[Congressional Record Volume 168, Number 158 (Thursday, September 29, 2022)]
[Senate]
[Pages S5721-S5724]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]

  SA 6198. Mr. MANCHIN (for himself, Mr. Barrasso, and Mr. Risch) 
submitted an amendment intended to be proposed to amendment SA 5499 
submitted by Mr. Reed (for himself and Mr. Inhofe) and intended to be 
proposed to the bill H.R. 7900, to authorize appropriations for fiscal 
year 2023 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for 
military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of 
Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, 
and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as 
follows:

        At the appropriate place in division C, insert the 
     following:

     SEC. 3___. U.S. NUCLEAR FUELS SECURITY INITIATIVE TO REDUCE 
                   RELIANCE ON NUCLEAR FUELS FROM RUSSIA AND 
                   CHINA.

       (a) Sense of Congress.--It is the sense of Congress that--
       (1) the United States and the allies of the United States 
     need to eliminate reliance on the Russian Federation for 
     energy fuels, including all forms of uranium;
       (2) the Department should--
       (A) prioritize activities to increase domestic production 
     of low-enriched uranium; and
       (B) accelerate efforts to establish a domestic high-assay, 
     low-enriched uranium enrichment capability; and
       (3) if domestic enrichment of high-assay, low-enriched 
     uranium will not be commercially available at the scale 
     needed in time to meet the needs of the advanced nuclear 
     reactor demonstration projects of the Department, the 
     Secretary shall consider and implement, as necessary--
       (A) all viable options to make high-assay, low-enriched 
     uranium produced from inventories owned by the Department 
     available in a manner that is sufficient to maximize the 
     potential for the Department to meet the needs and schedules 
     of advanced nuclear reactor developers, without impacting 
     existing Department missions, until such time that commercial 
     enrichment and deconversion capability for high-assay, low-
     enriched uranium exists at a scale sufficient to meet future 
     needs; and
       (B) all viable options for partnering with ally or partner 
     nations to meet those needs and schedules until that time.
       (b) Objectives.--The objectives of this section are--
       (1) to expeditiously increase domestic production of low-
     enriched uranium to prevent the reliance of the United States 
     and, to the maximum extent practicable, ally or partner 
     nations on nuclear fuels from--
       (A) the Russian Federation;
       (B) the People's Republic of China; and
       (C) other countries determined by the Secretary to be 
     insecure supply sources with respect to low-enriched uranium;
       (2) to expeditiously increase domestic production of high-
     assay, low-enriched uranium by an annual quantity, and in 
     such form, determined by the Secretary to be sufficient to 
     meet the needs of--
       (A) advanced nuclear reactor developers; and
       (B) the consortium;
       (3) to ensure the availability of domestically produced, 
     converted, and enriched uranium in a quantity determined by 
     the Secretary, in consultation with U.S. nuclear energy 
     companies, to be sufficient to address a reasonably 
     anticipated supply disruption;
       (4) to address gaps and deficiencies in the domestic 
     production, conversion, enrichment, deconversion, and 
     reduction of uranium by partnering with ally or partner 
     nations if domestic options are not practicable;
       (5) to ensure that, in the event of a supply disruption in 
     the nuclear fuel market, a reserve of nuclear fuels is 
     available to serve as a backup supply to support the nuclear 
     nonproliferation and civil nuclear energy objectives of the 
     Department;
       (6) to support enrichment, deconversion, and reduction 
     technology deployed in the United States; and
       (7) to ensure that, until such time that domestic 
     enrichment and deconversion of high-assay, low-enriched 
     uranium is commercially available at the scale needed to meet 
     the needs of advanced nuclear reactor developers, the 
     Secretary considers and implements, as necessary--
       (A) all viable options to make high-assay, low-enriched 
     uranium produced from inventories owned by the Department 
     available in a manner that is sufficient to maximize the 
     potential for the Department to meet the needs and schedules 
     of advanced nuclear reactor developers; and
       (B) all viable options for partnering with ally or partner 
     nations to meet those needs and schedules.
       (c) Definitions.--In this section:
       (1) Advanced nuclear reactor.--The term ``advanced nuclear 
     reactor'' has the meaning given the term in section 951(b) of 
     the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16271(b)).
       (2) Ally or partner nation.--The term ``ally or partner 
     nation'' means--

[[Page S5722]]

       (A) the Government of any country that is a member of the 
     Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development;
       (B) the Government of the Republic of India; and
       (C) the Government of any country designated as an ally or 
     partner nation by the Secretary for purposes of this section.
       (3) Associated entity.--The term ``associated entity'' 
     means an entity that--
       (A) is owned, controlled, or dominated by--
       (i) an ally or partner nation; or
       (ii) an associated individual; or
       (B) is organized under the laws of, or otherwise subject to 
     the jurisdiction of, a country described in any of 
     subparagraphs (A) through (C) of paragraph (2), including a 
     corporation that is incorporated in a country described in 
     any of those subparagraphs.
       (4) Associated individual.--The term ``associated 
     individual'' means an alien who is a national of a country 
     described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (C) of 
     paragraph (2).
       (5) Consortium.--The term ``consortium'' means the 
     consortium established under section 2001(a)(2)(F) of the 
     Energy Act of 2020 (42 U.S.C. 16281(a)(2)(F)).
       (6) Department.--The term ``Department'' means the 
     Department of Energy.
       (7) High-assay, low-enriched uranium; haleu.--The term 
     ``high-assay, low-enriched uranium'' or ``HALEU'' means high-
     assay low-enriched uranium (as defined in section 2001(d) of 
     the Energy Act of 2020 (42 U.S.C. 16281(d))).
       (8) Low-enriched uranium; leu.--The term ``low-enriched 
     uranium'' or ``LEU'' means each of--
       (A) low-enriched uranium (as defined in section 3102 of the 
     USEC Privatization Act (42 U.S.C. 2297h)); and
       (B) low-enriched uranium (as defined in section 3112A(a) of 
     that Act (42 U.S.C. 2297h-10a(a))).
       (9) Programs.--The term ``Programs'' means--
       (A) the Nuclear Fuel Security Program established under 
     subsection (d)(1);
       (B) the American Assured Fuel Supply Program of the 
     Department; and
       (C) the HALEU for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Demonstration 
     Projects Program established under subsection (d)(3).
       (10) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary 
     of Energy.
       (11) U.S. nuclear energy company.--The term ``U.S. nuclear 
     energy company'' means a company that--
       (A) is organized under the laws of, or otherwise subject to 
     the jurisdiction of, the United States; and
       (B) is involved in the nuclear energy industry.
       (d) Establishment and Expansion of Programs.--The 
     Secretary, consistent with the objectives described in 
     subsection (b), shall--
       (1) establish a program, to be known as the ``Nuclear Fuel 
     Security Program'', to prevent the reliance of the United 
     States and, to the maximum extent practicable, ally or 
     partner nations on LEU and HALEU from the Russian Federation 
     and the People's Republic of China by increasing the quantity 
     of LEU and HALEU produced by U.S. nuclear energy companies;
       (2) expand the American Assured Fuel Supply Program of the 
     Department to ensure the availability of domestically 
     produced, converted, and enriched uranium in the event of a 
     supply disruption; and
       (3) establish a program, to be known as the ``HALEU for 
     Advanced Nuclear Reactor Demonstration Projects Program''--
       (A) to maximize the potential for the Department to meet 
     the needs and schedules of advanced nuclear reactor 
     developers until such time that commercial enrichment and 
     deconversion capability for HALEU exists in the United States 
     at a scale sufficient to meet future needs; and
       (B) where practicable, to partner with ally or partner 
     nations to meet those needs and schedules until that time.
       (e) Nuclear Fuel Security Program.--
       (1) In general.--In carrying out the Nuclear Fuel Security 
     Program, the Secretary shall--
       (A) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of 
     this Act, enter into 2 or more contracts to begin acquiring 
     not less than 100 metric tons per year of LEU by December 31, 
     2026 (or the earliest operationally feasible date 
     thereafter), to ensure diverse domestic uranium mining, 
     conversion, enrichment, deconversion, and reduction capacity 
     and technologies, including new capacity, among U.S. nuclear 
     energy companies;
       (B) not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of 
     this Act, enter into 2 or more contracts with members of the 
     consortium to begin acquiring not less than 20 metric tons 
     per year of HALEU by December 31, 2027 (or the earliest 
     operationally feasible date thereafter), from U.S. nuclear 
     energy companies;
       (C) utilize only uranium produced, converted, and enriched 
     in--
       (i) the United States; or
       (ii) if domestic options are not practicable, a country 
     described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (C) of 
     subsection (c)(2);
       (D) to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the use 
     of domestic uranium utilized as a result of that program does 
     not negatively affect the economic operation of nuclear 
     reactors in the United States; and
       (E) take other actions that the Secretary determines to be 
     necessary or appropriate to prevent the reliance of the 
     United States and ally or partner nations on nuclear fuels 
     from the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of 
     China.
       (2) Considerations.--In carrying out paragraph (1)(B), the 
     Secretary shall consider and, if appropriate, implement--
       (A) options to ensure the quickest availability of 
     commercially enriched HALEU, including--
       (i) partnerships between 2 or more commercial enrichers; 
     and
       (ii) utilization of up to 10-percent enriched uranium as 
     feedstock in demonstration-scale or commercial HALEU 
     enrichment facilities;
       (B) options to partner with ally or partner nations to 
     provide LEU and HALEU for commercial purposes;
       (C) options that provide for an array of HALEU--
       (i) enrichment levels;
       (ii) output levels to meet demand; and
       (iii) fuel forms, including uranium metal and oxide; and
       (D) options--
       (i) to replenish, as necessary, Department stockpiles of 
     uranium that was intended to be downblended for other 
     purposes, but was instead used in carrying out activities 
     under the HALEU for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Demonstration 
     Projects Program;
       (ii) to continue supplying HALEU to meet the needs of the 
     recipients of an award made pursuant to the funding 
     opportunity announcement of the Department numbered DE-FOA-
     0002271 for Pathway 1, Advanced Reactor Demonstrations; and
       (iii) to make HALEU available to other advanced nuclear 
     reactor developers and other end-users.
       (3) Avoidance of market disruptions.--In carrying out the 
     Nuclear Fuel Security Program, the Secretary, to the extent 
     practicable and consistent with the purposes of that program, 
     shall not disrupt or replace market mechanisms by competing 
     with U.S. nuclear energy companies.
       (f) Expansion of the American Assured Fuel Supply 
     Program.--The Secretary, in consultation with U.S. nuclear 
     energy companies, shall--
       (1) expand the American Assured Fuel Supply Program of the 
     Department by merging the operations of the Uranium Reserve 
     Program of the Department with the American Assured Fuel 
     Supply Program; and
       (2) in carrying out the American Assured Fuel Supply 
     Program of the Department, as expanded under paragraph (1)--
       (A) maintain, replenish, diversify, or increase the 
     quantity of uranium made available by that program in a 
     manner determined by the Secretary to be consistent with the 
     purposes of that program and the objectives described in 
     subsection (b);
       (B) utilize only uranium produced, converted, and enriched 
     in--
       (i) the United States; or
       (ii) if domestic options are not practicable, a country 
     described in any of subparagraphs (A) through (C) of 
     subsection (c)(2);
       (C) make uranium available from the American Assured Fuel 
     Supply, subject to terms and conditions determined by the 
     Secretary to be reasonable and appropriate;
       (D) refill and expand the supply of uranium in the American 
     Assured Fuel Supply, including by maintaining a limited 
     reserve of uranium to address a potential event in which a 
     domestic or foreign recipient of uranium experiences a supply 
     disruption for which uranium cannot be obtained through 
     normal market mechanisms or under normal market conditions; 
     and
       (E) take other actions that the Secretary determines to be 
     necessary or appropriate to address the purposes of that 
     program and the objectives described in subsection (b).
       (g) HALEU for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Demonstration 
     Projects Program.--
       (1) Activities.--On enactment of this Act, the Secretary 
     shall immediately accelerate and, as necessary, initiate 
     activities to make available from inventories or stockpiles 
     owned by the Department and made available to the consortium, 
     HALEU for use in advanced nuclear reactors that cannot 
     operate on uranium with lower enrichment levels or on 
     alternate fuels, with priority given to the awards made 
     pursuant to the funding opportunity announcement of the 
     Department numbered DE-FOA-0002271 for Pathway 1, Advanced 
     Reactor Demonstrations, with additional HALEU to be made 
     available to other advanced nuclear reactor developers, as 
     the Secretary determines to be appropriate.
       (2) Quantity.--In carrying out activities under this 
     subsection, the Secretary shall consider and implement, as 
     necessary, all viable options to make HALEU available in 
     quantities sufficient to maximize the potential for the 
     Department to meet the needs and schedules of advanced 
     nuclear reactor developers, including by seeking to make 
     available--
       (A) by September 30, 2024, not less than 3 metric tons of 
     HALEU;
       (B) by December 31, 2025, not less than an additional 8 
     metric tons of HALEU; and
       (C) by June 30, 2026, not less than an additional 10 metric 
     tons of HALEU.
       (3) Factors for consideration.--In carrying out activities 
     under this subsection, the Secretary shall take into 
     consideration--
       (A) options for providing HALEU from a stockpile of uranium 
     owned by the Department (including the National Nuclear 
     Security Administration), including--
       (i) uranium that has been declared excess to national 
     security needs;
       (ii) uranium that--

       (I) directly meets the needs of advanced nuclear reactor 
     developers; but

[[Page S5723]]

       (II) has been previously used or fabricated for another 
     purpose;

       (iii) uranium that can meet the needs of advanced nuclear 
     reactor developers after removing radioactive or other 
     contaminants that resulted from previous use or fabrication 
     of the fuel for research, development, demonstration, or 
     deployment activities of the Department, including activities 
     that reduce the environmental liability of the Department by 
     accelerating the processing of uranium from stockpiles 
     designated as waste;
       (iv) uranium from a high-enriched uranium stockpile, which 
     can be blended with lower assay uranium to become HALEU to 
     meet the needs of advanced nuclear reactor developers; and
       (v) uranium from stockpiles intended for other purposes, 
     but for which uranium could be swapped or replaced in time in 
     such a manner that would not negatively impact the missions 
     of the Department;
       (B) options for expanding, or establishing new, 
     capabilities or infrastructure to support the processing of 
     uranium from Department inventories, including options that 
     may be mutually beneficial to the Department and to U.S. 
     nuclear energy companies;
       (C) options for accelerating the availability of HALEU from 
     HALEU enrichment demonstration projects of the Department;
       (D) options for providing HALEU from domestically enriched 
     HALEU procured by the Department through a competitive 
     process pursuant to the Nuclear Fuel Security Program 
     established under subsection (d)(1);
       (E) options to replenish, as needed, Department stockpiles 
     of uranium made available pursuant to subparagraph (A) with 
     domestically enriched HALEU procured by the Department 
     through a competitive process pursuant to the Nuclear Fuel 
     Security Program established under subsection (d)(1); and
       (F) options that combine 1 or more of the approaches 
     described in subparagraphs (A) through (E) to meet the 
     deadlines described in paragraph (2).
       (4) Limitation.--The Secretary shall not barter or 
     otherwise sell or transfer uranium in any form in exchange 
     for services relating to--
       (A) the final disposition of radioactive waste from uranium 
     that is the subject of a contract for sale, resale, transfer, 
     or lease under this subsection; or
       (B) environmental cleanup activities.
       (5) Sunset.--The authority of the Secretary to carry out 
     activities under this subsection shall terminate on the date 
     on which the Secretary notifies Congress that the HALEU needs 
     of advanced nuclear reactor developers can be fully met by 
     commercial HALEU suppliers in the United States, as 
     determined by the Secretary, in consultation with U.S. 
     nuclear energy companies.
       (h) Authority.--In carrying out the Programs, the 
     Secretary, in coordination with the Secretary of State (where 
     applicable)--
       (1) may--
       (A) in addition to exercising the authority granted to the 
     Secretary under any other provision of law, enter into 
     transactions (other than contracts, cooperative agreements, 
     financial assistance agreements, or the provision of any 
     other financial assistance) with an ally or partner nation, a 
     U.S. nuclear energy company, or any other domestic or foreign 
     entity for any activity to carry out the Programs, including 
     the acquisition or provision of uranium, conversion services, 
     enrichment services, LEU, HALEU, and related goods and 
     services;
       (B) notwithstanding section 161 u. of the Atomic Energy Act 
     of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2201(u)), enter into contracts and other 
     arrangements of such duration as the Secretary determines to 
     be necessary;
       (C) make acquisitions for the Programs through the use of 
     competitive selection processes that the Secretary determines 
     to be appropriate to achieve the objectives described in 
     subsection (b) in an expeditious manner;
       (D)(i) establish milestones for achieving specified 
     objectives, including the production of LEU and HALEU in 
     quantities and timeframes described in this section; and
       (ii) provide awards and other forms of incentives for 
     meeting those milestones; and
       (E) provide loan guarantees, other financial assistance, or 
     assistance in the form of revenue guarantees or similar 
     mechanisms; and
       (2) shall ensure that amounts charged to the Secretary for 
     the acquisition or provision of uranium, conversion services, 
     enrichment services, LEU, HALEU, and other goods and services 
     under the Programs provide, in the opinion of the Secretary, 
     in consultation with U.S. nuclear energy companies, 
     reasonable compensation, taking into account--
       (A) the fair market value of the good or service acquired 
     or provided;
       (B) the cost recovery requirements of the consortium; and
       (C) the objectives described in subsection (b).
       (i) Domestic Sourcing Considerations.--
       (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), the 
     Secretary may only carry out an activity in connection with 1 
     or more of the Programs if--
       (A) the activity promotes manufacturing in the United 
     States associated with uranium supply chains; or
       (B) the activity relies on resources, materials, or 
     equipment developed or produced--
       (i) in the United States; or
       (ii) in a country described in any of subparagraphs (A) 
     through (C) of subsection (c)(2) by--

       (I) an ally or partner nation;
       (II) an associated entity; or
       (III) a U.S. nuclear energy company.

       (2) Waiver.--The Secretary may waive the requirements of 
     paragraph (1) with respect to an activity if the Secretary 
     determines a waiver to be necessary to achieve 1 or more of 
     the objectives described in subsection (b).
       (j) Reasonable Compensation.--
       (1) In general.--In carrying out activities under this 
     section, the Secretary shall ensure that any LEU and HALEU 
     made available by the Secretary under 1 or more of the 
     Programs is subject to reasonable compensation, taking into 
     account the fair market value of the LEU or HALEU and the 
     purposes of this section.
       (2) Availability of certain funds.--Notwithstanding section 
     3302 of title 31, United States Code, revenues received from 
     the sale or transfer of fuel feed material and other 
     activities related to making LEU and HALEU available pursuant 
     to this section--
       (A) shall be available to the Department for carrying out 
     the purposes of this section, to reduce the need for further 
     appropriations for those purposes; and
       (B) shall remain available until expended.
       (k) Exclusions.--The Secretary may not carry out an 
     activity in connection with the Programs with an entity that 
     is--
       (1) owned or controlled by the Government of the Russian 
     Federation or the Government of the People's Republic of 
     China; or
       (2) organized under the laws of, or otherwise subject to 
     the jurisdiction of, the Russian Federation or the People's 
     Republic of China.
       (l) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.--The Nuclear Regulatory 
     Commission shall prioritize and expedite consideration of any 
     action related to the Programs to the extent permitted under 
     the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.) and 
     related statutes.
       (m) USEC Privatization Act.--
       (1) In general.--The requirements of section 3112 of the 
     USEC Privatization Act (42 U.S.C. 2297h-10) shall not apply 
     to activities related to the Programs.
       (2) Amendment.--Section 3112A(c)(2)(A) of the USEC 
     Privatization Act (42 U.S.C. 2297h-10a(c)(2)(A)) is amended--
       (A) in clause (xii), by inserting ``and'' after the 
     semicolon at the end;
       (B) by striking clauses (xiii) through (xxvii); and
       (C) by adding at the end the following:
       ``(xiii) in calendar year 2026 and each calendar year 
     thereafter, 0 kilograms.''.
       (n) Prohibition on Importation of Uranium From the Russian 
     Federation and the People's Republic of China.--
       (1) In general.--Notwithstanding section 3112A of the USEC 
     Privatization Act (42 U.S.C. 2297h-10a) or any other 
     provision of law, the importation of articles of the Russian 
     Federation or the People's Republic of China classifiable 
     under subheading 2612.10, 2844.10, 2844.20, 2844.30.20, or 
     2844.30.50 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United 
     States is prohibited.
       (2) Waiver of prohibition.--
       (A) In general.--The Secretary may waive the prohibition 
     under paragraph (1) with respect to an article if the 
     Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of State and 
     the Secretary of Commerce, determines that--
       (i) no viable source of alternative supply of the article 
     is available to sustain continued operation of a nuclear 
     reactor in the United States; or
       (ii) importation of the article from a country other than 
     the Russian Federation or the People's Republic of China is 
     in the interest of national security.
       (B) Notification to congress.--Not later than 60 days 
     before issuing a waiver under subparagraph (A), the Secretary 
     shall notify the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of 
     the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the 
     House of Representatives of the intent to issue the waiver, 
     including a justification for the waiver.
       (C) Expiration of waiver authority.--The authority provided 
     to the Secretary under subparagraph (A) expires on December 
     31, 2025.
       (3) Effective date.--Paragraph (1) applies with respect to 
     articles entered, or withdrawn from warehouse for 
     consumption, on or after the date that is 45 days after the 
     date of enactment of this Act.
       (o) Authorization of Appropriations.--In addition to 
     amounts otherwise available, there are authorized to be 
     appropriated to the Secretary--
       (1) for the Nuclear Fuel Security Program, $3,500,000,000 
     for fiscal year 2023, to remain available until September 30, 
     2031, of which the Secretary may use $1,000,000,000 by 
     September 30, 2028, to carry out the HALEU for Advanced 
     Nuclear Reactor Demonstration Projects Program; and
       (2) for the American Assured Fuel Supply Program of the 
     Department, as expanded under this section, such sums as are 
     necessary for the period of fiscal years 2023 through 2030, 
     to remain available until September 30, 2031.

     SEC. 3___. ISOTOPE DEMONSTRATION AND ADVANCED NUCLEAR 
                   RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE ENHANCEMENT.

       (a) Evaluation and Establishment of Isotope Demonstration 
     Program.--Section 952(a)(2)(A) of the Energy Policy Act of 
     2005 (42 U.S.C. 16272(a)(2)(A)) is amended by striking 
     ``shall evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of 
     the establishment of'' and inserting ``shall evaluate the 
     technical

[[Page S5724]]

     and economic feasibility of, and, if feasible, is authorized 
     to establish,''.
       (b) Advanced Nuclear Research Infrastructure Enhancement.--
     Section 954(a)(5) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 
     16274(a)(5)) is amended--
       (1) by redesignating subparagraph (E) as subparagraph (F); 
     and
       (2) by inserting after subparagraph (D) the following:
       ``(E) Fuel services.--The Secretary shall expand the 
     Research Reactor Infrastructure subprogram of the 
     Radiological Facilities Management program of the Department 
     carried out under paragraph (6) to provide fuel services to 
     research reactors established under this paragraph.''.

     SEC. 3___. REPORT ON CIVIL NUCLEAR CREDIT PROGRAM.

       Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this 
     Act, the Secretary of Energy shall submit to the appropriate 
     committees of Congress a report that identifies the 
     anticipated funding requirements for the civil nuclear credit 
     program described in section 40323 of the Infrastructure 
     Investment and Jobs Act (42 U.S.C. 18753), taking into 
     account--
       (1) the zero-emission nuclear power production credit 
     authorized by section 45U of the Internal Revenue Code of 
     1986; and
       (2) any increased fuel costs associated with the use of 
     domestic fuel that may arise from the implementation of that 
     program.
                                 ______