[Congressional Record Volume 169, Number 44 (Wednesday, March 8, 2023)]
[Senate]
[Pages S718-S719]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




SENATE RESOLUTION 99--SUPPORTING THE GOALS OF INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S DAY

  Mrs. SHAHEEN (for herself, Ms. Collins, Ms. Duckworth, Ms. Baldwin, 
Mr. Kaine, and Mr. Van Hollen) submitted the following resolution; 
which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations:

                               S. Res. 99

       Whereas, as of March 2023, there are approximately 
     3,990,000,000 women and girls in the world, making up \1/2\ 
     of the world's population;
       Whereas women and girls around the world--
       (1) have fundamental human rights;
       (2) play a critical role in providing and caring for their 
     families and driving positive change in their communities;
       (3) contribute substantially to food security, economic 
     growth, the prevention and resolution of conflict, and the 
     sustainability of peace and stability;
       (4) are affected in different and often disproportionate 
     ways by global, country, and community circumstances, 
     including economic downturns, global health concerns, 
     conflict, and migration; and
       (5) must have meaningful protections and opportunities to 
     more fully participate in and lead the political, social, and 
     economic lives of their communities and countries;
       Whereas the advancement and empowerment of women and girls 
     around the world is a foreign policy priority for the United 
     States and is critical to the achievement of global peace, 
     prosperity, and sustainability;
       Whereas, on October 6, 2017, the Women, Peace, and Security 
     Act of 2017 (22 U.S.C. 2152j et seq.) was enacted into law, 
     which includes requirements for a government-wide ``Women, 
     Peace, and Security Strategy'' to promote and strengthen the 
     participation of women in peace negotiations and conflict 
     prevention overseas, enhanced training for relevant United 
     States Government personnel, and follow-up evaluations of the 
     effectiveness of the strategy;
       Whereas the United States Strategy on Women, Peace, and 
     Security, dated June 2019, recognizes that--
       (1) the ``[s]ocial and political marginalization of women 
     strongly correlates with the likelihood that a country will 
     experience conflict'';
       (2) there is a ``tremendous amount of untapped potential 
     among the world's women and girls to identify, recommend, and 
     implement effective solutions to conflict'', and there are 
     ``benefits derived from creating opportunities for women and 
     girls to serve as agents of peace via political, economic, 
     and social empowerment''; and
       (3) barriers to the meaningful participation of women and 
     girls in conflict prevention and resolution efforts ``include 
     under-representation in political leadership, pervasive 
     violence against women and girls, and persistent inequality 
     in many societies'';
       Whereas, according to the United Nations Entity for Gender 
     Equality and the Empowerment of Women (commonly referred to 
     as ``UN Women''), peace negotiations are more likely to end 
     in a peace agreement when women and women's groups play a 
     meaningful role in the negotiation process;
       Whereas, according to a study by the International Peace 
     Institute, a peace agreement is 35 percent more likely to 
     last at least 15 years if women participate in the 
     development of the peace agreement;
       Whereas, according to the Bureau of International Narcotics 
     and Law Enforcement Affairs of the Department of State, the 
     full and meaningful participation of women in criminal 
     justice professions and security forces vastly enhances the 
     effectiveness of the resulting workforces;
       Whereas, despite the contributions of women to society, 
     hundreds of millions of women and girls around the world 
     continue to be denied the right to participate freely in 
     civic and economic life, lack fundamental legal protections, 
     and remain vulnerable to exploitation and abuse;
       Whereas, every year, approximately 12,000,000 girls are 
     married before they reach the age of 18, which means that--
       (1) nearly 33,000 girls are married every day; or
       (2) nearly 23 girls are married every minute;
       Whereas, despite global progress, it is predicted that by 
     2030 more than 150,000,000 more girls will marry before 
     reaching the age of 18, and approximately 2,400,000 girls who 
     are married before reaching the age of 18 are under the age 
     of 15;
       Whereas girls living in countries affected by conflict or 
     other humanitarian crises are often the most vulnerable to 
     child marriage, and 9 of the 10 countries with the highest 
     rates of child marriage are considered fragile or extremely 
     fragile;
       Whereas, on August 15, 2021, the Taliban entered Kabul, 
     Afghanistan, and toppled the elected government of the 
     Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, resulting in de facto 
     Taliban rule over the people of Afghanistan;
       Whereas the Taliban continues to restrict the ability of 
     women and girls to exist in Afghan society, including by--
       (1) prohibiting girls from going to school past sixth 
     grade, including banning women from attending university;
       (2) limiting the employment that women can pursue outside 
     of their households;
       (3) mandating that women cover their heads and faces in 
     public and punishing those who wear brightly colored 
     clothing;
       (4) restricting the independent movement of women and 
     girls;
       (5) closing domestic abuse shelters, sometimes forcing 
     residents to return to their abusive families;
       (6) preventing women aid workers from operating in 
     Afghanistan, thus restricting operations in support of 
     humanitarian assistance for all Afghans;
       (7) jailing women human rights defenders; and
       (8) limiting access to women's healthcare, including 
     preventative and emergency services, and requiring a male 
     chaperone at most clinics and hospitals;
       Whereas, according to the United Nation's Children's Fund 
     (commonly referred to as ``UNICEF'')--
       (1) approximately \1/4\ of girls between the ages of 15 and 
     19 have been victims of some form of physical violence;
       (2) approximately 120,000,000 girls worldwide, about 1 in 
     10, have experienced forced sexual acts; and
       (3) an estimated 1 in 3 women around the world has 
     experienced some form of physical or sexual violence;
       Whereas the overall level of violence against women is a 
     better predictor of the peacefulness of a country, the 
     compliance of a country with international treaty 
     obligations, and the relations of a country with neighboring 
     countries than indicators measuring the level of democracy, 
     level of wealth, or level of institutionalization of the 
     country;
       Whereas women around the world remain vastly 
     underrepresented in government positions, as women account 
     for only 25.6 percent of national parliamentarians and 21 
     percent of government ministers;
       Whereas the ability of women and girls to realize their 
     full potential is critical to the ability of a country to 
     achieve strong and lasting economic growth, self-reliance, 
     and political and social stability;
       Whereas, although the United Nations Millennium Project 
     reached the goal of achieving gender parity in primary 
     education in most countries in 2015, the COVID-19 global 
     pandemic has deepened gender inequality in education and more 
     work remains to be done to achieve gender equality in primary 
     and secondary education, particularly in secondary education 
     worldwide as gender gaps persist and widen, by addressing--
       (1) discriminatory practices;
       (2) harmful cultural and social norms;
       (3) inadequate sanitation facilities, including facilities 
     to manage menstruation;
       (4) child, early, and forced marriage;
       (5) poverty;
       (6) food insecurity and malnutrition;
       (7) early pregnancy and motherhood;
       (8) conflict and insecurity; and
       (9) other factors that favor boys or devalue girls' 
     education;
       Whereas, according to the United Nations Educational, 
     Scientific and Cultural Organization--
       (1) approximately 118,500,000 girls between the ages of 6 
     and 17 remain out of school;
       (2) girls living in countries affected by conflict are 2.5 
     times more likely to be out of primary school than boys;
       (3) girls are twice as likely as boys to never set foot in 
     a classroom; and

[[Page S719]]

       (4) up to 30 percent of girls who drop out of school do so 
     because of adolescent pregnancy or child marriage;
       Whereas women around the world face a variety of 
     constraints that severely limit their economic participation 
     and productivity and remain underrepresented in the labor 
     force;
       Whereas, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization 
     of the United Nations--
       (1) agriculture and food systems are a major source of 
     livelihoods, particularly for rural women;
       (2) wage and productivity gaps persist in agriculture and 
     food systems, despite the crucial role that women play in 
     those sectors;
       (3) the work of women in agriculture and food systems is 
     more likely than that of men to be part-time, irregular, 
     informal, vulnerable, labor-intensive, and low-skilled;
       (4) in countries reporting on Sustainable Development Goal 
     5.a.1, more men than women are owners or have rights to 
     agricultural land;
       (5) the gender gap in food insecurity is growing and has 
     reached 4.3 percentage points, with more women experiencing 
     severe and moderate food insecurity in all regions than men; 
     and
       (6) the empowerment of women can have important benefits 
     for agricultural productivity, nutrition, and food security;
       Whereas the economic empowerment of women is inextricably 
     linked to a myriad of other internationally recognized human 
     rights that are essential to the ability of women to thrive 
     as economic actors, including--
       (1) living lives free of violence and exploitation;
       (2) achieving the highest possible standard of health and 
     well-being;
       (3) enjoying full legal and human rights, such as access to 
     registration, identification, and citizenship documents, and 
     freedom of movement;
       (4) access to formal and informal education;
       (5) access to, and equal protection under, land and 
     property rights;
       (6) access to fundamental labor rights;
       (7) the implementation of policies to address 
     disproportionate care burdens; and
       (8) receiving business and management skills and leadership 
     opportunities;
       Whereas the Millennium Challenge Corporation (commonly 
     referred to as the ``MCC''), an independent United States 
     foreign assistance agency, recognizes that inequality and the 
     exclusion of women from economic opportunities can inhibit 
     efforts to promote economic growth and reduce poverty and 
     decrease a country's economic growth trajectory, which is why 
     the gender policy of the MCC requires gender inequalities to 
     be identified and considered in every stage of agreements 
     with participating countries;
       Whereas, according to the World Health Organization, global 
     maternal mortality decreased by approximately 38 percent from 
     2000 to 2017, yet approximately 810 women and girls continue 
     to die from preventable causes relating to pregnancy or 
     childbirth each day, and 94 percent of all maternal deaths 
     occur in developing countries, putting the global community 
     off-track to meeting Sustainable Development Goal 3.1 for 
     reducing maternal deaths;
       Whereas the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner 
     for Refugees reports that women and girls comprise 
     approximately \1/2\ of the 78,900,000 refugees and internally 
     displaced or stateless individuals in the world;
       Whereas the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on 
     February 24, 2022, has resulted in a disproportionate number 
     of women and children seeking safety outside of Ukraine;
       Whereas those women and girls, like women and girls in all 
     humanitarian emergencies, including those subject to forced 
     displacement, face increased and exacerbated vulnerabilities 
     to--
       (1) gender-based violence, including rape, child marriage, 
     domestic violence, human trafficking, and sexual exploitation 
     and assault;
       (2) disruptions in education and livelihood;
       (3) lack of access to health services; and
       (4) food insecurity and malnutrition;
       Whereas malnutrition poses a variety of threats to women 
     and girls specifically, as malnutrition can weaken their 
     immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections, 
     and affects their capacity to survive childbirth, and 
     children born of malnourished women and girls are more likely 
     to have cognitive impairments and higher risk of disease 
     throughout their lives;
       Whereas it is imperative--
       (1) to alleviate violence and discrimination against women 
     and girls; and
       (2) to afford women and girls every opportunity to be equal 
     members of their communities; and
       Whereas March 8, 2023, is recognized as International 
     Women's Day, a global day--
       (1) to celebrate the economic, political, and social 
     achievements of women in the past, present, and future; and
       (2) to recognize the obstacles that women face in the 
     struggle for equal rights and opportunities: Now, therefore, 
     be it
       Resolved, That the Senate--
       (1) supports the goals of International Women's Day;
       (2) recognizes that the fundamental human rights of women 
     and girls have intrinsic value that affect the quality of 
     life of women and girls;
       (3) recognizes that the empowerment of women and girls is 
     inextricably linked to the potential of a country to 
     generate--
       (A) economic growth and self-reliance;
       (B) sustainable peace and democracy; and
       (C) inclusive security;
       (4) recognizes and honors individuals in the United States 
     and around the world, including women human rights defenders, 
     activists, and civil society leaders, who have worked 
     throughout history to ensure that women and girls are 
     guaranteed equality and fundamental human rights;
       (5) applauds the women around the world who stand against 
     oppression in any form and fight for a better future, 
     especially in Ukraine, Iran, and Afghanistan;
       (6) recognizes the unique cultural, historical, and 
     religious differences throughout the world and urges the 
     United States Government to act with respect and 
     understanding toward legitimate differences when promoting 
     any policies;
       (7) reaffirms the commitment--
       (A) to end discrimination and violence against women and 
     girls;
       (B) to ensure the safety, health, and welfare of women and 
     girls;
       (C) to pursue policies that guarantee the fundamental human 
     rights of women and girls worldwide; and
       (D) to promote meaningful and significant participation of 
     women in every aspect of society and community, including 
     conflict prevention, protection, peacemaking, and 
     peacebuilding;
       (8) supports sustainable, measurable, and global 
     development that seeks to achieve gender equality and the 
     empowerment of women and girls; and
       (9) encourages the people of the United States to observe 
     International Women's Day with appropriate programs and 
     activities.

                          ____________________