[Congressional Record Volume 169, Number 70 (Wednesday, April 26, 2023)]
[Senate]
[Pages S1370-S1377]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




 RECOGNIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SIGNING OF 
THE MUTUAL DEFENSE TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE REPUBLIC OF 
                        KOREA ON OCTOBER 1, 1953

  Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent the Senate 
proceed to S. Res. 175, submitted earlier today.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The clerk will report the resolution by title.
  The bill clerk read as follows:

       A resolution (S. Res. 175) recognizing the importance of 
     the 70th anniversary of the signing of the mutual defense 
     treaty between the United States and the Republic of Korea on 
     October 1, 1953.

  There being no objection, the Senate proceeded to consider the 
resolution.
  Mr. SCHUMER. I ask unanimous consent the resolution be agreed to, the 
preamble be agreed to, and that the motions to reconsider be considered 
made and laid upon the table with no intervening action or debate.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  The resolution (S. Res. 175) was agreed to.
  The preamble was agreed to.
  (The resolution, with its preamble, is printed in today's Record 
under ``Submitted Resolutions.'')
  Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, tomorrow, it will be a great honor of the 
House and Senate to welcome President Yoon of the Republic of Korea to 
the U.S. Capitol.
  Ahead of President Yoon's visit, Leader McConnell, Chair Menendez, 
Ranking Member Risch, and I wish to welcome him through a bipartisan 
resolution reaffirming the strong support that exists for the U.S.-
Korean relationship. Seventy years of this partnership have made both 
our nations safer, more prosperous, and more intertwined than ever. 
Today, millions of Americans know and love Korean music, Korean cinema, 
Korean food, and Korean goods and products. K-pop now goes viral in our 
country, and for many Americans their favorite movies are not in 
English but in Korean.

  The Korean-American community embodies what the American dream has 
always been about: coming to our country and building something of 
yourself, building strong families who enrich our communities and make 
our Nation more prosperous. New York is proud to have one of the 
largest and most dynamic Korean communities anywhere in the country, 
and I have been proud to fight for them here in the Senate. They are a 
wonderful addition to New York, and the more Koreans there are in New 
York the better we are going to be.
  And make no mistake, the United States and the Republic of Korea need 
each other more than ever. As we continue to compete with China, the 
Republic of Korea is one of our closest partners. And as we confront a 
belligerent North Korea, we must work with the Republic of Korea for 
our mutual safety.
  I also want to applaud President Yoon for beginning the process to 
revitalize his nation's relationship with Japan. When we work together, 
we can make real strides to ensure security and prosperity in the Indo-
Pacific. Again, I thank my colleagues for working with me on this 
resolution. We thank President Yoon for coming to the Capitol.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Nevada.


                         Equal Rights Amendment

  Ms. CORTEZ MASTO. Mr. President, first of all, I have to thank my 
colleagues, Senator Cardin along with Senator Murkowski, for bringing 
S.J. Res. 4 that we will be voting on tomorrow. We need the Equal 
Rights Amendment today more than ever.
  What we have been seeing across the country, the far-right using 
every opportunity they can to roll back women's rights. We are seeing 
this happen in real time with access to abortion care, and we know it 
won't stop there.
  So it is shameful that in 2023 there are so many extremists who want 
to make women second-class citizens, but that is why we need a 
constitutional amendment to protect women from discrimination and 
guarantee their equality under the law.
  Few States understand this better than my home State of Nevada. 
Nevada put the Equal Rights Amendment back on the table when it became 
the first State in the modern era to ratify the ERA in 2017.
  Nevadans stood up and made it clear that our State believes men and 
women should have equal legal rights. And they didn't stop there. In 
2022, Nevada adopted the most comprehensive ERA in the country in its 
State constitution, putting protections in place to ensure equal rights 
for all.
  Over and over again, Nevadans have led the charge for equality and 
women's rights at both the State and the Federal level. Now, since 
Nevada kicked off the push in recent years to ratify the ERA federally, 
we now have the 38 States we need to codify the Equal Rights Amendment 
in the U.S. Constitution. The only thing that is stopping us is a 
deadline Congress made up in 1972 that was already extended once. That 
is why we must vote to remove this deadline and adopt the Equal Rights 
Amendment into our Constitution because, quite honestly, there is too 
much at stake and to let an arbitrary time limit hold women's rights 
hostage is just wrong.
  So with that, along with my colleagues here this afternoon, I, too, 
urge the adoption tomorrow of bipartisan S.J. Res. 4.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Michigan.
  Ms. STABENOW. Mr. President, I am so proud to be here with my 
colleagues today--Senator Cortez Masto and all of our colleagues and 
with our leaders Senator Cardin and Senator Murkowski--on this 
bipartisan resolution that is, frankly, long overdue.
  You know, there is a sign you often see at rallies for reproductive 
rights. A woman my age or older will often be holding it, and it reads 
something like this: ``I can't believe we are still fighting for this 
crap.'' Now, it usually has a different word on it than ``crap.''
  As I stand here on the Senate floor in the Year of Our Lord 2023, I 
can't believe we are still fighting for equal

[[Page S1371]]

rights for women under our American Constitution. We are 100 years out 
from when the Equal Rights Amendment was first introduced in 1923--a 
full century, 100 years--since it was first introduced. And a lot of 
things have changed since 1923, for sure. Women are CEOs and 
astronauts, professional athletes and chemistry professors, Governors 
and a Vice President of the United States. A quarter of the Members of 
this Chamber are women--not nearly enough, but we are getting there. 
Yet, still, 100 years later, women are not guaranteed equal legal 
protections, equal legal rights under our Constitution. That needed to 
change in 1923, and it certainly needs to change 100 years later in 
2023.
  Michigan was ready for change back in 1972. That is when my State 
ratified the ERA. A Congresswoman from Michigan helped lead the way. 
Congresswoman Martha Griffiths of Detroit was the first woman in 
history to serve on the House Ways and Means Committee.
  In 1970, she filed a discharge petition to send the legislation to 
the full House of Representatives for consideration. It passed, only to 
die in the Senate. We have heard that story before. But Representative 
Griffiths was undaunted. She introduced an amended version. The House 
and Senate both passed it, and it was sent to the States for 
ratification in 1972.
  Congresswoman Griffiths later served as Michigan's first elected 
Lieutenant Governor and became known as the Mother of the ERA. 
Congresswoman Griffiths, sadly, didn't live to see her amendment 
written into the Constitution.
  But there is no doubt we need it today, even more than we did in 
1972. Women in this country are watching our reproductive freedoms be 
dismantled. The Dobbs decision attempts to ban the abortion pill, and 
harsh abortion restrictions in States have left women in this country 
with fewer freedoms than our mothers and even our grandmothers enjoyed.
  The ERA is really simple. It simply says:

       Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or 
     abridged by the United States or by any state on account of 
     sex.

  Equal rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the 
United States or by any State on account of sex. That is it.
  And this resolution is equally simple, the one before us. All it 
would do is remove an arbitrary deadline that was included when this 
was passed in Congress, preventing the ERA from being ratified.
  The ERA is simple, but its protections would be profound. It would 
protect all people, regardless of sex, from discrimination. It would 
defend against the rollback of our fundamental rights and freedoms.
  Congresswoman Martha Griffiths, from Michigan, passed it. The States 
ratified it. Now we just need to add it to our Constitution. Our 
daughters and our granddaughters can't wait another 100 years. They 
deserve equality now.
  So I hope colleagues would join with us to pass this resolution and 
finally ensure all people are equal under our laws.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Maryland.
  Mr. CARDIN. I want to thank Senator Stabenow for her leadership in 
the Senate and in our community on these issues. I serve with her and 
Senator Cortez Masto on the Finance Committee, and I see the duo there 
fighting for removing a lot of the discrimination we have in our 
healthcare system--again, that women are discriminated against. Both of 
these Senators do a great job being here, protecting the rights.
  But it is so important that we have in our toolbox the constitutional 
amendment to help us in fighting discrimination so that we have a 
fairer playing field in the courts to protect the rights of women. So I 
thank her.
  We are also joined by Senator Klobuchar. We were elected at the same 
time to the U.S. Senate. She has been an advocate on behalf of equality 
for all communities, but particularly her efforts on behalf of women is 
known throughout the Nation, and I am glad she could join us today.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Minnesota.
  Ms. KLOBUCHAR. Mr. President, I rise to join Senator Cardin, thanking 
him for his leadership for so many years, as well as Senator Murkowski 
and my colleague Senator Stabenow in support of this bipartisan 
resolution to remove the deadline for the ratification of the Equal 
Rights Amendment so we can finally enshrine equal rights for women into 
our Constitution.
  What are people afraid of?
  Minnesota ratified the ERA 50 years ago. Since then, women and men 
who stand with them have never rested in the fight to guarantee 
equality in the Constitution of the United States of America.
  After a half century of overcoming seemingly insurmountable 
obstacles, that long-fought battle for equality has come down to an 
arbitrary deadline.
  Passing the resolution will bring us one step closer to ratifying the 
ERA and finally enshrining permanent protections for women and girls in 
our Constitution.
  The Equal Rights Amendment would make clear, once and for all, that 
women are guaranteed equal rights under the U.S. Constitution.
  The core of the amendment is only 24 words long, guaranteeing that 
``[e]quality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by 
the United States or by any State on account of sex.''
  In 1972, the amendment passed both Houses of Congress with bipartisan 
support. The Senate voted to send the amendment to the States by a vote 
of 84 to 8, with 7 not voting, and the House passed it 354 to 24. 
Congress initially set a 7-year deadline for the required three-fourths 
of States to ratify the amendment, and it later extended the deadline 
by 3 more years.
  By the time that deadline expired, only 35 States had ratified, 
leaving the amendment three States short of the 38 needed. But the 
deadline did not stop the growing support for the ERA and women's 
equality. Since then, three additional States have voted to ratify the 
ERA, including Nevada, Illinois, and Virginia.
  It is long past time that equality of women be enshrined in the 
Constitution.
  I have been proud to join a bipartisan group of Senators in 
cosponsoring this resolution. This resolution is part of a long 
tradition of bipartisan support for the ERA. The past year has made it 
painfully clear that protecting equality remains fundamental to the 
lives of each and every American. As my colleagues have noted, the 
women of this country still face a gender pay gap that leaves them 
economically behind. Women still earn around 82 cents of every dollar a 
man makes, and for women of color, it is even less.
  Ten months ago, we saw the Supreme Court issue a rule shredding 
nearly five decades of precedent protecting a woman's right to make her 
own healthcare decisions. Now women are at the mercy of a patchwork of 
State laws governing their ability to access reproductive care, leaving 
them with fewer rights than their moms and grandmas.
  Every branch of government has a responsibility to protect people's 
rights, and if one branch fails to do so, the Constitution gives 
Congress and the people the power to step in by proposing and ratifying 
a new amendment.
  Ratifying the ERA would affirm that sex discrimination is 
inconsistent with the Nation's core values of equal protection under 
the law.
  We know that the majority of Americans are on our side--78 percent of 
Americans, according to the Pew Research Center--support the ERA being 
added to the Constitution--78 percent of Americans. We know this 
proposal is common sense.
  This year marks the 101st anniversary of the ratification of the 19th 
Amendment, which granted women the right to vote, a critical milestone 
in our democracy. At this moment in our country's history, I am as 
committed as ever to fighting to ensure that all Americans are 
guaranteed equality under the law. Let's show the world that the United 
States of America is a place where equality is the law of the land.

  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The majority whip.
  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I thank my colleague from Minnesota, and I 
especially thank my colleague from Maryland. The Senator from Maryland 
has been working on this issue for a long time.

[[Page S1372]]

  Ben, thank you for your leadership,
  I thank Lisa Murkowski for making it a bipartisan effort.
  I have a good speech here, but I want to tell you a story. The story 
goes back to my graduation from law school and the first job I ever 
had.
  I was working for the Lieutenant Governor of the State of Illinois--a 
man named Paul Simon, who went on to be elected to Congress and to the 
U.S. Senate. Simon, as the Lieutenant Governor of Illinois, presided 
over the Illinois State Senate. We had met one another. He said he was 
going to offer me a job when I graduated from law school, and lo and 
behold, I became parliamentarian of the Illinois State Senate. I was 
fresh out of law school. I skipped my graduation ceremony because I 
desperately needed some money to pay off some bills. I started working 
in Springfield, IL, as the parliamentarian of the State senate.
  Simon mistakenly believed that there was a course in law school 
called parliamentary law. There wasn't. I had to learn it by just 
reading the rule book over and over again until it became familiar, but 
eventually I was pretty good at it. I needed to be because we had a big 
debate going on in Springfield, IL, in the early 1970s about something 
called the Equal Rights Amendment. It was different than the debate in 
many State capitols because there was a real confrontation. There was 
no party identity behind or for the Equal Rights Amendment. Some 
Republicans supported it, and many Democrats supported it, but there 
was opposition in both parties too.
  What fired up the troops in that particular debate was the presence 
of a woman from Alton, IL, named Phyllis Schlafly, who was leading the 
national effort to stop the Equal Rights Amendment. I reflect on that 
this evening because I remember what she used to say: If you pass the 
Equal Rights Amendment, men and women are going to use the same 
bathrooms. Not only that, women are going to be forced to fight in 
combat in the military. They will be drafted, and they will all be 
fighting in the military.
  I look back on those arguments now and say: Was that it? Was it 
really that the debate on the equality of women in America came down to 
those two issues?
  I thought of it the other day when I went to a school that I was 
visiting that had a same-gender restroom. It was a single restroom, but 
either gender could use it. I thought, Phyllis Schlafly's dream came 
true in that we are sharing the same restrooms in some places. When it 
comes to combat in the military, many women across the United States 
fought for that right to do so and have served our country honorably.
  But those were the arguments and the differences of the day which led 
to the debate and led to Illinois's not ratifying the Equal Rights 
Amendment in the 1970s. That didn't happen until very recently.
  We had a hearing on this, as the Presiding Officer knows, in the 
Senate's Judiciary Committee, and I listened to the critics of the 
Equal Rights Amendment today. I didn't hear anything about same-sex 
restrooms and nothing about combat in the military, but one lady raised 
the prospect that if we pass the Equal Rights Amendment, it would ruin 
her daughter's field hockey team in high school because there may be 
some transgender individuals wanting to play on her daughter's team.
  I thought to myself, so now it has come to that. It is no longer 
restrooms or combat pay; it is a question of field hockey for young 
ladies.
  Well, I know that is an important part of their lives, and she told 
us as much, but when I reflect on what the reality of this amendment 
does, it seems that those things pale in comparison. The language of it 
is so expressed and so clear that most people in the United States 
really would be surprised to know it is not already in the 
Constitution: no discrimination against people on the basis of sex. 
Most people assume that is a fact, but it is not. We have to do 
something about it.
  Tonight, we are seeing the Senate at its best--a bipartisan effort on 
the floor of the U.S. Senate to finally make this right by America. The 
Equal Rights Amendment is literally a century in the making, and over 
the years, generations of Americans have done their part to push it 
forward. They have marched on Washington, and they have met with 
Congressmen and Senators. As of 2020, they crossed a crucial threshold: 
the ratification of the ERA in 38 States. That is the exact number of 
States needed to certify it as the 28th Amendment to the U.S. 
Constitution.
  So now it is time for lawmakers in Congress to do our part in 
supporting the ERA. We need to clear a path for equality, and this 
proposal--this bipartisan proposal from Senator Ben Cardin of Maryland 
and Senator Lisa Murkowski of Alaska--is our chance to do it. It will 
remove the arbitrary deadline Congress imposed on the ERA ratification 
more than 50 years ago, and removing that deadline has never been more 
important.
  As we learned over the past year, there is no room for uncertainty 
when it comes to protecting equal rights. Right now, women all across 
America are living with the reality that their fundamental freedoms are 
under attack. In the months since the disastrous Dobbs decision, 
millions of Americans have been robbed of their reproductive rights. 
Activist judges and far-right politicians have replaced the will of the 
people and the expertise of medical professionals with their own 
radical beliefs. Women living in States like Texas, Oklahoma, and most 
recently Florida and North Dakota have fewer rights today than their 
parents and grandparents did decades ago.
  All of this chaos and confusion is jeopardizing the lives of women 
and upending our healthcare system. We had another hearing today. There 
was testimony in that hearing by a young lady from Texas who went 
through an awful ordeal at the end of a pregnancy--a pregnancy which 
she wanted desperately. It was her first child. It would have been her 
first daughter, and Willow was the name she had given her. Then, late 
in the pregnancy, complications arose. Willow, unfortunately, couldn't 
be born, and the mother almost died while waiting to comply with the 
new Texas law on abortion.

  I am going to remember that testimony for a long time.
  Without ERA protections, even basic rights like reproduction are on 
the chopping block. We need protection against discrimination in the 
workplace, in the classroom, even in the courtroom. Unless women's 
rights are explicitly protected under the Constitution, there is 
nothing stopping the rightwing majority on the Court from ripping them 
away. That is why Congress must restore and protect women's rights in 
all facets of life. We can do it this week by clearing the way and 
finally enshrining gender equality in the Constitution.
  I had the honor of presiding over a hearing on this very proposal in 
the Senate Judiciary Committee several weeks ago. During that hearing, 
we heard from a young woman whose name was Thursday Williams--a first-
generation American, a board member of the ERA Coalition, and a senior 
at Trinity College in Hartford, CT. Ms. Williams is planning on 
attending law school after she graduates from college. She says she 
developed a passion for the law when she ``fell in love with the U.S. 
Constitution in high school.''
  In her words:

       What I love the most about the Constitution is how 
     brilliantly it was designed to adapt to the changing needs of 
     its people, and, today, we deserve a Constitution that 
     guarantees equality regardless of sex, a Constitution that we 
     can use as a tool to fight discrimination.

  That was her testimony.
  Ms. Williams concluded by asking members of the committee a question. 
It is a question I would like to now ask every Member of the Senate: 
How can we be the beacon of freedom and democracy we claim to be if we 
do not declare that sex discrimination contradicts the American dream?
  That was Thursday Williams' question to the Senate Judiciary 
Committee. It is my question to the Senate on her behalf.
  If we want to live up to the promise of America, we need to protect 
the rights of every American. Let's start with the ERA.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Maryland.
  Mr. CARDIN. Mr. President, first, I want to thank Senator Durbin, the 
chairman of the Judiciary Committee, for his leadership on this issue 
but, just as importantly, for his leadership on so

[[Page S1373]]

many human rights and civil rights issues.
  Thank you for the hearing that you conducted in the Judiciary 
Committee. It shed light on a lot of the ridiculous arguments that some 
have made against the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. More 
importantly, it showed why it is important for us to remove any 
ambiguity on the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. I also 
want to just acknowledge your extraordinary leadership around the 
world.
  When there is a human rights struggle, Senator Durbin is going to be 
the spokesperson for those who would otherwise not be heard. I have 
joined him many times in those efforts, and I am proud to be on his 
team. I thank him for really giving us the leadership here in the U.S. 
Senate and the best values of America here at home and abroad. I thank 
him for his leadership on this issue and on so many other issues.
  I am joined by a couple of my other colleagues--first, Senator 
Blumenthal from Connecticut. I also want to acknowledge Senator Van 
Hollen from Maryland. Both have been real leaders in regard to the 
equal rights of women but also in regard to civil liberties and civil 
rights. Both are good friends. One I have the honor of representing the 
State of Maryland with, so I have seen him in action for equal rights 
in our State. As for the other, we have been together on the Helsinki 
Commission, fighting globally for human rights. So I thank them for 
being here.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Connecticut.
  Mr. BLUMENTHAL. Mr. President, I am so honored by that introduction 
and to be here on the floor with a great colleague--a champion in the 
House as well as now in the Senate--Chris Van Hollen of Maryland.
  I thank the senior Senator from Maryland--we are both senior Senators 
from our respective States--for yielding first to me. More importantly, 
I want to thank him for his leadership on human rights and civil rights 
here in the United States. He has been such a powerful advocate. But 
also, around the world, through the Helsinki Commission, I have had the 
great privilege of working with him and serving with him on that 
Commission, where he has put front and center the crimes against 
humanity committed in Ukraine as well as in other parts of the world 
where the rule of law, unfortunately, is lacking. So I am very, very 
proud to be with him on the floor today.
  Like my colleague Senator Durbin, who has been rightly lauded by 
Senator Cardin for his work on rights, I rise to ask this body and all 
who are hearing this message to commit to making the Equal Rights 
Amendment the law of our land--part of the Constitution.
  Outside of the right to vote, the Constitution has no mention of 
gender equality. It was enshrined--the right to vote--just over a 
century ago with the 19th Amendment, but the U.S. Constitution does not 
include an explicit provision on equal rights for women, and that is a 
sad omission that cannot be allowed to stand. We must fix it.
  The ERA, as you know, was introduced to Congress in 1923 by 
suffragist leader Alice Paul, who believed that after securing the 
right to vote, women needed legal protection against discrimination. 
That fact is no less true today than it was then. In 1972, the ERA was 
passed by Congress. In 2020, Virginia became the 38th and final State 
required by the Constitution to ratify it. In January 2022, we passed 
the 2-year waiting period. President Biden has supported making it the 
law of the land. We should heed President Biden and this body in doing 
so--in recognizing the importance of a resolution ratifying the ERA.
  Now, the hard, blunt truth here is that significant progress in sex 
equality has been made thanks to a generation of advocates--actually, 
several generations--but women and girls still face horrendous, life-
changing barriers and challenges derived from structural sex 
discrimination every day. I became more aware of it as a dad to a young 
woman, listening to her, seeing the world through her eyes, as well as 
my wife, Cynthia--both of them strong advocates and, thankfully, my 
three sons as well, who are ardent champions of gender equality.
  In the workplace, the gender gap has hardly budged. You are, I am 
sure, aware that women now earn about 84 cents for every dollar a man 
earns. That is a statistic from the Department of Labor. The disparity 
is even larger for women of color. For every dollar a man earns, Native 
American women and Latinas earn 57 cents and Black women earn 67 cents. 
That is in the greatest country in the history of the world. We should 
be ashamed and embarrassed--ashamed and embarrassed.
  The ERA is a critical step toward ensuring equality and protecting 
women's fundamental rights, including the right to abortion and 
contraception.
  The Supreme Court overturned five decades of precedent and eliminated 
the constitutional right to abortion in Dobbs saying Roe was wrong--a 
decision that will go down in infamy as one of the most destructive to 
the Court's credibility, as I mentioned today, and a tribute to the 
disingenuousness of three nominees before this body--the three most 
recent nominees--who said they would respect precedent and then voted 
to completely overturn Dobbs within a couple of years.
  About one in three girls and women in the United States of 
reproductive age are living in States where abortion is either 
unavailable or severely restricted, and the adverse consequences of 
poor women's health are already clearly visible.
  Amanda Zurawski today testified before the Judiciary Committee about 
how she nearly died, nearly perished from sepsis because of Texas's 
cruel, barbarous prohibitions against women's healthcare through 
abortion.
  Without the freedom to control their own lives, bodies, and futures, 
the true meaning of equality will remain elusive and out of reach. As 
Justice Ginsburg put it, full and equal citizenship ``is intimately 
connected to a person's ability to control their reproductive lives.''
  The ERA would also provide additional tools against violence 
committed all too often against women. Gender-based bias is a form of 
sex discrimination as well as a violation of human rights. Thirty-five 
percent of all women who are killed by men are a result of violence 
from intimate partners with guns. One in three women has experienced 
some form of physical violence by an intimate partner. One in five 
women in the United States has been raped.
  You can dispute the specific numbers, but the overwhelming truth of 
sex discrimination in violence, in denial of healthcare, in job 
inequality, in pay discrimination is there for all to see. We all know 
it exists. We must act against it.
  That is why I am proud to stand here with my colleagues and argue 
that ratification is an idea long overdue. It is not an idea whose time 
has come; it came long ago. We have an obligation to act as a matter of 
conscience and conviction. If we care about women in the United States 
of America in the 21st century, we need to bring the law into the 21st 
century and do what should have been done long ago to protect women's 
health and security, as well as fundamental equality.
  Let me just close with a favorite quote of mine from Susan Anthony. 
She stated:

       The true republic--men, their rights and nothing more; 
     women, their rights and nothing less.

  Sex equality deserves a permanent home in the Constitution. The time 
to make it happen is now.
  I yield the floor to my colleague from Maryland, Senator Van Hollen.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Maryland.
  Mr. VAN HOLLEN. Mr. President, let me thank my colleague from 
Connecticut for his words in support of the Equal Rights Amendment and 
for his fight for justice.
  Let me also thank my colleague, my Maryland partner and friend 
Senator Cardin, for teaming up with Senator Murkowski to push for 
passage of this legislation year after year. It is long overdue that we 
take this up and that we pass it in the U.S. Senate.
  If you look at our history during the darkest of times and against 
the longest of odds, Americans from all backgrounds have stood together 
to insist that America live up to its promise--the promise of equality, 
the promise of equal rights for all.
  In fact, if you think about the story of America, it really is the 
story of the struggle to make good on that fundamental promise to 
ensure that every individual receives equal dignity.

[[Page S1374]]

  We talk about how we are endowed by our Creator with certain 
unalienable rights, and that is true. There are not more rights for men 
and not supposed to be more rights for any particular group. It is 
supposed to be about equal dignity, and equal dignity should include 
equal treatment under the law.
  In their fight for voting rights, our Nation's suffragettes faced 
unjust arrest. They faced persecution. They faced resistance from a 
nation that was not yet willing to fulfill that full promise when it 
came to voting rights. Despite it all, through protests, through 
demands, through arrests, the suffragettes prevailed and made sure that 
we passed the 19th Amendment, at least fulfilling the right to vote for 
women.
  But we have a lot of unfinished business. It is not just all men who 
are created equal; it is all people who are created equal. We have 
accomplished that when it comes to the ballot box. Although, as we in 
this body know, we also have a long way to go to make sure that that is 
made real in practice on the ground. That is why we have been fighting 
to pass voting rights legislation. But we also need to make sure that, 
when it comes to women's rights, we enshrine it in the highest law of 
the land in order to give the rhetoric legal teeth and legal backing.
  Alice Paul, who really is the founder of the movement for the Equal 
Rights Amendment, knew that a century ago when she said:

       I never doubted that equal rights was the right direction. 
     Most reforms, most problems are complicated. But to me, there 
     is nothing complicated about ordinary equality.

  There is great truth in the simplicity of that statement, and that is 
what equal rights is all about. It is not a lot of words, but they are 
the rightly chosen words:

       Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or 
     abridged by the United States or by any state on account of 
     sex.

  That is it; a simple statement but a powerful statement because it is 
a true statement if we really want to live up to our full promise.
  That is why the overwhelming majority of the American people support 
it. Seventy-five percent of our fellow Americans support the ERA. 
Thirty-eight States have ratified it, enough to make the ERA our 28th 
Amendment. Yet 100 years after the proposed amendment was first 
introduced to Congress, despite this broad support and the ratification 
of a necessary number of States, we have not yet made that part of our 
Constitution.
  The results are painfully clear every day. My colleagues have talked 
about some of them: the persistent pay gap, which disadvantages not 
only women but also the families that they support. Recent rulings by 
the Supreme Court on reproductive rights have shown that the lack of an 
explicit protection against gender discrimination puts women's 
fundamental rights at risk and on the chopping block. So this is the 
moment to finally get this done.
  I, again, want to thank Senator Cardin and Senator Murkowski for 
their efforts to move forward on this. I want to thank the chairman of 
the Judiciary Committee.
  As I close, I do want to say a few words about my friend and 
colleague from Maryland's long-term fight for this and applaud him for 
over a decade of working to make sure that we get the ERA across the 
finish line.
  It has been one very important aspect--in fact, the cornerstone of 
many of his efforts here in the United States--but it is a reflection 
of his fights for civil rights, for women's rights, for racial rights, 
and for human rights around the world. I want to thank him for his 
persistence on this and so many issues that call upon us to be what we 
say we are as Americans--people who believe in the equal dignity of 
every individual and the rights of every individual. I want to thank my 
colleague. I want to thank him for teaming up with Senator Murkowski 
from Alaska and thank her for her efforts.
  I said at the beginning that we have been defined as an American 
story by our struggle to make good on that original promise, the idea 
of equal rights. Many people have tried to interpret it in different 
ways, but I think we all understand, at the end of the day, the North 
Star is equal rights. It means equal rights for everybody, not just 
equal rights for some people over here, because that is not equal 
rights.
  That is as simple as what brings us here to the floor. I want to 
thank my colleague, again, from Maryland for keeping this fight going.
  I really hope my Republican colleagues will take this moment, despite 
what we expect, to enshrine that simple proposition into the 
Constitution of the United States.
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Rhode Island.
  Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Mr. President, I am glad today to stand with my 
colleague to support S.J. Res. 4, affirming the validity of the Equal 
Rights Amendment.
  We have heard from Senator Cardin and Senator Murkowski why it is so 
important for Congress to pass this resolution and enshrine protections 
against sex-based discrimination in our Constitution.
  The ERA would bolster efforts to ensure equality in the fields of 
workforce and pay, pregnancy discrimination, sexual harassment and 
violence, reproductive autonomy, and protections for LGBTQ individuals.
  Although we have indeed made strides in each of these areas, we know 
how fragile these gains can be without the durability of a 
constitutional amendment.
  Take, for example, the current Supreme Court's approach to the 
Constitution. As the Dobbs decision makes clear, a majority of the 
current Court believes that the meaning of equality under the equal 
protection clause was frozen in 1868 when the 14th Amendment was 
ratified.
  Well, in the hundred years after 1868, the Supreme Court has adopted 
and permitted all sorts of State laws that excluded women from jury 
service, that excluded women from admission to the bar as lawyers, that 
excluded women even from employment as bartenders, and allowed all of 
those laws under the 14th Amendment. This business now of the Supreme 
Court, looking back at history and tradition, is a backward look to bad 
history and regrettable tradition.
  So with the Supreme Court, it is particularly important that we not 
rely on its interpretation of the 14th Amendment alone to guarantee 
equal rights. Congress needs to stand up and act, and we have the power 
to do so.
  Congress has broad authority over the amendment process. If Congress 
has the power to impose a time limit, Congress has the power to extend 
or remove that time limit.
  I join my colleagues to urge swift passage of this resolution. As one 
witness at the Senate Judiciary Committee on the ERA eloquently put it, 
gender equality is not a zero-sum game, and ``we are all uplifted when 
everyone's rights are protected.''
  I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Maryland.
  Mr. CARDIN. Mr. President, I want to thank Senator Whitehouse for his 
leadership on the Equal Rights Amendment. He is our leader on 
protecting our democratic institutions, which include equality for all. 
Senator Whitehouse's leadership in protecting the election process and 
protecting us against dark money and an independent judiciary will go 
down in history as one of the great contributions made.
  I thank him for his help in regard to the Equal Rights Amendment, and 
I thank him for his leadership on so many issues here in the U.S. 
Senate.
  Let me just conclude this part of our discussion. We will have a 
chance tomorrow to vote on this.
  What we are asking is very simple: to put the Equal Rights Amendment 
in the Constitution without any ambiguity and remove the time limit. We 
have already done everything necessary for its ratification.
  This document is a precious document: the Constitution of the United 
States. Most Americans believe the Equal Rights Amendment is in this 
document. It is not. The consequences are that we are not protecting 
women's rights and discrimination against sex in the manner we should 
be protecting them.
  Now, the vote tomorrow is going to be on a cloture motion. You see, 
the majority of the Members of the Senate support the resolution that 
Senator Murkowski and I are bringing forward. And the way the minority 
can stop it is by denying us an opportunity to vote up or down on the 
resolution.

[[Page S1375]]

  This is a matter of rights. I would hope that my colleagues would 
support the resolution or they will at least allow the majority of this 
body to make the decision on this resolution.
  I hope my colleagues will vote for the cloture motion so that we can 
have a vote on the floor of the U.S. Senate on this resolution, which 
will, once and for all, make it clear equal rights are part of the 
American Constitution, part of our commitment to future generations.
  With that, I yield the floor.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER (Ms. Hassan). The Senator from Rhode Island.


                             Climate Change

  Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Madam President, I am back now for the 288th time 
with my trusty, battered ``Time to Wake Up'' poster to call attention 
to the climate crisis.
  Over the 10-plus years that I have been doing these speeches, I have 
shown how climate change affects our ecosystems, industries, economy, 
public health, kids, workers, our elderly. I have even conducted a 
science experiment right here on the Senate floor, to the dismay of the 
Senate staff.
  One near constant in these speeches has been the oily, often covert 
hand of the fossil fuel industry lurking behind the opposition to 
climate action through its campaign of climate denial, delay, and 
obstruction.
  From the late 1980s, when Congress first became aware of climate 
change, through the period after the 2010 Citizens United decision when 
special interests could anonymously pour unlimited money into 
elections, the fossil fuel industry has blocked every serious climate 
bill in Congress until the Inflation Reduction Act.
  Key to this obstruction was the strategic insight that they only 
needed to capture one political party to strangle legislative action. 
So the fossil fuel industry captured the Republican Party and has 
prevented climate action for over three decades, except when we were 
able to use the extraordinary process of reconciliation. That was just 
last year.
  Democrats had control of the House and Senate and passed the 
Inflation Reduction Act via budget reconciliation. Congress finally 
acted on climate.
  There is lots more that Congress still needs to do on climate, but 
the IRA was a big, meaningful bill that powered up tax incentives for 
clean energy and put a price on oil and gas methane emissions.
  In the 10-plus years I have been documenting the fossil fuel 
industry's hold over the Republican Party, I have provided lots of 
concrete examples, from election spending to phony front groups by the 
flotilla, to polluter lackeys installed at the Trump EPA. But nothing 
tops the debt limit proposal Speaker McCarthy released last week, the 
``Default on America Act,'' which the House just passed.
  MAGA House Republicans like to claim to care about debt and 
deficits--except, of course, in 2017, when they passed massive tax cuts 
for the wealthy and large corporations that added trillions to the debt 
and except when the debt increased by more than $7 trillion under 
President Trump.
  They are a fountain of fiscal hypocrisy. So no surprise that the 
McCarthy package has little to do with reducing debt and deficits and 
everything to do with providing goodies to big Republican donors, in 
particular the fossil fuel industry.
  Before I get into all the oily, corrupt deals for big polluters, a 
few words about the rest of the proposal. McCarthy calling this 
monstrosity the Limit, Save, Grow Act would make George Orwell blush. 
In reality, McCarthy's plan would result in unlimited carbon pollution, 
     massive losses to the Federal Government and American 
     families and businesses, and very likely crashes in whole 
     sectors of the economy--some limit, save, and growth.
  First, it would rescind the extra funding we provided to the IRS to 
go after wealthy tax cheats. This would add $120 billion to the 
deficit. For them, ``limit, save, and grow'' means limit IRS 
enforcement, save their big donors money paying their taxes, and grow 
their own campaign contributions.
  Federal programs would face indiscriminate cuts of up to 33 percent 
across research, science, housing, addiction treatment, national parks, 
transportation, law enforcement, border security, drug enforcement, and 
criminal prosecutions. If you want to defund the police, Speaker 
McCarthy is your new poster boy.
  The public hates all that stuff, so why pursue stuff that the public 
hates? Why threaten to set off the U.S. default handgrenade to get this 
done? Who wins? Creepy billionaires who hate the Federal Government and 
fund Kevin McCarthy--chief among them, the fossil fuel industry.
  For his big fossil fuel industry donors, McCarthy delivers four huge 
giveaways. First, they take away the clean energy tax credits we passed 
in the IRA. Second, they let fossil fuel interests leak polluting 
methane emissions with no pollution fee. Third, they prop up dying 
fossil fuel infrastructure with so-called permitting reform targeted to 
help only fossil fuel. And fourth, they make it harder to protect 
against water and air pollution.
  This oily wish list is not about debt or deficits, and it is not 
about growing the economy as it risks serious economic downturns. It is 
about taking care of the industry whose dark money funds their party.
  Look at the clean energy tax credits which McCarthy claims are 
wasteful spending. It now appears that those tax credits will 
incentivize more investment than expected. So what is McCarthy's 
argument? There will be too much investment? Seriously?
  Already, in less than a year, the IRA's clean energy tax credits have 
encouraged over 100 projects that will create north of 100,000 jobs. 
With time, the IRA could easily create over a million jobs--high-paying 
manufacturing jobs, the kind we should want. Many projects are in 
districts in the South and Midwest represented by Republicans.
  Indeed, many House Republicans have cheered the very IRA-catalyzed 
projects they are now trying to torpedo. Seriously. Back home, they 
celebrate the jobs for their constituents. Here in DC, they vote to 
eliminate the very tax credits that created them--all to serve fossil 
fuel polluters.
  Here are some of my favorite House Republican quotes celebrating IRA-
catalyzed investments in Republican home districts.

       This is the largest investment in the State of Georgia's 
     history--

  One said--

     one that will diversify and expand our economy while 
     providing strong job opportunities for Georgians today and 
     for generations to come.

  And then a ``no'' vote against the IRA.

       I'm thrilled that Honda has once again committed to Ohio 
     and our workers with today's announcement of a $3.5 billion 
     investment in EV production and a new battery plant within 
     Ohio's 15th Congressional District. I look forward to working 
     Honda and LG Energy Solution to bring 2,200 new jobs to the 
     Buckeye State.

  And then voted to wipe out the program.

       I am thrilled to welcome ENTEK to Terre Haute and to the 
     Hoosier state. As the only American company to own and 
     produce ``wet-process'' lithium-ion battery separator 
     materials, ENTEK is going to help to pave the way for 
     electric vehicle production in Indiana and reduce American 
     manufacturers' reliance on imported products. Their operation 
     in Terre Haute will create hundreds of new jobs.

  And then voted to strip out the tax credits behind them.

       I am honored to stand with other state and federal leaders 
     during this groundbreaking event as the first solar energy 
     microgrid-powered industrial site project was unveiled in 
     Jackson County. I know this important project will . . . 
     stimulate economic growth that will create new jobs in West 
     Virginia.

  And then voted against the tax credits.
  Where are the common themes here? Well, clean energy investments grow 
the economy and create jobs. These investments will help America 
compete against imports from overseas.
  Usually, Republicans can't stop talking about how we need to reduce 
our dependence on Chinese imports and build up our own manufacturing 
industry--until their fossil fuel overlords tell them otherwise. Then 
they vote against the credits that encourage domestic manufacturing of 
the clean energy technologies that will dominate the economy of 
tomorrow.
  What a terrible bet. Republicans can't beat China with the energy and 
technologies of the last century. No amount of fossil fuel-funded 
obstruction here at home is going to stop the clean energy revolution 
happening in the rest of the world.

[[Page S1376]]

  In Europe last year, more than 12 percent of cars sold were fully 
electric, up from less than 2 percent just back in 2019. Europe is 
investing massively in wind and solar and green hydrogen, particularly 
after the Russian invasion of Ukraine demonstrated just how dangerous 
dependence on fossil fuels can be.
  In China last year, 22 percent of cars sold were fully electric, 
towards the goal of 40 percent of all cars sold fully electric in 2030. 
China is, by far, the largest installer of wind and solar power, with 
ambitions to dominate the clean energy technologies of tomorrow.
  In most places, renewable energy is now the cheapest form of energy--
far cheaper than fossil fuel. So the rest of the world is going all-in 
on wind, solar, batteries, green hydrogen, and other clean technologies 
for their low-cost energy. And that savings doesn't even count the 
trillions of dollars of value from avoiding the costs and harms of 
fossil fuel pollution.
  The future is clean tech. And there are fortunes to be made. Many of 
these clean energy technologies were developed right here by our 
scientists and engineers at our companies and national labs. But the 
fossil fuel industry wants America to lose our technological leadership 
and all the business opportunities that flow from it.
  Remember limit, save, grow? If you want that for real: limit 
pollution, save clean energy jobs, and grow the economy. The fossil 
fuel industry behind this is the most subsidized industry on the 
planet. It lives off public money and political influence. It gets to 
pollute for free.
  Just today in the Budget Committee, we heard testimony that fossil 
fuel combustion, by warming the planet and polluting the air, costs 
America over $800 billion per year in health costs. The International 
Monetary Fund puts the effective subsidy in the U.S. for fossil fuels 
at almost $700 billion per year.
  If fossil fuel-funded Republicans want to talk about picking winners 
and losers, bring it on. Their fossil fuel donors enjoy the biggest 
subsidy in world history.
  If fossil-fuel-funded Republicans want to talk about free markets, 
bring it on. Market economics 101 teaches that the cost of your 
pollution should be in the price of your product. But fossil-fuel-
funded Republicans protect free polluting for fossil fuel.
  It is not just costs that fossil fuels impose on the rest of us. It 
is risks--economic risks associated with climate change. Central 
bankers, economists, insurance CEOs, financial experts, and other 
witnesses--serious grownups whose judgments are fiduciary--have come to 
the Budget Committee to warn of systemic risks to the economy, 
including a collapse in coastal property values and a carbon bubble 
resulting from stranded fossil fuel assets.
  Now, ``systemic risks'' sounds pretty mild. It is not. It is when 
catastrophe spreads from one troubled sector across the entire economy, 
much as the 2008 meltdown in the mortgage market spread across the 
country to become the financial crisis and Great Recession, which, by 
the way, resulted in an additional $5 trillion in government debt. 
Disaster avoidance is debt reduction.
  The stakes are huge. The consulting firm Deloitte estimates that the 
global cost of doing nothing on climate is around $180 trillion in 
economic damage--$180 trillion. But they go on to say that if we act 
responsibly and limit warming to 1.7 degrees Celsius, we can save 
ourselves from that and actually grow the global economy by $40 
trillion. So you want limit, save, and grow? In this case, if you do it 
right by limiting pollution and saving clean energy jobs and growing 
the economy, the swing is $220 trillion between a bad climate outcome 
and a responsible climate outcome.
  But the corrupt fossil fuel industry says ``jump,'' and Kevin 
McCarthy and MAGA Republicans say ``how high?''
  Here is a ``how high": They eliminate the fee on wasteful methane 
emissions that I worked to include in the IRA. The methane pollution 
fee will raise $6 billion against the deficit and save even more from 
avoided climate and air pollution damage. But the rotten House plan was 
never about cutting debt and deficits, always about delivering for the 
fossil fuel overlords. So out goes the methane program.
  Methane traps 80 times as much heat as carbon dioxide, at least in 
the short run, and it creates air pollution that sickens people across 
the country. This is a satellite image of a methane plume. You can 
actually detect methane plumes from space now, which is why charging a 
fee for polluting makes so much sense, because you can find the 
polluter quite easily. This one is being released from an oil well. 
Now, the operator of this oil well could capture this methane and sell 
it. It is natural gas. But, instead, oil companies like this just 
release it. Pure waste. Pure pollution.

  Putting a price on methane emissions will dramatically reduce this 
pollution and raise budget balancing revenues. But McCarthy doesn't 
care; the industry funds his caucus. So out goes the budget-balancing, 
pollution-preventing methane fee.
  Next in the fossil fuel-funded parade of horribles is a permitting 
reform stuffed with giveaways to--you guessed it--the fossil fuel 
industry. What the hell does permitting reform have to do with the debt 
limit, you might ask? Well, good question. Does building in more fossil 
fuel even make sense? The world is moving off fossil fuels. Peak oil 
will occur, and demand will begin to decline. Once demand begins to 
decline, the oil cartel will collapse in a rush for the exits, causing 
serious economic turbulence as fossil fuel assets are stranded, 
particularly in high production cost countries like the United States 
of America.
  This is the global production cost curve for oil. As you can see, 
Persian Gulf oil is far cheaper to produce than U.S. oil. Here we are.
  So when there is a rush for the exits, and instead of cheating the 
world with cartel pricing, they go to cost-plus pricing, and we are out 
of business in the U.S. fossil fuel industry, and American fossil fuel 
infrastructure becomes hundreds of billions of dollars' worth of 
useless, stranded assets. But fossil fuel says ``jump,'' and House 
Republicans say ``how high?''
  Last in this fossil fuel wish list is a provision to make it next to 
impossible for EPA to promulgate regulations limiting air and water 
pollution. Again, deregulating polluters has nothing to do with the 
debt limit, but the fossil fuel industry wants it. So it is in.
  In just the last few months, we have seen what Republican 
deregulation means for American families and businesses. We saw it in 
East Palestine, OH, when a train derailment resulted in a major spill 
of toxic chemicals. We saw it in Northern California when Silicon 
Valley Bank went belly-up. Both of these events could have been 
prevented with better regulations. Both harmed American families and 
businesses.
  Protecting Americans from air and water pollution with good 
regulations always pays because the costs associated with air and water 
pollution are enormous. But fossil fuel does a lot of air and water 
pollution. So here is another fact giveaway to the fossil fuel 
industry.
  If you ever needed proof that the Republican Party is the wholly 
owned subsidiary of the fossil fuel industry, McCarthy's debt limit 
package is that proof. Amazingly, almost 280 pages out of a 320-page 
bill are devoted to fossil fuel industry giveaways.
  Here are 320 pages; 280 of these pages are blue. The remaining 40 are 
white. So this is a visual image of how much of the ``Default on 
America'' bill is devoted to making nice for the fossil fuel industry 
versus everything else.
  It is like a bunch of delivery boys for the fossil fuel industry over 
there. This bill isn't about debt and deficits. It is not about 
limiting or saving or growing. It is about serving fossil fuel--the 
source of the money that keeps them in power. Period.
  Oil and gas extraction represents only about 5 percent of our GDP. 
Farming, manufacturing, food and beverage, insurance, finance, 
restaurants, retail, housing, healthcare--all representing a larger 
share of GDP. Clean energy actually now accounts for more employment 
than the fossil fuel industry. But for subsidies, nothing compares to 
fossil fuel. So for political influence, to protect those massive 
subsidies, nothing compares to fossil fuel.
  There is actually a bug--an insect--that infiltrates another bug and 
takes over the other bug's nervous system. And from inside the other 
bug, it drives

[[Page S1377]]

it around. It is kind of a creepy, natural development. It happens in 
the insect world. And it looks like it happened on the other side of 
the building, because what the fossil fuel industry has done is to take 
over the Republican Party and now just drive it around.
  So fossil fuel money makes the McCarthy package serve its Big Oil 
master. It is a deeply sad and dangerous state of affairs when one of 
America's two main political parties abandons all pretense of 
responsible governance just to service its prime political benefactor. 
That is what Speaker McCarthy and House Republicans are doing. That is 
this bill.
  They threaten default, propose terrible cuts, deny climate warnings, 
and are willing to kneecap the American economy, all in service to the 
fossil fuel industry and its dark money.
  It is time to fix our democracy so that it functions honestly and 
this nonsense stops. It is time to wake up.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Rhode Island.

                          ____________________