[Congressional Record Volume 168, Number 62 (Thursday, April 7, 2022)]
[Senate]
[Pages S2063-S2069]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]



                  Nomination of Ketanji Brown Jackson

  Mr. GRASSLEY. Soon, we will be voting on Judge Jackson's nomination, 
and I would like to explain why I am voting against her appointment to 
the Supreme Court.
  Since the White House announced Judge Jackson's nomination, I have 
emphasized the need for a thorough and fair process. Unfortunately, the 
majority party weren't concerned about the rigorous examination of her 
record. The White House and the majority party have shielded important 
information. We don't have any nonpublic document from her time at the 
Sentencing Commission, and the Obama White House held back more than 
48,000 pages.
  Judge Jackson also gave the White House confidential, nonpublic 
probation recommendations for some of her

[[Page S2064]]

cases, but when we asked about a probation document filed on the 
Hawkins case, Judge Jackson claimed that she was not able to access 
records for her old cases because that was allegedly because she was no 
longer on the district court. And we now know that she sits on the DC 
Circuit Court of Appeals.
  Now, if that is true, there are many unanswered questions about how 
information the White House thought was helpful was so easily obtained. 
So we should take into account that all the helpful information has 
already been leaked.
  That brings me to the merits of Judge Jackson's nomination. For 
judicial nominees, their philosophy ought to decide--how to decide 
cases ought to be a primary consideration.
  Part of having a judicial philosophy is having an understanding of 
the fundamental principles of our Constitution. Natural rights are a 
part of that system. Judge Jackson explained to us that she does not 
``hold a position on whether individuals possess natural rights.''
  Now, that ought to be very shocking. Natural rights are basic to our 
constitutional system and principles of limited government. Because we 
all know our country was founded on the belief that is expressed in the 
Declaration of Independence:

       All men are created equal [and] they are endowed by their 
     Creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are 
     the Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.

  And that was further nailed down in the Constitution of the United 
States.
  Our Constitution vests the three branches of government with very 
limited power. All other powers not given to the Federal Government are 
reserved for the States and to the people thereof.
  The principle of limited government is what makes America an 
exceptional nation and sets our Constitution apart. Judges must have a 
proper understanding of those basic principles; and the way Judge 
Jackson answered those questions, particularly the answers she gave to 
Senator Cruz, shows that she lacks that very necessary foundation.
  Now, I want to go on to a few other examples. At the hearing, Judge 
Jackson testified about one of her decisions involving the First Step 
Act. In that case, prosecutors had rock-solid evidence against a 
dangerous drug kingpin, but Judge Jackson was displeased the government 
pursued a mandatory minimum sentence.
  So she misused a motion for compassionate release to resentence that 
person to a sentence she thought he deserved.
  As the lead author of the First Step Act, I know that is not what we 
wrote the statute to do. The act was supposed to allow elderly inmates 
and those suffering from terminal illness to petition the court for a 
sentence reduction. The statute also allows for a reduction if the 
court finds an ``extraordinary and compelling reason.''
  Judges should use great discretion. Judges should weigh against the 
charge, the dangers to society, and the risk of recidivism.
  At her hearing, Judge Jackson said that she based her ``extraordinary 
and compelling'' finding on the nonretroactive changes to the law. This 
radical interpretation is terrible and dangerous.
  Congress chose which provisions the First Step Act would apply 
retroactively. The Senate is currently considering legislation that I 
cosponsored with Chairman Durbin that makes some of the First Step Act 
provisions retroactive, but that is Congress's role, not Judge 
Jackson's role.
  Senator Durbin and I wouldn't have been able to broker a compromise 
on that legislation if Senators thought the judges would rewrite the 
law and insert their own views from the bench. Decisions like this will 
make bipartisan work, particularly on criminal justice reform, harder 
to do.
  A case by the name of Young is just one example of Judge Jackson's 
lenient approach to criminal law and sentencing. She also declined to 
apply a number of sentencing enhancements that Congress put into the 
sentencing guidelines.
  A case by the name of Make the Road New York v. McAleenan is another 
case that shows how Judge Jackson used her methodology to reach a 
result that contradicts the plain text of the law. Congress gave the 
Secretary of Homeland Security--and these are the words from the law--
``sole and unreviewable discretion'' to decide whether illegal 
immigrants should be subject to expedited removal within 2 years. Judge 
Jackson reviewed the Agency's decision anyway, and it seems clear why.
  She went out of her lane to comment on the policy as, in her words, 
``a terrible proposal.'' And she claimed that the government attorneys 
made an argument that ``reeks of bad faith.'' ``Reeks of bad faith'' 
are her words.
  In fact, her decision and her rhetoric are unfounded. So that is why 
her decision earned a strong rebuke from the panel of liberal and 
conservative judges when she was reversed by the DC Circuit.
  Judge Millett, an Obama appointee, explained it this way in the 
opinion:

       [T]here could hardly be a more definitive expression of 
     congressional intent [than] . . . ``sole and unreviewable 
     discretion.''

  These are just a few examples of Judge Jackson's judicial activism. 
Because her record clearly shows she does not believe in or act within 
the limited and proper role of a judge, I will vote against her 
confirmation.
  I yield the floor.
  Ms. COLLINS. Mr. President, I rise today in support of the nomination 
of Ketanji Brown Jackson to be an Associate Justice on the U.S. Supreme 
Court. Based on my careful review of her record and experience, as well 
as my assessment of her character and judicial philosophy, I believe 
that she warrants confirmation to the High Court.
  The Constitution delineates the roles of the President and the Senate 
in nominating and confirming members of the Federal judiciary. Article 
II grants the President the power to nominate judges, and it gives the 
Senate the power of advice and consent for such nominations.
  Evaluating a nominee to serve a lifetime appointment on the Supreme 
Court is one of the most consequential responsibilities of any Senator. 
Accordingly, I closely examine each nominee's qualifications, 
experience, writings, judicial philosophy, and personal integrity. One 
factor I do not consider is the political party of the nominating 
president.
  I have spent the last several weeks reviewing Judge Jackson's record, 
both before and after she became a Federal judge. Prior to and after 
her hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Judge Jackson and I 
spent more than 2 and a half hours discussing her jurisprudence and 
approach to deciding cases. I explored her views on precedent and her 
understanding of the role that the judicial branch plays within our 
constitutional design.
  I also watched Judge Jackson's confirmation hearing and, on numerous 
occasions, requested additional information from the White House and 
Senate Judiciary Committee.
  There is no question that Judge Jackson is qualified to be a Supreme 
Court Justice. She has sterling academic and extensive professional 
credentials. She has been a Supreme Court clerk, an attorney in private 
practice, a Federal public defender, a member of the U.S. Sentencing 
Commission, and a Federal district court judge for more than 8 years. 
She now serves on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of 
Columbia Circuit. Her qualifications have been confirmed by the 
American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary, 
which has unanimously rated Judge Jackson as ``Well Qualified''--its 
highest rating.
  Having determined that Judge Jackson possesses the requisite 
qualifications and experience, my consideration of her nomination then 
turned to whether she has the judgment and approach to deciding cases 
that are necessary to serve on the Supreme Court.
  Words that I spoke--years ago--when announcing my decision to vote to 
confirm Justice Elena Kagan to the Supreme Court remain my standard 
today: ``I believe it is . . . critical for nominees to have a judicial 
philosophy that is devoid of prejudgment, partisanship, and preference. 
Only then will the decisions handed down from the bench be impartial 
and consistent with legal precedents and the constitutional foundations 
of our democratic system.''
  Federal judges at all levels who are entrusted with lifetime 
appointments must avoid the temptation to exceed their constitutional 
role. That is particularly important for Supreme Court

[[Page S2065]]

Justices, who issue rulings from which there is no further opportunity 
for appeal.
  Judge Jackson testified that, as a judge, she seeks to ``decide cases 
from a neutral posture'' and rules ``without fear or favor, consistent 
with [her] judicial oath.'' She also correctly acknowledged that the 
role of a judge ``is a limited one'' and that she is only empowered to 
``decide cases and controversies that are properly presented.'' She 
added that her ``judicial role is further constrained by careful 
adherence to precedent.''
  During her hearing, Judge Jackson was asked whether she believes that 
the Constitution is a living document with a meaning that evolves over 
time. In response, she discussed the importance of ``adherence to the 
text'' and how her judicial powers are constrained by the meaning of 
the text at the ``time of the founding.'' She also explained that she 
does not believe in a ``living Constitution,'' rejecting the theory 
that it is a changing document ``infused with [her] own policy 
perspective or the policy perspective of the day.''
  In these responses, she demonstrated an understanding of the limited 
role of the judiciary. As Chief Justice John Marshall wrote in the 1803 
decision Marbury v. Madison, the Court must ``say what the law is.'' 
For any judge to do more would undermine the separation of powers 
enshrined in the Constitution.
  I also valued the testimony of Judge Thomas Griffith, who was 
appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
Circuit by President George W. Bush. He explained that, on several 
occasions, he reviewed Judge Jackson's decisions on appeal. Although 
they did not always agree on the outcome, he ``respected her diligent 
and careful approach, her deep understanding, and collegial manner.'' 
He added that, in his view, Judge Jackson ``is an independent jurist 
who adjudicates based on the facts and law and not as a partisan.''
  To be sure, I do not agree with some of the decisions that Judge 
Jackson has rendered as a Federal judge. For instance, in Make the Road 
New York v. McAleenan, I believe that Judge Jackson was wrong to review 
a decision that Congress--through Federal law--left to the ``sole and 
unreviewable discretion'' of the Secretary of Homeland Security. The 
Court of Appeals rightly reversed her ruling in that case. When I asked 
Judge Jackson about her decision, however, I respected the fact that 
she was able to articulate the thoughtful--albeit ultimately mistaken--
analysis that she employed.
  Similarly, I disagree with the sentences that she has imposed in some 
of the criminal cases that have come before her. As a general matter, I 
believe that judges should have some discretion in sentencing. This 
allows them to take into account the unique circumstances of each 
case--whether aggravating or mitigating--to determine an appropriate 
punishment for the crimes committed.
  Other Federal judges--appointed by Presidents of both parties--have 
deviated from the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines in some of the same types 
of cases handled by Judge Jackson. For instance, a 2021 report by the 
U.S. Sentencing Commission explained that ``[l]ess than one-third 
(30.0%) of non-production child pornography offenders received a 
sentence within the guideline range in fiscal year 2019.''
  The recent surge in crime, exacerbated by the vilification of law 
enforcement, is causing tremendous harm in cities across America. Thus, 
in evaluating Judge Jackson's approach to criminal cases, I appreciate 
the input from the Fraternal Order of Police, which concluded that she 
``has considered the facts and applied the law consistently and fairly 
on a range of issues.'' That organization explained that it is 
``reassured that, should she be confirmed, she would approach her 
future cases with an open mind and treat issues related to law 
enforcement fairly and justly.''
  Just as I have disagreed with some of her decisions to date, I have 
no doubt that, if Judge Jackson is confirmed, I will not agree with 
every vote that she casts as a Justice. That alone, however, is not 
disqualifying. Indeed, that statement applies to all six Justices, 
nominated by both Republican and Democratic Presidents, whom I have 
voted to confirm.
  I have concluded that Judge Jackson possesses the experience, 
judicial philosophy, and character to serve our country honorably as an 
Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.
  I would be remiss if I did not take this opportunity to speak on the 
profoundly disturbing trend of politicizing the courts and the judicial 
nomination process. This trend dates back decades and, sadly, continues 
to damage the reputation of this body and the independence of our 
courts. Today, calls to ``pack'' the Supreme Court in an apparent 
effort to dictate the outcome of cases are dangerous and undermine the 
public's confidence in our judiciary.
  Part of the reason for this politicization is that, in recent years, 
the process has increasingly moved away from what I believe to be 
appropriate for evaluating a Supreme Court nominee. In my view, the 
role the Constitution assigns to the Senate is to examine the 
experience, qualifications, philosophy, and integrity of the nominee. 
It is not to assess whether a nominee reflects the ideology of an 
individual Senator or would rule exactly as an individual Senator would 
want.
  It used to be common for Senators to give the President, regardless 
of political party, considerable deference in the choice of a nominee 
as long as the President's choice possessed the requisite credentials, 
experience, integrity, and respect for the Constitution. One need look 
no further than the 98-0 vote that conservative Justice Scalia received 
in 1986 and the 96-3 vote that liberal Justice Ginsburg received in 
1993.
  This approach served the Senate, the Court, and the country well. It 
instilled confidence in the independence and the integrity of the 
judiciary and helped keep the Court above the political fray. And this 
is the approach that I plan to continue to use for Supreme Court 
nominations because it runs counter to the disturbing trend of 
politicizing the judicial nomination process.
  I urge my colleagues to denounce partisan attacks on our courts and 
to join me in working to reverse this harmful trend.
  Similarly, I urge the Court itself to strive to forge consensus. A 
defining characteristic of a democracy, one that differentiates it from 
an autocracy, is that we are all, from the humblest to the most 
powerful, governed by the rule of law. That protection is inevitably 
weakened when those charged with upholding the primacy of the rule of 
law cannot agree on what the law provides. The perception held by some, 
whether fair or not, that Supreme Court Justices are guided by their 
personal views undermines respect for the law, posing a threat to the 
principle that holds us together as Americans.
  This danger will only grow if the Court continues to exhibit 
recurring and predictable differences on the most significant legal 
issues of our time. Thus, I think it is essential that the Justices 
endeavor to reach consensus, especially on matters with the greatest 
potential to cause conflict.
  To state this point in simpler terms, at times when our country is 
deeply divided along political and ideological lines, the Supreme Court 
is uniquely positioned to ensure that we adhere to the ties that bind 
us. Its ability to perform that function is diminished, however, when 
its members appear no less divided than the rest of the country.
  I will cast my vote to confirm Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to the 
U.S. Supreme Court.
  Mrs. SHAHEEN. Mr. President, it gives me tremendous honor and pride 
to offer remarks in recognition of this truly historic moment. I was 
first elected to the Senate in 2008 and came to Washington alongside 
our Nation's first African-American President. I remember the aura of 
historical significance that permeated the whole country during those 
early days of the Obama administration. In particular, I remember the 
awe and joy surrounding the inauguration, with Americans lining our 
streets, packed on the National Mall and glued to television screens in 
New Hampshire and across our country. I have thought a lot about this 
recently because I see that same excitement, anticipation, and 
recognition of history unfolding before our eyes as we as a nation are 
on the cusp of elevating our first female African-American Justice to 
the highest Court in our land.

[[Page S2066]]

  Our Constitution has served as a model for modern democracies around 
the world. Important pillars of our society like equality under the 
law, freedom of speech, press, and religion and the separation of 
powers are all innovations that have made America a beacon of democracy 
around the world. What makes our Constitution particularly exceptional 
is its ability to be adjusted and adapted to more faithfully reflect 
the interests and values of our diverse citizenry which it serves. 
Important amendments have expanded rights for women and communities of 
color, making our society more inclusive and pushing the needle toward 
justice. The Constitution guards our basic rights and freedoms, and the 
Justices of the Supreme Court serve as the guardians of that 
Constitution.
  It is precisely because of the importance of this Court and each of 
its nine precious seats that the seating of a new Justice is such a 
momentous occasion. And in this instance, the significance of the 
moment has been met by a singular nominee whose achievements, 
experience and integrity are fully worthy of the history books. In 
addition, for the first time in history, a former public defender will 
soon serve on the highest Court in the land. Judge Jackson has 
already--truly--rendered outstanding service to her country.
  Judge Jackson's lived experiences as a Black woman and a mother will 
bring essential insights to the Supreme Court which, for the first time 
in 232 years, will approach gender parity. While I fully believe 
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg would have loved seeing Justice Jackson 
ascend to her beloved Court, we still have a long way to go before we 
get to Justice Ginsburg's vision of nine female Justices. But one step 
at a time, we are building a better, more inclusive country. More 
succinctly put: We are building democratic institutions that represent 
the public they serve. Justice Jackson will make history and bring the 
full bounty of her rich and diverse personal history to the Court, just 
as Louis Brandeis, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, and Sonia 
Sotomayor did before her.
  I will end with one last reflection: Judge Jackson's historic 
nomination offers hope and optimism at a time when partisanship and 
division threaten to unravel our very democracy. During my conversation 
with her, I was struck by her genuine candor in discussing how she 
would approach working with other Justices from different ideological 
backgrounds. She seeks to appeal to shared experiences and values with 
Justices whose ideological backgrounds differ from her own. This 
recognition that we all have more that unites than divides us gives me 
faith not only in Judge Jackson's ability to forge consensus, but also 
that we as a nation have a brighter future ahead of us than behind us, 
and that we can, and must, work together to bridge our divides--
ideological and otherwise.
  If I can paraphrase a fellow Granite Stater, the great Senator Daniel 
Webster whose desk I occupy today: ``Justice is what binds civilized 
nations together.'' And I believe that Judge Jackson will faithfully 
use her seat on the Supreme Court to deliver just that kind of justice. 
Judge Jackson is the very best of America, and I am honored and excited 
to cast my vote to confirm her to the Supreme Court of the United 
States.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Illinois.
  Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, this Capitol Building has served as the 
backdrop for some of the most notable moments in America's history. In 
this building, wars have been declared, peace treaties have been 
signed, and the march toward progress has either moved forward or has 
been stopped in its tracks.
  Today, the Members of this Senate have the opportunity to take a 
monumental step forward. We will vote to confirm a once-in-a-generation 
legal talent, a jurist with outstanding credentials and a lifetime of 
experience, and the first-ever African-American woman to serve as 
Justice of the Supreme Court--Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson.
  Judge Jackson's confirmation will be a glass-shattering achievement 
for America.
  Consider this moment in history. When the Supreme Court first met in 
this building in 1801, there were 1 million slaves in this Nation--a 
Nation of 5 million people. This very building was built with the labor 
of enslaved people.
  And at the time the Court met, neither Black Americans nor White 
women had a constitutionally guaranteed right to vote. Women had no 
place in that first Supreme Court chamber, and Black women would only 
enter to clean it in the dark of the night.
  We know what followed. America's battle to end slavery saw a bloody 
civil war and decades of efforts to break down racial barriers, and the 
efforts continue to this day.
  Our struggle to enfranchise and empower women did not end with the 
19th Amendment, 102 years ago. It continues to this day, as well, as we 
strive to give our daughters the same opportunities we give our sons.
  This confirmation of the first Black woman to the Supreme Court 
honors the history that has come before it. It honors the struggles of 
the past and the men and women who waged them.
  And this confirmation draws America one step closer--one step--to 
healing our Nation, one step closer to a more perfect Union.
  Nearly a century after our founding, we guaranteed the rights of 
citizenship, finally, to every American, including, for the first time, 
those who were born into bondage, with the ratification of the 14th 
Amendment.
  It took a long century later for us to expand the bounds of liberty 
again. We ensured the Federal Government could vigorously protect the 
right to vote, the most fundamental of rights, with the passage of the 
Voting Rights Act of 1965.
  One victory for progress begat the next.
  Two years after the Voting Rights Act, we confirmed the first Black 
American to ever serve on the Supreme Court--Justice Thurgood Marshall. 
But I would like to remind you: That was 50 years ago.
  Now, with the passage of that time, we are beginning to write another 
chapter in our Nation's quest for equal justice under the law, and that 
chapter begins with three letters: K-B-J.
  With Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson's confirmation to the highest Court 
in the land, we are not only making history; we are carrying on a great 
American tradition: elevating one of our Nation's best and brightest 
legal minds to an honored position of service.
  There is no one more deserving of this high honor. As we have learned 
over the past month, she is the best of us. She has devoted her life to 
serving our country. She has done so at every level of the Federal 
judiciary, and at every turn, she has distinguished herself.
  But I hear the critics say she is soft on crime. I wonder how they 
explain that she was endorsed by the largest law enforcement 
organization in America, the Fraternal Order of Police, as well as the 
International Association of Chiefs of Police, as well as an army of 
Federal prosecutors who have appeared in her courts.
  She is dedicated to protecting judicial independence, to advancing 
freedom and liberty, and deciding every case, as she says, from a 
neutral posture. That is exactly what you will find in evaluating 
nearly 10 years of service on the bench.
  I hear Senators come to the floor and say: Well, there is one opinion 
I disagree with.
  For goodness' sake, she has issued almost 600 written opinions in 10 
years on the bench in the district court. She has been reversed a small 
percentage of the time. Her work speaks for itself, and when you 
evaluate it, you will find out she is thoughtful and evenhanded.
  As the American people saw during last month's hearing in the 
Judiciary Committee, Judge Jackson has the right judicial temperament. 
Calm, collected, she answered every question, even when the questions 
were hostile and confrontational. She answered them with dignity and 
grace and stood by for more than 24 hours of questioning.
  She is a proven consensus builder. She has been confirmed by the 
Senate on a bipartisan basis more than three times--three times, I 
should say--and soon, we hope, she will be confirmed again by a 
bipartisan majority.

  She has earned the support from leaders across the political and 
ideological spectrum. Civil rights leaders,

[[Page S2067]]

leaders in law enforcement, former Federal judges appointed by 
Democrats and Republicans--all of them have lined up proudly to endorse 
her.
  Perhaps most importantly, Judge Jackson will help ensure that the law 
works for the people and that the people understand the workings of the 
courts.
  For many Americans, what happens in a courtroom can be cold and 
impersonal. Judge Jackson has made a habit of making it real. She looks 
people in the eye, walks them through her decision making with patience 
and empathy, and she reaches every one of her decisions by following 
the facts and the law, wherever they lead.
  She said that her opinions can run long. That is by design, because 
she wants America to rest assured--whether she writes in the majority, 
the concurrence, or dissent--they will know exactly where she stands on 
the most important issues.
  Serving as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee during Judge 
Jackson's confirmation has been one of the highest honors of my Senate 
experience.
  I want to give a special thanks to the man who spoke before me, 
Republican Senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa. His friendship and fairness 
have really guided our relationship throughout this historic process.
  In the weeks since President Biden announced her nomination, Judge 
Jackson has already lifted the spirit of countless Americans, inspiring 
a new generation of aspiring jurists and public servants. Millions of 
Americans see themselves in Judge Jackson--Black Americans, members of 
law enforcement families, working moms, public high school graduates 
like her fellow Palmetto Panthers in Florida.
  Everywhere I have gone for the last few weeks when I go home--
visiting law schools, going to the grocery store--I have been 
approached by people who have been following this nomination closely. 
They tell me how deeply impressed they are with Judge Jackson, even 
under fire from her critics.
  Hannah Amundsen is one of those people. She is a law student in 
Waukegan, IL, a city on the shores of Lake Michigan. In a letter to my 
office, Hannah wrote:

       If you can see it, you can be it. [And] I'm very excited to 
     see . . . [America's] first black female justice.

  Reverend Krista Alston is a Baptist minister in the city of Chicago. 
She comes from a long line of Baptist ministers. She calls herself ``a 
civil rights baby,'' born in 1964, the year LBJ signed the Civil Rights 
Act.
  Rikki Jones is also from Chicago. She has been working for civil 
rights for nearly 60 years--since she was a teenager.
  Well, late last month, Reverend Alston and Ms. Jones, with four other 
people, drove 11 hours from Chicago to attend an hour of Judge 
Jackson's hearing.
  Rev. Alston said she was moved by the judge's courage, grace, 
integrity, and wisdom. She imagined what it will be like years from now 
to tell her future grandchildren what it was like to be in that room 
for that historic moment.
  And Rikki Jones said she had never even expected to hear about a 
Black woman being nominated to the Supreme Court, let alone to be in 
the room for her hearing. She said that as she watched Judge Jackson, 
``it felt like the fulfillment of everything I've worked for my whole 
life.''
  She thought of all the strong Black women who came before her and 
helped make the movement possible: Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, Ida 
B. Wells, and my personal late friend, the Reverend Willie Barrow, a 
Black woman minister from Chicago who worked alongside Dr. Martin 
Luther King. This moment was about them too, she said.
  And this moment is possible because of Judge Jackson and who she is--
her qualifications, her integrity, her record of excellence. She has 
earned her seat on the Supreme Court.
  That is why it is so unfortunate that several Republicans on the 
Judiciary Committee did not approach Judge Jackson's hearing with that 
same level of fairness and respect as their colleagues.
  Thankfully--thankfully--there are Members of the Senate who are 
willing to rise above the partisan fray.
  I want to particularly commend Senator Susan Collins of Maine, 
Senator Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, and Senator Mitt Romney of Utah for 
their political courage and their willingness to support a singularly 
qualified and historic nominee to the Supreme Court.
  You know, when Senator Romney announced his support for Judge 
Jackson's confirmation, I couldn't help but remember his father, the 
late George Romney, who served as Governor of Michigan in the 1960s, 
during the height of the civil rights movement. Governor George Romney 
knew a thing or two about political courage. As a proud Republican 
Governor, in 1963, he marched alongside the NAACP Detroit President 
Edward Turner in support of civil rights. That same year when Dr. 
Martin Luther King organized a march in Detroit, Governor George Romney 
declared the occasion ``Freedom Day'' in Michigan.

  To my colleague, Senator Mitt Romney, you are your father's son.
  This week marks 54 years since the shot rang out in Memphis, TN, 
claiming the life of Dr. Martin Luther King, an American who spoke with 
greater moral clarity than nearly any other in our history. The night 
before he died, Dr. King spoke at a rally in support of the city's 
striking sanitation workers. There was tension in the air. From the 
moment he set foot in Memphis, he had received a barrage of death 
threats.
  As Dr. King spoke to the crowd at the Mason Temple, death was on his 
mind. He said:

       Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity 
     has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just 
     want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the 
     mountain.

  His next words proved prophetic. Dr. King said:

       I've looked over. And I've seen the Promised Land. I may 
     not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that 
     we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land.

  Rikki Jones said that she thought about Dr. King's prophecy when she 
realized the Judiciary Committee was voting on Judge Jackson's 
nomination on the anniversary of Dr. King's death. It felt like the 
prophecy had come to pass.
  Dr. King didn't make it to the Promised Land, but Judge Jackson's 
ascension to the Supreme Court brings us closer to that longed-for 
place.
  I would like to close with one last personal plea to my Senate 
colleagues. I hope you will think about this. In the years to come, 
long after we have left the Senate, one of our grandchildren may ask 
where we were on this historic day, April 7, 2022, when America broke 
down what seemed like an impossible racial barrier and voted to send 
the first African-American woman to serve on our highest Court. I will 
be proud to say I was on the Senate floor, standing at my desk, and 
casting my vote with pride for the next Associate Justice to the 
Supreme Court of the United States, Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson. I 
hope my colleagues will join me in sharing this historic moment.
  I yield the floor.
  I suggest the absence of a quorum.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
  The legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.
  Mr. McCONNELL. I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum 
call be rescinded.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
  Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. President, President Biden was elected on the 
promise that he would govern as a moderate and unite the country. He 
insisted the radical left would not be calling the shots on his watch. 
But when it came to one of the most consequential decisions a President 
can make--a lifetime appointment to our highest Court--the Biden 
administration let the radicals run the show.
  With Washington Democrats in power, the far left got the reckless 
inflationary spending they wanted; the far left has gotten the insecure 
border they wanted; and today, the far left will get the Supreme Court 
Justice they wanted.
  The fringe activists who demand partisan Court packing, attack the 
Justices, and describe our Constitution as ``trash'' made up their 
minds from the start of this administration that if a Supreme Court 
vacancy should arise, they wanted one nominee and one nominee only: 
Judge Jackson. They spent dark money to promote this person 
specifically. They pushed her for the D.C. Circuit. Then they badgered

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Justice Breyer to quit. In February, one of these groups announced 
Judge Jackson would be the nominee before President Biden actually did 
make the announcement. So think about that for a moment.
  The Senate has examined Judge Jackson's qualifications with the 
seriousness and vigor that a lifetime appointment deserves. Unlike when 
the parties' positions are reversed, the country was not subjected to 
uncorroborated smear campaigns, committee boycotts, stunts with 
cardboard cutouts, or mobs chasing Senators around the Capitol.
  Now a few of our Democratic colleagues seem to have decided in 
advance they would claim that Judge Jackson was treated shabbily. I 
have heard that script recited, even though it didn't happen. It didn't 
happen.

  Let's be clear. No nominee before the Senate for any position 
deserves a cakewalk or a coronation. Tough questions about a Federal 
judge's own rulings and statements are the definition of ``fair game.'' 
My Republican colleagues' vigorous inquiry shed important new light on 
a frequently disturbing judicial record. So I applaud my colleagues for 
focusing on substance and not following the Democrats' recent 
precedents into the gutter.
  Unfortunately, what the Senate's process turned up was disturbing.
  First, the nominee would not follow the Ginsburg-Breyer precedent and 
denounce the insane concept of partisan Court packing.
  Second, her judicial record is full of cases where Judge Jackson 
ruled like a policymaker implementing personal biases instead of a 
judge following the text wherever it led.
  Third, her aggressive judicial activism frequently focused on 
treating convicted criminals as gently as possible. In literally case 
after case, from deadly fentanyl to open borders, to child 
exploitation, Judge Jackson tilted the scales of justice away from 
public safety and innocent victims in favor of her career-long passion 
for softening up criminal sentencing. In Judge Jackson's courtroom, 
plain legal text and clear congressional intent were no match for what 
the judge admits are her personal ``policy disagreements.''
  Even as a violent crimewave sweeps America, Democrats are pursuing a 
nationwide campaign to make the justice system softer on crime. They 
are stacking the deck with far-left prosecutors, woke warriors at the 
Department of Justice, and Federal judges who believe criminals deserve 
lighter treatment. This project is terrible for innocent American 
families. And every piece of evidence suggests Democrats' view Judge 
Jackson as its crown jewel.
  I will close with this: These debates about judicial philosophy are 
not just academic. The charged political atmosphere around 
confirmations, the outsized role that unelected judges play in our 
national life--these are direct consequences of liberal judicial 
activism. They are direct results of the effort to misuse Federal 
courts as a progressive legislature that voters can't kick out.
  A republic of self-serving citizens should not spend every June 
watching with bated breath to see if five or six lawyers will hand down 
sweeping policy changes with zero basis in the written Constitution.
  The solution is not to make the Court even more of a 
superlegislature, like liberals want--a delegitimizing death spiral 
that would destroy the rule of law. There is only one solution. The 
Senate should only confirm Justices who will follow the text of our 
laws and our Constitution wherever it leads, who will leave subjective 
policy judgments on this side of the street, where they belong. That is 
how we lower the temperature. That is how we shore up the courts. That 
is how we protect the rule of law. Staff the judiciary with brilliant 
men and women who understand and embrace this limited role. No other 
road leads anywhere good for our great Nation.
  The PRESIDING OFFICER. The majority leader.
  Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, this is a wonderful day, a joyous day, an 
inspiring day for the Senate, for the Supreme Court, and for the United 
States of America.
  Today, we are here to vote to confirm Ketanji Brown Jackson as the 
116th Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
  Now, a few days ago, I spoke with a group of eighth graders from 
Cheektowaga, NY. Many of them were students of color. It was amazing. 
When I mentioned that this week we were confirming the judge, you could 
see them light up, the unmistakable look in their eyes. ``One day,'' 
each young lady thought to herself, ``I can do it too.''
  You know, it has been a dark 2 years with COVID--people getting sick 
and dying, many of whom we knew, stores closing, and schools shutting 
their doors. But even in the darkest times, there are bright lights. 
Today is one of the brightest lights, and let us hope it is a metaphor, 
an indication of many more bright lights to come.
  As I have said over and over again, there are three words that I 
think best fit Judge Jackson: brilliant, beloved, belongs.
  Judge Jackson is, in every sense and by all measures, a brilliant 
jurist. She is, indeed, a brilliant person. By the judge's own telling, 
she first discovered her calling to the law not in a classroom or by 
reading a book or by talking to lawyers but by sitting at the kitchen 
table, next to her dad, filling out her coloring book while her dad 
pored through case law.
  Years from now, other parents and other daughters will do the same, 
and it will be Justice Jackson's opinions that will lay open on the 
table. The judge's parents and her entire family should beam with pride 
that this day has come. At every step of her upbringing and career, 
Ketanji Brown Jackson ranked among the highest of achievers.
  And, look, we should take a moment to note that Judge Jackson will be 
the first and only Justice with experience as a public defender. We are 
proud of that, and America is proud of that. It will enhance the 
Court's ability to preserve a basic truth in our country--that all 
deserve equal justice under the law, from the privileged to the 
impoverished. In an imperfect world, the judge conquered so many 
hurdles and today stands as one of the most experienced individuals 
ever nominated to the Supreme Court.
  For this reason, the judge is also beloved by individuals and 
organizations across the political spectrum. I went through her record 
carefully, and never did I find one instance of a peer or a colleague 
or an associate saying one negative word about her. It was incredible. 
When we go through these records, you often find someone here or there 
who will bad-mouth the individual who knew them but not with Judge 
Jackson.
  And, lest we forget, the judge is popular in the minds of the 
American people. A Gallup poll released after her hearings showed 
nearly 60 percent of the public supports her confirmation--10 points 
above the historical norm. There is no question here the country, by 
and large, wants the Senate to confirm Judge Jackson. Police chiefs 
want to confirm Judge Jackson. Conservative and moderate and liberal 
judges all want us to confirm Judge Jackson.
  And I thank my colleagues in this Chamber who worked in good faith to 
make sure the Senate can finish its work today.
  Finally, as I have said many times, the judge belongs on the Supreme 
Court. By that, I mean something very specific. In our Nation's 
history, 115 individuals have been confirmed by this body to serve on 
the Supreme Court of the United States. Of those, 108 have been White 
men; only 5 have been women; only 2 have been African American. But 
Ketanji Brown Jackson will be the first African-American woman ever to 
hold the title of ``Justice.''
  Think about the impact that will have on our democracy. Untold 
millions of kids will open textbooks and see pictures of Justice 
Jackson among the highest ranks of our public figures. How many 
millions of kids in generations past could have benefited from such a 
role model? How many would-be Justices, lawyers, doctors, generals, 
businesspeople have been lost to history precisely because their 
history books had few, if any, role models that they could relate to?
  We certainly have a long way to go on the road to true justice, but 
by confirming Judge Jackson today, we are taking a bold step forward 
toward reaching the full realization of our country's promise. We will 
make it far more likely that girls across America will feel precisely 
what Judge Jackson

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felt herself when she was a kid: Nobody can stop me. I can do this too. 
I am brilliant too. I belong too.
  For all of these reasons, increasing the diversity of the Court has 
been one of my highest priorities and one of the highest priorities of 
our Senate Democratic majority of whom I am so proud.
  Justice Jackson is the most important example, but we have been 
working on this for over a year. Of the 58 Senate-confirmed Federal 
judges since we took the majority, three-quarters have been women, and 
two-thirds have been people of color. It is not just racial and gender 
diversity that matters. We have strived to lift up judges who bring 
diversity through their experience: more public defenders in our 
courts, more civil rights lawyers, more election lawyers.
  When Americans of all walks of life come before the court, they 
should have confidence that those who don the robes have the ability to 
walk in their own shoes, to see and understand their side of the story, 
and then apply the law properly according to the facts.
  One judge at a time--one judge at a time--this majority is expanding 
the possibility of who merits consideration to the Bench; and I would 
be remiss if I didn't acknowledge my Republican colleagues who joined 
us on this occasion and over the year to achieve this goal.
  In closing, I want to thank Chairman Durbin for beautifully executing 
this nomination process. It was equal parts fair, thorough, and 
expeditious--no easy feat in this modern Senate.
  I want to thank all of my Democratic colleagues on the Judiciary 
Committee. You were just fabulous--every one of you--in your respectful 
and insightful examination of the judge's record.
  And I want to thank my Republican colleagues who chose to take this 
process seriously no matter which side you voted on.
  The President sent us an impressive nominee. She merited robust and 
thoughtful and lively examination. I thank the Members who did 
precisely that.
  In short, this is one of the great moments of American history. At 
the time of our Constitution's ratification, in most States, you had to 
be a White male, Protestant landowner to be considered part of American 
society. So, from the get-go, generations of Americans have sought to 
establish the United States as a full democracy. We fought a bloody 
civil war to end slavery. Women organized and reached for the ballot. 
The civil rights movement brought an end to the vicious segregation of 
the mid-20th century. And, today, we are taking a giant, bold, and 
important step on the well-trodden path to fulfilling our country's 
founding promise.
  This is a great moment for Judge Jackson, but it is an even greater 
moment for America as we rise to a more perfect Union.
  I thank my colleagues for their work.
  I yield the floor.