[Congressional Record Volume 169, Number 65 (Wednesday, April 19, 2023)]
[Senate]
[Pages S1257-S1272]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
STATEMENTS ON INTRODUCED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS
By Mr. HAGERTY (for himself, Mr. Risch, Mr. Lee, Ms. Lummis, Mrs.
Hyde-Smith, Mrs. Blackburn, Mr. Marshall, Mr. Daines, Mr. Budd,
Mr. Crapo, and Mr. Young):
S. 1192. A bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to provide the
Secretary of Health and Human Services with the authority to suspend
the right to introduce certain persons or property into the United
States in the interest of the public health; to the Committee on
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
Mr. HAGERTY. Madam President, in February, the Biden administration
argued to the U.S. Supreme Court that title 42 will terminate in May of
2023 with the expiration of the COVID-19 public health emergency.
Removing one of the last tools available to Border Patrol agents
during a record-shattering border crisis is intolerable. Congress
should not stand by and refuse to address this obvious problem.
Title 42 authority was initially based on the pandemic, and while I
agree that the pandemic is over, the border crisis and the deadly drug
overdose crisis that it fuels are worse than ever.
Whether to maintain border security policy should not depend on
whether there is a pandemic. That is why I am reintroducing the Stop
Fentanyl Border Crossings Act today. This legislation would preserve
continued use of title 42 authority to combat drug trafficking at the
border.
Clearly, the deadly epidemic has not ended. Deadly fentanyl is
flooding American communities--deadly fentanyl, produced with the help
of the Chinese Communist Party and smuggled by drug cartels across our
southern border.
More than 100,000 Americans died of drug overdoses in the last 12
months, most of them from synthetic opioids like fentanyl. It is the
No. 1 cause of death for Americans between the ages of 18 and 45.
The rise in fentanyl overdoses and deaths affects every State and
congressional district. It kills the young and the old, the rich and
the poor, in cities and in small towns alike. It is not a partisan
issue, and finding a solution shouldn't be partisan either.
When I talk to Tennessee sheriffs, they tell me that fentanyl is
becoming more and more lethal, how a so-called ``bad batch'' can kill
dozens of people. Once this deadly substance arrives in American
communities, it is too late. We have to stop it before it crosses our
borders. That is why I have reintroduced this legislation to combat
drug smuggling.
When I travel to the border, Border Patrol agents tell me that the
cartels use human waves of illegal border crossers as cover to
transport fentanyl and other deadly narcotics. While Border Patrol
agents are diverted to manage caravans of border crossers, the gap in
coverage is then exploited by the smugglers. In many cases, these are
well-planned and carefully coordinated occurrences.
The agents told me that ``the people don't stay at the border, and
the drugs don't either.'' They also told me that title 42 is the last
tool the Border Patrol has left to partially slow this ongoing tidal
wave of illegal crossings. We can't afford to take away this tool in
the midst of a crisis.
Letting title 42 end without creating a permanent, new authority to
replace it empowers drug cartels. It enables them to send migrants
across the border at strategic points, bogging down Border Patrol
agents with paperwork and processing that takes five times longer
without title 42. This dramatic increase in processing times absent
title 42 will significantly decrease the scarce resources available to
actually patrol our southern border. Cartels will then use the longer
and more frequent enforcement gaps to move more fentanyl across the
southern border. We cannot allow this to happen.
My legislation simply adds drug smuggling as an additional basis for
using title 42 authority. It would help Border Patrol stop drug
traffickers.
This should not be controversial. Yet, last Congress, Democrats
blocked its passage three times on the Senate floor. Now that we are
staring down at the end of title 42, it is time to pass this bill. I
hope my colleagues across the aisle will not let title 42 expire
without action. We must protect the border security tools we have to
stop the fentanyl flowing across our southern border before more lives
are lost.
______
By Mr. DURBIN:
S. 1199. A bill to combat the sexual exploitation of children by
supporting victims and promoting accountability and transparency by the
tech industry; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
Mr. DURBIN. Madam President, there is a grave threat to America's
future lurking online. Big Tech giants and other online platforms are
working every day to capture the minds of our children in order to pad
their profits.
Toddlers, before they can walk or barely talk, have learned to reach
out and touch that bright little screen. Mothers and fathers on car
rides and plane trips trust that little screen will buy them quiet
time. Captivated, mesmerized, even hypnotized, the screen experience
continues. And unless parents are very careful, it can go from bad to
worse. It starts with music and games, which many of the parents find
harmless. As the child grows up and graduates to a cell phone, there is
an opportunity to move to a new level of information and communication.
Let's face it, even the most caring, conscientious parent struggles
to keep up with all the apps and options. And the producers of these
online experiences are determined to work on the brains of these
children, capture their
[[Page S1258]]
little customers in the process, and pad their profits.
So who is protecting our kids from internet profiteers and predators?
I am sorry to say, almost no one. In fact, our laws are written to
protect the predators, not the kids.
Clearly, every child can benefit from a safe online experience. They
can make friends, expand their knowledge, learn skills. But social
media, we all know, has a dangerous dark side. Innocent children are
lured into online environments and powerful algorithms working to keep
them there. Unsuspecting kids can be sexually exploited and their
childhood images captured forever by predators and profit-taking
abusers.
Drug pushers no longer search for playgrounds to sell deadly
narcotics. Two clicks on the internet bring them their new young
customers. Many children are bullied and harassed online or pressured
into dangerous, deadly behavior.
Rose Bronstein is a mother from Chicago. She knows how cruel and
dangerous the online world can be. Rose's son Nate was a 10th grader at
a private school when he started being taunted by classmates using
texts and Snapchat. The bullying of her son was vicious, and it
included messages urging Nate to kill himself. Nate died by suicide at
the age of 15.
We have known for years about the online dangers to children's
privacy and safety. We have talked a lot about them. We have even held
hearings in Congress about them. Journalists have written so many
articles about the dangers, but the problem has only grown worse.
Research into exactly how social media use affects children is still
in its early stage, largely because of Big Tech's failure to adequately
monitor, report, and prevent violation of children's online privacy and
safety. But a picture is emerging, and it is alarming.
This chart tells a story. The gold line you see here shows the amount
of time teenagers spend scrolling through social media and watching
online videos. According to Common Sense, a group that tracks media use
by young kids and teens, kids spend an average of nearly 3 hours a day
on sites like Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok, and YouTube. That is a
nearly 60-percent increase in the last 6 years.
This white line shows that an increase in teens' use of social media
has been accompanied by a sharp spike in teen depression. According to
the CDC, between 2013 and 2021, the percentage of teens who reported
persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness shot up 42 percent--
between 2013 and 2021.
The blue line shows what happens with girls' mental health. Today,
nearly one in three girls in America say they have seriously considered
suicide. That is a 34-percent spike in the past decade.
We have given tech companies nearly three decades to police
themselves. They have failed miserably, and our children are paying the
price. Our teenagers are in a mental health crisis.
Congress must impose stronger, enforceable online protections for
kids. Our children are not commodities, and we can't continue to expect
parents and victims alone to stand up to Big Tech with few ways to hold
tech companies accountable.
Two months ago, the Senate Judiciary Committee, which I chair, held a
hearing on online threats to children's safety. We heard powerful
testimony from those working to increase children's privacy and safety
online. They included law enforcement, the National Center for Missing
& Exploited Children, the American Psychological Association, and the
child internet safety advocacy organization known as Fairplay.
We also heard from victims. The stories were frightening, frightening
to every parent and every grandparent, and heartbreaking.
Charlotte--and I am using a pseudonym here--didn't attend the
hearing, but she has allowed me to tell her story in the hope that it
may help others who have been victimized online, as she has been, by
sexual predators.
Charlotte was 16 years old when she first visited a social media site
that a friend told her about. It sounded so exciting, she said, a place
where she could meet people from all over the world. I won't use the
name of the site, but you would recognize it immediately. It is used by
tens of millions of people every single day.
Among the people Charlotte met online was a man who showered her with
attention and compliments, gained her trust, and eventually enticed
Charlotte into performing sex acts for him over the webcam and sending
explicit videos to him.
Maybe that sounds shocking to you, but be prepared. Research shows
that over one-third of teenagers today believe that it is normal to
share the same sorts of images and videos that Charlotte shared
online--one-third.
She was still in high school when the online harassment began. First
came anonymous emails, then a phone call to her parents' house calling
her vile names. Eventually, the images she shared with that man she
thought was a friend would be posted on more than 100 websites across
the world, often with her name and identifiable information included.
Charlotte filed her first of six police reports about the images when
she reached the age of 18. Eventually, she, her mother, her boyfriend,
and child safety groups would file hundreds of reports with social
media providers around the world trying to get these horrible images
taken down, often to no avail.
While she was in college studying to be a teacher--her lifelong
dream--the images were posted again, along with her name and the name
of her college. When the university found out about it, it canceled her
student teaching placement and threatened to withhold her degree.
She was a teacher of special education at a middle school when one of
her students saw the images again online. Charlotte told her principal.
She was fired a few days later.
Again and again, it was Charlotte who was blamed, not the abusers who
tormented her online. Over the years, Charlotte tried three times to
take her own life. It has now been 14 years since she met that predator
online, but the images continue to circulate again and again. The abuse
never stops, and Charlotte says she doubts she will ever feel safe
again.
This Senate can help Charlotte and countless other young people who
are sexually abused online each year by passing a bill that I am
introducing today. It is called the Stop CSAM Act. CSAM, C-S-A-M,
stands for ``child sexual abuse material.'' Federal law still uses the
old term--``pornography,'' ``child pornography''--but that is
misleading because pornography implies consent, and children under the
age of 18 cannot legally consent to the creation or sharing of sexually
explicit images of themselves.
So these images are, by definition, evidence of a crime. Yet, under
current law, it is extremely difficult to bring lawsuits against tech
companies that allow child sexual abuse materials to be posted on their
websites.
How can this be, you ask? Here is how. The Communications Decency Act
of 1996--remember that year--contains a section, section 230, that
offers near-total immunity to Big Tech. As a result, victims like
Charlotte have no way to force tech companies to remove content posted
on their sites--not even these child sexual abuse horrible images.
My bill, the Stop CSAM Act, is going to change that. It would protect
victims and promote accountability within the tech industry. Companies
that fail to remove CSAM and related imagery after being notified about
them would face significant fines. They would also be required to
produce annual reports detailing their efforts to keep children safe
from online sex predators, and any company that promotes or facilitates
online child exploitation could face new criminal and civil penalties.
When section 230 was created in 1996, Mark Zuckerberg was in the
sixth grade. Facebook and social media sites didn't even exist. It is
time that we rewrite the law to reflect the reality of today's world.
A bipartisan bill sponsored by Senators Graham and Blumenthal would
also help to do that. It is called the EARN IT Act, and it would let
CSAM victims--these child sexual abuse victims--have their day in court
by amending section 230 to eliminate Big Tech's near-total immunity
from liability and responsibility.
When we learned two decades ago that Big Tobacco was lying about
their
[[Page S1259]]
efforts to hook kids on smoking, Congress took action to establish
reasonable guardrails to protect public health, and the courts held Big
Tobacco accountable for the damage and death it had caused.
Now, Big Tech is using the same playbook in order to profit by
hooking America's kids on its dangerous products. It is time to hold
them accountable just as we did with Big Tobacco.
I will close with one more story from our committee hearing. Kristin
Bride is a mother from Oregon. After being bullied relentlessly by
supposed friends using Snapchat and anonymous messaging apps, Kristin's
16-year-old son Carson hanged himself in his family's garage. After his
death, Kristin discovered the online taunts they had been throwing at
her son. She sued the anonymous messaging apps in California State
court for failing to enforce even their own safety standard.
The court dismissed the lawsuit, and what did they cite? Section 230,
our law from 1996.
As Kristin told our committee, ``It shouldn't take grieving parents
filing lawsuits to hold the industry accountable for their dangerous
and addictive product design.''
We have the bipartisan support in the Senate to protect our children
and grandchildren online. It is time that we use it.
Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of the bill be
printed in the Record.
There being no objection, the text of the bill was ordered to be
printed in the Record, as follows:
S. 1199
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Strengthening Transparency
and Obligations to Protect Children Suffering from Abuse and
Mistreatment Act of 2023'' or the ``STOP CSAM Act of 2023''.
SEC. 2. MANDATORY REPORTING OF CHILD ABUSE.
(a) In General.--Section 226 of the Victims of Child Abuse
Act of 1990 (34 U.S.C. 20341) is amended--
(1) in subsection (a)(2)--
(A) by striking ``A covered individual'' and inserting the
following:
``(A) In general.--A covered individual''; and
(B) by adding at the end the following:
``(B) Geographic applicability.--Subparagraph (A) shall
apply with respect to an incident of child abuse that--
``(i) occurred within the United States; or
``(ii)(I) occurred outside the United States; and
``(II) was committed by a United States citizen or an alien
lawfully admitted for permanent residence.'';
(2) in subsection (b)(8), by inserting ``and computer
repair technicians'' after ``photo processors'';
(3) in subsection (c)--
(A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``physical or mental
injury'' and inserting ``physical injury, psychological
abuse'';
(B) by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following:
``(3) the term `psychological abuse' includes--
``(A) a pattern of acts, threats of acts, or coercive
tactics intended to degrade, humiliate, intimidate, or
terrorize, a child; and
``(B) the infliction of trauma on a child through--
``(i) isolation;
``(ii) the withholding of food or other necessities in
order to control behavior;
``(iii) physical restraint; or
``(iv) confinement of the child without the child's consent
and in degrading conditions;'';
(C) in paragraph (5)(D)--
(i) by striking ``genitals'' and inserting ``anus,
genitals,''; and
(ii) by striking ``or animal'';
(D) in paragraph (6), by striking ``child prostitution''
and inserting ``child sex trafficking'';
(E) in paragraph (8), by striking ``the term `child abuse'
'' and inserting ``the terms `physical injury' and
`psychological abuse' '';
(F) in paragraph (9)--
(i) in subparagraph (A)--
(I) by striking ``minor'' and inserting ``child''; and
(II) by striking ``or'' at the end;
(ii) in subparagraph (B), by adding ``or'' at the end; and
(iii) by adding at the end the following:
``(C) is authorized to interact with a child by a covered
program that is providing any care, treatment, education,
training, instruction, religious guidance, supervision, or
recreational opportunities to that child;'';
(G) in paragraph (11), by striking ``and'' at the end;
(H) in paragraph (12), by striking the period and inserting
a semicolon; and
(I) by adding at the end the following:
``(13) the term `child' means a person who is under the age
of 18;
``(14) the term `computer' has the meaning given the term
in section 1030 of title 18, United States Code;
``(15) the term `covered program' means any program that
receives, in any 1-year period, benefits in excess of $10,000
under a Federal program involving a grant (not including a
formula grant to a State, territory, or Tribe), contract,
subsidy, loan, guarantee, insurance, or other form of Federal
assistance to provide any care, treatment, education,
training, instruction, religious guidance, supervision, or
recreational opportunities to a child; and
``(16) the term `privileged communication' means any
communication between 2 parties that, under any applicable
law where the communication takes place--
``(A) is recognized as privileged;
``(B) is not subject to any exception; and
``(C) is not subject to a reporting requirement regardless
of any applicable privilege.'';
(4) in subsection (d)--
(A) in the first sentence, by striking ``an agency'' and
inserting ``one or more agencies''; and
(B) by striking ``and law enforcement personnel'' and
inserting ``, law enforcement personnel, and children's
advocacy center personnel in a multidisciplinary team
setting'';
(5) in subsection (i)--
(A) in the heading, by striking ``Rule'' and inserting
``Rules'';
(B) by striking ``Nothing'' and inserting the following:
``(1) Applicability to victims.--Nothing''; and
(C) by adding at the end the following:
``(2) Applicability to attorneys.--Nothing in this section
shall be construed to require a licensed attorney to take any
action that would violate any applicable rule of professional
conduct.
``(3) Privileged communications.--Nothing in this section
shall be construed to require a covered individual described
in subsection (c)(9)(C) who engages in privileged
communication through the covered individual's work for the
covered program, whether or not for compensation, to report
any information exclusively received in the context of a
privileged communication.''; and
(6) by adding at the end the following:
``(j) Outreach to Covered Programs.--
``(1) In general.--Each Federal agency that has provided
Federal assistance to a program that may cause the program to
qualify as a covered program shall make reasonable efforts to
promote awareness of the reporting requirements under
subsection (a) among such programs.
``(2) Rule of construction.--Paragraph (1) shall not be
construed to require individual notice to each program to
which a Federal agency has provided Federal assistance as
described in that paragraph.''.
(b) Conforming Amendment to Title 18, United States Code.--
Section 2258 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to
read as follows:
``Sec. 2258. Failure to report child abuse
``(a) Definitions.--In this section, the terms `child
abuse' and `covered individual' have the meanings given those
terms in section 226 of the Victims of Child Abuse Act of
1990 (34 U.S.C. 20341).
``(b) Offenses.--
``(1) Covered professionals.--It shall be unlawful for a
person who, while engaged in a professional capacity or
activity described in subsection (b) of section 226 of the
Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990 (34 U.S.C. 20341) on
Federal land or in a federally operated (or contracted)
facility, learns of facts that give reason to suspect that a
child has suffered an incident of child abuse, to knowingly
fail to make a timely report as required by subsection (a)(1)
of that section.
``(2) Covered individuals.--It shall be unlawful for a
covered individual who learns of facts that give reason to
suspect that a child has suffered an incident of child abuse
described in subsection (c) to knowingly fail to make a
timely report as required by subsection (a)(2) of section 226
of the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990 (34 U.S.C. 20341).
``(c) Incidents of Child Abuse That Covered Individuals
Must Report.--An incident of child abuse referred to in
subsection (b)(2) is an incident of child abuse that--
``(1) occurred within the United States; or
``(2)(A) occurred outside the United States; and
``(B) was committed by a United States citizen or an alien
lawfully admitted for permanent residence.
``(d) Penalty.--A person or individual who violates
subsection (b) shall be fined under this title or imprisoned
not more than 1 year or both.''.
(c) Effective Date.--
(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), the
amendments made by subsections (a) and (b) shall take effect
on the date that is 120 days after the date of enactment of
this Act.
(2) Outreach.--The amendment made by subsection (a)(5)
shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act.
(d) ICAC Task Force Supplemental Grant Program.--
(1) Definitions.--In this subsection:
(A) Child.--The term ``child'' means an individual who has
not attained 18 years of age.
(B) Child abuse.--The term ``child abuse''--
(i) has the meaning given the term under any applicable
State law requiring reporting of child abuse or neglect by
individuals; or
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(ii) in the case of a State in which a law described in
clause (i) that defines ``child abuse'' is not in effect, has
the meaning given the term in section 226(c) of the Victims
of Child Abuse Act of 1990 (34 U.S.C. 20341(c)).
(C) Covered entity.--The term ``covered entity'' means any
institution, program, or organization that provides any care,
treatment, education, training, instruction, religious
guidance, supervision, or recreational opportunities to a
child.
(D) ICAC grant program.--The term ``ICAC Grant Program''
means the grant program under section 106 of the PROTECT Our
Children Act of 2008 (34 U.S.C. 21116).
(E) ICAC task force.--The term ``ICAC Task Force'' means a
task force that is part of the National Internet Crimes
Against Children Task Force Program established under section
102 of the PROTECT Our Children Act of 2008 (34 U.S.C.
21112).
(F) Eligible icac task force.--The term ``Eligible ICAC
Task Force'' means an ICAC Task Force that--
(i) was established on or before the date of enactment of
this Act; and
(ii) is located in a State that, as of the last day of the
preceding fiscal year, had in effect a law that, at a
minimum--
(I) with respect to a mandatory reporter who learns of
facts that give reason to suspect that a child has suffered
an incident of child abuse, requires the mandatory reporter
to report the suspected child abuse to a law enforcement
agency, a child protective services agency, or both;
(II) requires the report described in subclause (I) to be
made as soon as possible, and in any event not later than 48
hours after the mandatory reporter learns of the facts that
give reason to suspect that a child has suffered an incident
of child abuse;
(III) prohibits a covered entity from--
(aa) taking any action to prevent or discourage reporting
of child abuse; or
(bb) retaliating against a mandatory reporter for making a
report described in subclause (I); and
(IV) provides a criminal, civil, or administrative penalty
for the knowing failure by a mandatory reporter to submit a
report in accordance with the requirement described in
subclause (I).
(G) Mandatory reporter.--The term ``mandatory reporter''
means an individual who--
(i) has attained the age of 18 years; and
(ii) is authorized to interact with a child by a covered
entity that is providing any care, treatment, education,
training, instruction, religious guidance, supervision, or
recreational opportunities to that child.
(H) Privileged communication.--The term ``privileged
communication'' means any communication between 2 parties
that, under any applicable law where the communication takes
place--
(i) is recognized as privileged;
(ii) is not subject to any exception; and
(iii) is not subject to a reporting requirement regardless
of any applicable privilege.
(2) Waiver of match for eligible icac task forces.--The
Attorney General shall waive the matching requirement for an
Eligible ICAC Task Force under section 106(a)(3)(B) of the
PROTECT Our Children Act of 2008 (34 U.S.C. 21116(a)(3)(B))
for not more than 4 fiscal years in accordance with this
subsection.
(3) Establishment of icac task force supplemental grant
program.--
(A) Supplemental grant program established.--There is
established an ICAC Task Force Supplemental Grant Program
within the Department of Justice, under which the Attorney
General shall award grants (referred to in this subsection as
``supplemental grants'') to an Eligible ICAC Task Force in
addition to any grants distributed to the Eligible ICAC Task
Force under the ICAC Grant Program.
(B) Grant amount.--The amount of a supplemental grant
awarded to an Eligible ICAC Task Force shall be not less than
10 percent of the average amount of the 3 most recent awards
to the Eligible ICAC Task Force under the ICAC Grant Program.
(C) Remaining funds.--Any amounts appropriated to carry out
this subsection that are not used for supplemental grants
shall be distributed to any Eligible ICAC Task Force in
accordance with section 106(a)(3)(A) of the PROTECT Our
Children Act of 2008 (34 U.S.C. 21116(a)(3)(A)).
(D) Number of supplemental grants.--The Attorney General
may provide a supplemental grant to an Eligible ICAC Task
Force for not more than 4 fiscal years.
(4) Application.--An Eligible ICAC Task Force seeking the
waiver described in paragraph (2) or a supplemental grant
shall submit an application to the Attorney General at such
time, in such manner, and containing such information as the
Attorney General may reasonably require, including
information about the law described in paragraph (1)(F)(ii).
(5) Rule of construction.--Nothing in paragraph (1)(F)(ii)
shall be construed to require a State to have in effect a law
that requires an individual who engages in privileged
communication through the individual's work for a covered
entity, whether or not for compensation, to report any
information exclusively received in the context of a
privileged communication.
(6) Authorization of appropriations.--There is authorized
to be appropriated to carry out this subsection $25,000,000
for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2029.
SEC. 3. PROTECTING CHILD VICTIMS AND WITNESSES IN FEDERAL
COURT.
(a) In General.--Section 3509 of title 18, United States
Code, is amended--
(1) in subsection (a)--
(A) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ``or exploitation''
and inserting ``exploitation, or kidnapping, including
international parental kidnapping'';
(B) in paragraph (3), by striking ``physical or mental
injury'' and inserting ``physical injury, psychological
abuse'';
(C) by striking paragraph (5) and inserting the following:
``(5) the term `psychological abuse' includes--
``(A) a pattern of acts, threats of acts, or coercive
tactics intended to degrade, humiliate, intimidate, or
terrorize a child; and
``(B) the infliction of trauma on a child through--
``(i) isolation;
``(ii) the withholding of food or other necessities in
order to control behavior;
``(iii) physical restraint; or
``(iv) the confinement of the child without the child's
consent and in degrading conditions;'';
(D) in paragraph (6), by striking ``child prostitution''
and inserting ``child sex trafficking'';
(E) by striking paragraph (7) and inserting the following:
``(7) the term `multidisciplinary child abuse team' means a
professional unit of individuals working together to
investigate child abuse and provide assistance and support to
a victim of child abuse, composed of representatives from--
``(A) health, social service, and legal service agencies
that represent the child;
``(B) law enforcement agencies and prosecutorial offices;
and
``(C) children's advocacy centers;'';
(F) in paragraph (9)(D)--
(i) by striking ``genitals'' and inserting ``anus,
genitals,''; and
(ii) by striking ``or animal'';
(G) in paragraph (11), by striking ``and'' at the end;
(H) in paragraph (12)--
(i) by striking ``the term `child abuse' does not'' and
inserting ``the terms `physical injury' and `psychological
abuse' do not''; and
(ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and
(I) by adding at the end the following:
``(13) the term `covered person' means a person of any age
who--
``(A) is or is alleged to be--
``(i) a victim of a crime of physical abuse, sexual abuse,
exploitation, or kidnapping, including international parental
kidnapping; or
``(ii) a witness to a crime committed against another
person; and
``(B) was under the age of 18 when the crime described in
subparagraph (A) was committed; and
``(14) the term `protected information', with respect to a
covered person, includes--
``(A) personally identifiable information of the covered
person, including--
``(i) the name of the covered person;
``(ii) an address;
``(iii) a phone number;
``(iv) a user name or identifying information for an
online, social media, or email account; and
``(v) any information that can be used to distinguish or
trace the identity of the covered person, either alone or
when combined with other information that is linked or
linkable to the covered person;
``(B) medical, dental, behavioral, psychiatric, or
psychological information of the covered person;
``(C) educational or juvenile justice records of the
covered person; and
``(D) any other information concerning the covered person
that is deemed `protected information' by order of the court
under subsection (d)(5).'';
(2) in subsection (b)--
(A) in paragraph (1)(C), by striking ``minor'' and
inserting ``child''; and
(B) in paragraph (2)--
(i) in the heading, by striking ``Videotaped'' and
inserting ``Recorded'';
(ii) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``that the deposition
be recorded and preserved on videotape'' and inserting ``that
a video recording of the deposition be made and preserved'';
(iii) in subparagraph (B)--
(I) in clause (ii), by striking ``that the child's
deposition be taken and preserved by videotape'' and
inserting ``that a video recording of the child's deposition
be made and preserved'';
(II) in clause (iii)--
(aa) in the matter preceding subclause (I), by striking
``videotape'' and inserting ``recorded''; and
(bb) in subclause (IV), by striking ``videotape'' and
inserting ``recording''; and
(III) in clause (v)--
(aa) in the heading, by striking ``videotape'' and
inserting ``video recording'';
(bb) in the first sentence, by striking ``made and
preserved on video tape'' and inserting ``recorded and
preserved''; and
(cc) in the second sentence, by striking ``videotape'' and
inserting ``video recording'';
(iv) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``child's
videotaped'' and inserting ``video recording of the
child's'';
(v) in subparagraph (D)--
(I) by striking ``videotaping'' and inserting
``deposition''; and
(II) by striking ``videotaped'' and inserting ``recorded'';
[[Page S1261]]
(vi) in subparagraph (E), by striking ``videotaped'' and
inserting ``recorded''; and
(vii) in subparagraph (F), by striking ``videotape'' each
place the term appears and inserting ``video recording'';
(3) in subsection (d)--
(A) in paragraph (1)(A)--
(i) in clause (i), by striking ``the name of or any other
information concerning a child'' and inserting ``a covered
person's protected information''; and
(ii) in clause (ii)--
(I) by striking ``documents described in clause (i) or the
information in them that concerns a child'' and inserting ``a
covered person's protected information''; and
(II) by striking ``, have reason to know such information''
and inserting ``(including witnesses or potential witnesses),
have reason to know each item of protected information to be
disclosed'';
(B) in paragraph (2)--
(i) by striking ``the name of or any other information
concerning a child'' each place the term appears and
inserting ``a covered person's protected information'';
(ii) by redesignating subparagraphs (A) and (B) as clauses
(i) and (ii), respectively, and adjusting the margins
accordingly;
(iii) by striking ``All papers'' and inserting the
following:
``(A) In general.--All papers''; and
(iv) by adding at the end the following:
``(B) Enforcement of violations.--The court may address a
violation of subparagraph (A) in the same manner as
disobedience or resistance to a lawful court order under
section 401(3).'';
(C) in paragraph (3)--
(i) in subparagraph (A)--
(I) by striking ``a child from public disclosure of the
name of or any other information concerning the child'' and
inserting ``a covered person's protected information from
public disclosure''; and
(II) by striking ``, if the court determines that there is
a significant possibility that such disclosure would be
detrimental to the child'';
(ii) in subparagraph (B)--
(I) in clause (i)--
(aa) by striking ``a child witness, and the testimony of
any other witness'' and inserting ``any witness'';
(bb) by striking ``the name of or any other information
concerning a child'' and inserting ``the covered person's
protected information''; and
(II) in clause (ii), by striking ``child'' and inserting
``covered person''; and
(iii) by adding at the end the following:
``(C)(i) For purposes of this paragraph, there shall be a
presumption that public disclosure of a covered person's
protected information would be detrimental to the covered
person.
``(ii) The court shall deny a motion for a protective order
under subparagraph (A) only if the court finds that the party
opposing the motion has rebutted the presumption under clause
(i) of this subparagraph.'';
(D) in paragraph (4)--
(i) by striking ``This subsection'' and inserting the
following:
``(A) Disclosure to certain parties.--This subsection'';
(ii) in subparagraph (A), as so designated--
(I) by striking ``the name of or other information
concerning a child'' and inserting ``a covered person's
protected information''; and
(II) by striking ``or an adult attendant, or to'' and
inserting ``an adult attendant, a law enforcement agency for
any intelligence or investigative purpose, or''; and
(iii) by adding at the end the following:
``(B) Request for public disclosure.--If any party requests
public disclosure of a covered person's protected information
to further a public interest, the court shall deny the
request unless the court finds that--
``(i) the party seeking disclosure has established that
there is a compelling public interest in publicly disclosing
the covered person's protected information;
``(ii) there is a substantial probability that the public
interest would be harmed if the covered person's protected
information is not disclosed;
``(iii) the substantial probability of harm to the public
interest outweighs the harm to the covered person from public
disclosure of the covered person's protected information; and
``(iv) there is no alternative to public disclosure of the
covered person's protected information that would adequately
protect the public interest.''; and
(E) by adding at the end the following:
``(5) Other protected information.--The court may order
that information shall be considered to be `protected
information' for purposes of this subsection if the court
finds that the information is sufficiently personal,
sensitive, or identifying that it should be subject to the
protections and presumptions under this subsection.'';
(4) by striking subsection (f) and inserting the following:
``(f) Victim Impact Statement.--
``(1) Probation officer.--In preparing the presentence
report pursuant to rule 32(c) of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure, the probation officer shall request
information from the multidisciplinary child abuse team, if
applicable, or other appropriate sources to determine the
impact of the offense on a child victim and any other
children who may have been affected by the offense.
``(2) Guardian ad litem.--A guardian ad litem appointed
under subsection (h) shall--
``(A) make every effort to obtain and report information
that accurately expresses the views of a child victim, and
the views of family members as appropriate, concerning the
impact of the offense; and
``(B) use forms that permit a child victim to express the
child's views concerning the personal consequences of the
offense, at a level and in a form of communication
commensurate with the child's age and ability.'';
(5) in subsection (h), by adding at the end the following:
``(4) Authorization of appropriations.--
``(A) In general.--There is authorized to be appropriated
to the United States courts to carry out this subsection
$25,000,000 for each fiscal year.
``(B) Supervision of payments.--Payments from
appropriations authorized under subparagraph (A) shall be
made under the supervision of the Director of the
Administrative Office of the United States Courts.'';
(6) in subsection (i)--
(A) by striking ``A child testifying at or attending a
judicial proceeding'' and inserting the following:
``(1) In general.--A child testifying at a judicial
proceeding, including in a manner described in subsection
(b),'';
(B) in paragraph (1), as so designated--
(i) in the third sentence, by striking ``proceeding'' and
inserting ``testimony''; and
(ii) by striking the fifth sentence; and
(C) by adding at the end the following:
``(2) Recording.--If the adult attendant is in close
physical proximity to or in contact with the child while the
child testifies--
``(A) at a judicial proceeding, a video recording of the
adult attendant shall be made and shall become part of the
court record; or
``(B) in a manner described in subsection (b), the adult
attendant shall be visible on the closed-circuit television
or in the recorded deposition.
``(3) Covered persons attending proceeding.--A covered
person shall have the right to be accompanied by an adult
attendant when attending any judicial proceeding.'';
(7) in subsection (j)--
(A) by striking ``child'' each place the term appears and
inserting ``covered person''; and
(B) in the fourth sentence--
(i) by striking ``and the potential'' and inserting ``the
potential'';
(ii) by striking ``child's'' and inserting ``covered
person's''; and
(iii) by inserting before the period at the end the
following: ``, and the necessity of the continuance to
protect the defendant's rights'';
(8) in subsection (k), by striking ``child'' each place the
term appears and inserting ``covered person''; and
(9) in subsection (l), by striking ``child'' each place the
term appears and inserting ``covered person''.
(b) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section
shall apply to conduct that occurred before, on, or after the
date of enactment of this Act.
SEC. 4. FACILITATING PAYMENT OF RESTITUTION; TECHNICAL
AMENDMENTS TO RESTITUTION STATUTES.
Title 18, United States Code, is amended--
(1) in section 1593(c)--
(A) by inserting ``(1)'' after ``(c)'';
(B) by striking ``chapter, including, in'' and inserting
the following: ``chapter.
``(2) In''; and
(C) in paragraph (2), as so designated, by inserting ``may
assume the rights of the crime victim under this section''
after ``suitable by the court'';
(2) in section 2248(c)--
(A) by striking ``For purposes'' and inserting the
following:
``(1) In general.--For purposes'';
(B) by striking ``chapter, including, in'' and inserting
the following: ``chapter.
``(2) Assumption of crime victim's rights.--In''; and
(C) in paragraph (2), as so designated, by inserting ``may
assume the rights of the crime victim under this section''
after ``suitable by the court'';
(3) in section 2259--
(A) in subsection (b)--
(i) in paragraph (1), by striking ``Directions.--Except as
provided in paragraph (2), the'' and inserting ``Restitution
for child pornography production.--If the defendant was
convicted of child pornography production, the''; and
(ii) in paragraph (2)(B), by striking ``$3,000.'' and
inserting the following: ``--
``(i) $3,000; or
``(ii) 10 percent of the full amount of the victim's
losses, if the full amount of the victim's losses is less
than $3,000.''; and
(B) in subsection (c)--
(i) by striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following:
``(1) Child pornography production.--For purposes of this
section and section 2259A, the term `child pornography
production' means--
``(A) a violation of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of section
2251, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate any of those
subsections under subsection (e) of that section;
``(B) a violation of section 2251A;
``(C) a violation of section 2252(a)(4) or 2252A(a)(5), or
an attempt or conspiracy to violate either of those sections
under section 2252(b)(2) or 2252A(b)(2), to the extent such
conduct involves child pornography--
``(i) produced by the defendant; or
``(ii) that the defendant attempted or conspired to
produce;
``(D) a violation of section 2252A(g) if the series of
felony violations involves not fewer than 1 violation--
[[Page S1262]]
``(i) described in subparagraph (A), (B), (E), or (F) of
this paragraph;
``(ii) of section 1591; or
``(iii) of section 1201, chapter 109A, or chapter 117, if
the victim is a minor;
``(E) a violation of subsection (a) of section 2260, or an
attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under
subsection (c)(1) of that section;
``(F)(i) a violation of section 2260B(a)(2) for promoting
or facilitating an offense--
``(I) described in subparagraph (A), (B), (D), or (E) of
this paragraph; or
``(II) under section 2422(b); or
``(ii) attempting or conspiring to promote or facilitate an
offense described in clause (i) of this subparagraph under
section 2260B(b); and
``(G) a violation of chapter 109A or chapter 117, if the
offense involves the production or attempted production of,
or conspiracy to produce, child pornography.''; and
(ii) by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following:
``(3) Trafficking in child pornography.--For purposes of
this section and section 2259A, the term `trafficking in
child pornography' means--
``(A) a violation of subsection (d) of section 2251 or an
attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under
subsection (e) of that section;
``(B) a violation of paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of
subsection (a) of section 2252, or an attempt or conspiracy
to violate any of those paragraphs under subsection (b)(1) of
that section;
``(C) a violation of section 2252(a)(4) or 2252A(a)(5), or
an attempt or conspiracy to violate either of those sections
under section 2252(b)(2) or 2252A(b)(2), to the extent such
conduct involves child pornography--
``(i) not produced by the defendant; or
``(ii) that the defendant did not attempt or conspire to
produce;
``(D) a violation of paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), or (6)
of subsection (a) of section 2252A, or an attempt or
conspiracy to violate any of those paragraphs under
subsection (b)(1) of that section;
``(E) a violation of subsection (a)(7) of section 2252A, or
an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under
subsection (b)(3) of that section;
``(F) a violation of section 2252A(g) if the series of
felony violations exclusively involves violations described
in this paragraph;
``(G) a violation of subsection (b) of section 2260, or an
attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under
subsection (c)(2) of that section;
``(H)(i) a violation of subsection (a)(1) of section 2260B,
or a violation of subsection (a)(2) of that section for
promoting or facilitating an offense described in this
paragraph; or
``(ii) an attempt or conspiracy to commit the conduct
described in clause (i) of this subparagraph under section
2260B(b).'';
(4) in section 2259A(a)--
(A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``under section
2252(a)(4) or 2252A(a)(5)'' and inserting ``described in
section 2259(c)(3)(C)''; and
(B) in paragraph (2), by striking ``any other offense for
trafficking in child pornography'' and inserting ``any
offense for trafficking in child pornography other than an
offense described in section 2259(c)(3)(C)'';
(5) in section 2429--
(A) in subsection (b)(3), by striking ``2259(b)(3)'' and
inserting ``2259(c)(2)''; and
(B) in subsection (d)--
(i) by inserting ``(1)'' after ``(d)'';
(ii) by striking ``chapter, including, in'' and inserting
the following: ``chapter.
``(2) In''; and
(iii) in paragraph (2), as so designated, by inserting
``may assume the rights of the crime victim under this
section'' after ``suitable by the court''; and
(6) in section 3664, by adding at the end the following:
``(q) Trustee or Other Fiduciary.--
``(1) In general.--
``(A) Appointment of trustee or other fiduciary.--When the
court issues an order of restitution under section 1593,
2248, 2259, 2429, or 3663, or subparagraphs (A)(i) and (B) of
section 3663A(c)(1), for a victim described in subparagraph
(B) of this paragraph, the court, at its own discretion or
upon motion by the Government, may appoint a trustee or other
fiduciary to hold any amount paid for restitution in a trust
or other official account for the benefit of the victim.
``(B) Covered victims.--A victim referred to in
subparagraph (A) is a victim who is--
``(i) under the age of 18 at the time of the proceeding;
``(ii) incompetent or incapacitated; or
``(iii) subject to paragraph (3), a foreign citizen or
stateless person residing outside the United States.
``(2) Order.--When the court appoints a trustee or other
fiduciary under paragraph (1), the court shall issue an order
specifying--
``(A) the duties of the trustee or other fiduciary, which
shall require--
``(i) the administration of the trust or maintaining an
official account in the best interests of the victim; and
``(ii) disbursing payments from the trust or account--
``(I) to the victim; or
``(II) to any individual or entity on behalf of the victim;
``(B) that the trustee or other fiduciary--
``(i) shall avoid any conflict of interest;
``(ii) may not profit from the administration of the trust
or maintaining an official account for the benefit of the
victim other than as specified in the order; and
``(iii) may not delegate administration of the trust or
maintaining the official account to any other person;
``(C) if and when the trust or the duties of the other
fiduciary will expire; and
``(D) the fees payable to the trustee or other fiduciary to
cover expenses of administering the trust or maintaining the
official account for the benefit of the victim, and the
schedule for payment of those fees.
``(3) Fact-finding regarding foreign citizens and stateless
person.--In the case of a victim who is a foreign citizen or
stateless person residing outside the United States and is
not under the age of 18 at the time of the proceeding or
incompetent or incapacitated, the court may appoint a trustee
or other fiduciary under paragraph (1) only if the court
finds it necessary to--
``(A) protect the safety or security of the victim; or
``(B) provide a reliable means for the victim to access or
benefit from the restitution payments.
``(4) Payment of fees.--
``(A) In general.--The court may, with respect to the fees
of the trustee or other fiduciary--
``(i) pay the fees in whole or in part; or
``(ii) order the defendant to pay the fees in whole or in
part.
``(B) Applicability of other provisions.--With respect to a
court order under subparagraph (A)(ii) requiring a defendant
to pay fees--
``(i) subsection (f)(3) shall apply to the court order in
the same manner as that subsection applies to a restitution
order;
``(ii) subchapter C of chapter 227 (other than section
3571) shall apply to the court order in the same manner as
that subchapter applies to a sentence of a fine; and
``(iii) subchapter B of chapter 229 shall apply to the
court order in the same manner as that subchapter applies to
the implementation of a sentence of a fine.
``(C) Effect on other penalties.--Imposition of payment
under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall not relieve a defendant of,
or entitle a defendant to a reduction in the amount of, any
special assessment, restitution, other fines, penalties, or
costs, or other payments required under the defendant's
sentence.
``(D) Schedule.--Notwithstanding any other provision of
law, if the court orders the defendant to make any payment
under subparagraph (A)(ii), the court may provide a payment
schedule that is concurrent with the payment of any other
financial obligation described in subparagraph (C).
``(5) Authorization of appropriations.--
``(A) In general.--There is authorized to be appropriated
to the United States courts to carry out this subsection
$15,000,000 for each fiscal year.
``(B) Supervision of payments.--Payments from
appropriations authorized under subparagraph (A) shall be
made under the supervision of the Director of the
Administrative Office of the United States Courts.''.
SEC. 5. CYBERTIPLINE IMPROVEMENTS, AND ACCOUNTABILITY AND
TRANSPARENCY BY THE TECH INDUSTRY.
(a) In General.--Chapter 110 of title 18, United States
Code, is amended--
(1) in section 2258A--
(A) by striking subsections (a), (b), and (c) and inserting
the following:
``(a) Duty to Report.--
``(1) Duty.--In order to reduce the proliferation of online
child exploitation and to prevent the online sexual
exploitation of children, as soon as reasonably possible
after obtaining actual knowledge of any facts or
circumstances described in paragraph (2) or any apparent
child pornography on the provider's service, network, or
platform, and in any event not later than 60 days after
obtaining such knowledge, a provider shall--
``(A) submit to the CyberTipline of NCMEC, or any successor
to the CyberTipline operated by NCMEC, a report containing--
``(i) the mailing address, telephone number, facsimile
number, electronic mailing address of, and individual point
of contact for, such provider; and
``(ii) information described in subsection (b) concerning
such facts or circumstances or apparent child pornography;
and
``(B) if applicable, remove the apparent child pornography
that is the subject of the report described in subparagraph
(A), if such child pornography is publicly available.
``(2) Facts or circumstances.--The facts or circumstances
described in this paragraph are any facts or circumstances
indicating an apparent, planned, or imminent violation of
section 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, 2252B, or 2260.
``(3) Permitted actions based on reasonable belief.--In
order to reduce the proliferation of online child
exploitation and to prevent the online sexual exploitation of
children, if a provider has a reasonable belief that any
facts or circumstances described in paragraph (2) exist, the
provider may submit to the CyberTipline of NCMEC, or any
successor to the CyberTipline operated by NCMEC, a report
described in paragraph (1)(A).
``(b) Contents of Report.--
``(1) In general.--In an effort to prevent the future
sexual victimization of children, and to the extent the
information is within the custody or control of a provider,
each report provided under subsection (a)(1)(A)--
``(A) shall include, to the extent that it is applicable
and reasonably available--
[[Page S1263]]
``(i) identifying information regarding any individual who
is the subject of the report, including name, address,
electronic mail address, user or account identification,
Internet Protocol address, and uniform resource locator;
``(ii) the terms of service in effect at the time of--
``(I) the apparent violation; or
``(II) the detection of apparent child pornography or a
planned or imminent violation;
``(iii) a copy of any apparent child pornography that is
the subject of the report that was identified in a publicly
available location;
``(iv) for each item of apparent child pornography included
in the report under clause (iii) or paragraph (2)(C),
information indicating whether--
``(I) the reported child pornography was publicly
available; or
``(II) the provider, in its sole discretion, viewed the
reported child pornography, or any copy thereof, at any point
concurrent with or prior to the submission of the report; and
``(v) for each item of apparent child pornography that is
the subject of the report, an indication as to whether the
child pornography--
``(I) has previously been the subject of a report under
paragraph (1)(A) or (3) of subsection (a); or
``(II) is the subject of multiple contemporaneous reports
due to rapid and widespread distribution; and
``(B) may, at the sole discretion of the provider, include
the information described in paragraph (2) of this
subsection.
``(2) Other information.--The information referred to in
paragraph (1)(B) is the following:
``(A) Historical reference.--Information relating to when
and how a customer or subscriber of a provider uploaded,
transmitted, or received content relating to the report or
when and how content relating to the report was reported to,
or discovered by the provider, including a date and time
stamp and time zone.
``(B) Geographic location information.--Information
relating to the geographic location of the involved
individual or website, which may include the Internet
Protocol address or verified address, or, if not reasonably
available, at least one form of geographic identifying
information, including area code or zip code, provided by the
customer or subscriber, or stored or obtained by the
provider.
``(C) Apparent child pornography.--Any apparent child
pornography not described in paragraph (1)(A)(iii), or other
content related to the subject of the report.
``(D) Complete communication.--The complete communication
containing any apparent child pornography or other content,
including--
``(i) any data or information regarding the transmission of
the communication; and
``(ii) any visual depictions, data, or other digital files
contained in, or attached to, the communication.
``(E) Technical identifier.--An industry-standard hash
value or other similar industry-standard technical identifier
for any reported visual depiction as it existed on the
provider's service, network, or platform.
``(F) Description.--For any item of apparent child
pornography that is the subject of the report, an indication
of whether--
``(i) the depicted sexually explicit conduct involves--
``(I) genital, oral, or anal sexual intercourse;
``(II) bestiality;
``(III) masturbation;
``(IV) sadistic or masochistic abuse; or
``(V) lascivious exhibition of the anus, genitals, or pubic
area of any person; and
``(ii) the depicted minor is--
``(I) an infant or toddler;
``(II) prepubescent;
``(III) pubescent;
``(IV) post-pubescent; or
``(V) of an indeterminate age or developmental stage.'';
``(c) Forwarding of Report and Other Information to Law
Enforcement.--
``(1) In general.--Pursuant to its clearinghouse role as a
private, nonprofit organization, and at the conclusion of its
review in furtherance of its nonprofit mission, NCMEC shall
make available each report submitted under paragraph (1)(A)
or (3) of subsection (a) to one or more of the following law
enforcement agencies:
``(A) Any Federal law enforcement agency that is involved
in the investigation of child sexual exploitation,
kidnapping, or enticement crimes.
``(B) Any State or local law enforcement agency that is
involved in the investigation of child sexual exploitation.
``(C) A foreign law enforcement agency designated by the
Attorney General under subsection (d)(3) or a foreign law
enforcement agency that has an established relationship with
the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Immigration and Customs
Enforcement, or INTERPOL, and is involved in the
investigation of child sexual exploitation, kidnapping, or
enticement crimes.
``(2) Technical identifiers.--If a report submitted under
paragraph (1)(A) or (3) of subsection (a) contains an
industry-standard hash value or other similar industry-
standard technical identifier--
``(A) NCMEC may compare that hash value or identifier with
any database or repository of visual depictions owned or
operated by NCMEC; and
``(B) if the comparison under subparagraph (A) results in a
match, NCMEC may include the matching visual depiction from
its database or repository when forwarding the report to an
agency described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph
(1).'';
(B) in subsection (d)--
(i) in paragraph (2), by striking ``subsection (c)(1)'' and
inserting ``subsection (c)(1)(A)''; and
(ii) in paragraph (3)--
(I) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``subsection (c)(3)''
and inserting ``subsection (c)(1)(C)''; and
(II) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``subsection (c)(3)''
and inserting ``subsection (c)(1)(C)'';
(C) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following:
``(e) Failure to Comply With Requirements.--
``(1) Criminal penalty.--
``(A) Offense.--It shall be unlawful for a provider to
knowingly--
``(i) fail to submit a report under subsection (a)(1)(A)
within the time period required by that subsection; or
``(ii) fail to preserve material as required under
subsection (h).
``(B) Penalty.--
``(i) In general.--A provider that violates subparagraph
(A) shall be fined--
``(I) in the case of an initial violation, not more than
$150,000; and
``(II) in the case of any second or subsequent violation,
not more than $300,000.
``(ii) Harm to individuals.--The maximum fine under clause
(i) shall be tripled if an individual is harmed as a direct
and proximate result of the applicable violation.
``(2) Civil penalty.--
``(A) Violations relating to cybertipline reports, content
removal, and material preservation.--A provider shall be
liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty in
an amount of not less than $50,000 and not more than $100,000
if the provider knowingly--
``(i) fails to submit a report under subsection (a)(1)(A)
within the time period required by that subsection;
``(ii) fails to remove apparent child pornography as
required under subsection (a)(1)(B);
``(iii) fails to preserve material as required under
subsection (h); or
``(iv) submits a report under subsection (a)(1)(A) that--
``(I) contains materially false or fraudulent information;
or
``(II) omits information described in subsection (b)(1)(A)
that is reasonably available.
``(B) Annual report violations.--A provider shall be liable
to the United States Government for a civil penalty in an
amount of not less than $100,000 and not more than $1,000,000
if the provider knowingly--
``(i) fails to submit an annual report as required under
subsection (i); or
``(ii) submits an annual report under subsection (i) that--
``(I) contains a materially false, fraudulent, or
misleading statement; or
``(II) omits information described in subsection (i)(1)
that is reasonably available.
``(C) Harm to individuals.--The amount of a civil penalty
under subparagraph (A) or (B) shall be tripled if an
individual is harmed as a direct and proximate result of the
applicable violation.
``(D) Costs of civil actions.--A provider that commits a
violation described in subparagraph (A) or (B) shall be
liable to the United States Government for the costs of a
civil action brought to recover a civil penalty under that
subparagraph.
``(E) Enforcement.--This paragraph shall be enforced in
accordance with sections 3731, 3732, and 3733 of title 31,
except that a civil action to recover a civil penalty under
subparagraph (A) or (B) of this paragraph may only be brought
by the United States Government.
``(3) Deposit of fines and penalties.--Notwithstanding any
other provision of law, any criminal fine or civil penalty
collected under this subsection shall be deposited into the
Child Pornography Victims Reserve as provided in section
2259B.'';
(D) in subsection (f), by striking paragraph (3) and
inserting the following:
``(3) affirmatively search, screen, or scan for--
``(A) facts or circumstances described in subsection
(a)(2);
``(B) information described in subsection (b)(2); or
``(C) any apparent child pornography, including any copy of
apparent child pornography removed pursuant to subsection
(a)(1)(B).'';
(E) in subsection (g)--
(i) in paragraph (2)(A)--
(I) in clause (iii), by inserting ``or personnel at a
children's advocacy center'' after ``State)''; and
(II) in clause (iv), by striking ``State or subdivision of
a State'' and inserting ``State, subdivision of a State, or
children's advocacy center'';
(ii) in paragraph (3), in the matter preceding subparagraph
(A), by inserting ``paragraph (1)(A) or (3) of'' before
``subsection (a)''; and
(iii) in paragraph (4), by striking ``subsection (a)(1)''
and inserting ``paragraph (1)(A) or (3) of subsection (a)'';
(F) in subsection (h)--
(i) in paragraph (1), by striking ``subsection (a)(1)'' and
inserting ``paragraph (1)(A) or (3) of subsection (a)''; and
(ii) by adding at the end the following:
[[Page S1264]]
``(5) Relation to reporting requirement.--Submission of a
report as required under paragraph (1)(A) or (3) of
subsection (a) does not satisfy the obligations under this
subsection.''; and
(G) by adding at the end the following:
``(i) Annual Report.--
``(1) In general.--Not later than March 31 of the second
year beginning after the date of enactment of the STOP CSAM
Act of 2023, and of each year thereafter, a provider that had
more than 1,000,000 unique monthly visitors or users during
each month of the preceding year and accrued revenue of more
than $50,000,000 during the preceding year shall submit to
the Attorney General and the Chair of the Federal Trade
Commission a report, disaggregated by subsidiary, that
provides the following information for the preceding year to
the extent such information is applicable and reasonably
available:
``(A) Cybertipline data.--
``(i) The total number of reports that the provider
submitted under paragraph (1)(A) or (3) of subsection (a).
``(ii) The total number of publicly available items of
apparent child pornography that the provider removed under
subsection (a)(1)(B).
``(iii) Which items of information described in subsection
(b)(2) are routinely included in the reports submitted by the
provider under paragraph (1)(A) or (3) of subsection (a).
``(B) Report and remove data.--With respect to section 7 of
the STOP CSAM Act of 2023--
``(i) a description of the provider's designated reporting
system;
``(ii) the number of notifications received;
``(iii) the number of proscribed visual depictions
involving a minor that were removed; and
``(iv) the total amount of any fine ordered and paid.
``(C) Other reporting to the provider.--
``(i) The measures the provider has in place to receive
other reports concerning child sexual exploitation and abuse
using the provider's product or on the provider's service,
platform, or network.
``(ii) The average time for responding to reports described
in clause (i).
``(iii) The number of reports described in clause (i) that
the provider received.
``(iv) A summary description of the actions taken upon
receipt of the reports described in clause (i).
``(D) Policies.--
``(i) A description of the policies of the provider with
respect to the commission of child sexual exploitation and
abuse using the provider's product or on the provider's
service, platform, or network, including how child sexual
exploitation and abuse is defined.
``(ii) A description of possible consequences for
violations of the policies described in clause (i).
``(iii) The methods of informing users of the policies
described in clause (i).
``(iv) The process for adjudicating potential violations of
the policies described in clause (i).
``(E) Culture of safety.--
``(i) The measures and technologies that the provider
deploys to protect the safety of children using the
provider's product, service, platform, or network.
``(ii) The measures and technologies that the provider
deploys to prevent the use of the provider's product,
service, platform, or network by individuals seeking to
commit child sexual exploitation and abuse.
``(iii) Factors that interfere with the provider's ability
to detect or evaluate instances of child sexual exploitation
and abuse.
``(iv) An assessment of the efficacy of the measures and
technologies described in clauses (i) and (ii) and the impact
of the factors described in clause (iii).
``(F) Safety by design.--The measures that the provider
takes before launching a new product, service, platform, or
network to assess--
``(i) the safety risks for children; and
``(ii) whether and how individuals could use the new
product, service, platform, or network to commit child sexual
exploitation and abuse.
``(G) Trends and patterns.--Any information concerning
emerging trends and changing patterns with respect to online
child safety and the commission of child sexual exploitation
and abuse.
``(2) Avoiding duplication.--For purposes of subparagraphs
(D) through (G) of paragraph (1), in the case of any report
submitted under that paragraph after the initial report, a
provider shall only be required to submit new or updated
information described in those subparagraphs.
``(3) Limitation.--Nothing in paragraph (1) shall require
the disclosure of trade secrets or other proprietary
information.
``(4) Publication.--
``(A) In general.--The Attorney General and the Chair of
the Federal Trade Commission shall publish the reports
received under this subsection.
``(B) Redaction.--A provider may request the redaction of
any information that is law enforcement sensitive or
otherwise not suitable for public distribution, and the
Attorney General and Chair of the Federal Trade Commission
may, in their discretion, redact any such information,
whether or not requested.'';
(2) in section 2258B--
(A) in subsection (a)--
(i) by striking ``may not be brought in any Federal or
State court''; and
(ii) by striking ``Except as provided in subsection (b), a
civil claim or criminal charge'' and inserting the following:
``(1) Limited liability.--Except as provided in subsection
(b), a civil claim or criminal charge described in paragraph
(2) may not be brought in any Federal or State court.
``(2) Covered claims and charges.--A civil claim or
criminal charge referred to in paragraph (1) is a civil claim
or criminal charge''; and
(B) in subsection (b)(1), by inserting ``or knowingly
failed to comply with a requirement under section 2258A''
after ``misconduct'';
(3) in section 2258C--
(A) in subsection (a)(1), by inserting ``use of the
provider's products, services, platforms, or networks to
commit'' after ``stop the'';
(B) in subsection (b)--
(i) by striking ``Any provider'' and inserting the
following:
``(1) In general.--Any provider'';
(ii) in paragraph (1), as so designated, by striking
``receives'' and inserting ``, in its sole discretion,
obtains''; and
(iii) by adding at the end the following:
``(2) Limitation on sharing with other entities.--A
provider that obtains elements under subsection (a)(1) may
not distribute those elements, or make those elements
available, to any other entity, except for the sole and
exclusive purpose of stopping the online sexual exploitation
of children.''; and
(C) in subsection (c)--
(i) by striking ``subsections'' and inserting
``subsection'';
(ii) by striking ``providers receiving'' and inserting ``a
provider to obtain'';
(iii) by inserting ``, or'' after ``NCMEC''; and
(iv) by inserting ``use of the provider's products,
services, platforms, or networks to commit'' after ``stop
the'';
(4) in section 2258E(6), by striking ``electronic
communication service provider'' and inserting ``electronic
communication service'';
(5) in section 2259B(a), by inserting ``, any fine or
penalty collected under section 2258A(e) or subparagraph (A)
of section 7(g)(24) of the STOP CSAM Act of 2023 (except as
provided in clauses (i) and (ii)(I) of subparagraph (B) of
such section 7(g)(24)),'' after ``2259A''; and
(6) by adding at the end the following:
``Sec. 2260B. Liability for certain child exploitation
offenses
``(a) Offense.--It shall be unlawful for a provider of an
interactive computer service, as that term is defined in
section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C.
230), that operates through the use of any facility or means
of interstate or foreign commerce or in or affecting
interstate or foreign commerce, through such service to
knowingly--
``(1) host or store child pornography or make child
pornography available to any person; or
``(2) otherwise knowingly promote or facilitate a violation
of section 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, or 2422(b).
``(b) Penalty.--A provider of an interactive computer
service that violates subsection (a)--
``(1) subject to paragraph (2), shall be fined not more
than $1,000,000; and
``(2) if the offense involves a conscious or reckless risk
of serious personal injury or an individual is harmed as a
direct and proximate result of the violation, shall be fined
not more than $5,000,000.
``(c) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall
be construed to apply to any action by a provider of an
interactive computer service that is necessary to comply with
a valid court order, subpoena, search warrant, statutory
obligation, or preservation request from law enforcement.''.
(b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections for chapter
110 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at
the end the following:
``2260B. Liability for certain child exploitation offenses.''.
SEC. 6. EXPANDING CIVIL REMEDIES FOR VICTIMS OF ONLINE CHILD
SEXUAL EXPLOITATION.
Section 2255 of title 18, United States Code, is amended--
(1) in subsection (a)--
(A) by striking ``a violation of section 1589, 1590, 1591,
2241(c), 2242, 2243, 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, 2260, 2421,
2422, or 2423 of this title'' and inserting ``a child
exploitation violation or conduct relating to child
exploitation'';
(B) by inserting ``or conduct'' after ``as a result of such
violation''; and
(C) by striking ``sue in any'' and inserting ``bring a
civil action in the''; and
(2) by adding at the end the following:
``(d) Definitions.--In this section--
``(1) the term `child exploitation violation' means a
violation of section 1589, 1590, 1591, 1594(a) (involving a
violation of section 1589, 1590, or 1591), 1594(b) (involving
a violation of section 1589 or 1590), 1594(c), 2241, 2242,
2243, 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, 2260, 2421, 2422, or 2423 of
this title;
``(2) the term `conduct relating to child exploitation'
means--
``(A) with respect to a provider of an interactive computer
service or a software distribution service operating through
the use of any means or facility of interstate or foreign
commerce, or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce,
the intentional, knowing, reckless, or negligent promotion or
facilitation of conduct that violates section
[[Page S1265]]
1591, 1594(c), 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, or 2422(b) of this
title; and
``(B) with respect to a provider of an interactive computer
service operating through the use of any means or facility of
interstate or foreign commerce, or in or affecting interstate
or foreign commerce, the intentional, knowing, reckless, or
negligent hosting or storing of child pornography or making
child pornography available to any person;
``(3) the term `interactive computer service' has the
meaning given that term in section 230(f) of the
Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230(f)); and
``(4) the term `software distribution service' means an
online service, whether or not operated for pecuniary gain,
from which individuals can purchase, obtain, or download
software that--
``(A) can be used by an individual to communicate with
another individual, by any means, to store, access,
distribute, or receive any visual depiction, or to transmit
any live visual depiction; and
``(B) was not developed by the software distribution
service.
``(e) Relation to Section 230 of the Communications Act of
1934.--Nothing in section 230 of the Communications Act of
1934 (47 U.S.C. 230) shall be construed to impair or limit
any claim brought under this section for conduct relating to
child exploitation.
``(f) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall
be construed to apply to any action by a provider of an
interactive computer service that is necessary to comply with
a valid court order, subpoena, search warrant, statutory
obligation, or preservation request from law enforcement.''.
SEC. 7. REPORTING AND REMOVAL OF PROSCRIBED VISUAL DEPICTIONS
RELATING TO CHILDREN; ESTABLISHMENT OF CHILD
ONLINE PROTECTION BOARD.
(a) Findings.--Congress finds the following:
(1) Over 40 years ago, the Supreme Court of the United
States ruled in New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747 (1982), that
child sexual abuse material (referred to in this subsection
as ``CSAM'') is a ``category of material outside the
protections of the First Amendment.'' The Court emphasized
that children depicted in CSAM are harmed twice: first
through the abuse and exploitation inherent in the creation
of the materials, and then through the continued circulation
of the imagery, which inflicts its own emotional and
psychological injury.
(2) The Supreme Court reiterated this point 9 years ago in
Paroline v. United States, 572 U.S. 434 (2014), when it
explained that CSAM victims suffer ``continuing and grievous
harm as a result of [their] knowledge that a large,
indeterminate number of individuals have viewed and will in
the future view images of the sexual abuse [they] endured.''
(3) In these decisions, the Supreme Court noted that the
distribution of child sexual abuse material invades the
privacy interests of the victims.
(4) The co-mingling online of CSAM with other, non-explicit
depictions of the victims links the victim's identity with
the images of their abuse. This further invades a victim's
privacy and disrupts their sense of security, thwarting what
the Supreme Court has described as ``the individual interest
in avoiding disclosure of personal matters.''
(5) The internet is awash with child sexual abuse material.
In 2021, the CyberTipline, operated by the National Center
for Missing & Exploited Children to combat online child
sexual exploitation, received reports about 39,900,000 images
and 44,800,000 videos depicting child sexual abuse.
(6) Since 2017, Project Arachnid, operated by the Canadian
Centre for Child Protection, has sent over 26,000,000 notices
to online providers about CSAM and other exploitive material
found on their platforms. According to the Canadian Centre,
some providers are slow to remove the material, or take it
down only for it to be reposted again a short time later.
(7) This legislation is needed to create an easy-to-use and
effective procedure to get CSAM and harmful related imagery
quickly taken offline and kept offline to protect children,
stop the spread of illegal and harmful content, and thwart
the continued invasion of the victims' privacy.
(b) Implementation.--
(1) Implementation.--Except as provided in paragraph (2),
not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this
Act, the Child Online Protection Board established under
subsection (d), shall begin operations, at which point
providers shall begin receiving notifications as set forth in
subsection (c)(2).
(2) Extension.--The Commission may extend the deadline
under paragraph (1) by not more than 180 days if the
Commission provides notice of the extension to the public and
to Congress.
(c) Reporting and Removal of Proscribed Visual Depictions
Relating to Children.--
(1) In general.--If a provider receives a complete
notification as set forth in paragraph (2)(A) that the
provider is hosting a proscribed visual depiction relating to
a child, not later than 48 hours after such notification is
received by the provider (or, in the case of a small
provider, not later than 2 business days after such
notification is received by the small provider) the provider
shall--
(A)(i) remove the proscribed visual depiction relating to a
child; and
(ii) notify the complainant that it has done so; or
(B) notify the complainant that the provider--
(i) is unable to remove the proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child using reasonable means; or
(ii) has determined that the notification is duplicative
under paragraph (2)(C)(i).
(2) Notification requirements.--
(A) In general.--To be complete under this subsection, a
notification must be a written communication to the
designated reporting system of the provider (or, if the
provider does not have a designated reporting system, a
written communication that is served on the provider in
accordance with subparagraph (F)) that includes the
following:
(i) An identification of, and information reasonably
sufficient to permit the provider to locate, the alleged
proscribed visual depiction relating to a child. Such
information may include, at the option of the complainant, a
copy of the alleged proscribed visual depiction relating to a
child or the uniform resource locator where such proscribed
visual depiction is located.
(ii) The complainant's name and contact information, to
include a mailing address, telephone number, and an
electronic mail address, except that, if the complainant is
the victim depicted in the alleged proscribed visual
depiction relating to a child, the complainant may elect to
use an alias, including for purposes of the signed statement
described in clause (v), and omit a mailing address.
(iii) If applicable, a statement indicating that the
complainant has previously notified the provider about the
alleged proscribed visual depiction relating to a child which
may, at the option of the complainant, include a copy of the
previous notification.
(iv) A statement indicating that the complainant has a good
faith belief that the information in the notification is
accurate.
(v) A signed statement under penalty of perjury indicating
that the notification is submitted by--
(I) the victim depicted in the alleged proscribed visual
depiction relating to a child;
(II) an authorized representative of the victim depicted in
the alleged proscribed visual depiction relating to a child;
or
(III) a qualified organization.
(B) Inclusion of multiple visual depictions in same
notification.--A notification may contain information about
more than one proscribed visual depiction relating to a
child, but shall only be effective with respect to each
proscribed visual depiction relating to a child included in
the notification to the extent that the notification includes
sufficient information to identify and locate such visual
depiction.
(C) Limitation on duplicative notifications.--
(i) In general.--After a complainant has submitted a
notification to a provider, the complainant may submit
additional notifications at any time only if the subsequent
notifications involve--
(I) a different proscribed visual depiction relating to a
minor;
(II) the same proscribed visual depiction relating to a
minor that is in a different location; or
(III) recidivist hosting.
(ii) No obligation.--A provider who receives any additional
notifications that do not comply with clause (i) shall not be
required to take any additional action except--
(I) as may be required with respect to the original
notification; and
(II) to notify the complainant as provided in paragraph
(1)(B)(ii).
(D) Incomplete or misdirected notification.--
(i) Requirement to contact complainant regarding
insufficient information.--
(I) Requirement to contact complainant.--If a notification
that is submitted to a provider under this subsection does
not contain sufficient information under subparagraph (A)(i)
to identify or locate the visual depiction that is the
subject of the notification but does contain the complainant
contact information described in subparagraph (A)(ii), the
provider shall, not later than 48 hours after receiving the
notification (or, in the case of a small provider, not later
than 2 business days after such notification is received by
the small provider), contact the complainant via electronic
email address to obtain such information.
(II) Effect of complainant providing sufficient
information.--If the provider is able to contact the
complainant and obtain sufficient information to identify or
locate the visual depiction that is the subject of the
notification, the provider shall then proceed as set forth in
paragraph (1), except that the applicable timeframes
described in such paragraph shall commence on the day the
provider receives the information needed to identify or
locate the visual depiction.
(III) Effect of complainant inability to provide sufficient
information.--If the provider is able to contact the
complainant but does not obtain sufficient information to
identify or locate the visual depiction that is the subject
of the notification, the provider shall so notify the
complainant not later than 48 hours after the provider
determines that it is unable to identify or locate the visual
depiction (or, in the case of a small provider, not later
than 2 business days after the small provider makes such
determination), after which no further action by the provider
is required and receipt of the notification shall not be
considered in determining whether the provider has actual
knowledge of any information described in the notification.
[[Page S1266]]
(IV) Effect of complainant failure to respond.--If the
complainant does not respond to the provider's attempt to
contact the complainant under this clause within 14 days of
such attempt, no further action by the provider is required
and receipt of the notification shall not be considered in
determining whether the provider has actual knowledge of any
information described in the notification.
(ii) Treatment of incomplete notification where complainant
cannot be contacted.--If a notification that is submitted to
a provider under this subsection does not contain sufficient
information under subparagraph (A)(i) to identify or locate
the visual depiction that is the subject of the notification
and does not contain the complainant contact information
described in subparagraph (A)(ii) (or if the provider is
unable to contact the complainant using such information), no
further action by the provider is required and receipt of the
notification shall not be considered in determining whether
the provider has actual knowledge of any information
described in the notification.
(iii) Treatment of notification not submitted to designated
reporting system.--If a provider has a designated reporting
system, and a complainant submits a notification under this
subsection to the provider without using such system, the
provider shall not be considered to have received the
notification.
(E) Option to contact complainant regarding the proscribed
visual depiction involving a minor.--
(i) Contact with complainant.--If the provider believes
that the proscribed visual depiction involving a minor
referenced in the notification does not meet the definition
of such term as provided in subsection (r)(10), the provider
may, not later than 48 hours after receiving the notification
(or, in the case of a small provider, not later than 2
business days after such notification is received by the
small provider), contact the complainant via electronic mail
address to so indicate.
(ii) Failure to respond.--If the complainant does not
respond to the provider within 14 days after receiving the
notification, no further action by the provider is required
and receipt of the notification shall not be considered in
determining whether the provider has actual knowledge of any
information described in the notification.
(iii) Complainant response.--If the complainant responds to
the provider within 14 days after receiving the notification,
the provider shall then proceed as set forth in paragraph
(1), except that the applicable timeframes described in such
paragraph shall commence on the day the provider receives the
complainant's response.
(F) Service of notification where provider has no
designated reporting system; process where complainant cannot
serve provider.--
(i) No designated reporting system.--If a provider does not
have a designated reporting system, a complainant may serve
the provider with a notification under this subsection to the
provider in the same manner that petitions are required to be
served under subsection (g)(4).
(ii) Complainant cannot serve provider.--If a provider does
not have a designated reporting system and a complainant
cannot reasonably serve the provider with a notification as
described in clause (i), the complainant may bring a petition
under subsection (g)(1) without serving the provider with the
notification.
(G) Recidivist hosting.--If a provider engages in
recidivist hosting of a proscribed visual depiction relating
to a child, in addition to any action taken under this
section, a complainant may submit a report concerning such
recidivist hosting to the CyberTipline operated by the
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, or any
successor to the CyberTipline operated by the National Center
for Missing and Exploited Children.
(H) Preservation.--A provider that receives a complete
notification under this subsection shall preserve the
information in such notification in accordance with the
requirements of sections 2713 and 2258A(h) of title 18,
United States Code. For purposes of this subparagraph, the
period for which providers shall be required to preserve
information in accordance with such section 2258A(h) may be
extended in 90 day increments on written request by the
complainant or order of the Board.
(I) Non-disclosure.--Except as otherwise provided in
subsection (g)(19)(C), for 180 days following receipt of a
notification under this subsection, a provider may not
disclose the existence of the notification to any person or
entity except to an attorney for purposes of obtaining legal
advice, the Board, the Commission, a law enforcement agency
described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of section
2258A(g)(3) of title 18, United States Code, the National
Center for Missing and Exploited Children, or as necessary to
respond to legal process. Nothing in the preceding sentence
shall be construed to infringe on the provider's ability to
communicate general information about terms of service
violations.
(d) Establishment of Child Online Protection Board.--
(1) In general.--There is established in the Federal Trade
Commission a Child Online Protection Board, which shall
administer and enforce the requirements of subsection (e) in
accordance with this section.
(2) Officers and staff.--The Board shall be composed of 3
full-time Child Online Protection Officers who shall be
appointed by the Commission in accordance with paragraph
(5)(A). A vacancy on the Board shall not impair the right of
the remaining Child Online Protection Officers to exercise
the functions and duties of the Board.
(3) Child online protection attorneys.--Not fewer than 2
full-time Child Online Protection Attorneys shall be hired to
assist in the administration of the Board.
(4) Technological adviser.--One or more technological
advisers may be hired to assist with the handling of digital
evidence and consult with the Child Online Protection
Officers on matters concerning digital evidence and
technological issues.
(5) Qualifications.--
(A) Officers.--
(i) In general.--Each Child Online Protection Officer shall
be an attorney duly licensed in at least 1 United States
jurisdiction who has not fewer than 7 years of legal
experience concerning child sexual abuse material and
technology-facilitated crimes against children.
(ii) Experience.--Two of the Child Online Protection
Officers shall have substantial experience in the evaluation,
litigation, or adjudication of matters relating to child
sexual abuse material or technology-facilitated crimes
against children.
(B) Attorneys.--Each Child Online Protection Attorney shall
be an attorney duly licensed in at least 1 United States
jurisdiction who has not fewer than 3 years of substantial
legal experience concerning child sexual abuse material and
technology-facilitated crimes against children.
(C) Technological adviser.--A technological adviser shall
have at least one year of specialized experience with digital
forensic analysis.
(6) Compensation.--
(A) Child online protection officers.--
(i) Definition.--In this subparagraph, the term ``senior
level employee of the Federal Government'' means an employee,
other than employee in the Senior Executive Service, the
position of whom is classified above GS-15 of the General
Schedule.
(ii) Pay range.--Each Child Online Protection Officer shall
be compensated at a rate of pay that is not less than the
minimum, and not more than the maximum, rate of pay payable
for senior level employees of the Federal Government,
including locality pay, as applicable.
(B) Child online protection attorneys.--Each Child Online
Protection Attorney shall be compensated at a rate of pay
that is not more than the maximum rate of pay payable for
level 10 of GS-15 of the General Schedule, including locality
pay, as applicable.
(C) Technological adviser.--A technological adviser of the
Board shall be compensated at a rate of pay that is not more
than the maximum rate of pay payable for level 10 of GS-14 of
the General Schedule, including locality pay, as applicable.
(7) Vacancy.--If a vacancy occurs in the position of Child
Online Protection Officer, the Commission shall act
expeditiously to appoint an Officer for that position.
(8) Sanction or removal.--Subject to subsection (e)(2), the
Chair of the Commission or the Commission may sanction or
remove a Child Online Protection Officer.
(9) Administrative support.--The Commission shall provide
the Child Online Protection Officers and Child Online
Protection Attorneys with necessary administrative support,
including technological facilities, to carry out the duties
of the Officers and Attorneys under this section. The
Department of Justice may provide equipment and guidance on
the storage and handling of proscribed visual depictions
relating to children.
(10) Location of board.--The offices and facilities of the
Child Online Protection Officers and Child Online Protection
Attorneys shall be located at the headquarters or other
office of the Commission.
(e) Authority and Duties of the Board.--
(1) Functions.--
(A) Officers.--Subject to the provisions of this section
and applicable regulations, the functions of the Officers of
the Board shall be as follows:
(i) To render determinations on petitions that may be
brought before the Officers under this section.
(ii) To ensure that petitions and responses are properly
asserted and otherwise appropriate for resolution by the
Board.
(iii) To manage the proceedings before the Officers and
render determinations pertaining to the consideration of
petitions and responses, including with respect to
scheduling, discovery, evidentiary, and other matters.
(iv) To request, from participants and nonparticipants in a
proceeding, the production of information and documents
relevant to the resolution of a petition or response.
(v) To conduct hearings and conferences.
(vi) To facilitate the settlement by the parties of
petitions and responses.
(vii) To impose fines as set forth in subsection (g)(24).
(viii) To provide information to the public concerning the
procedures and requirements of the Board.
(ix) To maintain records of the proceedings before the
Officers, certify official records of such proceedings as
needed, and, as provided in subsection (g)(19)(A), make the
records in such proceedings available to the public.
(x) To carry out such other duties as are set forth in this
section.
[[Page S1267]]
(xi) When not engaged in performing the duties of the
Officers set forth in this section, to perform such other
duties as may be assigned by the Chair of the Commission or
the Commission.
(B) Attorneys.--Subject to the provisions of this section
and applicable regulations, the functions of the Attorneys of
the Board shall be as follows:
(i) To provide assistance to the Officers of the Board in
the administration of the duties of those Officers under this
section.
(ii) To provide assistance to complainants, providers, and
members of the public with respect to the procedures and
requirements of the Board.
(iii) When not engaged in performing the duties of the
Attorneys set forth in this section, to perform such other
duties as may be assigned by the Commission.
(C) Designated service agents.--The Board may maintain a
publicly available directory of service agents designated to
receive service of petitions filed with the Board.
(2) Independence in determinations.--
(A) In general.--The Board shall render the determinations
of the Board in individual proceedings independently on the
basis of the records in the proceedings before it and in
accordance with the provisions of this section, judicial
precedent, and applicable regulations of the Commission.
(B) Performance appraisals.--Notwithstanding any other
provision of law or any regulation or policy of the
Commission, any performance appraisal of an Officer or
Attorney of the Board may not consider the substantive result
of any individual determination reached by the Board as a
basis for appraisal except to the extent that result may
relate to any actual or alleged violation of an ethical
standard of conduct.
(3) Direction by commission.--Subject to paragraph (2), the
Officers and Attorneys shall, in the administration of their
duties, be under the supervision of the Chair of the
Commission.
(4) Inconsistent duties barred.--An Officer or Attorney of
the Board may not undertake any duty that conflicts with the
duties of the Officer or Attorney in connection with the
Board.
(5) Recusal.--An Officer or Attorney of the Board shall
recuse himself or herself from participation in any
proceeding with respect to which the Officer or Attorney, as
the case may be, has reason to believe that he or she has a
conflict of interest.
(6) Ex parte communications.--Except as may otherwise be
permitted by applicable law, any party or interested owner
involved in a proceeding before the Board shall refrain from
ex parte communications with the Officers of the Board and
the Commission relevant to the merits of such proceeding
before the Board.
(7) Judicial review.--Actions of the Officers and the
Commission under this section in connection with the
rendering of any determination are subject to judicial review
as provided under subsection (g)(28).
(f) Conduct of Proceedings of the Board.--
(1) In general.--Proceedings of the Board shall be
conducted in accordance with this section and regulations
established by the Commission under this section, in addition
to relevant principles of law.
(2) Record.--The Board shall maintain records documenting
the proceedings before the Board.
(3) Centralized process.--Proceedings before the Board
shall--
(A) be conducted at the offices of the Board without the
requirement of in-person appearances by parties or others;
(B) take place by means of written submissions, hearings,
and conferences carried out through internet-based
applications and other telecommunications facilities, except
that, in cases in which physical or other nontestimonial
evidence material to a proceeding cannot be furnished to the
Board through available telecommunications facilities, the
Board may make alternative arrangements for the submission of
such evidence that do not prejudice any party or interested
owner; and
(C) be conducted and concluded in an expeditious manner
without causing undue prejudice to any party or interested
owner.
(4) Representation.--
(A) In general.--A party or interested owner involved in a
proceeding before the Board may be, but is not required to
be, represented by--
(i) an attorney; or
(ii) a law student who is qualified under applicable law
governing representation by law students of parties in legal
proceedings and who provides such representation on a pro
bono basis.
(B) Representation of victims.--
(i) In general.--A petition involving a victim under the
age of 16 at the time the petition is filed shall be filed by
an authorized representative, qualified organization, or a
person described in subparagraph (A).
(ii) No requirement for qualified organizations to have
contact with, or knowledge of, victim.--A qualified
organization may submit a notification to a provider or file
a petition on behalf of a victim without regard to whether
the qualified organization has contact with the victim or
knows the identity, location, or contact information of the
victim.
(g) Procedures to Contest a Failure to Remove a Proscribed
Visual Depiction Relating to a Child or a Notification
Reporting a Proscribed Visual Depiction Relating to a
Child.--
(1) Procedure to contest a failure to remove.--
(A) Complainant petition.--A complainant may file a
petition to the Board claiming that, as applicable--
(i) the complainant submitted a complete notification to a
provider concerning a proscribed visual depiction relating to
a child, and that--
(I) the provider--
(aa) did not remove the proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child within the timeframe required under
subsection (c)(1)(A)(i); or
(bb) incorrectly claimed that--
(AA) the visual depiction at issue could not be located or
removed through reasonable means;
(BB) the notification was incomplete; or
(CC) the notification was duplicative under subsection
(c)(2)(C)(i); and
(II) did not file a timely petition to contest the
notification with the Board under paragraph (2); or
(ii) a provider is hosting a proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child, does not have a designated reporting
system, and the complainant was unable to serve a
notification on the provider under this subsection despite
reasonable efforts.
(B) Additional claim.--As applicable, a petition filed
under subparagraph (A) may also claim that the proscribed
visual depiction relating to a child at issue in the petition
involves recidivist hosting.
(C) Timeframe.--
(i) In general.--A petition under this paragraph shall be
considered timely if it is filed within 30 days of the
applicable start date, as defined under clause (ii).
(ii) Applicable start date.--For purposes of clause (i),
the term ``applicable start date'' means--
(I) in the case of a petition under subparagraph (A)(i)
claiming that the visual depiction was not removed or that
the provider made an incorrect claim relating to the visual
depiction or notification, the day that the provider's option
to file a petition has expired under paragraph (2)(B); and
(II) in the case of a petition under subparagraph (A)(ii)
related to a notification that could not be served, the last
day of the 2-week period that begins on the day on which the
complainant first attempted to serve a notification on the
provider involved.
(D) Identification of victim.--Any petition filed to the
Board by the victim or an authorized representative of the
victim shall include the victim's legal name. A petition
filed to the Board by a qualified organization may, but is
not required to, include the victim's legal name. Any
petition containing the victim's legal name shall be filed
under seal. The victim's legal name shall be redacted from
any documents served on the provider and interested owner or
made publicly available.
(E) Failure to remove visual depictions in timely manner.--
A complainant may file a petition under subparagraph (A)(i)
claiming that a visual depiction was not removed even if the
visual depiction was removed prior to the petition being
filed, so long as the petition claims that the visual
depiction was not removed within the timeframe specified in
subsection (c)(1).
(2) Procedure to contest a notification.--
(A) Provider petition.--If a provider receives a complete
notification as described in subsection (c)(2) through its
designated reporting system or in accordance with subsection
(c)(2)(F)(i), the provider may file a petition to the Board
claiming that the provider has a good faith belief that, as
applicable--
(i) the visual depiction that is the subject of the
notification does not constitute a proscribed visual
depiction relating to a child;
(ii) the notification is frivolous or was submitted with an
intent to harass the provider or any person;
(iii) the alleged proscribed visual depiction relating to a
child cannot reasonably be located by the provider;
(iv) for reasons beyond the control of the provider, the
provider cannot remove the proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child using reasonable means; or
(v) the notification was duplicative under subsection
(c)(2)(C)(i).
(B) Timeframe.--
(i) In general.--Subject to clauses (ii) and (iii), a
petition contesting a notification under this paragraph shall
be considered timely if it is filed by a provider not later
than 14 days after the day on which the provider receives the
notification or the notification is made complete under
subsection (c)(2)(D)(i).
(ii) No designated reporting system.--Subject to clause
(iii), if a provider does not have a designated reporting
system, a petition contesting a notification under this
paragraph shall be considered timely if it is filed by a
provider not later than 7 days after the day on which the
provider receives the notification or the notification is
made complete under subsection (c)(2)(D)(i).
(iii) Small providers.--In the case of a small provider,
each of the timeframes applicable under clauses (i) and (ii)
shall be increased by 48 hours.
(C) Temporary removal of alleged proscribed visual
depiction relating to a child.--
[[Page S1268]]
(i) In general.--If a provider files a petition to the
Board contesting a notification solely on the basis of the
reason described in subparagraph (A)(i), the provider shall
disable public and user access to the alleged proscribed
visual depiction relating to a child that is the subject of
the notification prior to the submission of the petition and
during the pendency of the adjudication, including judicial
review as provided in subsection (g)(28). Such petition shall
include a statement, under the penalty of perjury, that
public and user access to the alleged proscribed visual
depiction relating to a child has been disabled.
(ii) Effect of failure to remove.--
(I) In general.--If a provider fails to comply with clause
(i), the Board may--
(aa) dismiss the petition with prejudice; and
(bb) refer the matter to the Attorney General.
(II) Effect of dismissal.--If a provider's petition is
dismissed under clause (I)(aa), the complainant may bring a
petition under paragraph (1) as if the provider did not file
a petition within the timeframe specified in subparagraph
(B).
(iii) Effect on timing.--The Board shall prioritize the
issuance of a determination concerning any petition subject
to this subparagraph to the extent possible without causing
undue prejudice to any party or interested owner.
(3) Commencement of proceeding.--
(A) In general.--In order to commence a proceeding under
this section, a petitioning party shall, subject to such
additional requirements as may be prescribed in regulations
established by the Commission, file a petition with the
Board, that includes a statement of claims and material facts
in support of each claim in the petition. A petition may set
forth more than one claim. A petition shall also include
information establishing that it has been filed within the
applicable timeframe.
(B) Review of petitions by child online protection
attorneys.--Child Online Protection Attorneys may review
petitions to assess whether they are complete. The Board may
permit a petitioning party to refile a defective petition.
The Attorney may assist the petitioning party in making any
corrections.
(C) Dismissal.--The Board may dismiss, with or without
prejudice, any petition that fails to comply with
subparagraph (A).
(4) Service of process requirements for petitions.--
(A) In general.--For purposes of petitions under paragraphs
(1) and (2), the petitioning party shall, at or before the
time of filing a petition, serve a copy on the other party. A
corporation, partnership, or unincorporated association that
is subject to suit in courts of general jurisdiction under a
common name shall be served by delivering a copy of the
petition to its service agent, if one has been so designated.
(B) Manner of service.--
(i) Service by nondigital means.--Service by nondigital
means may be any of the following:
(I) Personal, including delivery to a responsible person at
the office of counsel.
(II) By priority mail.
(III) By third-party commercial carrier for delivery within
3 days.
(ii) Service by digital means.--Service of a paper may be
made by sending it by any digital means, including through a
provider's designated reporting system.
(iii) When service is completed.--Service by mail or by
commercial carrier is complete 3 days after the mailing or
delivery to the carrier. Service by digital means is complete
on filing or sending, unless the party making service is
notified that the paper was not received by the party served.
(C) Proof of service.--A petition filed under paragraph (1)
or (2) shall contain--
(i) an acknowledgment of service by the person served;
(ii) proof of service consisting of a statement by the
person who made service certifying--
(I) the date and manner of service;
(II) the names of the persons served; and
(III) their mail or electronic addresses, facsimile
numbers, or the addresses of the places of delivery, as
appropriate for the manner of service; or
(iii) a statement indicating that service could not
reasonably be completed.
(D) Attorneys fees and costs.--Except as otherwise provided
in this subsection, all parties to a petition shall bear
their own attorney fees and costs.
(5) Service of other documents.--Documents submitted or
relied upon in a proceeding, other than the petition, shall
be served in accordance with regulations established by the
Commission.
(6) Notification of right to opt out.--In order to
effectuate service on a responding party, the petition shall
notify the responding party of their right to opt out of the
proceeding before the Board, and the consequences of opting
out and not opting out, including a prominent statement that
by not opting out the respondent--
(A) loses the opportunity to have the dispute decided by a
court created under article III of the Constitution of the
United States; and
(B) waives the right to a jury trial regarding the dispute.
(7) Opt-out procedure.--Within 1 week of completion of
service of the petition under paragraph (4), 1 or more
Officers of the Board shall hold a conference to explain that
the responding party has a right to opt out of the proceeding
before the Board, and describe the consequences of opting out
and not opting out as described in paragraph (6). A
responding party shall have a period of 30 days, beginning on
the date of conference, in which to provide written notice of
such choice to the petitioning party and the Child Online
Protection Board. If the responding party does not submit an
opt-out notice to the Child Online Protection Board within
that 30-day period, the proceeding shall be deemed an active
proceeding and the responding party shall be bound by the
determination in the proceeding. If the responding party opts
out of the proceeding during that 30-day period, the
proceeding shall be dismissed without prejudice.
(8) Scheduling.--Upon receipt of a complete petition and at
the conclusion of the opt out procedure described in
paragraph (7), the Board shall issue a schedule for the
future conduct of the proceeding. A schedule issued by the
Board may be amended by the Board in the interests of
justice.
(9) Conferences.--One or more Officers of the Board may
hold a conference to address case management or discovery
issues in a proceeding, which shall be noted upon the record
of the proceeding and may be recorded or transcribed.
(10) Party submissions.--A proceeding of the Board may not
include any formal motion practice, except that, subject to
applicable regulations and procedures of the Board--
(A) the parties to the proceeding and an interested owner
may make requests to the Board to address case management and
discovery matters, and submit responses thereto; and
(B) the Board may request or permit parties and interested
owners to make submissions addressing relevant questions of
fact or law, or other matters, including matters raised sua
sponte by the Officers of the Board, and offer responses
thereto.
(11) Discovery.--
(A) In general.--Discovery in a proceeding shall be limited
to the production of relevant information and documents,
written interrogatories, and written requests for admission,
as provided in regulations established by the Commission,
except that--
(i) upon the request of a party, and for good cause shown,
the Board may approve additional relevant discovery, on a
limited basis, in particular matters, and may request
specific information and documents from parties in the
proceeding, consistent with the interests of justice;
(ii) upon the request of a party or interested owner, and
for good cause shown, the Board may issue a protective order
to limit the disclosure of documents or testimony that
contain confidential information;
(iii) after providing notice and an opportunity to respond,
and upon good cause shown, the Board may apply an adverse
inference with respect to disputed facts against a party or
interested owner who has failed to timely provide discovery
materials in response to a proper request for materials that
could be relevant to such facts; and
(iv) an interested owner shall only produce or receive
discovery to the extent it relates to whether the visual
depiction at issue constitutes a proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child.
(B) Privacy.--Any alleged proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child received by the Board or the Commission
as part of a proceeding shall be filed under seal and shall
remain in the care, custody, and control of the Board or the
Commission. For purposes of discovery, the Board or
Commission shall make the proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child reasonably available to the parties and
interested owner but shall not provide copies. The privacy
protections described in section 3509(d) of title 18, United
States Code, shall apply to the Board, Commission, provider,
complainant, and interested owner.
(12) Responses.--The responding party may refute any of the
claims or factual assertions made by the petitioning party,
and may also claim that the petition was not filed in the
applicable timeframe or is barred under subsection (h). If a
complainant is the petitioning party, a provider may claim in
response that the notification was incomplete and could not
be made complete under subsection (c)(2)(D)(i). The
petitioning party may refute any responses submitted by the
responding party.
(13) Interested owner.--An individual notified under
paragraph (19)(C)(ii) may, within 14 days of being so
notified, file a motion to join the proceeding for the
limited purpose of claiming that the visual depiction at
issue does not constitute a proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child. The Board shall serve the motion on both
parties. Such motion shall include a factual basis and a
signed statement, submitted under penalty of perjury,
indicating that the individual produced or created the visual
depiction at issue. The Board shall dismiss any motion that
does not include the signed statement or that was submitted
by an individual who did not produce or create the visual
depiction at issue. If the motion is granted, the interested
owner may also claim that the notification and petition were
filed with an intent to harass the interested owner. Any
party may refute the claims and factual assertions made by
the interested owner.
(14) Evidence.--The Board may consider the following types
of evidence in a proceeding, and such evidence may be
admitted
[[Page S1269]]
without application of formal rules of evidence:
(A) Documentary and other nontestimonial evidence that is
relevant to the petitions or responses in the proceeding.
(B) Testimonial evidence, submitted under penalty of
perjury in written form or in accordance with paragraph (15),
limited to statements of the parties and nonexpert witnesses,
that is relevant to the petitions or responses in a
proceeding, except that, in exceptional cases, expert witness
testimony or other types of testimony may be permitted by the
Board for good cause shown.
(15) Hearings.--Unless waived by all parties, the Board
shall conduct a hearing to receive oral presentations on
issues of fact or law from parties and witnesses to a
proceeding, including oral testimony, subject to the
following:
(A) Any such hearing shall be attended by not fewer than
two of the Officers of the Board.
(B) The hearing shall be noted upon the record of the
proceeding and, subject to subparagraph (C), may be recorded
or transcribed as deemed necessary by the Board.
(C) A recording or transcript of the hearing shall be made
available to any Officer of the Board who is not in
attendance.
(16) Voluntary dismissal.--
(A) By petitioning party.--Upon the written request of a
petitioning party, the Board shall dismiss the petition, with
or without prejudice.
(B) By responding party or interested owner.--Upon written
request of a responding party or interested owner, the Board
shall dismiss any responses to the petition, and shall
consider all claims and factual assertions in the petition to
be true.
(17) Factual findings.--Subject to paragraph (11)(A)(iii),
the Board shall make factual findings based upon a
preponderance of the evidence.
(18) Determinations.--
(A) Nature and contents.--A determination rendered by the
Board in a proceeding shall--
(i) be reached by a majority of the Board;
(ii) be in writing, and include an explanation of the
factual and legal basis of the determination; and
(iii) include a clear statement of all fines, costs, and
other relief awarded.
(B) Dissent.--An Officer of the Board who dissents from a
decision contained in a determination under subparagraph (A)
may append a statement setting forth the grounds for that
dissent.
(19) Publication and disclosure.--
(A) Publication.--Each final determination of the Board
shall be made available on a publicly accessible website,
except that the final determination shall be redacted to
protect confidential information that is the subject of a
protective order under paragraph (11)(A)(ii) or information
protected pursuant to paragraph (11)(B) and any other
information protected from public disclosure under the
Federal Trade Commission Act or any other applicable
provision of law.
(B) Freedom of information act.--All information relating
to proceedings of the Board under this section is exempt from
disclosure to the public under section 552(b)(3) of title 5,
except for determinations, records, and information published
under subparagraph (A). Any information that is disclosed
under this subparagraph shall have redacted any information
that is the subject of a protective order under paragraph
(11)(A)(ii) or protected pursuant to paragraph (11)(B).
(C) Effect of petition on non-disclosure period.--
(i) Submission of a petition extends the non-disclosure
period under subsection (c)(2)(I) for the pendency of the
proceeding. The provider may submit an objection to the Board
that nondisclosure is contrary to the interests of justice.
The complainant may, but is not required to, respond to the
objection. The Board should sustain the objection unless
there is reason to believe that the circumstances in section
3486(a)(6)(B) of title 18, United States Code, exist and
outweigh the interests of justice.
(ii) If the Board sustains an objection to the
nondisclosure period, the provider or the Board may notify
the apparent owner of the visual depiction in question about
the proceeding, and include instructions on how the owner may
move to join the proceeding under paragraph (13).
(iii) If applicable, the nondisclosure period expires 120
after the Board's determination becomes final, except it
shall expire immediately upon the Board's determination
becoming final if the Board finds that the visual depiction
is not a proscribed visual depiction relating to a minor.
(iv) The interested owner of a visual depiction may not
bring any legal action against any party related to the
proscribed visual depiction relating to a child until the
Board's determination is final. Once the determination is
final, the owner of the visual depiction may pursue any legal
relief available under the law, subject to subsections (h),
(k), and (l).
(20) Responding party's default.--If the Board finds that
service of the petition on the responding party could not
reasonably be completed, or the responding party has failed
to appear or has ceased participating in a proceeding, as
demonstrated by the responding party's failure, without
justifiable cause, to meet one or more deadlines or
requirements set forth in the schedule adopted by the Board,
the Board may enter a default determination, including the
dismissal of any responses asserted by the responding party,
as follows and in accordance with such other requirements as
the Commission may establish by regulation:
(A) The Board shall require the petitioning party to submit
relevant evidence and other information in support of the
petitioning party's claims and, upon review of such evidence
and any other requested submissions from the petitioning
party, shall determine whether the materials so submitted are
sufficient to support a finding in favor of the petitioning
party under applicable law and, if so, the appropriate relief
and damages, if any, to be awarded.
(B) If the Board makes an affirmative determination under
subparagraph (A), the Board shall prepare a proposed default
determination, and shall provide written notice to the
responding party at all addresses, including email addresses,
reflected in the records of the proceeding before the Board,
of the pendency of a default determination by the Board and
of the legal significance of such determination. Such notice
shall be accompanied by the proposed default determination
and shall provide that the responding party has a period of
30 days, beginning on the date of the notice, to submit any
evidence or other information in opposition to the proposed
default determination.
(C) If the responding party responds to the notice provided
under subparagraph (B) within the 30-day period provided in
such subparagraph, the Board shall consider responding
party's submissions and, after allowing the petitioning party
to address such submissions, maintain, or amend its proposed
determination as appropriate, and the resulting determination
shall not be a default determination.
(D) If the respondent fails to respond to the notice
provided under subparagraph (B), the Board shall proceed to
issue the default determination. Thereafter, the respondent
may only challenge such determination to the extent permitted
under paragraph (28).
(21) Petitioning party or interested owner's failure to
proceed.--If a petitioning party or interested owner who has
joined the proceeding fails to proceed, as demonstrated by
the failure, without justifiable cause, to meet one or more
deadlines or requirements set forth in the schedule adopted
by the Board, the Board may, upon providing written notice to
the petitioning party or interested owner and a period of 30
days, beginning on the date of the notice, to respond to the
notice, and after considering any such response, issue a
determination dismissing the claims made by the petitioning
party or interested owner. The Board may order the
petitioning party to pay attorneys' fees and costs under
paragraph (26)(B), if appropriate. Thereafter, the
petitioning party may only challenge such determination to
the extent permitted under paragraph (28).
(22) Request for reconsideration.--A party or interested
owner may, within 30 days after the date on which the Board
issues a determination under paragraph (18), submit to the
Board a written request for reconsideration of, or an
amendment to, such determination if the party or interested
owner identifies a clear error of law or fact material to the
outcome, or a technical mistake. After providing the other
parties an opportunity to address such request, the Board
shall either deny the request or issue an amended
determination.
(23) Review by commission.--If the Board denies a party or
interested owner a request for reconsideration of a
determination under paragraph (22), the party or interested
owner may, within 30 days after the date of such denial,
request review of the determination by the Commission in
accordance with regulations established by the Commission.
After providing the other party or interested owner an
opportunity to address the request, the Commission shall
either deny the request for review, or remand the proceeding
to the Board for reconsideration of issues specified in the
remand and for issuance of an amended determination. Such
amended determination shall not be subject to further
consideration or review, other than under paragraph (28).
(24) Favorable ruling on complainant petition.--
(A) In general.--If the Board grants a complainant's
petition filed under this section, notwithstanding any other
law, the Board shall--
(i) order the provider to immediately remove the proscribed
visual depiction relating to a child, and to permanently
delete all copies of the visual depiction known to and under
the control of the provider unless the Board orders the
provider to preserve the visual depiction;
(ii) impose a fine of $50,000 per proscribed visual
depiction relating to a child covered by the determination,
but if the Board finds that--
(I) the provider removed the proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child after the period set forth in subsection
(c)(1)(A)(i), but before the complainant filed a petition,
such fine shall be $25,000;
(II) the provider has engaged in recidivist hosting for the
first time with respect to the proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child in question, such fine shall be $100,000
per proscribed visual depiction relating to a child; or
(III) the provider has engaged in recidivist hosting of the
proscribed visual depiction relating to a child in question 2
or more times, such fine shall be $200,000 per proscribed
visual depiction relating to a child;
(iii) order the provider to pay reasonable costs to the
complainant; and
[[Page S1270]]
(iv) refer any matters involving intentional or willful
conduct by a provider with respect to a proscribed visual
depiction relating to a child, or recidivist hosting, to the
Attorney General for prosecution under any applicable laws.
(B) Provider payment of fine and costs.--Notwithstanding
any other law, the Board shall direct a provider to promptly
pay fines and costs imposed under subparagraph (A) as
follows:
(i) If the petition was filed by a victim, such fine and
costs shall be paid to the victim.
(ii) If the petition was filed by an authorized
representative of a victim--
(I) 30 percent of such fine shall be paid to the authorized
representative and 70 percent of such fine paid to the
victim; and
(II) costs shall be paid to the authorized representative.
(iii) If the petition was filed by a qualified
organization--
(I) the fine shall be paid to the Child Pornography Victims
Reserve as provided in section 2259B of title 18, United
States Code; and
(II) costs shall be paid to the qualified organization.
(25) Effect of denial of provider petition.--
(A) In general.--If the Board denies a provider's petition
to contest a notification filed under paragraph (2), it shall
order the provider to immediately remove the proscribed
visual depiction relating to a child, and to permanently
delete all copies of the visual depiction known to and under
the control of the provider unless the Board orders the
provider to preserve the visual depiction.
(B) Referral for failure to remove material.--If a provider
does not remove and, if applicable, permanently delete a
proscribed visual depiction relating to a child within 48
hours of the Board issuing a determination under subparagraph
(A), or not later than 2 business days of the Board issuing a
determination under subparagraph (A) concerning a small
provider, the Board shall refer the matter to the Attorney
General for prosecution under any applicable laws.
(C) Costs for frivolous petition.--If the Board finds that
a provider filed a petition under paragraph (2) for a
harassing or improper purpose or without reasonable basis in
law or fact, the Board shall order the provider to pay the
reasonable costs of the complainant.
(26) Effect of denial of complainant's petition or
favorable ruling on provider's petition.--
(A) Restoration.--If the Board grants a provider's petition
filed under paragraph (2) or if the Board denies a petition
filed by the complainant under paragraph (1), the provider
may restore access to any visual depiction that was at issue
in the proceeding.
(B) Costs for incomplete or frivolous notification and
harassment.--If, in granting or denying a petition as
described in subparagraph (A), the Board finds that the
notification contested in the petition could not be made
complete under subsection (c)(2)(D), is frivolous, or is
duplicative under subsection (c)(2)(C)(i), the Board may
order the complainant to pay costs to the provider and any
interested owner, which shall not exceed a total of $10,000,
or, if the Board finds that the complainant filed the
notification with an intent to harass the provider or any
person, a total of $15,000.
(27) Civil action; other relief.--
(A) In general.--Whenever any provider or complainant fails
to comply with a final determination of the Board issued
under paragraph (18), the Department of Justice may commence
a civil action in a district court of the United States to
enforce compliance with such determination.
(B) Savings clause.--Nothing in this section shall be
construed to limit the authority of the Commission or
Department of Justice under any other provision of law.
(28) Challenges to the determination.--
(A) Bases for challenge.--Not later than 45 days after the
date on which the Board issues a determination or amended
determination in a proceeding, or not later than 45 days
after the date on which the Board completes any process of
reconsideration or the Commission completes a review of the
determination, whichever occurs later, a party may seek an
order from a district court, located where the provider or
complainant conducts business or resides, vacating,
modifying, or correcting the determination of the Board in
the following cases:
(i) If the determination was issued as a result of fraud,
corruption, misrepresentation, or other misconduct.
(ii) If the Board exceeded its authority or failed to
render a determination concerning the subject matter at
issue.
(iii) In the case of a default determination or
determination based on a failure to prosecute, if it is
established that the default or failure was due to excusable
neglect.
(B) Procedure to challenge.--
(i) Notice of application.--Notice of the application to
challenge a determination of the Board shall be provided to
all parties to the proceeding before the Board, in accordance
with the procedures applicable to service of a motion in the
court where the application is made.
(ii) Staying of proceedings.--For purposes of an
application under this paragraph, any judge who is authorized
to issue an order to stay the proceedings in an any other
action brought in the same court may issue an order, to be
served with the notice of application, staying proceedings to
enforce the award while the challenge is pending.
(29) Final determination.--A determination of the Board
shall be final on the date that all opportunities for a party
or interested owner to seek reconsideration or review of a
determination under paragraph (22) or (23), or for a party to
challenge the determination under paragraph (28), have
expired or are exhausted.
(h) Effect of Proceeding.--
(1) Subsequent proceedings.--The issuance of a final
determination by the Board shall preclude the filing by any
party of any subsequent petition that is based on the
notification at issue in the final determination. This
paragraph shall not limit the ability of any party to file a
subsequent petition based on any other notification.
(2) Determination.--Except as provided in paragraph (1),
the issuance of a final determination by the Board, including
a default determination or determination based on a failure
to prosecute, shall not preclude relitigation of any factual
matter in any subsequent legal action or proceeding before
any court, tribunal, or the Board, and any determination of
the Board may not be cited or relied upon as legal precedent
in any such legal action or proceeding except that--
(A) no party or interested owner may relitigate any
allegation, factual claim, or response that was properly
asserted and considered by the Board in any subsequent
proceeding before the Board involving the same parties or
interested owner and the same proscribed visual depiction
relating to a minor; and
(B) a finding by the Board that a visual depiction
constitutes a proscribed visual depiction relating to a child
may not be relitigated in any civil proceeding brought by an
interested owner.
(3) Other materials in proceeding.--A submission or
statement of a party, interested owner, or witness made in
connection with a proceeding before the Board, including a
proceeding that is dismissed, may not serve as the basis of
any action or proceeding before any court or tribunal except
for any legal action related to perjury or for conduct
described in subsection (k)(2) . A statement of a party,
interested owner, or witness may be received as evidence, in
accordance with applicable rules, in any subsequent legal
action or proceeding before any court, tribunal, or the
Board.
(4) Failure to assert response.--Except as provided in
paragraph (1), the failure or inability to assert any
allegation, factual claim, or response in a proceeding before
the Board shall not preclude the assertion of that response
in any subsequent legal action or proceeding before any
court, tribunal, or the Board.
(i) Administration.--The Commission may issue regulations
in accordance with section 553 of title 5, United States
Code, to implement this section.
(j) Study.--
(1) In general.--Not later than 3 years after the date on
which Child Online Protection Board issues the first
determination under this section, the Commission shall
conduct, and report to Congress on, a study that addresses
the following:
(A) The use and efficacy of the Child Online Protection
Board in expediting the removal of proscribed visual
depictions relating to children and resolving disputes
concerning said visual depictions, including the number of
proceedings the Child Online Protection Board could
reasonably administer with current allocated resources.
(B) Whether adjustments to the authority of the Child
Online Protection Board are necessary or advisable, including
with respect to permissible claims, responses, fines, costs,
and joinder by interested parties;
(C) Whether the Child Online Protection Board should be
permitted to expire, be extended, or be expanded.
(D) Such other matters as the Commission believes may be
pertinent concerning the Child Online Protection Board.
(2) Consultation.--In conducting the study and completing
the report required under paragraph (1), the Commission
shall, to the extent feasible, consult with complainants,
victims, and providers to include their views on the matters
addressed in the study and report.
(k) Limited Liability.--
(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), a
civil claim or criminal charge against the Board, a provider,
a complainant, interested owner, or representative under
subsection (f)(4), for distributing, receiving, accessing, or
possessing a proscribed visual depiction relating to a child
for the sole and exclusive purpose of complying with the
requirements of this section, or for the sole and exclusive
purpose of seeking or providing legal advice in order to
comply with this section, may not be brought in any Federal
or State court.
(2) Intentional, reckless, or other misconduct.--Paragraph
(1) shall not apply to a claim against the Board, a provider,
a complainant, interested owner, or representative under
subsection (f)(4)--
(A) for any conduct unrelated to compliance with the
requirements of this section;
(B) if the Board, provider, complainant, interested owner,
or representative under subsection (f)(4) (as applicable)--
(i) engaged in intentional misconduct; or
(ii) acted, or failed to act--
(I) with actual malice; or
[[Page S1271]]
(II) with reckless disregard to a substantial risk of
causing physical injury without legal justification; or
(C) in the case of a claim against a complainant, if the
complainant falsely claims to be a victim, an authorized
representative of a victim, or a qualified organization.
(3) Minimizing access.--The Board, a provider, a
complainant, an interested owner, or a representative under
subsection (f)(4) shall--
(A) minimize the number of individuals that are provided
access to any alleged, contested, or actual proscribed visual
depictions relating to a child under this section;
(B) ensure that any alleged, contested, or actual
proscribed visual depictions relating to a child are
transmitted and stored in a secure manner and are not
distributed to or accessed by any individual other than as
needed to implement this section; and
(C) ensure that all copies of any proscribed visual
depictions relating to a child are permanently deleted upon a
request from the Board, Commission, or the Federal Bureau of
Investigation.
(l) Provider Immunity From Claims Based on Removal of
Visual Depiction.--A provider shall not be liable to any
person for any claim based on the provider's good faith
removal of any alleged proscribed visual depiction relating
to a child pursuant to a notification under this section,
regardless of whether the visual depiction is found to be a
proscribed visual depiction relating to a child by the Board.
(m) Continued Applicability of Federal, State, and Tribal
Law.--
(1) In general.--This Act shall not be construed to impair,
supersede, or limit a provision of Federal, State, or Tribal
law.
(2) No preemption.--Nothing in this Act shall prohibit a
State or Tribal government from adopting and enforcing a
provision of law governing child sex abuse material that is
at least as protective of the rights of a victim as this
section.
(n) Discovery.--Nothing in this Act affects discovery, a
subpoena or any other court order, or any other judicial
process otherwise in accordance with Federal or State law.
(o) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall be
construed to relieve a provider from any obligation imposed
on the provider under section 2258A of title 18, United
States Code.
(p) Funding.--There are authorized to be appropriated such
sums as may be necessary to pay the costs incurred by the
Commission under this section, including the costs of
establishing and maintaining the Board and its facilities.
(q) Sunset.--Except for subsections (a), (h), (k), (l),
(m), (n), (o), and (r), this section shall expire 5 years
after the date on which the Child Online Protection Board
issues its first determination under this section.
(r) Definitions.--In this section:
(1) Board.--The term ``Board'' means the Child Online
Protection Board established under subsection (e).
(2) Child sexual abuse material.--The term ``child sexual
abuse material'' has the meaning provided in section 2256(8)
of title 18, United States Code.
(3) Commission.--The term ``Commission'' means the Federal
Trade Commission.
(4) Complainant.--The term ``complainant'' means--
(A) the victim appearing in the proscribed visual depiction
relating to a child;
(B) an authorized representative of the victim appearing in
the proscribed visual depiction relating to a child; or
(C) a qualified organization.
(5) Designated reporting system.--The term ``designated
reporting system'' means a digital means of submitting a
notification to a provider under this subsection that is
publicly and prominently available, easily accessible, and
easy to use.
(6) Host.--The term ``host'' means to store or make a
visual depiction available or accessible to the public or any
users through digital means or on a system or network
controlled or operated by or for a provider.
(7) Identifiable person.--The term ``identifiable person''
means a person who is recognizable as an actual person by the
person's face, likeness, or other distinguishing
characteristic, such as a unique birthmark or other
recognizable feature.
(8) Interested owner.--The term ``interested owner'' means
an individual who has joined a proceeding before the Board
under subsection (g)(13).
(9) Party.--The term ``party'' means the complainant or
provider.
(10) Proscribed visual depiction relating to a child.--The
term ``proscribed visual depiction relating to a child''
means child sexual abuse material or a related exploitative
visual depiction.
(11) Provider.--The term ``provider'' means a provider of
an interactive computer service, as that term is defined in
section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C.
230), and for purposes of subsections (k) and (l), includes
any director, officer, employee, or agent of such provider.
(12) Qualified organization.--The term ``qualified
organization'' means an organization described in section
501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 that is exempt
from tax under section 501(a) of that Code that works to
address child sexual abuse material and to support victims of
child sexual abuse material.
(13) Recidivist hosting.--The term ``recidivist hosting''
means, with respect to a provider, that the provider removes
a proscribed visual depiction relating to a child pursuant to
a notification or determination under this subsection, and
then subsequently hosts a visual depiction that has the same
hash value or other technical identifier as the visual
depiction that had been so removed.
(14) Related exploitive visual depiction.--The term
``related exploitive visual depiction'' means a visual
depiction of an identifiable person of any age where the
visual depiction does not constitute child sexual abuse
material but is published and associated with child sexual
abuse material depicting that person.
(15) Small provider.--The term ``small provider'' means a
provider that, for the most recent calendar year, averaged
less than 10,000,000 active users on a monthly basis in the
United States.
(16) Victim.--
(A) In general.--The term ``victim'' means an individual of
any age who is depicted in child sexual abuse material while
under 18 years of age.
(B) Assumption of rights.--In the case of a victim who is
under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or
deceased, the legal guardian of the victim or representative
of the victim's estate, another family member, or any other
person appointed as suitable by a court, may assume the
victim's rights to submit a notification or file a petition
under this section, but in no event shall an individual who
produced or conspired to produce the child sexual abuse
material depicting the victim be named as such representative
or guardian.
(17) Visual depiction.--The term ``visual depiction'' has
the meaning provided in section 2256(5) of title 18, United
States Code.
SEC. 8. SEVERABILITY.
If any provision of this Act, an amendment made by this
Act, or the application of such provision or amendment to any
person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the
remainder of this Act and the amendments made by this Act,
and the application of the provision or amendment to any
other person or circumstance, shall not be affected.
______
By Mr. THUNE (for himself, Mr. Braun, Mr. Scott of South
Carolina, and Mr. Tuberville):
S. 1213. A bill to require the Secretary of Labor to implement the
industry-recognized apprenticeship program process, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
Mr. THUNE. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the text of
the bill be printed in the Record.
There being no objection, the text of the bill was ordered to be
printed in the Record, as follows:
S. 1213
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Training America's Workforce
Act''.
SEC. 2. INDUSTRY-RECOGNIZED APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS.
The Act of August 16, 1937 (commonly known as the
``National Apprenticeship Act''; 50 Stat. 664, chapter 663;
29 U.S.C. 50 et seq.) is amended--
(1) by redesignating section 4 as section 5; and
(2) by inserting after section 3 the following:
``SEC. 4. INDUSTRY-RECOGNIZED APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS.
``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Industry-recognized apprenticeship program.--The term
`industry-recognized apprenticeship program'--
``(A) means a high-quality, competency-based apprenticeship
program that is--
``(i) recognized by a standards recognition entity; and
``(ii) developed or delivered by an entity such as a trade
or industry group, corporation, nonprofit organization,
institution of higher education, labor organization, or
labor-management organization (among other entities, as
determined appropriate by the Secretary); and
``(B) may include a program that meets the requirements of
subparagraph (A) and trains apprentices to perform
construction activities.
``(2) Secretary.--The term `Secretary' means the Secretary
of Labor.
``(3) Standards recognition entity.--The term `standards
recognition entity' means a private sector or public sector
entity that--
``(A) is recognized by the Secretary (acting through the
Administrator of the Office of Apprenticeship of the
Department of Labor) for purposes of recognizing
apprenticeship programs as industry-recognized apprenticeship
programs;
``(B) has a demonstrated ability to ensure an industry-
recognized apprenticeship program meets the standards
described in subsection (d); and
``(C) has the capacity to perform the oversight necessary
to ensure the ongoing compliance of an industry-recognized
apprenticeship program with such standards.
``(b) Recognition of Industry-recognized Apprenticeship
Programs.--
``(1) In general.--By not later than 1 year after the date
of enactment of the Training America's Workforce Act, the
Secretary,
[[Page S1272]]
after consultation with private sector industry associations,
institutions of higher education, State, local, and Tribal
governmental agencies, and other stakeholders the Secretary
determines appropriate, shall establish a process to
recognize entities as standards recognition entities for
purposes of recognizing industry-recognized apprenticeship
programs under this Act.
``(2) Limited discretion.--The Secretary shall not deny
recognition as a standards recognition entity to a private
sector or public sector entity that meets the requirements of
subparagraphs (B) and (C) of subsection (a)(3) and
satisfactorily completes the process established under
paragraph (1).
``(3) Administrative flexibility.--The Secretary shall
ensure that the recognition process for standards recognition
entities established under paragraph (1) is a flexible
process with low administrative and reporting burdens for the
standards recognition entities and industry-recognized
apprenticeship programs.
``(c) Requirements.--The recognition process of standards
recognition entities and the activities and procedures
carried out by the standards recognition entities shall, to
the maximum extent practicable and except as otherwise
explicitly provided in this section, be consistent with the
requirements, activities, and procedures under subpart B of
part 29 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, as such
subpart was in effect on May 11, 2020.
``(d) Standards.--Each standards recognition entity shall
establish standards for the industry-recognized
apprenticeship programs recognized by the entity that, at a
minimum, ensure that each industry-recognized apprenticeship
program--
``(1) includes--
``(A) paid work;
``(B) on-the-job learning;
``(C) a mentorship component;
``(D) education and classroom instruction;
``(E) a written training plan and apprenticeship agreement;
and
``(F) safety and supervision components; and
``(2) provides, during participation in or upon completion
of the apprenticeship, an industry-recognized credential.
``(e) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall
be construed as affecting apprenticeship programs registered
under this Act and recognized by the Secretary.''.
____________________