Congressional Record, Volume 168 Issue 97 (Tuesday, June 7, 2022)

[Congressional Record Volume 168, Number 97 (Tuesday, June 7, 2022)]
[Senate]
[Pages S2801-S2809]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]

HONORING OUR PROMISE TO ADDRESS COMPREHENSIVE TOXICS ACT OF 2021--
MOTION TO PROCEED--Continued

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Arizona.

H.R. 3967

Mr. KELLY. Madam President, it is past due for us to address veterans
not getting the care they need after suffering an illness caused by
toxic exposure. We can do that as soon as this week by passing the PACT
Act.
As a retired naval aviator, I know firsthand the sacrifice and hard
work it takes to succeed in our military. I knew I wanted to join the
military from a young age, and after attending the U.S. Merchant Marine
Academy, making that choice was easy for me. That is the case for some
but not for everyone. Many more will say that this was the hardest
decision that they had to make, putting families, school, careers, or
all three through major changes in order to serve.
This is a sacrifice for so many, and regardless of how someone comes
to serving, what follows isn't easy. We spend years training to go to
war. For me, that was training to fly off of and land on an aircraft
carrier and put bombs on enemy targets. That is what I did during
Operation Desert Storm, flying combat missions off the USS Midway in
the gulf, to deliver weapons on dozens of targets in Iraq and Kuwait.
War is by its very nature dangerous, and flying airplanes in combat
or conducting ground combat operations is very complex. You need to
focus on completing the mission while also focusing on your safety and
that of your team or your crew. There are many opportunities to be
killed or injured. We all get that. The public understands

[[Page S2802]]

that. But there are also silent killers that affected soldiers,
sailors, marines, and airmen who served abroad.
No American soldier goes overseas and expects to be put in grave
danger by their own military, but they were. We saw it in Vietnam with
Agent Orange. We saw it in the first gulf war with toxic exposures that
we are still grappling to fully understand. It happened again starting
about 20 years ago when American soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan were
breathing in toxic smoke from American-made burn pits. Clouds of smoke
containing plastics, rubber, medical waste, and chemicals billowed, and
although the ``stink'' might have been a nuisance, the true
physiological damage would turn out to be much worse.
We sent young, healthy, and highly capable American troops--all of
whom volunteered--overseas. When they came home, they got sick, and
then they got sicker, just like in the case of SFC Heath Robinson,
whose namesake and story are behind the PACT Act.
Our servicemembers had put everything on the line, only to return
with severe illnesses due to bad decisions. When those same
servicemembers battling rare diseases filed claims with the VA, they
were met with a closed door. They were told that it wasn't a service-
connected illness, so it wasn't covered. This is shameful, and it is
unacceptable. That is why this legislation is so important. Our
military made mistakes, and thousands of Americans and more than 6,500
Arizonans have paid or are continuing to pay the price.
We must--we must--live up to our solemn obligation to look after our
veterans, and that is what the PACT Act will do. This bill will lower
the threshold for veterans to receive benefits, expand access to VA
healthcare, strengthen the VA's ability to process claims, create
pathways for future presumptions based on developing medical research,
and much more.
So, together, let's get this bill across the finish line for our
veterans and their families. They deserve better from Washington.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Ohio.
Mr. BROWN. Madam President, I want to reiterate and underscore and
expand on some of the comments made by Senator Kelly from Arizona in
support of this legislation.
We know that, as he said, our servicemembers put their lives and
health on the line to keep us safe. Even those who come home can face
long-term health risks from their service. Too often, we have not
provided veterans the care and the benefits they have earned and
deserve, particularly those exposed to toxic substances while serving
in uniform. We have the opportunity this week, finally, to change that.
This week in the Senate, we are on the verge of passing the most
comprehensive expansion of benefits for veterans who faced toxic
exposure, in our Nation's history. Providing healthcare and benefits
for veterans who suffer from toxic exposure is a cost of going to war.
We are willing to spend a lot of money going to war, as we need to, but
we have never, never really stepped up taking care of our veterans--
those who return home--because it is also costly, but it is what we
need to do.
If you were exposed--fundamentally this--if you were exposed to
toxins while serving our country, you deserve the benefits you earned,
period, no exceptions. The Senate is finally on the verge of
recognizing that.
My office holds roundtables with veterans all over Ohio, and I have
heard veterans raise this issue again and again and again. As many as
3\1/2\ million servicemembers in this country were potentially exposed
to toxic smoke. Time is running out for these veterans.
For years, we have worked to highlight this long-ignored issue and
the hurdles veterans faced after burn pits and, before that, exposure
to Agent Orange. With Agent Orange, we expanded VA benefits. We had to
do it condition by condition and location of service by location of
service, and it took way, way, way too long. Far too many Vietnam
veterans suffering from toxic exposure to Agent Orange died while
Congress continued to slow-walk the kinds of benefits we should have
done much more quickly. Too many veterans were left behind. Our
veterans deserve better.
This bipartisan bill would guarantee that veterans who suffer because
of toxic exposure will get the VA benefits they earned for the first
time in our country's history. It would finally extend VA healthcare
eligibility to all post-9/11 combat veterans. It would expand
presumptions for veterans exposed to Agent Orange. It would add 23 burn
pit- and toxic exposure-related conditions to VA's list.
The comprehensive legislation is named in honor of Ohio veteran SFC
Heath Robinson, who deployed to Kosovo and Iraq with the Ohio National
Guard. He passed away in 2020 from cancer as a result of toxic exposure
during that military service.
His widow, Danielle Robinson, has been a determined advocate for this
cause. She was the First Lady's guest at the State of the Union this
year, to underscore the President's commitment to getting this done.
Her mother, Susan Zeier, and Heath's daughter, Brielle, Susan's
granddaughter, are here this week, along with so many advocates from
Ohio, like Andrea Neutzling, an Army veteran and advocate from Meigs
County. Earlier today, Susan and her granddaughter, Brielle, the
daughter of Heath Robinson, and Andrea and Tim and others from Ohio
were in the Gallery. They are counting on the Senate to finally do the
right thing.
This has been a long time coming. It will mean that more than 3
million toxic-exposed veterans will finally have the expanded access to
healthcare which they deserve and which they earned. It is a good first
step. It is late for veterans who have suffered for years.
I ask my colleagues to join me in finally keeping our promise to our
veterans. We should never forget the debt we owe our veterans, and we
are humbled by their commitment to service. It is time that we ensure
that our veterans, after sacrificing so much for our country, receive
the full benefits and care that they deserve and that they earned.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Alaska.

Bruce's Law

Ms. MURKOWSKI. Madam President, I have come to the floor this
afternoon to speak about a measure that I will be introducing this week
with my colleague from California, Senator Feinstein. We have entitled
this bill Bruce's Law in memory of a young Alaskan, Robert ``Bruce''
Snodgrass, who passed away in Anchorage last October.
Bruce is the son of Sandy Snodgrass. Sandy is with us here today in
the Senate Gallery.
Bruce and Sandy lived in California when Bruce was younger before
moving back to Alaska. Sandy likes to describe Alaska as Bruce's true
home.
Bruce was a good kid. He was a good kid, but, like many good kids, he
struggled with alcoholism, he struggled with drug addiction, and he and
his family were far too familiar with this, as his grandfather and his
father died of the same addictions. And despite all of this, Bruce
started using drugs as a teenager, and it really sent his life into a
downward spiral. But Sandy was always there. Mom was always there
providing a safe and a comfortable home, and yet he was arrested
repeatedly and ultimately wound up homeless.
But then, last summer--last summer, things turned around. Bruce made
the choice to get clean. He wanted to get his life on track, and Sandy
was right there, ready to help, as any good mom would be. She got Bruce
to a detox facility and then into a local inpatient program for
treatment. He graduated from it, and he moved back home. He was able to
spend his time at outpatient meetings. He was in counseling. He liked
to ride his mountain bike. He received this after he had completed the
treatment program.
But then, one day last October, Bruce went out for a bike ride, and
Sandy remembers telling him before he went, she said, ``Be careful out
there.'' But Bruce never came back. He never came home.
On October 20, Bruce's body was found in a grocery store parking lot,
and just like that--just like that--suddenly, heart-wrenchingly, and
after trying so hard to overcome his demons, he was gone--just gone
forever.
And so we grieve with Sandy, who lost her only son that day. No
parent--

[[Page S2803]]

no parent--should have to bear what she is going through.
But the details of Bruce's death are especially tragic because Bruce
died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl. Fentanyl is a synthetic
opioid that is 50 times more powerful than heroin, 100 times stronger
than morphine, and it is relatively cheap, easy to make. It makes it
attractive for drug dealers, but it is also just incredibly, incredibly
dangerous for those who come into contact with it.
Just 2 milligrams, which would fit on the end of a pencil, can cause
a fatal overdose. This is how the Justice Department describes it:

Fentanyl powder has the power to kill with the ingestion,
inhalation, or skin absorption of just two milligrams. By
comparison, a sweetener packet found on a restaurant tabletop
generally contains 1,000 milligrams per packet.

So just to give you an idea of how small a deadly amount can be, a
single pill, with just trace amounts of fentanyl, can be fatal to the
average person, which has prompted the Drug Enforcement Administration
to start a campaign that they call a ``One Pill Can Kill.'' This
campaign is designed to raise public awareness here.
Now, there is a form of fentanyl that is carefully and precisely
manufactured. It is prescribed for medical patients who may be in
extreme pain, like those who are suffering from late-stage cancer. And
doctors know--they know that they have to be exceedingly judicious with
their prescription of this pharmaceutical fentanyl. But it is this
other form--the illegal fentanyl--that is being made in underground
labs and sold on the streets.
Illegal fentanyl is often laced into counterfeit pills that are made
to look like Oxycodone or other frequently used and abused opioids. The
fake pills are difficult to distinguish from the real thing without
specialized tests because they are deliberately made to look like them.

According to law enforcement authorities, about 40 percent of those
pills--of these counterfeit pills--contain a potentially lethal amount
of fentanyl.
So you buy a pill, you think it is a frequently abused opioid that
you have taken before, but over 40 percent--about 40 percent of these
counterfeit pills can contain a potentially lethal amount of fentanyl.
Some drug traffickers are also adding fentanyl into heroin, into
meth, into cocaine; and it makes these drugs even more deadly, since
fentanyl is indistinguishable in its powder form. If you look at a
picture of heroin and fentanyl, you cannot tell the difference. But
fentanyl's presence might be the difference between life and death.
It was an official from New Hampshire who said, a couple years ago:
You don't know what you are taking. You are injecting yourself with a
loaded gun.
Now, most people would avoid fentanyl if they knew what it was
capable of doing to them, but oftentimes they don't even know. They
don't know. They have never heard of it or they don't know enough about
it or, again, they think that they are buying a name-brand prescription
pill, not some deadly knock off.
It is now fueling a nationwide crisis with terrible, terrible impacts
in every State in the country.
A few weeks ago, the Wall Street Journal reported that drug overdose
deaths likely reached more than 107,000 in America last year, an all-
time high and an increase of 15 percent from just 2020. Roughly two-
thirds of those deaths were attributable to synthetic opioids, led by
fentanyl, with an increase of 23 percent year over year. So we are just
seeing this skyrocket.
An official with the CDC is quoted in that Wall Street Journal story
as saying, ``We've never seen anything like this.'' ``We've never seen
anything like this.'' And he is right; we haven't. Nor are we ready to
fight it. Fentanyl is flowing into America largely from China and
Mexico, and it is coming in at an unprecedented rate--so much so that
it recently became the leading cause of death for Americans aged 18 to
45, and this was in the midst of the pandemic, when we were seeing
deaths in other areas, but it became the leading cause of death for
young Americans.
And no one--no one--has been spared by this growing epidemic. I wish
that I could say in Alaska, we are far enough away, we are remote; but,
no. I have shared Bruce's story with you, but he is not the only one.
Opioid-related deaths in Alaska, mostly from fentanyl, rose by 71
percent between 2020 and 2021. In my State of Alaska, it rose by 71
percent. It now accounts for about 60 percent of the drug overdose
deaths in Alaska.
Our law enforcement authorities routinely are intercepting packages
with fentanyl. They are finding it in Anchorage, they are finding it in
Ketchikan, in other places in the State.
In April, the Alaska High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area
Initiative--this is what we call the HIDTA initiative--had its largest-
ever seizure, worth an estimated $356,000. Our Governor's office has
estimated that the 1,244 grams of fentanyl seized in January, February,
March of this year, 2022, could kill 622,000 Alaskans--622,000
Alaskans. That is about 84 percent of our State's population. Think
about that. In 3 months--in 3 months--the amount of fentanyl seized
could kill 622,000 Alaskans or about 84 percent of our State's
population. This is awful. This is a tragedy at every level.
This is also an epidemic of the young, and I am looking to the young
people on this floor because I want you to hear how frightening, how
deadly, fentanyl is. According to the Alaska Department of Health and
Human Services, drug overdose deaths rose by 25 percent among Alaskans
aged 15 to 24 last year--so, basically, your age category--and by a
staggering 200 percent in young Alaskans between the ages of 25 and 34.
It is devastating because behind those numbers are real people, like
Sandy's son, like Bruce Snodgrass, who should have celebrated his 23rd
birthday just last week. We had beautiful, beautiful weather in
Anchorage. I saw Sandy. She reminded me of Bruce's birthday. And you
look around and you think about that young man lost, gone--gone.
At least six individuals in the Mat-Su Valley who were killed by
fentanyl-laced heroin in March made news in the paper--all just in one
story. So, so many others killed, gone--gone.
In the wake of Bruce's death, Sandy has said that she was in shock
for several months, which is entirely understandable. But since then--
since then--she has decided to tell her story, share her heartache, in
hopes that other moms won't lose their sons, and so she is an advocate.
She is an advocate with every ounce of her being, and it is thanks to
her that we are introducing Bruce's law.
Bruce's Law starts with education and awareness, requiring the
Federal Government to create a nationwide campaign against fentanyl for
school-aged children, young adults, parents, first responders, and care
providers. The campaign will help illustrate the extreme dangers of
pills and street drugs that could be laced with fentanyl; help prevent
drug abuse, including through the safe disposal of prescription
medications; and help identify the early-warning signs of addiction.
Bruce's Law also authorizes the Secretary of Health and Human
Services to form an interagency working group on fentanyl contamination
of illegal drugs. This group would consist of Federal Agencies, State-
level HIDTA directors, parents who have lost loved ones to fentanyl
overdose deaths, and those with lived experience and recovery. It would
consult with experts at all levels to identify strategies, resources,
and supports to address the incidence of drug overdoses with fentanyl-
contaminated drugs. It will review current Federal strategies to seek
improvements to them, particularly when it comes to educating middle
and high school students about the profound danger of these drugs.
The final part of Bruce's Law authorizes new community-based
coalition enhancement grants to help educate young people about the
risks of street drugs laced with fentanyl. This would allow the Drug-
Free Communities Coalitions to access new funding focused specifically
on fentanyl and to try to curb or eradicate its use.
This is a starting point. It is a starting point. And we have to
start because we have such a serious problem on our hands. We know we
have it in Anchorage, where Bruce Snodgrass likely never knew that he
was taking a drug

[[Page S2804]]

laced with fentanyl; where the officer who met Sandy after Bruce's body
was found had just come--he had just come from notifying another family
of another death caused by another overdose.
We also know that we are not alone. This is a national crisis. We
know we must do more--more to prevent fentanyl from coming across our
borders; more to prevent fentanyl-laced drugs from being sold on the
street; more to educate Americans, especially--especially--young
adults, especially youth, about its acute danger; and more to address
addiction and to provide support for recovery.
As I close, I want to thank Senator Feinstein for being the lead
Democratic sponsor of Bruce's Law, as well as Senator Sullivan and
Senator Hassan for agreeing to cosponsor it with us. I would encourage
every Member of the Senate to sign on to this legislation.
We acknowledge in Alaska this is a problem in our State, and we have
to acknowledge it in all of our 50 States. I urge others to join us in
this effort. Send us your input on how we might be able to strengthen
this legislation.
Again, I want to thank Sandy. I want to thank Sandy Snodgrass, who is
with us today. Joining her are Kim Kovol from the Office of the
Governor, as well as Mike Troster, who is the State of Alaska's HIDTA
director. Each of them--each of them--they are such important
advocates.
We recognize that it is going to take all of us doing a lot more than
we are doing now to raise awareness of fentanyl and turn back this
deadly tide, but we have to. We have to for our communities, for our
kids, and for Bruce.
I yield the floor.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from New York.

H.R. 3967

Mrs. GILLIBRAND. Madam President, I rise to discuss helping our
servicemembers exposed to toxic burn pits.
Let me tell you about U.S. Army SFC Heath Robinson. He was a strong,
healthy, fit combat medic who served tours in Kosovo and Iraq. When he
returned home, however, he began experiencing fatigue. He started
bleeding from his ears and nose and completely lost his voice.
After consulting multiple doctors, he and his wife were sitting in
the exam room waiting for test results when the doctor came in with
tears in his eyes. He explained that Sergeant Robinson had an extremely
rare form of stage IV lung cancer and exclaimed: What have you been
exposed to? Sergeant Robinson thought back to his tour in Iraq. He
remembered seeing and smelling smoke from pits the size of football
fields at his base near Baghdad.
While serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, and beyond, millions of U.S.
troops have lived and worked near burn pits. They are basically burning
trash heaps that the military has used for decades to dispose of
everything from human waste to trash and electronics and jet fuel, and
they spew forth many of the same dangerous toxins that were at Ground
Zero after 9/11.
The VA estimates that 3.5 million servicemembers were exposed to burn
pits around the world, many of them veterans who are now suffering from
permanent injuries and illnesses ranging from chronic bronchitis to
cancer. But when these veterans seek treatments, they face an often
unsurmountable burden of proof.
For SFC Heath Robinson, the VA denied him compensation and
prescription medications because it wasn't proven that burn pits were
the cause of his illness. Army Sergeant Robinson died in 2020. He was
only 39 years old.
I have heard from many veterans, servicemembers, and their families
who have also been raising the alarm about burn pits. Gina Cancelino of
New York told me about her husband Joseph, who was a Marine Corps
veteran, an NYPD sergeant, and a dad of two girls. In 2017, he
developed a very rare, very aggressive form of testicular cancer, as
well as thyroid cancer. He died in 2019 when he was just 52.
This is simply unacceptable. Our servicemembers risk their lives to
keep us safe. All they ask for is care in return, but our government
has failed them repeatedly. First, it was Agent Orange. Then, it was
the Blue Water Navy vets. Today, it is burn pits.
That is why, nearly 2 years ago, I started working with Jon Stewart,
John Feal, and a strong coalition of veterans service organizations to
craft the Presumptive Benefits for War Fighters Exposed to Burn Pits
and Other Toxins Act.
This bill forms the centerpiece of the Honoring Our PACT Act, which
has now been named in honor of Sergeant Robinson. The bottom line: It
would remove the unsurmountable and unreasonable burden of proof for
veterans to receive care. No longer would these selfless individuals
have to jump through hoops to get the care they actually have already
earned. No longer would they have to spend hours upon hours researching
the very diseases that are killing them. No longer would they have to
spend their own money on biopsies to prove their illnesses are
exposure-related and service-related. No longer would they be forced to
suffer or even die like Sergeant Robinson, Sergeant Cancelino, and so
many others as our Nation and government continue to fail them.
Now we have the opportunity to pass this bill here in this Chamber at
this moment in time. While we have incredible momentum, we still have
to make sure we get 60 votes on final passage. I have been meeting with
many of you to drum up the support we need for this critical bill to
get it over the finish line. Its passage will represent an enormous
victory for servicemembers and veterans across the country.

I am proud of the enormous progress we have made in this effort, and
I hope that all of my colleagues will join us in passing the PACT Act,
not only for Sergeants Robinson and Cancelino but for all of the brave
men and women who are still suffering and dying from their exposure to
burn pits while serving this country so honorably.
I yield the floor.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Connecticut.
Mr. BLUMENTHAL. Madam President, I want to thank my colleagues who
have worked with us on a bipartisan basis to bring the SFC Heath
Robinson Honoring Our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of
2022 to the floor for a vote. That is a mouthful. The PACT Act is the
way it is known more colloquially.
The PACT Act is a profoundly significant measure. It is a milestone
in our dealing with the health and benefits that our veterans deserve.
We know that the modern battlefield is filled with toxins and poison
that could cause grave injury, and many of the afflictions that result
from those toxins or chemicals are manifested only years after a
veteran leaves Active-Duty service. In fact, cancer, hypertension, skin
disease--the list is long, and so are the number of years when the
illnesses can arrive. They are latent. They are hidden. Like many
wounds of war, they are invisible at the time. But these brave men and
women who serve us on the modern battlefield experience them at higher
rates because there are more of those toxins and chemicals.
We have seen them, for example, in the burn pit. One of my sons, a
Marine Corps officer in Afghanistan, saw them firsthand, described them
to me, and worried about the effects on him. So far he is fine, but the
years ahead are an unknown for him and for countless other men and
women who may have been exposed. In fact, they may not even know that
they have been exposed to these chemicals and toxins.
The fact of the matter is that the Veterans Administration has
resisted taking responsibility for these illnesses. It has erected
thresholds of proof and barriers of evidence for veterans who suffer
the effects of the burn pit and the other sources of toxic chemicals
that can inflict such grievous pain and worry on so many of them. That
is why this legislation is so significant--because it will begin to
right the inaction of the government in helping veterans afflicted by
toxic exposure.
We have been here before. We have fought year after year after year
for veterans who were afflicted with the results of Agent Orange over
the resistance and the opposition of the VA. And even after we passed
the measure, righting those wrongs, the VA resisted implementing the
law, not under this administration, fortunately, but previous ones.
I am immensely grateful to this VA for its seeming support of this
measure, but I am most grateful to the veterans themselves, the
veterans service

[[Page S2805]]

organizations that have been at our side and have had our back,
including the Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, their organization. The
IAVA has played an important role; likewise, the VFW--Veterans of
Foreign Wars--the American Legion, Disabled American Veterans, and
others. They are among the main rulers who deserve predominant thanks.
Chairman Tester and Ranking Member Moran and our counterparts in the
House Committee on Veterans Affairs have been instrumental in this
measure. In fact, I worked with Senator Moran on this issue when I was
the ranking member on the Veterans' Affairs Committee. He saw, along
with me, the importance of moving forward on this issue.

This inaction has affected countless families like Sergeant First
Class Robinson's family. I received a handwritten note from his young
daughter yesterday urging me to vote yes on ``my dad's bill.'' Let
there be no mistake, I am going to be voting yes on this bill, and I
hope that my colleagues on both sides of the aisle will overwhelmingly
join me in voting yes.
I want to say, in particular, how proud I have been to lead
legislation, along with colleagues like Senator Tillis, to advance
particular causes of groups of veterans who have been specifically
affected. For example, the Palomares nuclear accident in 1966 caused
huge suffering and pain to men and women in uniform who were sent to
clean up a crash or a release of bombs. They didn't explode, but they
were nuclear weapons, and they had to be cleaned up. Their remediation
exposed those veterans to radiation, and the PACT Act will provide them
with much needed relief.
Similarly, there are an estimated 16,000--that is right; 16,000--U.S.
servicemembers deployed to a base in Uzbekistan known as K2. It was an
old Soviet base, which became a dumping ground for all kinds of toxic
substances, and they were exposed to those substances when they served
there.
Now, the old Soviet Union didn't care much about its people--Russia
not much more--about its people in uniform, but we should, and we do.
That is why the PACT Act would provide care to them.
In the United States at Camp Lejeune, many of our veterans and their
families were exposed to toxins in the water supply. They have been
left without any real recourse. My friend and colleague Senator Tillis
and I worked together on legislation to help these thousands of
veterans and their families impacted by those toxins at Camp Lejeune.
It was an uphill battle. We had to overcome a lot of resistance. Again,
some of our VA friends didn't see it our way, but my feeling is that we
had to fight as tenaciously for those Camp Lejeune families as marines
do for us.
The PACT Act essentially regards these kinds of illnesses and
inflictions as part of the cost of war, and it puts the presumption of
service-connected cause on the side of the veteran because many of them
are making claims after the fact, indeed, well after they have left the
battlefield. The proof is much more difficult for them to make and much
easier for the VA to resist, so the burden should be on the VA to prove
that these illnesses are not service connected, not the other way
around. The presumption has to be in favor of the veteran. That is the
basic fairness here. It levels the playing field so that veterans have
a fair chance at making sure that they receive the healthcare and the
benefits that they deserve and need.
I am proud that this measure is bipartisan. It is long overdue, but
it moves us in the right direction, and maybe it helps to prove that we
can continue to work productively together. Certainly, as to veterans,
we need to do the right thing in recognizing these costs of war.
This measure is not only an important milestone as legislation, but
it also represents an opportunity to educate our country about
invisible wounds, about brave men and women who serve in combat and
come home without necessarily a visible wound but experience a
different kind of hardship and burden. Their sacrifice must be
recognized. They need healthcare, and they deserve it. The benefits
that they are receiving as a result of this measure are extraordinarily
and deeply well deserved and should be available promptly.
I yield the floor.
I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
Mr. DURBIN. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

For-Profit Colleges and Universities

Mr. DURBIN. Madam President, I have been on the floor quite a few
times about an industry which is controversial: for-profit schools. If
you want to know about for-profit colleges and universities, you have
to remember two numbers, and the numbers are these: 8 and 33. Eight
percent of the graduates of high schools go to for-profit colleges and
universities; 33 percent of all the student loan defaults are students
who started out at for-profit colleges and universities.
They are students who didn't finish or ended up with a worthless
degree, couldn't make enough money, and defaulted on their student
loans. That is an industry that deserves close scrutiny, because, you
see, they operate almost exclusively with Federal taxpayers' dollars.
I believe that they have really posed an unscrupulous threat to
unsuspecting students, to taxpayers, and to the solvency of Federal
student aid programs.
Corinthian Colleges, sounds great, doesn't it? That was one of them,
one of the largest for-profit college companies, and one of the worst.
It operated more than a hundred campuses, including six in my home
State of Illinois, under names like Everest Colleges, WyoTech, and
Heald Colleges.
At its peak, Corinthian enrolled more than 110,000 students, raking
in a $1.4 billion sum from the Federal Treasury every year, 1.4 billion
for Corinthian. How did Corinthian attract its students? It lied. It
invested heavily in marketing and advertising. It created a business
model that relied heavily on predatory sales practices. It deliberately
misled students into taking on more debt than they could ever, ever
repay.
They lied to potential students about the school's job placement
rates. They lied about the students' future salary prospects. They lied
about whether Corinthian credits could be transferred to another
college. Most appallingly, Corinthian recruiters were sent out to look
for the most vulnerable targets: high school students whose families
had no experience with higher education--minority students.
An internal company document described Corinthian's target
demographic as ``isolated people'' with ``low self-esteem.'' People who
have ``few people in their lives who care about them'' and people who
are ``stuck, unable to see and plan for the future.'' They preyed on
these people.
Single moms living close to poverty were the best targets. In 2013,
Vice President Kamala Harris, who was then California's attorney
general, sued this company for predatory and deceptive business
practices. That lawsuit was followed by investigations by four
different Federal agencies and more than 20 State attorneys general for
consumer fraud on all of their campuses.
Corinthian's enrollment numbers and stock prices tumbled with these
investigations, and on April 26, 2015, the whole Corinthian College
house of cards collapsed. The company announced abruptly it would close
all of its schools the following day.
The announcement left 16,000 students stunned and worried about how
they were ever going to pay off the debts they had incurred and about
the degrees that they wouldn't be able to finish.
Back in 2015, I called for widespread relief for borrowers defrauded
by Corinthian. And last week, these borrowers finally received some
long overdue relief. Seven years after they closed Corinthian, they
finally got relief from the student loans they incurred because of the
fraud of Corinthian Colleges.
In its largest student loan forgiveness action ever, the Education
Department recognized the rot that was at the core of Corinthian
Colleges and announced it was going to wipe out $5.8

[[Page S2806]]

billion in student loan debt owed by 560,000 borrowers who attended the
company's for-profit schools.
You see, the Federal Government was saying to the students: These
schools are OK. You can borrow Federal money going to these schools.
These students said, well, I couldn't get a Federal loan unless it
was a real college or university, and, in fact, they were wrong.
For former Corinthian students, this loan forgiveness means finally
their credit scores will start to get above sinking, fewer garnished
paychecks, and calls from collection agencies may just slow down. I
applaud Education Secretary Cardona and President Biden for their
leadership on this simple issue of justice.
This is the latest step the Biden administration has taken to ease
the crush of student loan debt.
The administration has used relief programs aimed at a variety of
borrowers, including public service workers and people with
disabilities. It also paused loan repayment during the pandemic.
President Biden reportedly is considering a broader student loan
forgiveness program that would benefit more borrowers, such a program--
if it is responsibly crafted--would be a boon not only to individual
borrowers and their families, but also to our economy. It would make it
possible for young people to finally restart their lives, buy a car,
maybe even a home, start a business, maybe even a family--the kinds of
investments that make America grow the right way.
I also believe we need to rethink the provisions in our Federal
bankruptcy laws that make student loan debt one of the few debts that
cannot be discharged in bankruptcy proceedings. If you declare
bankruptcy, you can basically be discharged from any obligation to pay
back your mortgage, even your mortgage on a second home, your car loan,
or even money that you borrowed for a boat. You can discharge all those
in bankruptcies, but you cannot discharge your student loan, in all
practical purposes.
Bankruptcy should be allowed to be used as a last resort for
borrowers who have no other place to turn. I expect to have more to say
about that in the near future.
America needs more trained nurses, doctors, teachers, engineers,
mechanics, and skilled professionals and trade workers than ever
before. It is in America's national and economic interest to make sure
that student loans are a prudent investment and to protect unsuspecting
students from unscrupulous organizations like these for-profit colleges
and universities.
We should have learned our lesson as a Nation.
I yield the floor.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Ohio.
Mr. PORTMAN. Madam President, I ask unanimous consent to speak for up
to 15 minutes and Senator Stabenow for 1 minute prior to the scheduled
rollcall votes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

Ukraine

Mr. PORTMAN. Madam President, last Friday was a grim milestone. It
was the 100th day of the war in Ukraine--a war being waged by Russia
against an ally in a democratic country, Ukraine: a hundred days of
brutal, unrelenting rocket and missile attacks throughout Ukraine,
including attacks on a number of civilian targets like hospitals and
churches and apartment buildings, schools. Tens of thousands of
Ukrainian citizens and soldiers have been killed and entire cities have
been laid to rubble by the Russian barrages.
For the 14th straight week when the Senate has been in session during
this war, I come to the Senate floor again today to discuss the status
of this unprovoked and bloody invasion and to talk about what our role
as Americans ought to be.
First, it can never be emphasized enough that the people of Ukraine,
professional soldiers and civilians and volunteers alike, have
demonstrated courage, fortitude, and competence in beating all
expectations in their existential battle against the odds to preserve
their freedom and protect their homeland.
I am not surprised because I have seen the spirit and bravery of the
Ukrainian people firsthand. In my seven or eight or nine trips to
Ukraine, including meetings with Ukrainian troops on the line of
contact before this latest invasion, I have seen the Ukrainian spirit.
To have held off Russia this long demonstrates their strength and their
resiliency. But at this moment in time there is reason for concern too.
President Zelenskyy just said that Russia now controls 20 percent of
Ukraine's territory. Before the war started, Russia controlled just 7
percent of Ukraine, after its illegal annexation of the Crimean
Peninsula and the creation of a Russian-backed separatist government in
parts of the Donbas region in eastern Ukraine.
If you look at this map, you can see here what Russia took in 2014,
Crimea and part of the Donbas here, and look what they have now and
look at where the battles are occurring.
I made another trip to the region last week, and what I heard was
that thanks to the fierce Ukrainian resistance, Ukrainians have had
success in some parts of the country.
Remember, at one point Kyiv was under attack and there were Russian
troops coming down from Belarus. They have been repelled, so there have
been successes. There is no question about it. But Russia has now
consolidated its troops and its firepower in this area, in the south
and in the east, and they are making gains--incremental gains, but
gains nonetheless.
This is a crucial point in the war, and we have to redouble our
efforts and do that now to help Ukrainians defend themselves, to save
Ukrainian lives, and to push the Russian invasion back.
In my trip to the region last week, I also visited with U.S. troops
and commanders in Germany and with heads of government, military
leaders, and refugee coordinators in Romania and Moldova before
traveling to the United Kingdom, one of our staunchest allies. I thank
them for their support.
While I was in Moldova, I was able to cross the border into Ukraine,
where I met Ukrainian refugees leaving the country, but also Ukrainians
who were actually returning to Ukraine, as the place where they lived
in this part of Ukraine, closer to Kyiv, was relatively stable.
During my visits with the leaders of Moldova and Romania, I was able
to thank each of them for their support in Ukraine and to learn more
about what they need to be more effective partners in the region.
In Germany, visiting with the U.S.-European command, I received
detailed briefings on the state of the war in Ukraine, as well as what
the United States and our allies are doing to support Ukraine's brave
defenders with military assistance.
I also met with the senior Ukrainian liaison there from the Ukrainian
military who gave me his very frank assessment of the war and what
weapons his brothers-in-arms absolutely need to be able to continue
their fight. As I mentioned earlier, Russia's recent gains on the
eastern side of the country are cause for serious concern.
Russia's mainline effort, again, is here in the Donbas region. By all
accounts, the Ukrainians are making the Russians pay dearly for every
inch of territory, but they are taking territory, incrementally, and
the Ukrainians, both soldiers and civilians, are taking higher
casualties.
The primary reason is the Russian artillery has a longer range than
the artillery that the Ukrainians possess. They are able to strike
Ukrainian positions from safe distances where Ukrainian artillery
cannot reach them. This unlevel playing field in eastern Ukraine must
be addressed.
This is why I have been urging the administration and our allies to
immediately provide Ukraine with the weapons they are asking for to
allow them to have a fighting chance against the longer range Russian
artillery, specifically longer range advanced rocket artillery systems.
These systems which we have are superior or at least on par with the
Russian artillery in terms of distance, accuracy, reload speed, and
mobility and would help immediately to level the playing field for
Ukraine.
I spoke about the need for these weapons in my floor speech on May
24. I have tweeted about it, I think, six or seven times. Finally,
after weeks of urging that we listen to the Ukrainians and provide
these systems, I was very pleased that the administration announced
last Tuesday that they will

[[Page S2807]]

provide Ukraine with high-mobility artillery rocket systems or HIMARS.
But I am concerned not just by how long it took and continues to take
but by how long it will take to get these systems in place in Ukraine
while lives are being lost and Ukrainian territory is being taken.
Moreover, the best information that I have is that the administration
is only providing four of these HIMARS systems, which will have limited
impact on the battlefield. I hope I am wrong about that. I hope there
are more on the way. But that is the best information we have.
They are also only providing Ukraine with midrange missiles, meaning
that Ukrainian troops will need to fire closer to Russian positions and
put themselves at greater risk. That may be OK because that may be
comparable or maybe evenly slightly better than the Russian artillery,
but they are not getting the special, longer range missiles.
Lastly, we are being told it will take time to train Ukrainian
soldiers on how to operate this advanced system. All told, it will
take, we are told, roughly 2 weeks for these systems to arrive in-
theater and for Ukrainian troops to be sufficiently trained on them. In
the meantime, Russia's brutal advance will proceed, and Ukrainian lives
will continue to be lost.
There is some good news on that front from another part of our allied
front. Just yesterday, the British announced that they will send
several multiple launch rocket systems to Ukraine, which is a larger
version of what we are sending. This is very important. I appreciate
what the UK is doing, and I also urge other allied countries that have
this longer range capacity to step up as well.
In addition, this week we learned that Spain is ready to send Leopard
battle tanks and anti-aircraft missiles to Ukraine. This is a big
change, and we appreciate the fact that the Spanish military support
has been increasing. They will also provide training for Ukrainian Army
officials and soldiers on the tanks, according to the report, which
cites government sources.
Also, in, Severodonetsk, the city the Russians were overrunning last
weekend, reports indicate that the Ukrainians have counterattacked and
are putting up a fierce resistance to Russia's assault.
This is this area right here.
Although the battle is far from over, the Ukrainians are, once again,
demonstrating their incredible bravery and resolve, showing the world
that despite being outgunned, they will not give up without a fight.
After my briefings in Germany, I traveled to Romania, where I met
with Prime Minister Ciuca, the Minister of Economy, State Secretary of
Foreign Affairs, members of Parliament, and officials and volunteers
involved with welcoming Ukrainian refugees.
America could ask for no better friend than Romania. Our interests
align on many issues, including energy security, defense spending, food
security, standing against Russian aggression, and blocking malign
Chinese investments in critical infrastructure. Our relationship is
strengthened by the Romanian community in the United States, including
in Ohio, where thousands trace their heritage back to that great
country.
Twenty percent of Romania's energy comes from nuclear energy, and the
country plans to boost that to 40 percent in coming years, with America
as their partner of choice. I urge the Biden administration to do more
to support Romania's embrace of nuclear energy, especially with regard
to the Export-Import Bank, working with American energy companies. As
their production increases, I hope that Romania can be become an energy
hub that can help wean its neighbors off Russian energy. Romania has
been smart. They have cut their ties with both Chinese nuclear energy
and telecommunications companies, fully recognizing the threat that
these companies pose. And unlike other countries in Europe, they are
not dependent on Russian energy.
Romania has also been creative in finding ways to help Ukraine export
its grain. This is a huge issue. We all know that Ukraine is a large
exporter, whether it is sunflower oil or whether it is corn or whether
it is wheat, but particularly with regard to wheat. So many poor
countries around the world depend on Ukrainian wheat.

This photograph, unfortunately, is of a bombing attack only about a
day and a half ago in the area of the Port of Odessa. And this is the
Russians exploding a bomb at a grain bin. So they are destroying wheat
and other grains that would be destined for poor countries in the
world. This is what is going on today in Ukraine.
There is something else that is very important, and that is the
ability of Ukraine to export this wheat that they do have in bins
around the country. I discussed this at length with Prime Minister
Ciuca of Romania. It is extremely important because he has the ability
to help with regard to a port in Romania to get some of this grain out
that would normally go out through Odessa, which has been mined and has
been--mined by the Russians.
So here we are. The Port of Constanta is here. This is Romania. This
is Ukraine. Here is the Port of Odessa. Over here is the Donbas, where
we were earlier.
This port is actually the largest port on the Black Sea. It is
difficult to get from Odessa to here, but in talking to the Prime
Minister, he has some great ideas on how to deal with this. With the
blockade of Odessa by Russia, there is an opportunity to use rail, to
use a canal system, and to use roads to get the grain to Constanta to
be able to export it.
I appreciate the fact the Romanians are willing to work us on that,
and it is incredibly important, again, not just to Ukraine and their
economy to have the ability to export, but it is also incredibly
important because the dire warnings of global food insecurity and price
spikes if this blockade continues concerns all of us. It certainly
concerns this Congress and this administration.
These poor countries in Africa depend on Ukrainian wheat to avoid
food shortages.
Romanian officials told me they intend to work with Ukraine in this
project, and I appreciate that.
Malign actors around the world, by the way, have used food as a
weapon over time. The Houthis in Yemen, Assad in Syria, and now Putin
in Russia.
President Putin recently suggested that he would only lift his
stranglehold on these ports, including Odessa, if the sanctions were
lifted on Russia.
Let me be clear. Food should never be used as leverage in
negotiations. Russia must lift its blockade immediately without any
conditions. Millions of lives depend on it. I would expect the
administration and allies, including Turkey, to be coming up with
contingency plans now, if they don't have them already, to ensure that
this wheat can be exported and other grains as well.
When it comes to the administration, President Biden has said
recently: ``There is going to have to be a negotiated settlement'' to
end this war.
I urge the administration not to talk about ceding ground in Ukraine.
This does not signal resolve or clarity; it signals weakness. It will
not help us break the blockade in the Black Sea, and it will not help
Ukraine win this war. We should be doing what we can with allies--short
of boots on the ground--helping the Ukrainians take back every inch of
territory that Russia has taken from them since 2014.
That is fair, just, and what Ukrainian officials themselves have been
calling for. Our allies in Eastern Europe know what is at stake here.
Romania is a great example. A staunch NATO ally, Romania is committed
to the military defense of the alliance and meets NATO's goal of
spending 2 percent of its GDP on defense. They actually told me when I
was there that they plan to raise it to 2.5 percent in the next few
years in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
After Romania, I visited Moldova, where I met with Prime Minister
Gavrilita, the Minister of Internal Affairs, and various
parliamentarians. I was impressed with what I saw. As I told the Prime
Minister, Moldova is a small country that punches way above its weight.
Moldova has graciously accepted almost half a million Ukrainian
refugees through its border--more per capita than any other Nation.
Unfortunately, the war in Ukraine is far from over, and if Russia
continues to gain ground or opens up an assault on Odessa, which many
fear, it will send another massive wave of refugees westward into
Moldova.

[[Page S2808]]

While in Moldova, I traveled to Palanca, a border crossing that is
run jointly by Moldovan, Ukrainian, and EU Frontex border security
guards. While at the border, I had the opportunity to speak with
Ukrainians whose lives have been turned upside down by this war. Some
were leaving Moldova, some were coming back into Moldova, but they all
expressed to me their fears that Russia will gain ground and expand
their brutal assault to other parts of the country, including Odessa,
which is only about 30 miles away from where I was.
Now, as the war rages on and we cross 100 days of this brutal
invasion, I want to highlight another recent development. I have
mentioned on this floor many times the need for stronger sanctions
against Russia, particularly with regard to energy but also trade and
banking. In particular, I have pointed out that Europe sends Russia
roughly $870 million a day in gas and oil receipts that help fund the
Putin war machine.

So I was pleased that late last week the European Union took a
positive step in partially banning Russian oil into the EU.
Specifically, these phased-in sanctions will prohibit the import of
seaborne crude oil from Russia and petroleum products over the next 8
months. This phased-in embargo, I believe, along with countries like
Germany that stopped pipeline oil altogether, is expected to impact
approximately 90 percent of Russian oil imports into Europe by the end
of this year. Combined with the ban on coal imports that Russia has
agreed to earlier this year, which will take effect in August, Europe
is undoubtedly making progress in cutting off that nearly $1 billion
that goes to Russia to feed the war machine.
Even better, given the situation on the ground in Ukraine today,
would be a full embargo against all Russian energy immediately, as the
United States has done, but this is progress.
Given their greater dependence on Russian oil and gas, by the way,
Europe's energy independence from Russia will require a different kind
of leadership from the United States as we establish a new energy world
order.
Where the United States can help most is to get more energy on the
global market now to help backfill Russia's energy needs and stabilize
prices. Instead of looking to countries like Iran and Venezuela to
produce more energy, this administration should be pursuing policies to
expand our domestic oil and gas production as well as renewables,
nuclear, all of the above. And in the longer term for our national
security and that of our allies, the United States needs to take steps
to lead the world in developing and exporting the next-generation
energy technologies like advanced nuclear and hydrogen.
The reality is this: It shouldn't have taken a global energy crisis
for us to realize this. Before this administration took office,
concerns had been raised about the prospect about aggressive or
idealistic policies that threaten the reliability and security of our
energy supplies here in the United States. We need to act, and we need
to act now. Providing LNG to Europe is key to Europe being able to wean
themselves from Russian gas.
The fact is, we need to unleash American energy. We have the
resources here to help our friends and allies. We can help everyone so
that they don't need to take another dime and give it to Vladimir
Putin's war machine.
Right now, Ukrainians continue to suffer, and the world must not turn
a blind eye. According to the United Nations recently, nearly 7 million
Ukrainian refugees have fled the country since the war began, and
another 8 million Ukrainians are internally displaced. This invasion
has flattened beautiful cities in Ukraine, like Mariupol, where,
according to local officials, at least 22,000 residents have been
killed.
I will close with this. I have now come to this floor every week
since just before President Putin put this illegal and unprovoked
invasion upon the people of a democratic Ukraine, who just wanted to
live in peace with their neighbors--their neighbors, by the way,
including Russia.
Some have asked me why a Senator from Ohio should care about this
fighting in Ukraine, and I tell them every American should care. This
is a fight during our generation where democracy is on the line. Some
folks here may not agree with that; I understand. But Ukrainians get
it. They know what it is like to live under the thumb of an
authoritarian, of Russia, and they broke away from that and toward
democracy in 1991 and again, as we all saw, in 2014. I was in Ukraine
then in 2014 right after the Revolution of Dignity, where Ukrainians
decided for themselves that they wanted to turn to us and to Europe to
pursue a hopeful future of freedom and democracy. Now President Putin
is trying to extinguish that hope. We must not let him.
I am also motivated by the tens of thousands of Ukrainian-American
friends and constituents in my home State of Ohio, some of whom joined
me for an update last Friday, where I learned more about the amazing
Ohio volunteer efforts to help Ukraine.
But even if I didn't have one constituent of Ukrainian descent or
know a single Ukrainian, I would be on this floor condemning Russia's
atrocities.
As Russian forces target Ukrainian civilians, people from across the
globe are showing their support and encouragement for Ukrainians. In
Ohio, we have assured Ukrainians that America has their back.
At the Ohio State University, President Kristina Johnson participated
in a call with President Zelenskyy, and she said she asked him how Ohio
State could help. President Zelenskyy answered with: How about helping
to rebuild our cities that have been flattened? What did President
Johnson say? ``Count on us.'' That has been the consistent theme from
the Buckeye State--count on us. In fact, student organizations like the
Ukrainian Society and Desserts for Donations have held fundraisers
around the State selling buttons, pins, desserts--all of which have
been donated to the Revived Ukrainian Soldiers, a group that provides
medical and humanitarian aid.
I have listed before on this floor a dozen other great causes in Ohio
that have been helpful with regard to the humanitarian effort in
Ukraine. Ohioans get it. They know that America can't afford to stay on
the sidelines and be a spectator.
I commend the administration for the actions taken, but as I have
said before, we need to do more and more quickly. At this crucial time
in the battle, freedom and democracy are at stake and the ability for
countries to have their territorial integrity respected. America cannot
afford to be tentative. Instead, we must lead with allies in protecting
the post-World War II order. We are being watched by those allies, 41
of whom have joined us in helping Ukraine defend itself. But we are
also being watched by our adversaries who must see strength and
determination and willingness to lead.
I yield the floor.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Murphy). The Senator from Michigan.
Ms. STABENOW. Mr. President, first I want to thank my friend from
Ohio for his passionate leadership on this very, very important issue
and the importance of standing with Ukraine. I want to thank him for
that.

Nomination of Chavonda J. Jacobs-Young

Mr. President, we are about to vote on a very important position in
the Department of Agriculture, and I am urging my colleagues to confirm
Dr. Chavonda Jacobs-Young as our next Under Secretary for Research,
Education, and Economics at the Department of Agriculture.
It is critical to quickly confirm Dr. Jacobs-Young because without
Agency leadership and senior staff, the research Agencies at USDA can't
do the really essential work that our producers are counting on.
Dr. Jacobs-Young is extremely qualified. She has held leadership
roles at multiple research Agencies at the USDA and the White House.
She will be the first woman of color to serve in the USDA's highest
scientific post.
She was the first African-American woman in the country to receive a
Ph.D. in wood and paper science and the first woman of color to serve
as the Administrator for the Agriculture Research Service.
She has even got her own statue on the National Mall as part of the
IfThenSheCan exhibit to celebrate contemporary women innovators in
science, technology, engineering, and math--her own statue on the Mall.
Her commitment to science, research, and education is a true
inspiration.

[[Page S2809]]

I am excited about the nomination of Dr. Jacobs-Young, and I know
that she will help protect scientific integrity at the USDA and build a
diverse and resilient scientific workforce. I appreciate the
cooperation of my colleague and friend, our Ranking Member Senator
Boozman, in moving this nomination forward, and I urge my colleagues to
vote to confirm Dr. Jacobs-Young today.

____________________