United States. 
     As a result, there has been a dramatic upsurge in migrant 
     children being employed in dangerous and exploitative jobs in 
     the United States.
       (7) Alejandro N. Mayorkas's failure to enforce the law, 
     drawing millions of illegal aliens to the Southwest border, 
     has led to the reassignment of U.S. Border Patrol agents from 
     protecting the border from illicit drug trafficking to 
     processing illegal aliens for release. As a result, during 
     Alejandro N. Mayorkas's tenure as Secretary of Homeland 
     Security, the flow of fentanyl across the border and other 
     dangerous drugs, both at and between ports of entry, has 
     increased dramatically. U.S. Customs and Border Protection 
     seized approximately 4,800 pounds of fentanyl in fiscal year 
     2020, approximately 11,200 pounds in fiscal year 2021, 
     approximately 14,700 pounds in fiscal year 2022, and 
     approximately 27,000 pounds in fiscal year 2023. Over 70,000 
     Americans died from fentanyl poisoning in 2022, and fentanyl 
     is now the number one killer of Americans between the ages of 
     18 and 45.
       (8) Alejandro N. Mayorkas has degraded public safety by 
     leaving wide swaths of the border effectively unpatrolled as 
     U.S. Border Patrol agents are diverted from guarding the 
     border to processing for unlawful release the heightening 
     waves of apprehended aliens (many who now seek out agents for 
     the purpose of surrendering with the now reasonable 
     expectation of being released and granted work 
     authorization), and Federal Air Marshals are diverted from 
     protecting the flying public to assist in such processing.
       (9) During Alejandro N. Mayorkas's tenure as Secretary of 
     Homeland Security, the U.S. Border Patrol has encountered an 
     increasing number of aliens on the terrorist watch list. In 
     fiscal years 2017 through 2020 combined, 11 noncitizens on 
     the terrorist watchlist were caught attempting to cross the 
     Southwest border between ports of entry. That number 
     increased to 15 in fiscal year 2021, 98 in fiscal

[[Page S2787]]

     year 2022, 169 in fiscal year 2023, and 49 so far in fiscal 
     year 2024.
       Additionally, in United States v. Texas, 599 U.S. 670 
     (2023), the United States Supreme Court heard a case 
     involving Alejandro N. Mayorkas's refusal to comply with 
     certain Federal immigration laws that are at issue in this 
     impeachment. The Supreme Court held that States have no 
     standing to seek judicial relief to compel Alejandro N. 
     Mayorkas to comply with certain legal requirements contained 
     in the Immigration and Nationality Act. However, the Supreme 
     Court held that ``even though the federal courts lack Article 
     III jurisdiction over this suit, other forums remain open for 
     examining the Executive Branch's enforcement policies. For 
     example, Congress possesses an array of tools to analyze and 
     influence those policies [and] those are political checks for 
     the political process''. One such critical tool for Congress 
     to influence the Executive Branch to comply with the 
     immigration laws of the United States is impeachment. The 
     dissenting Justice noted, ``The Court holds Texas lacks 
     standing to challenge a federal policy that inflicts 
     substantial harm on the State and its residents by releasing 
     illegal aliens with criminal convictions for serious crimes. 
     In order to reach this conclusion, the Court...holds that the 
     only limit on the power of a President to disobey a law like 
     the important provision at issue is Congress' power to employ 
     the weapons of inter-branch warfare...''. As the dissenting 
     Justice explained, ``Congress may wield what the Solicitor 
     General described as `political...tools'--which presumably 
     means such things as...impeachment and removal''. Indeed, 
     during oral argument, the Justice who authored the majority 
     opinion stated to the Solicitor General, ``I think your 
     position is, instead of judicial review, Congress has to 
     resort to shutting down the government or impeachment or 
     dramatic steps...''. Here, in light of the inability of 
     injured parties to seek judicial relief to remedy the refusal 
     of Alejandro N. Mayorkas to comply with Federal immigration 
     laws, impeachment is Congress's only viable option.
       In all of this, Alejandro N. Mayorkas willfully and 
     systemically refused to comply with the immigration laws, 
     failed to control the border to the detriment of national 
     security, compromised public safety, and violated the rule of 
     law and separation of powers in the Constitution, to the 
     manifest injury of the people of the United States.
       Wherefore Alejandro N. Mayorkas, by such conduct, has 
     demonstrated that he will remain a threat to national and 
     border security, the safety of the United States people, and 
     the Constitution if allowed to remain in office, and has 
     acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and 
     the rule of law. Alejandro N. Mayorkas thus warrants 
     impeachment and trial, removal from office, and 
     disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, 
     trust, or profit under the United States.


                   article ii: breach of public trust

       
       The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives 
     ``shall have the sole Power of Impeachment'' and that civil 
     Officers of the United States, including the Secretary of 
     Homeland Security, ``shall be removed from Office on 
     Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or 
     other high Crimes and Misdemeanors''. In his conduct while 
     Secretary of Homeland Security, Alejandro N. Mayorkas, in 
     violation of his oath to well and faithfully discharge the 
     duties of his office, has breached the public trust, in that:
       Alejandro N. Mayorkas has knowingly made false statements, 
     and knowingly obstructed lawful oversight of the Department 
     of Homeland Security (hereinafter referred to as ``DHS''), 
     principally to obfuscate the results of his willful and 
     systemic refusal to comply with the law. Alejandro N. 
     Mayorkas engaged in this scheme or course of conduct through 
     the following means:
       (1) Alejandro N. Mayorkas knowingly made false statements 
     to Congress that the border is ``secure'', that the border is 
     ``no less secure than it was previously'', that the border is 
     ``closed'', and that DHS has ``operational control'' of the 
     border (as that term is defined in the Secure Fence Act of 
     2006).
       (2) Alejandro N. Mayorkas knowingly made false statements 
     to Congress regarding the scope and adequacy of the vetting 
     of the thousands of Afghans who were airlifted to the United 
     States and then granted parole following the Taliban takeover 
     of Afghanistan after President Biden's precipitous withdrawal 
     of United States forces.
       (3) Alejandro N. Mayorkas knowingly made false statements 
     that apprehended aliens with no legal basis to remain in the 
     United States were being quickly removed.
       (4) Alejandro N. Mayorkas knowingly made false statements 
     supporting the false narrative that U.S. Border Patrol agents 
     maliciously whipped illegal aliens.
       (5) Alejandro N. Mayorkas failed to comply with multiple 
     subpoenas issued by congressional committees.
       (6) Alejandro N. Mayorkas delayed or denied access of DHS 
     Office of Inspector General (hereinafter referred to as 
     ``OIG'') to DHS records and information, hampering OIG's 
     ability to effectively perform its vital investigations, 
     audits, inspections, and other reviews of agency programs and 
     operations to satisfy the OIG's obligations under section 
     402(b) of title 5, United States Code, in part, to Congress.
       Additionally, in his conduct while Secretary of Homeland 
     Security, Alejandro N. Mayorkas has breached the public trust 
     by his willful refusal to fulfill his statutory ``duty to 
     control and guard the boundaries and borders of the United 
     States against the illegal entry of aliens'' as set forth in 
     section 103(a)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. 
     Alejandro N. Mayorkas inherited what his first Chief of the 
     U.S. Border Patrol called, ``arguably the most effective 
     border security in our nation's history''. Alejandro N. 
     Mayorkas, however, proceeded to abandon effective border 
     security initiatives without engaging in adequate alternative 
     efforts that would enable DHS to maintain control of the 
     border and guard against illegal entry, and despite clear 
     evidence of the devastating consequences of his actions, he 
     failed to take action to fulfill his statutory duty to 
     control the border. According to his first Chief of the U.S. 
     Border Patrol, Alejandro N. Mayorkas ``summarily rejected'' 
     the ``multiple options to reduce the illegal 
     entries...through proven programs and consequences'' provided 
     by civil service staff at DHS. Despite clear evidence of the 
     devastating consequences of his actions, he failed to take 
     action to fulfill his statutory duty to control the border, 
     in that, among other things:
       (1) Alejandro N. Mayorkas terminated the Migrant Protection 
     Protocols (hereinafter referred to as ``MPP''). In Texas v. 
     Biden, 20 F.4th 928 (2021), the United States Court of 
     Appeals for the Fifth Circuit explained that ``[t]he district 
     court...pointed to evidence that `the termination of MPP has 
     contributed to the current border surge'...(citing DHS's own 
     previous determinations that MPP had curbed the rate of 
     illegal entries)''. The district court had also ``pointed out 
     that the number of `enforcement encounters'--that is, 
     instances where immigration officials encounter immigrants 
     attempting to cross the southern border without 
     documentation--had `skyrocketed' since MPP's termination''.
       (2) Alejandro N. Mayorkas terminated contracts for border 
     wall construction.
       (3) Alejandro N. Mayorkas terminated asylum cooperative 
     agreements that would have equitably shared the burden of 
     complying with international asylum accords.
       In all of this, Alejandro N. Mayorkas breached the public 
     trust by knowingly making false statements to Congress and 
     the American people and avoiding lawful oversight in order to 
     obscure the devastating consequences of his willful and 
     systemic refusal to comply with the law and carry out his 
     statutory duties. He has also breached the public trust by 
     willfully refusing to carry out his statutory duty to control 
     the border and guard against illegal entry, notwithstanding 
     the calamitous consequences of his abdication of that duty.
       Wherefore Alejandro N. Mayorkas, by such conduct, has 
     demonstrated that he will remain a threat to national and 
     border security, the safety of the American people, and to 
     the Constitution if allowed to remain in office, and has 
     acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and 
     the rule of law. Alejandro N. Mayorkas thus warrants 
     impeachment and trial, removal from office, and 
     disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, 
     trust, or profit under the United States.

                          ____________________