[Congressional Record Volume 168, Number 57 (Thursday, March 31, 2022)]
[House]
[Pages H4066-H4070]
From the Congressional Record Online through the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]




               RESCINDING TITLE 42 OF THE SOUTHERN BORDER

  The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under the Speaker's announced policy of 
January 4, 2021, the Chair recognizes the gentleman from Texas (Mr. 
Roy) for 30 minutes.
  Mr. ROY. Mr. Speaker, I thank my colleagues for coming down here and 
talking about the importance of farming in the United States. One of 
the things we are dealing with, obviously, and talked about, is some 
fertilizer shortages. I know that firsthand, seeing some of the farms 
in the district I represent, West Texas and so forth. And we have got a 
lot of issues we have got to address.
  And I just want to note, as a Texan--we had my fellow Texan down here 
just a little bit ago--that here we sit again. Here it is, March 31, in 
an empty Chamber again. It is the close of a quarter, a fiscal quarter. 
Members got their places to go, their dinners to go to.
  We just ran through a handful of votes today. No amendments. No 
debates.
  Here is the people's House in all its glory. No debate. No 
discussion.
  Did we have a single debate here in the people's House about what is 
happening at our southern border today? Any discussion at all?
  Does the Speaker of the House of Representatives give a rat's rear-
end about South Texas or the rest of this country; about the ranchers 
that are dealing with a flood of people coming across our border, 
endangering them and their families? No, they don't care. They don't 
care at all. But I can tell you, we in Texas care. And the leadership 
of this body better start caring soon.
  And let me just say something to all my fellow Republicans who just 
funded this government two weeks ago. Those of you who cut a deal, a 
deal with the devil, you are responsible for this, too. You funded this 
government. You funded the government that is allowing people to come 
across our border, that is empowering cartels, that is allowing 
migrants to get abused, that is causing ranchers to lose their 
livestock, ranchers to be endangered, fentanyl to pour across our 
border.
  And now this administration has the gall to shut down Title 42 while 
Americans are still wearing masks on airplanes, while we still have men 
and

[[Page H4067]]

women in uniform being forced to get a needle stuck in their arm from 
the power of government. And the leadership, so-called leadership, of 
our government has the gall to shut down Title 42. The one thing 
allowing us to stop the flood at our border, even partially.
  March of this year. This year. Right now. March, 200,000 
apprehensions; 100,000 turned away under Title 42. But now the head of 
the CDC, in coordination with the Department of Homeland Security 
Secretary, is saying we are going to stop using Title 42.
  Well, then what in the hell are you going to do? Nothing. Other than 
process more immigrants coming across our border who are not truly 
seeking asylum. But that is what is happening. And what is actually 
happening at our border right now is there are shootouts going on as we 
speak on a daily basis, between the Gulf Cartel--technically, the 
Jalisco New Generation Cartel, but Gulf Cartel CDG warring with Cartel 
del Noreste of Los Zetas.
  And we are talking about dead people, dead bodies. People getting 
shot in their car. Bullets firing, flying all over our southern border. 
Dead individuals.
  This young girl here, head blown off. All of this is happening every 
single day. All while American kids are dying from Xanax laced with 
fentanyl.
  And again, I want to be clear here. When you take Title 42 away--you, 
Secretary Mayorkas; you, CDC Director Walensky; you, my Democratic 
colleagues who are countering and funding it; you, President Biden--
when you take away Title 42, the blood is on your hands.

                              {time}  2000

  And we're talking about dead Americans, dead migrants, destroyed 
communities in Texas, empowered cartels. Literally last night in 
talking to people coming across the border, saying they are spending 
$3,000 to $5,000 to come up from Nicaragua, Venezuela, Cuba. There were 
13,000 apprehensions from Russia in the last 5 months.
  We are about to see an unprecedented explosion on our southern 
border. Again, this administration not only doesn't care, it is 
purposeful. It is 100 percent purposeful. Endangering the people of the 
United States, endangering migrants while--in the false name of 
compassion saying it is good for them, empowering cartels, knowing they 
are doing it. Knowing for the most part you do not have a legitimate 
claim for asylum.
  They are purposely not enforcing the laws of the United States. They 
are purposely not using the tools at their disposal, like now ending 
Title 42. For what reason? For crass political purposes. That is your 
modern Democratic Party. Using migrants for political purposes and 
endangering them and Americans in the process.
  It is a gross violation of the oath taken to defend the Constitution 
of the United States. It is fully and entirely impeachable and every 
Republican should be agreeing to impeach Secretary Mayorkas on day one 
when we come into this body and we are in charge of the House of 
Representatives next January after the absolute feckless destruction of 
this country by an incompetent, destructive Democratic majority in this 
body, an incompetent destructive and flat out reckless administration 
refusing to enforce the laws of the United States. That is what is 
happening.
  Oh, you going down there ranting on the floor again about the border? 
Well, excuse me, but it is Texas. And Texas needs to be starting to 
take a little action to tell the rest of this country to shove it up 
its rear end because Texas is taking it on the chin because the 
leadership of this country is forsaking Texas, hurting Texas, hurting 
my neighbors, hurting my community.
  It is about time that it stops. It is about time that Republicans on 
this side of the aisle stop giving lip service to border security, 
choose to actually do their job and not fund the government that is 
refusing to enforce the laws.
  I listened to Republican leadership down here on the floor a few 
weeks ago trying to tell me, oh--thank me for giving us more money for 
ICE and Border Patrol. Well, how the heck is that working out now? More 
money for more processing of more migrants getting abused by cartels. 
More money for more processing of more migrants to come into Uvalde, 
Texas, where the mayor just texted me 5 minutes ago. Tell them--in case 
you are wondering, that is you Democrats across the other side of the 
aisle, and by the way, Republican leadership--Tell them to come and see 
the--I will edit his remarks--crap show they have created 500 to 1,000 
a day in Eagle Pass in Del Rio. No vetting.
  These are human beings, Texans, people we represent, our communities. 
I promise my colleagues on the other side of the aisle they don't give 
a whit. They sit in their smug chairs in their committee hearings 
saying: Oh, this is all made up. There is nothing to it. It is all 
lies.
  Just like the lie that President Biden said and his press secretary 
said when he accused Border Patrol agents of whipping people. They are 
flat out lies. Where are those Border Patrol agents now? Have they been 
returned to their job? Has a report come out? No.
  Mr. Speaker, I would like to yield to the gentleman from Virginia 
(Mr. Good), my friend who accompanied me on a trip to the border about 
a month ago or so. He is a good friend and he understands what is 
actually happening at our border.
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman from Texas. 
We don't have a finer patriot and a more courageous warrior for freedom 
in the Congress, and I appreciate his leadership on this and so many 
issues. I appreciate him leading this discussion here on the floor 
tonight.
  Never in the history of the country has our own President done more 
to intentionally harm the country than this President has done in his 
first year in Congress. Never in the history of the country has a 
President done more to harm the United States than this President has 
done willfully and intentionally than what he has done with the border 
in his first year.
  We are averaging 7,000 illegals across the border a day right now. 
The administration is admitting that. They are allowing 7,000 illegals 
across the border a day. I had a constituent say to me on the phone 
just 2 days ago: Nothing this administration is doing makes sense 
unless they hate the country. Nothing that this administration is doing 
makes sense unless they hate the country.
  Whether you are talking about the crime crisis, the inflation crisis, 
our diminished standing on the national stage, the spending crisis, the 
energy crisis, what we are doing to American energy and making us 
depend on foreign nations who hate us. I think at the top of that list 
is what we are doing at the border.
  When I ran for the first time 2 years ago I identified the greatest 
threats to the country. I believe those threats are our education 
system, indoctrination of our kids K to 12 and college campuses, our 
runaway radical spending that is bankrupting our future, and then our 
immigration and border situation. Nothing has changed my mind to that 
effect in my first year here.
  Mr. Speaker, I have been to the border four times and I am well-aware 
that Virginia's Fifth District is not geographically physically located 
at the border. We just had an MS-13 gang member convicted of murder in 
my hometown of Lynchburg, Virginia, who illegally came across the 
border. This President's policies are making every town a border town, 
every State a border State.
  Everything and everyone that comes across that border comes under the 
control of the Mexican crime cartels. It has threatened the security of 
our Nation. It is an economic security issue. It is a health security 
issue. It certainly is a national security issue.

  The projection that I am seeing with the ending of Title 42--the 
egregious attempt to end Title 42--the projections I am seeing is it 
will take it from 7,000 a day to 18,000 a day. That is 7,000 a day to 
18,000 a day, perhaps even tripling what has already happened. We had 2 
million crossings a year ago. Extrapolate that out for 4 years.
  Are we going to allow this President to have 8 million come across at 
the current pace? My most recent trip to the border that my friend from 
Texas was mentioning was to Del Rio, Texas. He led a trip to Del Rio, 
Texas. You might remember, that is where we had Bidentown just a few 
weeks ago with 20,000 Haitian migrants assembled under the bridge there 
in Bidentown in Del Rio, Texas.

[[Page H4068]]

  While we don't have that still today because they distributed those 
migrants--those illegals--into the interior of the country, which they 
are doing all the time, by the way. Flying and bussing illegal aliens 
in the dark of night wherever they want to go throughout the country 
with no requirement of a court date to appear. It is a pinky promise 
that we will get back with you in the future and give you a date to 
appear.
  While we don't have 20,000 in Bidentown under the bridge right now in 
Del Rio, Texas, right through that corridor, Border Patrol and the 
ranchers and the sheriffs that were there told us it is 1,000 a day 
through there. So every 3 weeks you got a repeat of what we saw with 
Bidentown just a few weeks ago in Del Rio, Texas.
  Does this administration care? Every resource they have committed or 
directed to that border has been to facilitate--to willfully, purposely 
facilitate--more illegals crossing into our country and to hide it from 
the American people.
  There has been no effort by this administration in this President's 
first year to stem it, to stop it, instead, they try to facilitate and 
hide it from the American people. Now they want to make it worse, two 
or three times worse with what they are doing with Title 42.
  Mr. ROY. Mr. Speaker, before I yield to the gentleman from 
Pennsylvania, I just want to pick up on something that the gentleman 
from Virginia said and see if he would agree. If Title 42 goes away, 
our country is completely open to anyone who wants to come. Would the 
gentleman agree?
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. Absolutely.
  Mr. ROY. Everyone who has been turn away, it has almost entirely been 
done under Title 42.
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. That is right.
  Mr. ROY. Now, for the listeners at home, Title 42 is a health code 
provision allowing our officials in government to turn people away if 
we have a communicable disease environment, like we do during the COVID 
pandemic. Now, we can do it for any number of communicable diseases, 
but we got that in place now.
  Roughly half of the folks have been turned away under Title 42. Would 
the gentleman agree?
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. Yes, but they are turnarounds coming right 
back.
  Mr. ROY. So to that point, would it surprise the gentleman that under 
the administration we have turned away 1.7 million people under Title 
42?
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. Since 2019 when that was instated, right?
  Mr. ROY. Yeah, including the time under the Trump administration. So 
1.7 million times during the pandemic all the people that were turned 
back would likely have been let in and released into the United States 
under this administration. Some of those are repeats.
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. That is right.
  Mr. ROY. Something along the lines of a million people that would 
have been released into the United States last year. Does the gentleman 
agree?
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. Absolutely.
  Mr. ROY. Another point. Of the people that have come into the United 
States and are being encountered, these are all not just nice people 
looking for a job, are they?
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. There are 160 different countries.
  Mr. ROY. One hundred sixty different countries. Roughly, 10,763 
criminal noncitizens and at least 3,662 have been arrested thus far in 
fiscal year 2022. The combined timeframes include roughly 85 
convictions of manslaughter or homicide, 604 sexual offenses, and 2,892 
convictions of illegal drug possession and trafficking. Based on 
reports at least 14 illegal migrants who are on the terrorist watch 
list were stopped at the southern border in fiscal year 2021.
  The biggest problem is what?
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. The got-aways.
  Mr. ROY. The got-aways. The more than half a million known got-
aways--known--known got-aways--last year. So if we have got people we 
are catching on the terrorist watch list, if we have got criminals 
convicted of sex crimes, convicted of murder and manslaughter that we 
are catching--but that is all people the Border Patrol is running 
across and they are often turning themselves in. All of those known 
got-aways, do you think those are just the angels seeking a nice job?
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. These aren't the ones dressed head to toe in 
camo with the carpet shoes on who are evading capture, are they?
  Mr. ROY. It would be.
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. How about that.
  Mr. ROY. Mr. Speaker, I yield to the gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. 
Perry), one of the great patriots and I am proud to call him my friend.
  Mr. PERRY. Mr. Speaker, I thank my friend from Texas, he has been the 
consummate crusader on this issue. If not for him, this would even be 
more ignored in Washington, D.C., than it is already. I just think 
about a scant month ago--a month and a half ago or so--the President of 
the United States stood right there and talked about securing the 
border.
  It is unfathomable to me. We used to not say lie in the world of 
politics about your opponent or the other party, but I don't know what 
else that is other than a lie. I come from Pennsylvania, we are not on 
the border where Mr. Roy represents, where his communities and his 
State is being completely overrun. Pennsylvania is far from the border. 
We got Route 81. We got Route 83. The fentanyl comes up.

  The President took an oath to faithfully discharge the laws of this 
country, but just abrogating them. You just wonder who is he 
representing? Whose citizens is he representing because the people in 
my community, the people all across the country are dying at record 
levels from drugs coming across the southern border, and nothing is 
happening to stop it.
  It is not only people coming here illegally and taking your jobs--all 
these different languages that your school has to teach now. Somebody 
is going to pay for that. Who can afford this? Whose job is it to 
safeguard America? If it is not the President's job, whose job is it? 
Chip Roy is trying.  Bob Good is trying.
  We can't keep Title 42 in place. Even better yet, the question should 
be: Why isn't Remain in Mexico in place? Seek asylum the correct way. 
Stay in the first country you come to if you are indeed oppressed and 
you are suffering political retribution for your beliefs or religious 
persecution--the first country you come to.
  The first country you come to when you travel through Mexico--when 
you fly into Mexico from one of the other 160-190 countries on the 
planet isn't the United States, it is Mexico. Yet, the President says 
the border is open. These people aren't coming to the White House, 
ladies and gentlemen, they are coming to your house. They are coming to 
your community. They are not going to Joe Biden's house in Delaware. 
They are not coming to Pennsylvania Avenue. They are coming to your 
house and your community and they are bringing the drugs with them, 
human trafficking.
  And for goodness sakes--your taxes--75 percent of the people on this 
side of the aisle just supported more spending for this. You know what 
it does?  Bob Good is right. You are not going see them all piled up 
under the bridge in Del Rio because we are going to hire more people to 
move them more efficiently into your town because they don't like that 
look.
  They are not hired to stop them, they are hired to more efficiently 
have them come to your town and your community, including the people on 
the terrorist watch list, criminals, the fentanyl, the human 
trafficking coming to your town. Well, thank you, Mr. President.
  Mr. ROY. I would ask my friend from Pennsylvania if he is aware that 
our colleague and colleague in the House Freedom Caucus, our friend 
Yvette Herrell from New Mexico, introduced legislation a year ago--
actually over a year ago to require the use of Title 42. Is that right?

                              {time}  2015

  Mr. PERRY. That is right. And all we need is enough people to sign 
it. Whether you are a Democrat or you are a Republican, these folks are 
coming. The fentanyl is coming to your town. The overdoses are coming 
to your town. All you have to do, if your leadership says: We refuse to 
move this bill that the American people want, maintain this Title 42, 
all you have to do is go down and sign that piece of paper,

[[Page H4069]]

and we can do it. Leadership can't hold us up.
  But they don't want to do it, do they?
  Mr. ROY. They do not. And I want to make sure for every American out 
there to understand the truth. If you are disgusted about what is 
happening at our border, if you are concerned about what is actually 
happening to our communities, there is a way we can solve the problem 
without Speaker Pelosi making the decisions. Because that is how things 
work. We don't ever debate, we don't ever amend, and we don't actually 
have discussion in the people's House. The Speaker in a backroom 
decides what happens on the floor, vote ``yes'' or ``no,'' walk out, 
and give a press conference
  But we can do something about that. There is a tool. It is called a 
discharge petition. We have a discharge petition at the desk to try to 
empower the actual Representatives of this country. We have 200 and I 
think now eight Republicans on that discharge petition.
  Mr. PERRY. How many Democrats?
  Mr. ROY. We have zero Democrats--not one Democrat--on that discharge 
petition. Now, I want everybody to think about that. The Democrats in 
this body apparently are so beholden to the radical idea of wide-open 
borders and not implementing Title 42 while Americans are being forced 
to wear masks on airplanes, and while Americans are getting a jab 
needle stuck in their arm by force of government if they are in the 
military or Border Patrol or any other Federal employee while there is 
still a Federal health emergency in place under order of the President.
  Mr. PERRY. We are firing people who were on the front lines at the 
beginning of the pandemic without it, where there was no vaccine 
present, right?
  They went out. They went out and risked their lives not knowing what 
they were dealing with, and now unless they take the jab, now they are 
out of work.
  Mr. ROY. So while that is in place, we have a discharge petition 
where we can bring to the floor and vote to force enforcement of Title 
42 in this country, and not one of our Democratic colleagues will join 
us in that.
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. How many Democrat Members have we got from 
Texas?
  Mr. ROY. We have 13.
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. That would get us past 218, wouldn't it, 13 
plus 8, 208?
  Mr. ROY. It sure would. I think there are somewhere around 50 
Democratic Members from border States if you count New Mexico, Arizona, 
California, and Texas.
  So where are my Democratic colleagues in border States?
  I think they ought to be asked. I want to know why won't my 
Democratic colleagues from border States or anywhere else in the 
country say they believe that we ought to enforce Title 42?
  Because guess what? There are a few Senators who have said so.
  Isn't that right?
  Mr. PERRY. There are a few Senators. I think there are a few 
Representatives who said so, too. They can put their money, so to 
speak, where their mouth is. You can say it, but you can take some 
action. Talk is cheap, right? Take some action and walk down there and 
sign the paper. And once one does, maybe a few more will because their 
constituents--their bosses, their citizens, and their communities--are 
being wrecked, too.
  Mr. ROY. It is a way to wrestle control of the people's House away 
from a handful of self-anointed individuals who are wrecking this 
country in the name of so-called democracy.
  Does my friend from Virginia agree?
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. Absolutely. You mentioned Secretary Mayorkas. 
He has said the border is secure. The border is secure he has said, 
when as you know we have lost operational control of our border.
  The Mexican crime cartels are making hundreds of millions of dollars 
a month off sex trafficking, drug trafficking, child trafficking, human 
trafficking, you name it. Everyone and everything that comes across 
that border comes under the control of the Mexican crime cartel.
  There is no humane component to it. They are finding dead bodies at 
the border of people who were trying--they starved or they got 
dehydrated or they just couldn't make the journey or something happened 
to them on the way. And you talk about Remain in Mexico policy, instead 
of Remain in Mexico policy, the MPP, that was in place under the Trump 
administration. We have got the United Nations using our own resources 
that we pay the United Nations to help illegals cheat our asylum 
system. So the United Nations is taking resources that the United 
States is giving to them to use to train illegals on how to cheat our 
asylum system and how to gain access into our country by claiming 
asylum.
  Then the Democratic Party 20 years ago passed a law that prohibits 
the requirement of proof of citizenship to vote. Now, of course, they 
don't want any ID in order to vote, and you have got the President 
promising amnesty to anybody who is here illegally.
  Do you think there is incentive to cheat our voting system and to 
vote illegally when there is no requirement of proof of citizenship, 
there is no ID to vote, and you have got the promise of amnesty?
  We have essentially got illegals with a license to vote here in this 
country right now, and here we want to continue to ramp it up, to take 
it from 7,000 a day to an estimate of maybe 18,000 a day by eliminating 
Title 42.
  Mr. PERRY. Would the gentleman also agree that it is not only the 
U.N. that your tax dollars are going for, actually in this body they 
voted recently to pay for attorneys to go help those folks who came 
across the border illegally navigate the system.

  Now, you go try that. You go break the law wantonly and then appeal 
to your Federal Government to pay for your attorney to get around the 
law that you just broke wantonly.
  Mr. ROY. Both my friends, the gentleman from Pennsylvania and the 
gentleman from Virginia, you guys are both fathers, correct?
  Mr. PERRY. Indeed.
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. Yes.
  Mr. ROY. Do you think that there is anything compassionate--when my 
colleagues on the other side of aisle like to talk about their 
compassion for migrants who are seeking to come to this country, do my 
friends think there is anything at all compassionate about a little 
girl getting raped in a stash house in Houston, Texas, as we speak?
  Or being driven up and put into the sex trafficking trade up I-35 or 
across I-10 in the southern part of the United States?
  Or trafficked to anywhere throughout the rest of this country?
  Do you think that is compassion?
  Do you think it is compassionate for a young woman to be getting shot 
up in a cartel warfare happening at south Texas, happening along the 
Rio Grande in northern Mexico?
  Is that compassion?
  Is it compassion?
  Mr. PERRY. What about the rape trees?
  We have been to the border. We have seen the little shoes all stacked 
up at the border. These are little children. And Representative Roy is 
absolutely right, as trophies, can you imagine little girls, or 
somebody's--anybody's--little girls, little girl panties hanging from a 
tree as a trophy?
  This is what our colleagues on the other side of the aisle refuse to 
acknowledge, like it is not happening, like it has never happened. But 
it is happening every single day. Somebody--somebody--has got to do 
something about it.
  Mr. ROY. Is it compassionate for the young man or young woman of the 
100,000 or so last year who died from drug overdoses to take Xanex and 
it be laced with fentanyl and die?
  Is that something that is compassionate?
  My friend from Virginia, do you think these are compassionate things 
to be doing?
  Mr. GOOD of Virginia. The number one killer of Americans between the 
age of 18 and 45 last year was drug overdoses. And yet we are allowing 
the most dangerous drugs, fentanyl and other dangerous drugs, to stream 
across the border.
  The only way you get across the border, the Mexican border, into the 
United States is to pay the Mexican crime cartels. Border Patrol and 
the local sheriffs will tell you: If you try to cross apart from the 
cartels, they will kill you. You come either beholden to them, 
essentially an indentured servant, with pledge of your family back

[[Page H4070]]

home if you don't have the cash up front--they will kill your family if 
you don't pay--or you work it off. You work it off by trafficking drugs 
across or trafficking children or trafficking women across the border. 
There is nothing compassionate about that.
  Mr. ROY. One of my good friends who was a former Texas Department of 
Public Safety expert on these issues dealing with cartels just sent me 
a text showing me video from last night at the border, and individuals 
they were recording were saying they were paying $3,000 or $5,000 to 
get across the river.
  How is that compassionate?
  They are going to have to make a monthly payment to cartels. A lot of 
those payments are going to come in the form of sex trafficking and 
labor trafficking.
  I have about 1\1/2\ minutes remaining. I would just say--and I thank 
my friends for joining me down here on the House floor--that this is a 
solvable problem right now. This could be stopped right now. It could 
be stopped right now.
  Mr. PERRY. This hour.
  Mr. ROY. This hour. This moment.
  But where is President Biden?
  Where is Secretary Mayorkas?
  Other than purposely ignoring the laws of the United States to 
endanger the American people and the migrants who seek to come here, 
where are they?
  And why shouldn't we be impeaching Secretary Mayorkas for failing to 
faithfully execute the laws of the United States and causing death and 
destruction to Americans' property and to American people in the form 
of drug overdoses, in the form of the endangerment of our citizens and, 
again, the migrants who seek to come here?
  I would ask that question of all my colleagues on the other side of 
the aisle: You can take this back and wrestle it away from the 
administration. Sign that discharge petition. Let's have a vote. Let's 
have a debate.
  What are my colleagues afraid of?
  The truth?
  What are they afraid of?
  The rule of law?
  What are they afraid of?
  A secure America?
  Migrants who get to come here safely?
  Put aside the politics and stand up for our country. That is our job 
as Members of the House of Representatives.
  Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentlemen from Virginia and Pennsylvania for 
their leadership.
  Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.
  The SPEAKER pro tempore. Members are reminded to refrain from 
engaging in personalities toward the President.
  Members are reminded to address their remarks to the Chair, not to a 
perceived viewing audience.

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